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  • Inorganic Chemistry  (7,270)
  • Organic Chemistry  (6,830)
  • SOLAR PHYSICS
  • ddc:330
  • 2020-2024  (42)
  • 2020-2022  (26)
  • 1980-1984  (8,310)
  • 1975-1979  (8,379)
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  • 1
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    Frontiers in Chemistry: Rising Stars (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: The Frontiers in Chemistry Editorial Office team are delighted to present the inaugural “Frontiers in Chemistry: Rising Stars” article collection, showcasing the high-quality work of internationally recognized researchers in the early stages of their independent careers. All Rising Star researchers featured within this collection were individually nominated by the Journal’s Chief Editors in recognition of their potential to influence the future directions in their respective fields. The work presented here highlights the diversity of research performed across the entire breadth of the chemical sciences, and presents advances in theory, experiment and methodology with applications to compelling problems. This Editorial features the corresponding author(s) of each paper published within this important collection, ordered by section alphabetically, highlighting them as the great researchers of the future. The Frontiers in Chemistry Editorial Office team would like to thank each researcher who contributed their work to this collection. We would also like to personally thank our Chief Editors for their exemplary leadership of this article collection; their strong support and passion for this important, community-driven collection has ensured its success and global impact.
    Keywords: Green and Sustainable Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry ; Theoretical and Computational Chemistry ; Polymer Chemistry ; Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry ; Nanoscience ; Catalysis and Photocatalysis ; Supramolecular Chemistry ; Electrochemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry ; Chemical Biology ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Expenditure-based indicators of energy poverty : an analysis of income and expenditure elasticities (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-08-06
    Description: Energy poverty is high up on national and European Union policy agendas. A number of possible indicators to measure the issue have been identified in the literature, but comparable data with European coverage is scarce. The EU Commission thus proposes four independent indicators on the "EU Energy Poverty Observatory" based on self-reported items from the pan-European surveys on income and living conditions (SILC) and household budgets (HBS). It is of increasing public interest to analyse social impacts of energy policies, and quantify energy poverty indicators also from modelling. This paper first shortly outlines how the expenditure-based indicators using HBS micro data may be directly linked to existing macroeconomic models through their defining variables (energy expenditure and income). As endogenous modelling based on micro data is difficult, the link may be country-specific elasticities. The main contribution of the paper is a systematic in-depth sensitivity analysis of the two indicators to changes in income and energy expenditure following varying patterns in the underlying distributions of the micro data. The results may be used by future soft links to models. The results display sometimes counterintuitive effects. We find that whether these indicators increase/decrease after a change of income or energy expenditure largely depends on the specific country-wise income and energy expenditure distribution between households on a micro-level. Due to their definition, the examined indicators are especially sensitive, when income changes alter the indicator threshold values, which in these cases are the median values in underlying distributions. We discuss these findings and relate them to several indicator shortcomings and potential remedies through changes in indicator definition.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Towards a more realistic cost-benefit analysis : attempting to integrate transaction costs and energy efficiency services (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-08-06
    Description: In order to calculate the financial return of energy efficiency measures, a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is a proven tool for investors. Generally, however, most CBAs for investors have a narrow focus, which is - simply speaking - on investment costs compared with energy cost savings over the life span of the investment. This only provides part of the full picture. Ideally, a comprehensive or extended CBA would take additional benefits as well as additional costs into account. The objective of this paper is to reflect upon integrating into a CBA two important cost components: transaction costs and energy efficiency services - and how they interact. Even though this concept has not been carried out to the knowledge of the authors, we even go a step further to try to apply this idea. In so doing, we carried out a meta-analysis on relevant literature and existing data and interviewed a limited number of energy experts with comprehensive experience in carrying out energy services. Even though data is hardly available, we succeeded in constructing three real-world cases and applied an extended CBA making use of information gathered on transaction costs and energy services costs. We were able to show that, despite these additional cost components, the energy efficiency measures are economically viable. Quantitative data was not available on how energy services reduce transaction costs; more information on this aspect could render our results even more positive. Even though empirical and conceptual research must intensify efforts to design an even more comprehensive CBA, these first-of-its-kind findings can counterargue those that believe energy efficiency is not worth it (in monetary terms) due to transaction costs or energy services costs. In fact, this is good news for energy efficiency and for those that seek to make use of our findings to argue in favor of taking up energy efficiency investments in businesses.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    Branchenstudie Fahrradwirtschaft in Deutschland : Unternehmen, Erwerbstätige, Umsatz (2020)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-10
    Description: Als Herausforderung der Verkehrswende werden häufig die möglicherweise wegfallenden Arbeitsplätze diskutiert. Denn die Beschäftigung der Automobilindustrie in Deutschland gilt als wichtiges Argument für einen sozialverträglichen Strukturwandel. Aber auch die Wirtschaftszweige des Umweltverbunds bieten viele Arbeitsplätze. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersucht die vorliegende Studie des Wuppertal Instituts und des Instituts Arbeit und Technik der Westfälischen Hochschule die Beschäftigtenzahlen in Teilmärkten der Fahrradwirtschaft sowie deren Umsatzentwicklung.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 5
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    Künstliche Intelligenz in der Siedlungsabfallsortierung als Wegbereiter der Kreislaufwirtschaft (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-04
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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  • 6
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    An integrated climate-industrial policy as the core of the European green deal (2020)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-18
    Description: The European Union (EU) has established that the goal of achieving climate neutrality by 2050 as a key driver of innovation and growth for industry and the economy in the EU. In addition to offering great opportunities, this also poses considerable challenges for the European economy and, for the most part, for basic industries, which are particularly emission-intensive and face strong international competition. An integrated climate and industry strategy is of central importance to protecting the climate, since the production of steel, cement, basic chemicals, glass, paper, and other materials in the EU and worldwide accounts for roughly one fifth of total greenhouse gas emissions. Even in a greenhouse gas-neutral future, we will not be able to fully eliminate our need for these materials. At the same time, it is particularly challenging to produce these materials without creating emissions given the state of technology and the necessary infrastructures. This applies above all to the question of how large amounts of green energy, including electricity and hydrogen, can be produced at competitive prices. Analyses show that despite the considerable costs involved in process changeover, the costs of transforming the raw materials industry are acceptable to society as a whole, given that the additional costs usually only increase the price of the end products by a few percentage points. However, in the case of crude steel or cement, the price would increase by between one third and 100 per cent. Since almost all raw materials manufacturers face strong global market competition, in most cases they are not able to bankroll the investments in climate-neutral production and the required energy infrastructure without outside support. This paper outlines an integrated climate industrial policy package that allows the EU to utilise its existing technological leadership in many of these industries to build a greenhouse gas-neutral raw materials industry.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    Surviving the energy transition : development of a proposal for evaluating sustainable business models for incumbents in Germany's electricity market (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-06
    Description: In the light of Germany's chosen path towards the energy transition, the regulatory framework has changed considerably. New players have succeeded in entering the market, and renewable energies have become increasingly competitive. Greater electrification of the transport and heating sectors will be needed in the future to achieve national climate targets. Against this background, Germany's big energy companies need to be sure that their sales will increase. However, they were unable to anticipate this development, and made strategic mistakes in the past. The development of sustainable business models in line with the energy transition failed to materialize. Now it is becoming increasingly clear that companies must create new business models to survive in the long term. These business models have to keep with the tradition, whilst meeting the needs of low-carbon power supplies. In this paper, we will examine the past and future challenges of the four energy companies and develop a proposal for evaluating sustainable business models. For this purpose, we use the multi-level perspective to categorize developments in the electricity market over the last 50 years, and then apply a multi-criteria analysis to derive five suitable business models from the results.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    Effectiveness and efficiency of food-waste prevention policies, circular economy, and food industry (2020)
    London : Academic Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-04
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    Kunststoffabfälle von Verpackungen und Einwegprodukten durch Multi-Akteurs-Partnerschaften verringern (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-04
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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  • 10
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    Zirkuläres Wirtschaften auf Produktebene : Überblick und Analyse bestehender Indikatoren (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-28
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 11
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    Abfallvermeidung : es tut sich was! (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-04
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 12
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    Vom Abfall- zum nachhaltigen Ressourcenmanagement (2021)
    München : Oekom
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-04
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 13
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    Measuring non-financial forms of capital (2021)
    Oxford : Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-05
    Description: This chapter turns to the measurement of performance in delivering corporate and ecosystem purposes. The metrics are designed to capture the pain points in the ecosystem that need to be addressed and the success of the intervention in addressing them. This requires measures of non-financial as well as financial performance. The chapter provides an overview of measurements of non-financial forms of capital: natural, human, and social. In examining natural capital, it contrasts input measures that record the amount of natural resources that are used in the production process and output measures that examine the impact of the inputs on products, emissions, waste, etc. It notes that measuring inputs is in general more straightforward than outputs and it therefore argues that natural capital metrics should be constructed around inputs rather than outputs.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 14
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    Topology, typology, and dynamics of commons-based peer production : on platforms, actors, and innovation in the maker movement (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-18
    Description: In this paper, we aim to present a comprehensive analysis on the emerging phenomenon of distributed innovation in commons-based peer production (CBPP) platforms. Starting with the exploration of the widely held belief on value-creation confined to industrial settings, we raise several questions regarding the feasibility of, and a need for, an inclusive innovation process that can tap grassroots capacity into both traditional (industrial research and development) and emerging (peer-to-peer) innovation models to yield sustainable solutions. In particular, we explore the emergence and structuration of digital innovations in the maker movement, as it presents an alternative construct of innovation wherein access to and sharing of knowledge is predominantly distributed. With innovation outcomes often freely revealed, its very structuration could pose a principal challenge to our conceptualizations of value creation and competitive advantage in the current economic model. Drawing from responses received from 200 collaborative innovation platforms, six semi‐structured interviews focusing on socio-technical innovation cases, as well as four in-depth narrative interviews with maker turned entrepreneurs, we present a detailed analysis on the topology of network, typology of actors, as well as the underlying innovation ecosystem in CBPP networks in Germany. In doing so, we contribute to the conceptualization of peer-to-peer distributed innovations in collaborative platforms.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 15
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    Bei welchen Bauteilen ist die Gewinnung hochwertiger Metalle aus Altautos wirtschaftlich? (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-21
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 16
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    Die politische Ökonomie des Strukturwandels : Konzeptualisierung einer "Just transition" im Rheinischen Braunkohlerevier (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-18
    Description: Unser Papier entwickelt Maßnahmen für eine "Just transition"-Governance als Grundlage einer Politischen Ökonomie im Strukturwandel. Für eine Fallstudie im Rheinischen Braunkohlerevier wurden sechs Experteninterviews mit Bürgerinitiativen, Gewerkschaften und Vertretern des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen den Bedarf an politischen Maßnahmen in verschiedenen Bereichen auf: Während für die Traditionsfirmen der Braunkohleindustrie und deren Beschäftigten eine Vielzahl von Förderpolitiken entwickelt wurde und wird, erhalten Beschäftigte von Subunternehmen kaum Unterstützung im Strukturwandel. Letztere sind daher einem hohen Risiko ausgesetzt, durch den Ausstieg aus der Kohleförderung ihren Arbeitsplatz zu verlieren. Die Interviews zeigten auch, dass im Rheinischen Braunkohlerevier aufgrund des geltenden Bergbaugesetzes Flächen zu einer knappen Ressource werden könnten. Der Akteurszentrierte Institutionalismus wird genutzt, um Maßnahmen abzuleiten, die den Bedürfnissen der verschiedenen Interessengruppen entsprechen. Abschließend werden Bezüge sowohl zum Transition Management als auch zur Politischen Ökonomie hergestellt.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 17
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    Ökonomie der Abfallvermeidung (2021)
    München : Oekom
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    Publication Date: 2021-05-04
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 18
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    Die Landeshauptstadt Kiel auf dem Weg zur ersten deutschen Zero.Waste.City (2020)
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    Publication Date: 2021-05-04
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 19
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    Ausweg aus dem Einweg? : Auswirkungen der Coronakrise auf das Verpackungsaufkommen in Deutschland (2020)
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    Publication Date: 2021-05-04
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 20
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    A circular economy for the data centre industry : using design methods to address the challenge of whole system sustainability in a unique industrial sector (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-07-05
    Description: The data centre industry (DCI) has grown from zero in the 1980s, to enabling 60% of the global population to be connected in 2021 via 7.2 million data centres. The DCI is based on a linear economy and there is an urgent need to transform to a Circular Economy to establish a secure supply chain and ensure an economically stable and uninterrupted service, which is particularly difficult in an industry that is comprised of ten insular subsectors. This paper describes the CEDaCI project which was established to address the challenge in this unique sector; this ground-breaking project employs a whole systems approach, Design Thinking and the Double Diamond methods, which rely on people/stakeholder engagement throughout. The paper reviews and assesses the impact of these methods and project to date, using quantitative and qualitative research, via an online sectoral survey and interviews with nine data centre and IT industry experts. The results show that the project is creating positive impact and initiating change across the sector and that the innovative output (designs, business models, and a digital tool) will ensure that sectoral transformation continues; the project methods and structure will also serve as an exemplar for other sectors.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 21
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    Kreislaufwirtschaft in der Elektrofahrradbranche : Untersuchung zur Refabrikation als Lösungsansatz für eine Kreislaufführung von Elektrofahrrädern (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-09-08
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 22
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    Circular business models for remanufacturing in the electric bicycle industry (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-12-03
    Description: The rising popularity and strong increase in the number of electric bicycles make it necessary to consider the built-in resources as well as possible treatments after the use phase. The time lag between the purchase and the occurrence of relevant defects suggests significant increases in defective components. Especially the great dynamics of the market due to regular innovations, product renewals, and the lack of spare parts availability for older models make the long-term use by customers much more difficult than for conventional bicycles. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze circular business models for the electric bicycle market. In this way, the required structures for a sustainable electric bicycle industry can be created so that valuable materials do not go into disposal but undergo a new use phase. Based on the results of "AddRE-Mo-Value Preservation Scenarios for Urban Electromobility of Persons and Loads through Additive Manufacturing and Remanufacturing," a research project funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, this paper addresses four circular business models, two sales models, and two service models. The guiding research interest of this paper is the combination of remanufacturing and additive manufacturing from a business model perspective, analyzing the extent to which additive remanufacturing can be considered a solution for electric bicycles' circularity. After describing the approach and methods used to develop these four circular business models the business models are described and analyzed using the Business Model Canvas. Based on this analysis, it is shown that the combination of remanufacturing and additive manufacturing can be applied to the electric bicycle market and be integrated into both sales and service models. The description of these business models will help managers design viable business models in the context of sustainable electric bicycles. It also shows that the individual partners within the value chain must collaborate more closely. In the electric bicycle industry, a single company will probably not be able to close the product cycle completely. Further research is needed to develop concepts of the business models and examine their practical feasibility in technical and organizational operations to achieve a circular economy.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 23
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    Abfallvermeidung : die Impulse sind da, die Arbeit liegt noch vor uns! (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-11-11
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 24
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    Cirkuljarnaja ekonomika : konceptual'nye podchody i instrumenty ich realizacii ; monografija dlja predstavitelej organov gosupravlenija, biznesa i zainteresovannoj obscestvennosti (2021)
    Minsk : Medisont
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    Publication Date: 2021-11-11
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: Russian
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  • 25
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    Economics of waste prevention : second-hand products in Germany (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-11-11
    Description: Reuse is still seen as a "niche phenomenon" and consumers seem to waste economic opportunities linked to buying and selling second-hand products. For this reason, this paper focuses on incentives and barriers to sell and buy second-hand products, as indicated in the literature, and applies a theoretical framework of transaction costs to explain the existing consumption patterns. For this paper, a representative online survey was conducted in which 1023 consumers in Germany participated, age 16 and older. The data were analyzed for statistically significant deviations between different groups of economic actors selling or buying second-hand products. Results show that valuable unused products exist in households, but barriers such as uncertainties about the reliability of the buyer or the quality of the product hinder the transition into sustainable consumption. Different forms of transaction costs are important explanatory variables to explain why consumers nevertheless predominantly buy new products, although they are aware that second-hand would save money and make an individual contribution to climate protection.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 26
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    The growing impact of decentralised actors in power generation : a comparative analysis of the energy transition in Germany and Japan (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-11-11
    Description: This paper argues that, although Japan's and Germany's energy transition paths differ in detail, a trend towards decentralisation is clearly evident in both countries. Based on comprehensive screening, own stocktaking and the results of a stakeholder dialogue, this paper highlights the motivation for different local actors to enter the energy market in both countries. Although there are challenges to success in a market dominated by large energy companies, this paper argues that the benefits to local communities outweigh the efforts. Overall, it is shown that democratisation and the decentralisation of the energy system are suitable to facilitate a successful transformation process in both countries.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 27
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    Climate neutrality in business : ten recommendations for implementation (2021)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Publication Date: 2021-11-26
    Description: More and more companies are announcing their intention to become climate-neutral and numerous companies already offer climate-neutral products or services: From climate-neutral parcel delivery to air travel. But what exactly do the companies' net-zero targets mean? Is the target set ambitious? And what role does offsetting play, i.e., purchasing carbon credits that are accounted against the company's own climate target? The approaches behind the proclaimed targets are often difficult to understand. Against this background, this Zukunftsimpuls provides ten recommendations for the definition and implementation of neutrality targets. Among other things, the authors advocate the use of a robust database as the basis for net-zero targets, emphasize the importance of transparent communication, and highlight the role that offsetting should play. Purchased carbon credits should make as limited a contribution as possible for meeting climate targets and should only be used to offset emissions that cannot be reduced or avoided. More generally, net-zero targets should not be made the sole criterion for ambitious climate strategies. Rather, they are a building block of a much more comprehensive strategy of corporate climate action.
    Keywords: ddc:330
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    Plastic Credits als Instrument zur Annäherung an eine Circular Economy : Einordnung der Nutzung des Marktmechanismus auf Abnehmerseite (2023)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-02
    Description: Die verheerenden Mengen an Abfall am Ende des Lebenszyklus von Produkten zu bewältigen, gilt als eine der größten Herausforderungen auf dem Weg zu einer Circular Economy. Die negativen Folgen, die sich aus dem Missmanagement von Kunststoffabfällen aufgrund fehlender oder nicht funktionierender Abfallwirtschaftsstrukturen in weiten Teilen der Erde ergeben, werden zunehmend deutlich. Bei der Circular Economy als elementarer Lösungsansatz sollen Stoffströme geschlossen und Produktlebenszyklen verlängert werden. Ein Instrument zur Annäherung an dieses Modell ist der Handel mit sogenannten Plastic Credits - ein Mittel, um den Ausbau regionaler Infrastrukturen für die Sammlung und das Recycling von Kunststoffabfällen zu finanzieren. Die Abnehmer von Plastic Credits sind die treibende Kraft hinter dem Mechanismus. Es ist weiterführende Forschung notwendig, insbesondere in Bezug auf die Frage, wie Unternehmen das Instrument der Plastic Credits nutzen und in ihre Gesamtstrategie integrieren. Diese Masterarbeit widmet sich der dabei vorgelagerten Frage: Existieren bestimmte Profile bei Unternehmen, die in Plastic Credits investieren, und lassen sich hierbei spezifische Cluster bilden? Im Rahmen der Beantwortung dieser Frage wurden Expert*innen-Interviews mit Hilfe der qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse nach Mayring ausgewertet. Dabei haben sich drei konkrete Unterfragen ergeben, die sich auf die Motivation, Branchenzugehörigkeit und räumliche Verortung der Abnehmer beziehen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich die Abnehmer von Plastic Credits bereits umfangreich mit der Kunststoffabfallproblematik und der damit verbundenen Auswirkung auf die Umwelt beschäftigen. Offen bleibt, inwiefern Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von neuartigem Kunststoff, der Verbesserung der Recyclingfähigkeit der Produkte oder der Einsatz von Rezyklaten in der Herstellung dem Weg der Kompensation vorangestellt werden. In Bezug auf die Branchenzugehörigkeit legen die Ergebnisse nahe, dass vorrangig Unternehmen, die mit einem erschwerten Rezyklate-Einsatz konfrontiert sind, in Plastic Credits investieren. Welche Auswirkungen Maßnahmen wie die Entbürokratisierung der Zulassungsverfahren für neue Recyclingprozesse oder verpflichtende Anteile an recycelten Materialien in bestimmten Produkten auf die Investition in Plastic Credits haben, wird sich in Zukunft zeigen. Die Analyse der räumlichen Verortung gab Aufschluss darüber, dass zurzeit im Wesentlichen Unternehmen aus dem globalen Norden in Plastic Credits investieren - jedoch verbunden mit dem Ziel, eine Finanzierung aus den Projektländern heraus zu intensivieren.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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    Förderbanken im Wandel : Evolution zu nachhaltigen Transformationsbanken ; fünf Handlungsfelder für die Begleitung einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung (2023)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-02
    Description: Förderbanken vergeben in Deutschland jährlich mindestens 200 Milliarden Euro an Mitteln für Investitionen, die sonst nicht oder sehr viel später umgesetzt werden könnten. Sie arbeiten im öffentlichen Auftrag und richten ihre Tätigkeit an gesellschaftlichen Zielen aus. Diese Ziele haben sich weiterentwickelt. Angesichts von Klimawandel, Energiekrise und den Herausforderungen einer Kreislaufwirtschaft wollen sowohl die Länder als auch die Bundesregierung ihre Förderbanken umbauen. Gerade die Förderbanken der Länder müssen sich darum jetzt bereit machen für die "Weiterentwicklung von Förderbanken zu Transformationsbanken". Für die erfolgreiche Gestaltung dieses gesellschaftlichen Umbruchs brauchen sie Unterstützung. Wie dies gelingt, zeigt dieser Zukunftsimpuls.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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    Aus der Gaskrise zu einer anpassungsfähigen klimaneutralen Grundstoffindustrie : Strukturwandel und eine starke industrielle Basis im Bereich der Grundstoffe schließen sich nicht aus (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-04-03
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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    Die Vielen-Welten der Sustainable Finance : ein Gedankenexperiment zur Effektivität nachhaltiger Anlagen (2023)
    Berlin : Schmidt
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-04-03
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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    Warum kein Gas in der Fernwärmeversorgung? (2023)
    München : Siedler
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-04-21
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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    Energieversorgung im Zeichen von Energiewende und Klimawandel (2023)
    München : Siedler
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-04-21
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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    Interaktion digitaler und räumlicher Strukturen in der B2B-Kreislaufführung von Kunststoffen (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-04-21
    Description: Ob die Rückführung von industriellen und gewerblichen Sekundärkunststoffen, das heißt von Abfällen bzw. von bereits wiederaufbereiteten Kunststoffrezyklaten, gelingen kann, ist von mehreren Faktoren wie insbesondere den spezifischen Materialeigenschaften, den Mengen, in denen sie anfallen, den aktuellen Marktpreisen (auch gegenüber Neuware) und auch der räumlichen Nähe von Sortier- bzw. Wiederaufbereitungsinfrastruktur abhängig. Trotz eigentlich guter Voraussetzungen für ein werkstoffliches Recycling, gelangen einzelne in Unternehmen anfallende Abfallchargen häufig in eine thermische Verwertung, weil sich ein Recycling wirtschaftlich nicht lohnt. Grund hierfür ist unter anderem, dass der Informationsaustausch zu den oben genannten Faktoren für Unternehmen häufig noch sehr mangelhaft ist. Aktuell in Entwicklung befindliche digitale Plattformen und Applikationen sowie zugehörige Geschäfts- und Betreibermodelle, welche Kunststoffverarbeiter untereinander sowie Wertstofferzeuger und -verwerter vernetzen sollen, können künftig höhere Recyclingquoten ermöglichen und ökologische Einsparpotenziale heben. Der Artikel führt Entwicklungen und Ergebnisse aktueller Forschungsprojekte zu solchen Vernetzungen zusammen, zeigt die aktuelle Situation des werkstofflichen Recyclings von industriellen und gewerblichen Kunststoffabfällen auf und beleuchtet welche Voraussetzungen für eine erfolgreiche Kreislaufführung von industriellen Kunststoffen gegeben sein müssen. Es wird insbesondere analysiert, in welcher Weise digitale Technologien und die durch sie erzielbare Informationstransparenz eine verbesserte Kreislaufwirtschaft bewirken können und in welcher Weise dies Wertschöpfungsnetzwerke räumlich beeinflussen kann.
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    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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    Digitally driven energy management practices in SMEs : exploring potentials and barriers (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-04-24
    Description: Innovative digital technologies open up new opportun­ ities for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to improve energy efficiency and energy management behavior. The question is: How far will SMEs be capable of profiting from the benefits of these new technologies? Using technology screening, this study identifies smart metering and mobile energy monitoring as digital technologies best addressing SMEs' specific demands. In addition, potentials and limitations of the technologies are investigated in two qualitative in-depth field trials. Barriers to adopting digitally enabled energy management practices are examined. The results indicate that visualising energy data enables SMEs to pursue new energy management practices for reducing energy consumption and costs (such as peak load analysis). SMEs need extensive guidance to identify and pursue these strategies. In conclusion, an exploratory adoption model for digitally enabled energy management practices is developed. Hypotheses for future experimental studies and policy implications are derived.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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    Digitales Nachhaltigkeitsmanagement in Unternehmen : ein serviceorientierter Ansatz zur Entwicklung einer Plattform für datengestütztes Nachhaltigkeitsdatenmanagement (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-08
    Description: Die Stärkung der Digitalisierung im Nachhaltigkeitsmanagement und das Schaffen einer einheitlichen sowie konsistenten Datenbasis können Unternehmen maßgeblich unterstützen, steigenden Nachhaltigkeitsanforderungen zu entsprechen und die Transparenz zur Nachhaltigkeit des Wirtschaftens zu gewährleisten. Dieser Beitrag stellt Anforderungen und einen serviceorientierten Ansatz zur Entwicklung einer Plattform für datengestütztes Nachhaltigkeitsmanagement in produzierenden Unternehmen vor.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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    Co-creation process on circular economy monitoring : overview of interactive activities and outcomes ; reflections on the links to the Bellagio Principles (2023)
    Mol : European Topic Centre on Waste and Materials
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-05
    Description: The transition to a greener and more circular economy has been a European policy priority for several years. The Circular Economy Action Plan of 2020 underlines the ambition. The following EEA initiatives are meant to support the transition process: - Bellagio Process on circular economy monitoring principles (EPA network); - Enhancement of EEA indicators on circular economy (ETC/WMGE); - Explorative work on novel data streams (FWC); - Co-creation work - knowledge sharing of monitoring experience (ETC/Eionet). The scope of the present task was to report on the co-creation process that was undertaken at the end of 2020. The co-creation process was organised to identify: (i) best practices on monitoring strategies, data sources and target setting; and (ii) areas of circularity measuring and monitoring that remain challenging and require additional investment. The co-creation process partially built on the work done during the Bellagio Process/Initiative which was run in parallel. This ETC report presents and documents the evidence gathered throughout the co- creation process as well as providing a retrospective analysis of the links to the Bellagio Principles.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Mit Circular Economy zur Ressourcenwende (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-24
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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    Plastic mining : sind Plastikabfälle das neue Öl? (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-24
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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    Erarbeitung eines Kostenmodells für die Umsetzung von Artikel 8 Absatz 2 und 3 der EU-Einwegkunststoffrichtlinie : Abschlussbericht (2022)
    Dessau-Roßlau : Umweltbundesamt
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-24
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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    Wege aus der Sackgasse der Linearität : chemische Produktion als Kreislaufwirtschaft (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-24
    Description: In der Chemiebranche macht sich mittlerweile die Erkenntnis breit, dass sie zukünftig geschlossene Stoffkreisläufe brauchen wird, wenn sie weiter Gewinne machen will. Doch der Weg dahin ist noch ziemlich weit. Deshalb wird es ohne langfristig angelegte und klare gesetzgeberische Vorgaben nicht gehen.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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    The circular economy as a new narrative for the textile industry : an analysis of the textile value chain with a focus on Germany's transformation to a circular economy (2022)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-24
    Description: At the end of March 2022, the European Commission published its new EU Strategy for Sustainable and Circular Textiles. Its ambitious vision is to reduce textile waste, promote circular measures and minimise the negative environmental impacts of the textile industry. But what would a textile industry that keeps textiles in a closed loop look like, and what political conditions would be required in Germany? This Zukunftsimpuls paper by the Wuppertal Institute points to the role that Germany could play in the transformation towards a circular textile industry.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Welche Auswirkungen hat der Ukrainekrieg auf die Energiepreise und Versorgungssicherheit in Europa? (2022)
    Halle (Saale) : Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-24
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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    Circular Economy und Digitalisierung - Strategien für die digital-ökologische Industrietransformation : eine Studie im Auftrag von Huawei Technologies Deutschland GmbH (2022)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-07
    Description: Innerhalb des Projekts "Digitalisierung gestalten - Transformation zur Nachhaltigkeit ermöglichen" werden die besonderen Transformationspotenziale der Digitalisierung herausgearbeitet und für Deutschland am Beispiel der ausgewählten Handlungsfelder Mobilität, Circular Economy sowie Landwirtschaft und Ernährung diskutiert. Dieser Bericht adressiert das Handlungsfeld einer klimaschonenden und ressourceneffizienten Kreislaufwirtschaft, die Circular Economy. Bisher wird Kreislaufwirtschaft dabei vor allem mit Fokus auf Recycling und Wiederverwertung von Materialien diskutiert. Das greift jedoch zu kurz - es muss um die Skalierung von neuen, ressourcenschonenden Geschäftsmodellen und der umfassenden Transformation von Wertschöpfungsketten und Industriestrukturen gehen. Die Analyse zeigt: richtig eingesetzt ist Digitalisierung unverzichtbar für diesen Wandel. Der vorliegende Bericht möchte Anstöße für diesen Weg liefern und neue Impulse für eine klima- und ressourcenschonende Industrietransformation in Deutschland setzen. Der Bericht verarbeitet dabei Ergebnisse eines interdisziplinären Workshops zum Thema "Die digital-ökologische Industrietransformation gestalten - Geschäftsmodelle und politische Rahmenbedingungen für Klima- und Ressourcenschutz" mit Expertinnen und Experten aus Forschung, Zivilgesellschaft, Behörden und Privatunternehmen.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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    Methodische Konzeption einer regionalen Ressourcenwende im Rheinischen Revier : Studie für den Revierknoten Ressourcen und Agrobusiness ; Abschlussdokument (2022)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-07
    Description: Das Wirtschafts- und Strukturprogramm für das Rheinische Zukunftsrevier enthält eine Reihe von Zielen, die demonstrieren sollen, wie der European Green Deal modellhaft im Rheinischen Revier bis 2038 umgesetzt werden kann. Das Konzept der "Ressourcenwende" stellt dabei einen Lösungsweg für die erfolgreiche Umsetzung dieser Transformation dar. Das Wuppertal Institut hat vor diesem Hintergrund gemeinsam mit der Prognos AG die vorliegende Studie zu einer regionalen Ressourcenwende im Rheinischen Revier erarbeitet. Das Rheinische Revier ist geprägt durch die Gewinnung, Verstromung und Veredelung von Braunkohle. Darüber hinaus haben sich hier - aufgrund der Nähe zu bedeutenden europäischen Transportwegen und einer zentralen Lage zu wichtigen Märkten in Europa - viele weitere Branchen angesiedelt, wie etwa die Metall-, Chemie- und Aluminiumbranche. Im Hinblick auf den von der Bundesregierung und Nordrhein-Westfalen (NRW) beschlossenen Braunkohleausstieg 2030 und den European Green Deal wird die Notwendigkeit eines Wandels der energie- und ressourcenintensiven Industrien hin zu einer treibhausgasneutralen und ressourcenleichten Wirtschaft im Rheinischen Revier mehr als deutlich. Welchen Fußabdruck hinterlässt das Rheinische Revier, welche innovativen Ressourcenstrategien sollte die Region verfolgen und wie kann dies gemessen werden? Zu dieser Fragestellung haben die Forschenden ein methodisches Konzept einer regionalen Ressourcenwende für das Rheinischen Revier erarbeitet. Die Ressourcenwende selbst begrenzt sich dabei nicht nur auf Primärrohstoffe, sondern nimmt auch die Aspekte wie Bodennutzung bzw. Flächenverbrauch und Biodiversität bzw. Ökosystemleistungen in den Blick und setzt diese in den Kontext eines regionalen Kreislaufwirtschaftssystems.
    Keywords: ddc:330
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    Language: German
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    Success factors for the foundation of municipal utilities in Germany (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-05-15
    Description: More than 150 municipal utilities (so-called Stadtwerke) were established in Germany from the beginning of the millennium, bringing the total number of Stadtwerke currently established within the country to approximately 900. With responsibility for more than half of the supply of electricity, gas and heat in Germany, these Stadtwerke play a central role in the transformation of the energy sector, or Energiewende. In addition, due to their local and regional ties, Stadtwerke have a particular role to play in energy politics, the economy and across society. This article focuses on the motives behind, and grounds for, the current wave of newly established Stadtwerke. Further, it discusses the factors that were critical to the successful formation of new Stadtwerke in recent years. The results of our survey indicate that the establishment of municipal Stadtwerke is a suitable measure to implement the energy transition at the local level, whereby the concept of public value has a high level of importance for the local decision-makers. Collaboration and cooperation, as well as a resilience-oriented strategy, are important success factors for new Stadtwerke.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    The circular business framework for building, developing and steering businesses in the circular economy (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-05-15
    Description: The need for a transition towards a circular economy (CE) is evident, as the current economic model is based on the exploitation of far more resources than the planet can replenish sustainably. A significant part of this economic transition is the inception of new, CE-oriented startups and business activities. While business model frameworks (BMF), such as the Business Model Canvas (BMC), were at the center of discussions about structuring business ideas in the beginning of the millennium, the conversation must now shift towards circular BMFs (CBMF). This paper follows the Design Research Methodology (DRM) for an empirical approach to devising a novel CBMF, including expert interviews as well as a first application of the framework with a startup. Throughout this process, a new and innovative tool called Circular Business Framework (CBF) was created and tested based on CE principles.
    Keywords: ddc:330
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    Stop guessing in the dark : identified requirements for digital product passport systems (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-05-15
    Description: The Digital Product Passport (DPP) is a concept for collecting and sharing product-related information along the life cycle of a product. DPPs are currently the subject of intense discussion, and various development efforts are being undertaken. These are supported by regulatory activities, especially in the case of the battery passport. The aggregation of product life-cycle data and their respective use, as well as the sharing of these data between companies, entrepreneurs, and other actors in the value chain, is crucial for the creation of a resource-efficient circular economy. Despite the urgent need for such a solution, there is currently little attention given to the digital infrastructure for the creation and handling of the DPPs (i.e., the so-called DPP system). Moreover, there is so far no common understanding of what the requirements for a DPP system are. This is the background and underlying motivation of our paper: we identify the requirements for a DPP system in a structured way, i.e., based on stakeholder involvement and current literature from science and industry. In addition, we compose, categorize, and critically analyze the results, i.e., the list of requirements for DPP systems, in order to identify gaps. Summarized, our research provides insights into the criteria to be considered in the creation of an actual DPP system.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Perspectives on an effective design of industry tramsformation : an active systemic industrial policy for climate-neutral process industries in Europe ; commentary (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-02
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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    What will drive household adoption of smart energy? : Insights from a consumer acceptance study in Germany (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-08
    Description: Although smart energy technologies (SETs) can fulfill multiple tasks in increasingly decarbonized and digitalized energy systems, market diffusion is still limited. This study investigates which beliefs influence consumers' intention to adopt two smart-energy offerings, whether the rapid growth of the smart home market will now drive SET adoption, and if consumer-driven diffusion will lead to sustainability potentials being realized. Building on UTAUT2, a new theoretical model is proposed, and a consumer acceptance survey was conducted in Germany (n = 700). Results indicate that a growing smart home market will not increase SET adoption and that "adjustable green defaults" should be introduced.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Agilität im unternehmerischen Innovationsprozess fördern : eine Kompetenzplattform für kleine und mittelständische Unternehmen (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-29
    Description: Fortschreitende Digitalisierung und zunehmende Internationalisierung von Märkten bergen Herausforderungen für Unternehmen mit traditionell geprägten Arbeits- und Fertigungsstrukturen. Um den steigenden Anforderungen gerecht zu werden, sollten in diesen Unternehmen die digitale Arbeitsfähigkeit und Kompetenzen für Agilität ausgebaut werden. Dieser Beitrag beschreibt die Konzeption einer digitalen Plattform zur Steigerung derartiger Kompetenzen in kleinen und mittelständischen Unternehmen (KMU). Die digitale Kompetenzplattform soll insbesondere produzierenden KMU strukturschwacher Regionen helfen, ihre Agilität zu steigern und so zur Innovations- und Zukunftsfähigkeit des Unternehmens beitragen.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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    Transformation regionaler Infrastrukturen für einen sozial-ökologischen Strukturwandel : konzeptionelle Ansätze des Strukturwandels und Herausforderungen für sozial-ökologische Transformationen in den drei Braunkohlerevieren ; Teilbericht (2024)
    Dessau-Roßlau : Umweltbundesamt
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-09
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: report , doc-type:report
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    Klimaneutral - geht das auch anders? : Der Contribution Claim als Strategie zur Erreichung globaler Klimaschutz- und Nachhaltigkeitsziele (2024)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-09
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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    Abfallvermeidung vor einem Pardigmenwechsel : von der Kür zur Pflicht (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-22
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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    Zero Waste zwischen Anspruch und Umsetzung (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-22
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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    Circular Economy - Leitbild und Vision : Bericht zum Forschungsmodul E2 im Forschungsprojekt "Umsetzungserfahrungen mit Landesnachhaltigkeitsstrategien - Fallstudie Nachhaltigkeitsstrategie NRW" (2023)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-22
    Description: Die Transformation der bisher linearen Strukturen von Produktion und Konsum ("take-make-dispose") hin zu einer Circular Economy (CE) - im Sinne einer weiterentwickelten Kreislaufwirtschaft - gilt als zentrales Konzept zur Steigerung der Ressourceneffizienz und Kreislaufführung von Materialien und Produkten, zur Stärkung der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der einheimischen Industrie sowie zur Schaffung neuer Arbeitsplatzpotenziale. Ziel dieses Forschungsmoduls ist es, die bisherige Umsetzung dieses Konzepts im Rahmen der Nachhaltigkeitsstrategie NRW zu analysieren und durch geeignete Impulse zu begleiten. Durch die Entwicklung eines Leitbilds für eine nachhaltige Circular Economy und zu seiner Messung geeigneter Indikatoren soll das noch an vielen Stellen unscharfe Konzept präzisiert und insbesondere an die spezifischen Ausgangsbedingungen und Herausforderungen von Nordrhein-Westfalen angepasst werden. Dazu sollen Bausteine für ein mittel- und langfristiges Leitbild (2030) entworfen werden, das einen konsistenten Entwicklungspfad für diesen komplexen Transformationsprozess beschreiben soll. Die bestehenden stark abfallwirtschaftlich geprägten Indikatoren zum Thema Kreislaufwirtschaft sollen durch Vorschläge für zusätzliche Indikatoren zur Nachhaltigkeit im Rahmen der Kreislaufwirtschaft (Circular Economy, CE) ergänzt werden.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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    Injecting climate finance into SME lending in Germany : opportunities for and limitations of regional savings and cooperative banks (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-22
    Description: Although small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) contribute considerably to Germany's carbon emissions, regional savings and cooperative banks - SMEs' most important financiers - hardly consider this aspect in lending to these businesses. However, given Germany's commitment to climate neutrality by 2045, suitable approaches for injecting climate finance into these SME lending processes are greatly required. Against this background, the paper at hand aims to introduce the specific case of regional banks into the debate on green finance and green banking and suggest future research in this context. In discussing the state of research on the peculiarities of regional savings and cooperative banks, we outline the resulting opportunities and limitations for climate impact assessments in SME lending. We argue that while the dual bottom-line orientation of regional banks in Germany precludes them from applying simple positive or negative screenings, their in-depth knowledge about local clients and circumstances enables them to be active and engaging partners for the green transformation of SMEs. Nonetheless, we explain why developing solutions to utilise this knowledge for climate finance by integrating climate impact assessments into routine lending processes remains a particularly challenging task.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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    Plastic credits - financing the transition to the global circular economy : final assessment report on the pilot regions Goa, Maharashtra, Kerala (2022)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-18
    Description: The project "Plastic Credits - Financing the Transition to the Global Circular Economy" supports the implementation of a waste management structure in India's rural regions. By that it aims to improve the current waste collection and treatment structures in the pilot regions Goa, Maharashtra, and Kerala. Herein, the project focuses on low value plastics (LVP), and especially multi-layer plastics (MLP), that have no market value. In order to analyze the environmental impacts of the project, an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) was conducted. The considered environmental components comprise: greenhouse gas emissions, usage of primary resources, impacts on marine and terrestrial wildlife, standard of living, and economic costs.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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    Reaching net-zero in the chemical industry : a study of roadmaps for industrial decarbonisation (2024)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: Striving to mitigate climate change, the European Union has adopted net-zero greenhouse gas emissions as a target for 2050. In this paper, European chemical industry roadmaps from the past six years are assessed and compared to uncover how the industry envisions its role in the transition to net-zero emissions. The roadmaps are assessed in terms of ambition level, technology and feedstock strategies, investment needs and costs, agency and dependency on other actors, as well as timeline and concretion. Although net-zero pathways are often drawn out in the roadmaps, some also choose to emphasize and argue for less ambitious pathways with emission reductions of only 40-60 %. The roadmaps vary widely in terms of the importance they assign to mechanical and chemical recycling, switching to biogenic carbon and carbon dioxide as feedstock, electrification and hydrogen, and carbon capture and storage. A commonality though, is that low-tech or near-term mitigation pathways such as demand reduction, reuse or material efficiency are seldom included. High investment needs are generally highlighted, as well as the need for policy to create enabling conditions, whereas the agency and responsibility of the chemical industry itself is downplayed. Our analysis highlights that the chemical industry does not yet have a strong and shared vision for pathways to net-zero emissions. We conclude that such a future vision would benefit from taking a whole value chain approach including demand-side options and consideration of scope 3 emissions.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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    Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) in der Matratzenindustrie : Evaluierung verschiedener EPR-Modelle für Deutschland hinsichtlich ihrer Umsetzbarkeit und Effektivität zur Kreislaufschließung (2023)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: In Deutschland werden jährlich über sieben Millionen gebrauchte Matratzen entsorgt, die überwiegend verbrannt und nur zu einem Bruchteil recycelt werden. Dieser lineare Ansatz belastet die Ressourcen, erhöht die Emissionen und birgt Umweltrisiken. Um diesen Herausforderungen zu begegnen, kann die erweiterte Herstellerverantwortung (Extended Producer Responsibility, EPR) als Instrument zur Umsetzung einer Kreislaufwirtschaft dienen. In dieser Masterarbeit wird daher untersucht, wie ein EPR-System für Matratzen in Deutschland gestaltet sein sollte, um Kreisläufe effizient zu schließen. Gleichzeitig zielt diese Thesis darauf ab, die damit verbundenen Anforderungen und Herausforderungen bei der Umsetzung eines solchen Systems zu identifizieren. Zur Beantwortung der Forschungsfragen wurden mithilfe von Expert*innen-Interviews und einer umfassenden Literaturrecherche drei EPR-Modelle entwickelt und anhand von ausgewählten Kriterien bewertet. Die Ergebnisse der Bewertung ergaben, dass ein Modell präferiert werden sollte, in dem eine sogenannte Producer Responsibility Organisation (PRO) gebündelt die Verantwortung der Hersteller übernimmt. Ein solches System würde unter anderem eine angemessene Kontrolle ermöglichen und Anreize für Forschung und Entwicklung im Bereich der Recyclingtechnologien und des zirkulären Designs der Matratzen schaffen. Obwohl die Datenlage über Altmatratzen und deren Verwertung in Deutschland derzeit noch begrenzt sind und die hier präsentierten Ergebnisse von der gewählten Methodik abhängen, dient diese Masterarbeit als erste Grundlage für die weitere Entwicklung eines EPR-Systems für Matratzen in Deutschland.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
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    Avoid, shift or improve passenger transport? : Impacts on the energy system (2024)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-07
    Description: Demand-side mitigation strategies have been gaining momentum in climate change mitigation research. Still, the impact of different approaches in passenger transport, one of the largest energy demand sectors, remains unclear. We couple a transport simulation model to an energy system optimisation model, both highly disintegrated in order to compare those impacts. Our scenarios are created for the case of Germany in an interdisciplinary, qualitative-quantitative research design, going beyond techno-economic assumptions, and cover Avoid, Shift, and Improve strategies, as well as their combination. The results show that sufficiency - Avoid and Shift strategies - have the same impact as the improvement of propulsion technologies (i.e. efficiency), which is reduction of generation capacities by one quarter. This lowers energy system transformation cost accordingly, but requires different kinds of investments: Sufficiency measures require public investment for high-quality public services, while efficiency measures require individuals to purchase more expensive vehicles at their own cost. These results raise socio-political questions of system design and well-being. However, all strategies are required to unleash the full potential of climate change mitigation.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: article , doc-type:article
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    Minderungsansätze in der Energie- und Kreislaufwirtschaft (2024)
    Berlin : Springer Spektrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: Die schnelle und umfassende Emissionsminderung in der Energie- und Kreislaufwirtschaft ist der Schlüssel für die Begrenzung der Erderwärmung auf unter 2 °C. In Deutschland werden entsprechende Politiken seit den 1990er-Jahren verfolgt, allerdings erst in jüngster Vergangenheit mit dem notwendigen Nachdruck und der notwendigen Orientierung hin zu mehr Marktmechanismen. Wesentliche Handlungsfelder sind Energieeinsparung und erhöhte Energieeffizienz, Umstieg auf erneuerbare Energien, Bepreisung von Klimagasen sowie eine Reduzierung und Schließung der Stoffkreisläufe. In allen Handlungsfeldern sind Grundlagen geschaffen, es bleibt jedoch der Großteil des Weges noch zu gehen, um Klimaneutralität zu erreichen. Für einen schnellen Fortschritt spielen neben der Überwindung der technischen, ökonomischen und organisatorischen Herausforderungen auch Verteilungsfragen und die Einbettung in internationale Maßnahmen eine zunehmende Rolle.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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    Fragliche Wirtschaftlichkeit kommunaler H2-Verteilnetze zu Heizzwecken : die Rolle der Bedarfs-Festschreibung für die Sicherung ihrer Finanzierung (2024)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-13
    Description: Deutschlands Haushalte werden, zu Beheizungszwecken, zu 70 % leitungsgebunden versorgt: 50 % mit Erdgas und 14 % mit Fernwärme; 5 % mit Elektrizität, davon je die Hälfte noch mit Nachtspeicherheizung, die andere Hälfte mit Wärmepumpen. So war es 2021. So wird es in Zukunft nicht sein, denn Erdgas ist ein Energieträger fossiler Herkunft. Dessen Nutzung geht in den nächsten beiden Jahrzehnten gen Null. Die Frage ist, was das für die Erdgasleitungen in Deutschland bedeutet.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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    Structural analysis of petrochemical clusters in Germany : what can be learned for the transformation towards climate-neutrality? (2024)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-13
    Description: The petrochemical industry is among the most relevant sectors from an economic, energetic and climate policy perspective. In Western Europe, production occurs in local chemical parks that form strongly connected and densely integrated regional clusters. This paper analyzes the structural characteristics of the petrochemical system in Germany and investigates three particularly distinct clusters regarding their challenges and chances for a transition towards climate-neutrality. For this, feedstock and energy supply, product portfolios and process integration as well as existing transformation activities are examined. We find that depending on their distinct network characteristics and location, unique and complex strategies are to be mastered for every cluster. Despite the many activities underway, none of them seems to have a strategic network to co-create a tailored defossilization strategy for the cluster - which is the core recommendation of this paper to develop.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Managing energy consumption by adapted energy performance contracting modes in rural China (2024)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-13
    Description: Energy performance contracting (EPC) as a market instrument has been effective in promoting energy efficiency worldwide, but it has encountered many insurmountable obstacles in rural energy management. In this study, based on the characteristics of energy management in rural areas, three EPC modes are designed and tested in 24,000 rural households. The test results show that two adapted EPC modes of local government involvement and energy payment directly from the national grid can effectively overcome the barriers encountered in the traditional EPC modes and work well under the economic and social environmental conditions in rural areas. The key to the adaptation of the traditional EPC modes is the introduction of the local government as the third party. Participation of the third party can effectively reduce and remove the barriers and risks and increase the mutual trust between the clients (households) and the energy service companies (ESCOs). Based on the testing results, this study suggests that governmental departments should formulate relevant EPC policies and technical guidelines within the rural context. This research recommends that farmers should not manage their energy services by themselves and it is suggested to out-contracting ESCOs by applying the modes developed and tested by this paper.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Towards a climate-neutral basic materials industry in North Rhine-Westphalia (2024)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-07
    Description: North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) is the industrial center of Germany and one of the most important industrial locations in Europe. It is a key location for the energy-intensive basic materials industry like the production of steel and non-ferrous metals, (petro)chemicals, cement and lime, bricks, glass and ceramics, and paper. Around 20 % of NRW's total greenhouse emissions derive from industrial processes. By 2045, industry must achieve climate-neutrality, which requires a massive transformation effort. Technologically, this needs large-scale utilization of green hydrogen, carbon management, consequent circular economy, and climate-neutral production of process heat. Furthermore, various adjustments to the policy framework are essential.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Logic model for environmental, social, and governance (ESG) impact pathways and assessments (2024)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-07
    Description: The goal of this dissertation is to facilitate the assessment of impacts from sustainable measures and projects with an emphasis on impact reporting for Green, Social or Sustainability Bonds in the Sustainable Finance market. It does so by providing analysts with the means to develop, depict, formulate, and assess a causal hypothesis between an intervention and its subsequent effects in an impact-chain, represented by desired environmental (E), social (S) or governance (G) changes. This is achieved by developing a methodology for so-called ESG Logic Models or ESG-LM, that combine heuristic Theories-of-Change with propositional logic and Bayesian Reasoning. Three research questions are investigated and responded to. Research Question 1 asks how such Theories-of-Change can be developed for any type of ESG-related issue and how the different process steps in a causal chain can be classified, hierarchised, and prioritised regarding their efficacy towards overarching sustainability goals and their plausibility. Research Question 2 studies (a) the means by which the analyst or any other interested third party might be warranted in believing the causal claims from an ESG-LM, and (b) how an ESG-LM can be improved if this credence is low. Research Question 3 then looks at the reporting of impacts themselves regarding indicator selection, indicator assessment and indicator quantification as well as the provision of information on the contributions and attributions by different actors. The dissertation draws on a variety of theories and adapts existing methods to achieve that. It operationalises concepts from empirical Sustainable Finance research and already existing impact assessment methodologies. It adapts scholarly and practitioner approaches for theory-based evaluation and applies a qualitative social science perspective towards theory-building and evaluation, while some of the assessment tools in the dissertation are grounded in Logic, Set Theory and Bayesian Epistemology. Examples for such tools include rules for the Attribution by actors, heuristics for the abduction of plausible outcome pathways, or a four-stage Argument and Decision-Tree to assess the credibility of ESG-LM claims (based on Bayes Theorem). My assessment of the entire methodology is positive overall, as it provides solutions to each of the three research areas. Limitations of the approach, and thus opportunities for further research, are the additional expertise and time required by analysts compared to the existing, and somewhat more pragmatic, solutions in the current market. However, this is outweighed in my opinion by the ability of the framework to strongly mitigate impact washing by actors in the financial markets as well as biases by analysts. Its overall methodology also provides opportunities for new research angles in the area of sustainability indicators and assessments.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: doctoralthesis , doc-type:doctoralThesis
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    Pilotierung von Infrastruktur zur Rücknahme von Mehrwegverpackungen : Handreichung zur Wirkungsmessung (2024)
    Hamburg : Mehrwegverband Deutschland
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-18
    Description: Der Mehrwegverband Deutschland e. V. ist gemeinsam mit dem Wuppertal Institut vom Umweltbundesamt beauftragt worden, die Grundlage für eine gemeinsame Wirkungsmessung der Mehrweg-Rückgabe-Piloten in Deutschland zu legen. Ziel war es, mit Initiator*innen und Beteiligten aus Pilotprojekten deren Ansätze zur Wirkungsmessung zu teilen, zu spiegeln, weiterzuentwickeln - und auf Praxistauglichkeit zu testen. Diese Handreichung gibt einen Überblick über die Projekte, definiert die Gestaltungsdimensionen, beschäftigt sich mit der Wirkungsmessung, zeigt die Ergebnisse auf und gibt erste Empfehlungen. Basis der Erarbeitung war eine Workshop-Reihe der Pilotprojekte in München/Haar, Mainz-Wiesbaden, Hamburg/Westfield, Berlin/Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg und München/Glockenbachviertel.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1975)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19751080101
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  • 70
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zur Kenntnis des Narciclasins (1975)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 445-463 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Chemistry of NariciclasineFrom narciclasine (2a), the acetonide 8a and its oxidation product 10 are prepared. 10 isomerizes easily to give 11. Catalytic hydrogenation of 2a yields a mixture of dihydronarci-clasines from which the pure cis- and trans-isomers 14a and 15a can be obtained via the tetraacetates. As a by-product of the hydrogenation, isonarciclasine (16a) is isolated. The relative configuration of narciclasine (as represented by formula 2a) is established by the n. m. r. spectra of 15b and 16b. Lycoricidine and margetine are shown to be identical; their configuration is as shown in formula 2b. Some biological tests are reported.
    Notes: Aus Narciclasin (2a) wird das Acetonid 8a und dessen Oxidationsprodukt 10 dargestellt. 10 wird leicht zu 11 isomerisiert. Das bei der katalytischen Hydrierung von 2a anfallende Gemisch der Dihydronarciclasine wird über die Tetraacetate in die cis- und trans-Verbindungen 14a und 15a aufgetrennt. Als Nebenprodukt der katalytischen Hydrierung entsteht Isonarciclasin (16a). Mit Hilfe der NMR-Spektren von 15b und 16b läßt sich die relative Konfiguration des Narciclasins entsprechend 2a beweisen. Lycoricidin und Margetin sind identisch und haben die Konfiguration 2b. Über einige biologische Teste wird berichtet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19751080210
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Komplexchemie reaktiver organischer Verbindungen, V. Reaktionen aliphatischer Diazoverbindungen mit thermolabilen Mangan-Komplexen (1975)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 486-499 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Complex Chemistry of Reactive Organic Compounds, V. Reaction of Aliphatic Diazo Compound with Thermolabile Manganese ComplexesAliphatic diazo compounds react with the manganese- tetrahydrofurane complexes 1 and 2, respectively, to yield olefine, ketimine or carbene complexes: 3-diazo-2- butanone (3b) reacts with 2 under intramolecular hydride transfer to give the buten-2- one complex 7, while 3-diazocamphor (3c) leads to the 3-iminocamphor complex 8. Benzolyphenyldiazomethane (3a), diphenyldiazomethane (9a), and its p-substituted derivatives 9b-f are shown to be preliminary stages for the stable carbene complexes 4, 10, and 11, the spectra of which are discussed. The diphenylcarbene ligand can be split off by triphenylphosphine, carbon monoxide, ammonium cerium(IV) nitrate, and by thermolysis.
    Notes: Aliphatische Diazoverbindungen reagieren mit den Mangan-THF- Komplexen 1 bzw. 2 zu Olefin-, Ketimin- oder Carben-Komplexen: Während 3-Diazo-2-butanon (3b) mit 2 unter intramolekularer Hydridverschiebung den Buten-2- on-Komplex 7 ergibt, bildet 3-Diazo-campher (3c) bei Umsetzung mit 2 den 3-Iminocampher-Komplex 8. Benzoylphenyldiazomethan (3a) sowie Diphenyldiazomethan (9a) und seine p- substituierten Derivate 9b-f verhalten sich gegenüber 1 und 2 als Vorstufen für die stabilen Carben-Komplexe 4, 10 und 11, deren Spektren diskutiert werden. Der Diphenylcarben-Ligand in 11a kann mit Triphenylphosphin, Kohlenmonoxid und Ammoniumcer(IV)-nitrat sowie durch Thermolyse abgespalten werden.
    Additional Material: 7 Tab.
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    Photochemische Dimerisierung von 1,4- Dialkinylbenzolen (1975)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 528-537 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Photochemical Dimerisation dof 1,4-DialkynylbenzenesOn irradiation with ultraviolet light 1,4-diethynylbenzene (4a) forms blue unstable 6-ethynyl-1-(4- ethynylphenyl)azulene (5) and 6-ethynyl-2-(4-ethynylphenyl)azulene (6) besides polymers. The photolysis of 1,4-bis(phenylethynyl)benzene (4b) yields stable green 2,3-diphenyl-6-phenylethynyl-1-[4- (phenylethynyl)phenyl]azulene (9) and the isomeric naphthalene 11. Products of catalytic reduction of 5, 9, and 11 are described.
    Notes: Aus 1,4-Diäthinylbenzol (4a) entstehen bei Bestrahlung mit ultraviolettem Licht das wenig beständige, blaue 6-Äthinyl-1-(4-äthinylphenyl)azulen (5) und 6-Äthinyl-2-(4-äthinylphenyl)-azulen (6) neben polymeren Produkten. Dagegen führt die Photolyse von 1,4-Bis(phenyl-äthinyl)benzol (4b) zu dem beständigen grünen 2,3-Diphenyl-6-phenyläthinyl-1-[4-(phenyl-äthinyl)phenyl]azulen (9) und dem isomeren Naphthalin-Derivat 11. Reduktionsprodukte von 5, 9 und 11 werden beschrieben.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19751080218
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    Derivate des Methylendioxybenzols, 40. Synthese des Ferrugons und des Pseudoferrugons (1975)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 561-568 
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    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Derivatives of Methylendioxybenzene, 40. the Synthesis of Ferrugone and PseudoferrugoneThe isoflavones ferrugone (1a) and pseudoferrugone (1a) as well as their dihydro derivatives 2a and b are prepared from the apione derivatives 5f of 6f and the chromene or chroman derivatives 4d and 3p.
    Notes: Die Isoflavone Ferrugon (1a) und Pseudoferrugon (1b) sowie die Dihydroverbindungen 2a und b werden durch Reaktion der Apionderivate5f und 6f mit den Chromen- bzw. Chroman-derivaten 4d bzw. 36p dargestellt.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19751080221
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    Methylendioxyhetarene, 1. Zur Darstellung von 3,4- Methylendioxythiophen-, -furan- und pyrrol- abkömmlingen (1975)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 569-575 
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    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Methylenedioxyhetarenes, 1. On the Preparation of 3, 4- Methylenedioxythiophene-, furan- and -pyrrole DerivativesMethylenation experiments with 3, 4-dihydroxy compounds of diethyl thiophene-, furan-, 1-phenyl-, and 1- (ethoxycarbonylmethyl)-2, 5-pyrroledicarboxylate are reported. Methylenations lead only with diethyl 3, 4-dihydroxy-2, 5- thiophenedicarboxylate (1) to the 3, 4- methylenedioxythiophene derivatives 2 and 3 with formation of diethyl dithieno[3, 4-b: 3′, 4′- g]tetroxecin-1, 3, 7, 9-tetracarboxylate (4) as by- product. The furan- (5a) and pyrrole derivatives 7a and b give the tetraethyl difuro- (6) and dipyrrolo[3, 4-b: 3′, 4′-g]tetroxecin- 1, 3, 7, 9-tetracarboxylates 8a and b, respectively.
    Notes: Es wird über Methylenierungsversuche an 3,4-Dihydroxy- Verbindungen der Thiophen-Furan-, 1-Phenyl- und 1- (Äthoxycarbonylmethyl)-2,5-pyrroldicarbonsäure- diäthylester berichtet. Die Methylenierungen führen nur beim 3,4-Dihydroxy-2,5-thiophendicarbonsäure-diäthylester (1) zu den 3,4-Methylendioxythiophen-Derivaten 2 und 3, wobei als Nebenprodukt der Dithieno[3,4-b: 3′,4′-g]tetroxecin-1,3,7,0-tetracarbonsäure- tetraäthylester (4) gebildet wird. Bei dem Furan- (5a) und den Pyrrol-Derivaten 7a und b entstehen die Difuro- (6) bzw. die Dipyrrolo[3,4- b: 3′,4′-g]tetroxecin-1,3,7,9- tetracarbonsäure-tetraäthylester 8a, b.
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    Reaktionen von N, N-Dialkyl- und N, N-Diarylsulfamiden mit Chlorsulfonylisocyanat (1975)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 618-622 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reaction of N, N-Dialkyl- and N, N-Diarylsullfamides with Chlorosulfonyl IsocyanateChlorosulfonyl isocyanate reacts with N, N-dialkyl- or N, N-diarylsulfamides to give the so far unknown N-chlorosulfonyl-N′-(dialkyl- and -diarylsulfamoyl)ureas (3a-e), which may be hydrolysed to the corresponding N-(dialkyl- and -diarylsulfamoyl)ureas (4a-e). The pyrolysis of 3a-e leads to the formation of the known sulfamoyl chlorides.
    Notes: Durch Umsetzung von Chlorsulfonylisocyanat mit N, N-Dialkyl- oder N, N-Diarylsulfamiden erhält man die bisher unbekannten N-Chlorsulfonyl-N′-(dialkyl- und -diarylsulfamoyl)harnstoffe (3a-e), die sich zu N-(Dialkyl- und-Diarylsulfamoyl)harnstoffen (4a-e) hydrolysieren lassen. Die Pyrolyse von 3a-e liefert die bekannten Sulfamidsäurechloride.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19751080227
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    Zur Photochemie des Allens (1975)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 657-663 
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    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Photochemistry of AlleneAcetophenone-sensitized irradiation of allene yields a complex mixture of products, from which the allene dimer 1, the trimers 2 and 3, and the ketones 4 and 5 have been isolated. This is in contrast to the reported thermal di- and trimerization of allene, which lead to products such as 1, 8-12. The planar allene triplet 13, derived by way of a nonvertical triplet-triplet energy transfer, presumably plays a key role in the photosensitized oligomerization of allene. Also, the formation of the ketone 5 is easily explained in terms of an attack of 13, through its central C-atom to the o-position of the acetophenone, to give 16, which cyclizes ultimately to yield 5. At 240°C, 5 undergoes fragmentation to the starting materials. The α,β-unsaturated ketone 4 arises through a [2 + 2]-photocycloaddition reaction of the 3(n,π*) state of acetophenone to methylacetylene via the oxetene intermediate 6, followed by ring-opening.
    Notes: Die acetophenon-sensibilisierte Belichtung von Allen liefert eine komplexe Produktmischung, aus der sich das Allendimere 1, die Trimeren 2 und 3 sowie die Ketone 4 und 5 isolieren lassen. Dieser Befund steht im Gegensatz zur beschriebenen thermischen Di- und Trimerisierung des Allens, die zu 1, 8-12 führt. Eine Schlüsselrolle bei der photosensibilisierten Allen-Oligomerisierung spielt vermutlich das durch nichtvertikale Triplett-Triplett-Energieübertragung gebildete planare Allen-Triplett 13. Auch die Entstehung des Bicyclo[4.2.0]octadien-Ketons 5 erklärt sich zwanglos durch einen Angriff von 13 mit seinem mittleren C-Atom in der o-Position des Acetophenons unter Bildung der Zwischenstufe 16, die Ringschluß zu 5 erfährt. Bei 240°C erleidet 5 Rückspaltung in die Ausgangskomponenten. Das α,β-ungesättigte Keton 4 ist dagegen Ergebnis einer [2 + 2]-Photocycloaddition des Acetophenons im 3(n,π*)-Zustand an Methylacetylen zum Oxeten 6 mit anschließender Ringöffnung.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19751080231
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    Organische Schwefelverbindungen, XI. Synthese von 1,3-Oxathiol-spirofuranonen und Furanon-spirodihy-drothiopyranen aus 4-Thioxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-onen (1975)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 673-682 
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    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Organosulfur Compound, XI. Synthesis of 13-3-Oxathiol-spirofuranones and Furanone-spirodihydrothiopyrans from 4-Thioxotetrahydrofuran-3-onesHeterocyclic, non-enolisable α-oxo-thioketones of furan-type 9 have been prepared for the first time. These highly unstable compounds undergo dimerisation and subsequent elimination of sulfur to give 1,3-oxathiol-spirofuranones 11. In competition with this process reaction with the eliminated active sulfur can occur to yield a dispiro-1,2,4-trithiolan 10a. In the presence of dimethylbutadiene the new α-oxo-thioxofurans 9 react according to the Diels-Alder principle to form the furanone-spirodihydrothiopyrans 13. The reaction mechanisms are discussed.
    Notes: Es werden erstmals heterocyclische, nicht enolisierbare α-Oxo-thioketone vom Furantyp (9) hergestellt, die außerordentlich instabil sind und unter Dimerisierung mit anschließender Schwefeleliminierung reagieren, wobei die bisher unbekannten 1,3-Oxathiol-spirofuranone 11 entstehen. In Konkurrenz hierzu kann Reaktion mit dem bei der Fragmentierung gebildeten aktiven Schwefel unter Bildung eines Dispiro-1,2,4-trithiolans (10a) eintreten. In Gegenwart von Dimethylbutadien reagieren die neuen α-Oxo-thioxo-furane 9 ausschließlich nach dem Diels-Alder-Prinzip unter Bildung der Furanon-spirodihydrothiopyrane 13. Die Reaktions-mechanismen werden diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19751080233
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    Übergangsmetall-substituierte VB-Elementsysteme, V. Bis(VIA-metall)methylstibine - Darstellung, Quartärisierung und Oxidation (1975)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 700-715 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Transition Metal Substituted VB Element System. Bis(VIA metal)methylstibines-Preparation, Quaternization and OxidationCH3SbBr2 reacts with the transition metal anions of Na[Fe(CO)2π-C5H5] and Na[M(CO)3π-C5H5] (M=Cr, Mo, W) to give CH3Sb[Fe(CO)2π-C5H5]2 and CH3Sb[M(CO)3π-C5H5]2 (M=Cr, Mo, W). via stepwise metalation. Starting with the primary substitution products BrCH3Sb—M(CO)3π-C5H5 (M=Mo, W) the heteronuclear species π-C5H5(CO)3Cr—Sb-(CH3)—M(CO)3π-C5H5 (M=Mo, W) and π-C5H5(CO)3Mo—Sb(CH3)—W(CO)3π-C5H5 can be obtained. Reactions with alkyl halides result in the quaternization of the Sb-atom or the cleavage of the Sb—M bond. In the first case metal substituted Sb-cations of the type [{π-C5H5(CO)3M}2Sb(CH3)R]⊕ (M=Mo, W; R=CH3, C2H5, C6H5CH2) are formed, which can also be synthesized by reaction of monometalated stibines with metal halides [{e. g. π-C5H5(CO)3Mo—Sb(CH3)2 and π-C5H5(CO)3MoBr]. Bromine adds on VB element, to yield transition metal derivatives with presumable pentacoordinated antimony ([π-C5H5(CO)3W]2SbCH3Br2). The chemical and spectroscopic properties of the new antimony transition metal complexes are reported.
    Notes: Die Umsetzung von CH3SbBr2 mit den Übergangsmetall-Anionen von Na[Fe(CO)2π-C5H5] und Na[M(CO)3π-C5H5] (M=Cr, Mo, W) führt unter stufenweiser Metallierung zur Bildung von CH3Sb[Fe(CO)2π-C5H5]2 und CH3Sb[M(CO)3π-C5H5]2 (M=Cr, Mo, W). Ausgehend von den primären Substitutionsprodukten BrCH3Sb—M(CO)3π-C5H5 (M=Mo, W) Können die heteronuclearen Spezies π-C5H5(CO)Cr—Sb(CH3)—M(CO)3π-C5H5 (M=Mo, W) und π-C5H5(CO)3Mo—Sb(CH3)—W(CO)3π-C5H5 erhalten werden. Reaktionen mit Alkylhalo-geniden verlaufen unter Quartärisierung am Sb-Atom oder Spaltung der Sb—M-Einheit. Im ersten Fall werden metallsubstituierte Sb-Kationen der Form [{π-C5H5(CO)3M}2Sb(CH3)R]⊕; (M=Mo, W; R=CH3, C2H5, C6H5CH2) gebildet, die auch aus monometalliertem Stibin und komplexem Metallhalogenid zugänglich sind [z. B. π-C5H5(CO)3MoSb(CH3)2 und π-C5H5(CO)3MoBr]. Die Einwirkung von Brom verläuft unter Addition am VB-Element und liefert Übergangsmetallderivate mit vermutlich pentakoordiniertem Antimon([π-C5H5(CO)3W]2sbCH3Br2). Die chemischen und spektroskopischen Eigenschaften der neuen Antimon-Übergangsmetallkomplexe werden beschrieben.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Übergangsmetall-substituierte VB-Elementsysteme, VI. Bis(VIA-metall)methylstibine als monofunktionelle Ligandsysteme in Übergangsmetallkomplexen (1975)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 716-723 
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    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Transition Metal Substituted VB Element System. Bis(VIA metal)methylstibines as Monofunction Ligands in Transition Metal ComplexesThe photochemical or thermal reaction of the metal corbonyls M(CO)6 (M=Cr, Mo, W), π-C5H5Mn(CO)3, and Fe2(CO)9 with the dimetalated stibines CH3Sb-[M′(CO)3π-C5H5]2 (M′=Cr, Mo, W) proceeds with elimination of CO or Fe(CO)5, yielding the neutral single antimony-bridged trinuclear complexes (CO)5M—Sb(CH3)[M′L4]2, π-C5H5(CO)2Mn—Sb(CH3)[M′L4]2, and (CO)4Fe-Sb(CH3)[M′L4]2. The new compounds are characterized by means of spectroscopy.
    Notes: Die photochemische bzw. thermische Umsetzung der Metallcarbonyle M(CO)6 (M=Cr, Mo, W), π-C5H5Mn(CO)3 und Fe2(CO)9 mit den dimetallierten Stibinen CH3Sb-[M′(CO)3π-C5H5]2 (M′=Cr, Mo, W) liefert unter Eliminierung von CO bzw. Fe(CO)5 die neutralen, einfach antimonverbrückten Dreikernkomplexe (CO)5M—Sb(CH3)[M′L4]2, π-C5H5(CO)2Mn—Sb(CH3)[M′L4])2 und (CO)4Fe—Sb(CH3)[M′L4]2, Die neuen Verbindungen werden spektroskopisch charakterisiert.
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    Polyacetylenverbindungen, 232. Weitere Inhaltsstoffe der Gattung Dendranthema (1975)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 735-738 
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    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Polyacetylenic Compounds, 232. Further Constituents of the Genus DendranthemaThe genus Dendranthema, also listed as a section of Chrysanthemum, is characterized by the occurrence of 6-ring-enol ether polyynes. The structure of three new compounds has been elucidated (10-12).
    Notes: Die auch als Sektion von Chrysanthemum geführte Gattung Dendranthema ist durch das Vorkommen von 6-Ring-enolätherpolyinen charakterisiert. Drei neue Verbindungen werden in ihrer Konstitution geklärt (10-12).
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    Die Ozonolyse von 3,4-cis-Diacetyl-1,2,3,4-tetramethyl-1-cyclobuten (1975)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 749-753 
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    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Ozonolyse of 3,4-cis-Diacetyl-1,2,3,4-tetramethyl-1-cyclobuteneThe ozonolysis of the title compound 3 gives an ozonide (9) with trans-acetyl groups in high yield. Only a two step transformation of the primary ozonide to the final ozonide via a well defined intermediated (5) can explain this result.
    Notes: Die Tasache, daß die Ozonolyse der Titelsubstanz 3 in CFCl3 in hoher Ausbeute ein Ozonid (9) mit trans-ständigen Acetylgruppen liefert, bewiest, daß der Übergang vom Primärozonid zum Ozonid nicht einstufig, sondern über ein definiertes Zwischenprodukt (5) verläft.
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    Untersuchungen an Stoffwechselprodukten von Mikroorganismen, VIII. Aldgamycin F, ein neues Antibiotikum aus Streptomyces lavendulae (1975)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 780-789 
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    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigation on Metabolites of Microorganisms, VIII. Aldgamycin F, a New Antibiotic from S. lavendulaeThe new antibiotic aldgamycin F was isolated from cultures of S. lavendulae, for which we suppose structure. 7.
    Notes: Aus Kulturen von S. lavendulae wurde das neue Antibiotikum Aldgamycin F isoliert, für das wir Struktur 7 vorschlagen.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19751080311
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    Die Stereochemie der Spaltung chiraler acyclischer quartärer Phosphoniumsalze zu tertiären Phosphinoxiden mit Alkalialkoholat (1975)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 803-812 
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    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Stereochemistry of the Alkali Alcoholate-induced Fission of Chiral Acyclic Quaternary Phosphonium Salts to Tertiary Phosphine OxidesThe stereochemical course of the sodium ethanolate-induced fission of chiral acyclic quaternary phosphonium salts 1-5 to tertiary phosphine oxides 6-10 is (with one exception) the same as that of the cleavage of these salts by sodium hydroxide. However, in most cases the stereoselectivity is remarkably lower in the alcoholate-induced fission than in the reaction with sodium hydroxide.
    Notes: Die beobachtete Brutto-Stereochemie der Spaltung chiraler acyclischer quartärer Phosphoniumsalze 1-5 zu tertiären Phosphinoxiden 6-10 mittels Natriumäthylat ist  -  mit einer Ausnahme  -  prinzipiell die gleiche wie bei der Spaltung der betreffenden Salze mit Natrium-hydroxid. Die Stereoselektivität ist dagegen bei der Spaltung mit Alkoholat meist deutlich geringer als bei der Reaktion mit Natriumhydroxid.
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    Die Primärprodukte der Carbonsäurehydrazid/Chlorphosphoran-Reaktion: 1,3,4,2λ5-Oxadiazaphospholine (1975)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 820-830 
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    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Primary Products of the Carbohydrazide/Chlorophosphorane Reaction:. 1,3,4,2λ5-OxadiazaphospholinePhosphorus pentachloride and other at least difunctional chlorophosphoranes react with acylhydrazines and with N-acyl-N′-phenylhydrazines to give 1,3,4,2λ5-oxadiazaphospholines 3. Pentacoordination at phosphorus is unexpected stable in these rings. The compounds are characterized by n. m. r. and mass spectrometry. They are more or less thermolabile and decompose eliminating phosphine oxide or a phosphorus oxide chloride. Electron releasing substituents at the phosphorus and electron withdrawing substituents at the nitrogen atom increase the rate of decomposition. With triethylamine the compounds 3 loose hydrogen chloride and yield the dimers 4 of 1,3,4,2λ5-oxadiazaphospholes.
    Notes: Phosphorpentachlorid und andere mindestens difunktionelle Chlorphosphorane reagieren mit Acylhydrazinen sowie N-Acyl-N′-phenylhydrazinen zu den 1,3,4,2λ5-Oxadiazaphospholinen 3 mit unerwartet stabiler Pentakoordination am Phosphor. Die Verbindungen werden NMR- und massenspektrometrisch charakterisiert. Sie sind mehr oder weniger thermolabil und zerfallen unter Abspaltung von Phosphinoxid bzw. eines Phosphoroxidchlorids. Der Einfluß der P-, C- und N-ständigen Substituenten auf die Zerfallsgeschwindigkeit wird diskutiert. Triäthylamin spaltet aus 3 Chlorwasserstoff ab; es entstehen Dimere 4 der 1,3,4,2λ5-Oxadiazaphosphole.
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    Vier Synthesewege zu (2-Pyrimidinylamino)-n-alkansäuren (1975)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 862-874 
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    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Four Routes for the Synthesis of (2-Pyrimidinylamino)-n-alkanoic AcidsNucleotide analogues of amino acids with variously substituted 2-pyrimidinyl side chains are available by four synthetic routes. 1) The cyclocondensation of 2-alkyl-3-aminoacroleins (4) with amino acids containing guanidino functions (5b) gives Nδ-(5-alkyl-2-pyrimidinyl)ornithine derivatives (7). 2) Cyclocondensations of 1,3-diketones of (9) with C-(guanidino)amino acids or N-(amidino)amino acids (5a-d) yield (4,6-dialkyl-2-pyrimidinylamino)-n-alkanoic acids (10). 3) (4-Alkyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-2-pyrimidinylamino)-n-alkanoic acids (13) are obtained by way of cyclocondensation of ethyl acetoacetate (12) with 5a-c. 4) The nucleophilic substitution of 2-ethylthio-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidines (14, 17) by mono- and diamino acids (15) yields (5-alkyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-2-pyrimidinylamino)- and (4-alkyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-2-pyrimidinylamino)-n-alkanoic acids (16, 18).
    Notes: Nucleotid-analoge Aminosäuren mit verschieden substituierten 2-Pyrimidinyl-Seitenketten sind auf vier Wegen zugänglich: Die Cyclokondensation von 2-Alkyl-3-aminoacroleinen (4) mit Aminosäuren mit Guanidinofunktion (5b) führt zu Nδ-(5-Alkyl-2-pyrimidinyl)ornithin-Derivaten (7). Cyclokondensationen von 1,3-Diketonen (9) mit C-(Guanidino)aminosäuren bzw. N-(Amidino)aminosäuren (5a-d) liefern (4,6-Dialkyl-2-pyrimidinyiamino)-n-alkansäuren (10). Durch Cyclokondensationen von Acetessigester (12) mit 5a-c sind (4-Alkyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-2-pyrimidinylamino)-n-alkansäuren (13) darstellbar. Aus 2-Äthylthio-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidinen (14, 17) lassen sich durch nucleophile Substitution mit Mono- und Diaminosäuren (15) (5-Alkyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-2-pyrimidinylamino)- sowie (4-Alkyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-2-pyrimidinylamino)-n-alkansäuren (16, 18) erhalten.
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    Photoelektronenspektren und Moleküleigenschaften, XLV. Schwefelsäure-Derivate : Alkyl-, Vinyl- und Arylsulfone, Alkylsulfoimide und Sulfurylhalogenide (1975)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 897-913 
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    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Photoelectron Spectra and Molecular Properties, XLV. Sulfuric Acid Derivatives : Alkyl, /Vinyl, and Aryl Sulfones, S,S-Dialkylsulfoimides and Sulfuryl HalidesThe photoelectron (PE) spectra of the following sulfuric acid derivatives are discussed comparatively using qualitative MO models supported by modified CNDO calculations. The substituent effects  -  including the isoelectronic exchange S=O → S=NH and structural modifications  -  can be summarized in correlation diagrams and rationalized as perturbations of the ++ group.
    Notes: Die Photoelektronen(PE)-Spektren der folgenden Schwefelsäure-Derivate werden mit qualitativen MO-Modellen, gestützt auf modifizierte CNDO-Rechnungen, vergleichend diskutiert. Die Substituenten-Effekte - den isoelektronischen Austausch S=O → S=NH und Strukturänderungen eingeschlossen  -  lassen sich in Korrelationsdiagrammen zusammenfassen und als Störungen der -Gruppe betrachten.
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    Gekoppelte Elektrodenreaktionen, II. Benzonitril als Reaktionsmedium für anodisch erzeugte Carbeniumionen (1975)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 967-972 
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    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Coupled Electrode Reaction, II. Benzonitrile as a Reaction Medium for Anodically Generated Carbenium IonsBy electrolysis of pivalic acid and isobutyric acid in benzonitrile/isopropyl alcohol in undivided cells N alkylated benzylamines and N,N′-diisopropyl-1,2- diphenylethylenediamine are isolated in a total yield up to 60 percent of the condensed reaction products. The reaction path is explained by anodically generated carbenium ions which react with bezonitrile forming nitrilium ions 3. These are reduced at the cathode (6, 8) or are hydrodimerized (7). The details and the formation of by-products are discussed.
    Notes: Bei der Elektrolyse von Pivalinsäure und Isobuttersäure in Benzonitril/Isopropylalkohol in ungeteilten Zellen werden in einer Gesamtausbeute bis zu 60% der kondensierten Reaktions-produkte N-alkylierte Benzylamine und N,N′-Diisopropyl-1,2-dipnhenyläthylendiamin isoliert. Der Reaktionsverlauf wird über anodisch erzeugte Carbeniumionen erklärt, die mit Benzonitril zu Nitriliumionen 3reagieren. Diese werden an der Kathode reduziert (6, 8) oder hydrodimerisiert (7). Die Einzelheiten und die Bildung von Nebenprodukten werden besprochen.
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    Masthead (1975)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975) 
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    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19751080401
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    Natürlich vorkommende Terpen-Derivate, XLIII. Neue Sesquiterpenlactone aus Athanasia-Arten (1975)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 357-361 
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    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Naturally Occurring Terpene Derivatives, XLIII. New Sequiterpene Lactones from Athanasia SpeciesThe investigation of four further Athanasia species shows that furansesquiterpenes of the type 1-4 are characteristic for this genus. Besides known compounds five new sesquiterpene lactones have been isolated and their structures elucidated (6, 7, 9, 10 and 13). The close biogenetic relationships of these lactones to already known sesquiterpenes are apparent.
    Notes: Die Untersuchung von vier weiteren Athanasia-Arten zeigt, daß Furansesquiterpene vom Typ 1-4 für diese Gattung charakteristisch sind. Neben bereits bekannten Verbindungen werden fünf neue Sesquiterpenlactone isoliert und in ihrer Konstitution aufgeklärt (6, 7, 9, 10 und 13). Die engen biogenetischen Beziehungen dieser Lactone zu bereits bekannten Sesquiterpenen sind offensichtlich.
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    Hydrogenolyse kleiner Kohlenstoffringe, II. Über die Hydrierung von Basketan- und Snoutanderivaten (1975)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 337-356 
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    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Hydrogenolysis of Small Cycloalkanes, II. hydrogenation Basketane- and Snoutane-Derivativescis- and both trans-dimethyl twistane-4,5-dicarboxylates (9 and 11, 13) are formed via the dihydro intermediates 4-7 by hydrogenation of cis- and trans-dimethyl basketane-9,10-dicarboxylates (1 and 3) over Pd/C under normal conditions. During the uptake of the first mole-equivalent of hydrogen all the basketane derivatives were rearranged to snoutane derivatives (22 and 24) to some extent. The second C—C bond is cleaved on that side of the basketane skeleton, which is opposite to the first hydrogenated one. cis- and trans-dimethyl snoutane-9,10-dicarboxylates (22 and 24) were hydrogenated under the same conditions but more slowly via the dihydro derivatives (25, 27 and 29, 31) to yield cis- and trans-dimethyl isotwistanedicarboxylates (33 and 35). In snoutane derivatives the second cyclopropane ring is cleaved exclusively from the same side of the molecule as the first one. This is shown by separate hydrogenations of dihydro snoutane derivatives (27, 37 and 38). Hydrogenation of basketene (21) provides a mixture containing 70-75% of twistane (17) and 25-30% of isotwistane (39). The reasons for the different ways of hydrogenation in both systems are discussed. The configurations of all dihydro intermediates and endproducts have been established.
    Notes: cis- und trans-Basketan-9,10-dicarbonsäure-dimethylester (1 und 3) werden unter Normal-bedingungen mit Pd/C in Methanol über die isomeren Dihydrozwischenstufen (4-7) zu cis- und den beiden trans-Twistan-4,5-dicarbonsäure-dimethylestern (9 und 11, 13) hydriert. Bei der Hydrogenolyse der ersten C—C-Bindung erfolgt teilweise Umlagerung zu Snoutanderivaten (22 und 24). Die Öffnung der zweiten Bindung am Basketangerüst geschieht ausschließlich an der zur ersten hydrierten Bindung gegenüberliegenden Molekülseite. cis- und trans-Snoutan-9,10-dicarbonsäure-dimethylester (22 und 24) reagieren unter den gleichen Bedingungen ebenfalls, aber langsamer, über die Zwischenstufen (25, 27 und 29, 31) zu cis- und trans-Isotwistan-dicarbonsäure-dimethylester (33 und 35). An den getrennt untersuchten Zwischenstufen 27, 37 und 38 wird gezeigt, daß im Snoutangerüst beide Cyclopropanringe ausschließlich von der gleichen Molekülseite angegriffen werden. Aus Basketen (21) erhält man bei der Hydrierung ein Gemisch von 70-75% Twistan (17) und 25-30% Isotwistan (39). Die Ursachen für den verschiedenen Hydrierungsverlauf in beiden Systemen werden erörtert, und die Konfiguration aller Zwischenstufen und Endprodukte wird aufgeklärt.
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    Die Synthese von 5α-Stigmasta-22,25-dien-3β-ol, 5α-Stigmast-22-en-3β-ol und 5α-Stigmastan-3β-ol und ihren 24-Epimeren (1975)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 1101-1110 
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    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Synthesis of 5α-Stigmasta-22,25-dien-3β-ol, 5α-Stigmast-22-en-3β-ol und 5α-Stigmastan-3β-ol and their 24-EpimersThe synthesis of the title compounds from butynylcarbinols 5 with 1-dimethylamino-1-methoxy-1-propene in a Claisen rearrangement via the amides 7 is described. An effective preparation of the starting materials is given and the data of the products are compared with those from natural sterols.
    Notes: Die Synthese der Titelverbindungen aus den Butinylcarbinolen 5 mit 1-Dimethylamino-1-methoxy-1-propen in einer Claisen-Umlagerung über die Amide 7 wird beschrieben. Eine effektive Darstellung der Ausgangsverbindungen wird angegeben, und die Daten der Produkte werden mit den aus Naturstoffen gewonnenen verglichen.
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    Aromatische Diazoniumsalze, VI; Nitroso-acyl-amine und Diazoester, XIV Eine neue Reaktionsweise des N-Nitrosoacetanilids (1975)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 1027-1035 
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    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Aromatic Diazonium, VI; Nitrosoacylamines and Diazoesters, XIV A New Reaction Mode of N-NitrosoacetanilideA side reaction in the decomposition on N-nitrosoacetanilide in ethanol/potassium acetate, which has been described to produce a salt K[C8H8N3O3]6), was reinvestigated. It is probale that this compound is formed by a free radical addition of NO to the nitroso group of N-nitrosoacetanilide and subsequent reduction. The potassium salt and the corresponding silver salt are considered to be derived from N-nitroso-N-(N-phenylacetamido)hydroxylamine (7) in agreement with spectroscopic data. Dynamic n. m. r. allows to measure a rotation process with ΔG≠ = 16.0 and ΔG° = 0.6 kcal/mole.
    Notes: Eine früher beschriebene6) Nebenreaktion beim Zerfall des N-Nitrosoacetanilids in Äthanol/Kaliumacetat, die zur Bildung eines Salzes K[C8H8N3O3] führte, wurde erneut untersucht. Es ist wahrscheinlich, daß diese Verbindung durch radikalische Addition von NO an die Nitrosogruppe des N-Nitrosoacetanilids und anschließende Reduktion entsteht. Das Kaliumsalz und ein entsprechendes Silbersalz werden in Übereinstimmung mit spektroskopischen Daten als Salze des N-Nitroso-N-(N-phenylacetamido)hydroxylamins (7) formuliert. Die NMR-Linienformanalyse gestattet die Messung einer Rotationsschwelle mit ΔG≠ = 16.0 und ΔG° = 0.6 kcal/ mol.
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    Reaktionen mit Derivaten aus der (CH)8CH2-Reihe; der dirigierende Einfluß von Substituenten bei der Photolyse einiger cis-3a, 7a-Dihydroindene (1975)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 1052-1073 
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    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions with Derivatives of the (CH)8CH2-Family; the Governing Influence of Substituents on the Photolysis of Several cis3a,7a-DihydroindenesOn photochemical or thermal activation the tricyclo[4.3.0.02,5]nonadienes 10, 12, 14a, b, 16 are transformed to the cis-dihydroindenes 11, 13, 15a, b, 17. As determined by the reaction halflives at 120 and 153°C, respectively, the thermal stability of the starting compounds decreases in the order 14b 〉 14a ⋍ 16 〉 12 〉 10; steric reasons are discussed as a possible explanation for this sequence. Cycloaddition reaction of 11, 13, 15a, b, (17 is unreactive) with maleic anhydride and 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione, respectively, yield the adducts 21(21′)a, b, 22a, b, 24 and 25 for which the endo-configuration of the carbocyclic five-membered ring with respect to the C-8/C-9 double bond is unambigously proven at least in the case of 22a, b by formation of the cagephotoproducts 23a, b. Irradiation of the dihydroindenes involves different pathways: while excitation of 13 leads back to the tricyclic diene 12 the tetraesters 15a, b are converted to the intramolecular cyclization products 28a, b, and the diphenyl-compound 17 undergoes phenyl migration affording the di-π-methane isomer 30; all reactions proceed in a specific manner and only under direct irradiation conditions.
    Notes: Die Tricyclo[4.3.0.02,5]nonadiene 10, 12, 14a, b, 16 wandeln sich bei photochemischer oder thermischer Aktivierung in die cis-Dihydroindene 11, 13, 15a, b, 17 um. Aus den bei 120 bzw. 153°C ermittelten Halbwertszeiten der Isomerisierungen ergibt sich für die Ausgangsverbindungen eine in der Reihenfolge 14b 〉 14a ⋍ 16 〉 12 〉 10 abnehmende thermische Stabilität; als Ursache hierfür werden sterische Faktoren diskutiert. Cycloadditonen von Maleinsäureanhydrid bzw. 4-Phenyl-1.2.4-triazolin-3.5-dion an 11, 13, 15a, b (17 reagiert nicht) liefern die Addukte 21(21′)a,b, 22a,b,24 und 25 für welche die endo-Anordnung des carbocyclischen Fünfrings bezüglich der C-8/C-9-Doppelbindung zumindest für 22,a b duch die photochemische Bildung der Käfigverbindungen 23a, b, gesichert ist. Ber der Belichtung der Dihydroindene ist das Ergebnis sehr unterschiedlich: während der Diester 13 den Tricyclus 12 zurückbildet, werden die Tetraester 15a, b in einer intramolekularen Cyclisierung zu 28a, b und das Diphenyl-Substrat 17 in einer Di-π-Methan-Umlagerung zu 30 umgewandelt; alle Reaktionen verlaufen spezifisch und nur unter direkten Bestrahlungsbedingungen.
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    Neue Derivate des Fluorenon-hydrazons (1975)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 1138-1141 
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    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: New Fluorenone Hydrazone DerivativesThe triaminoguanidines 3a and b and N-[bis(methylthio)methylene]-N′-fluorenylidenehydrazine (4) have been synthesized. Compound 4 reacted with amines and hydrazine hydrate to give S-methylisothioureas (5), aminoguanidines (6), and triaminoguanidines (7), respectively.
    Notes: Es wurden die Triaminoguanidine 3a und b sowie das N-[Bis(methylthio)methylen]-N′-fluorenylidenhydrazin (4) synthetisiert. Die Reaktion von 4 mit Aminen bzw. Hydrazinhydrat führte in die Reihe der S-Methylisothioharnstoffe (5), Aminoguanidine (6) und Triaminoguanidine (7).
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    Umsetzungen N-substituierter Amidine mit Heterokumulenen, V. Umsetzungen mit Isothiocyanaten und Isocyanaten (1975)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 1142-1155 
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    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reaction of N-Substituted Amidines with Heterocumulenes, V. Reactions with Isothiocyanates and IsocyanatesN1, N2-Dialkyl-substituted amidines (e.g. 1) react with methyl isothiocyanate at room temperature to give thiocarbamoylamidines (e. g. 6) without an intramolecular hydrogen bond, whereas at elevated temperatures cyclic 1: 2-adducts (30-32) are formed. Aromatic isothiocyanates yield exchange products (34-37), whereas cyclic amidines (15-17) yield thiocarbamoylamidines (20, 26, 27) with intramolecular NH…N-bridges because of lower steric hindrance around R2. - The reaction between N1, N2-dialkyl-substituted amidines and isocyanates in the presence of larger groups R2 or strongly electron-withdrawing groups R5 yields only instable carbamoylamidines. The zwitter-ion intermediate (4) then undergoes an intramolecular reaction to give exchange products or adds a dipolarophile to yield 1,3,5-triazacyclohexane derivatives (46, 47, 51-54). These products are not formed when attack on C-2 is rendered considerably more difficult by R2 (tert-C4H9) (43, 56) or when R2=CH3 favours the formation of a very strong hydrogen bond (55).
    Notes: N1, N2-Dialkylsubstituierte Amidine (z. B. 1) reagieren mit Methylisothiocyanat bei Raumtemperatur zu Thiocarbamoylamidinen ohne intramolekulare Wasserstoffbrücke (z. B. 6), bei höheren Temperaturen zu cyclischen 1:2-Addukten (30-32). Aromatische Isothiocyanate führen zu Austauschprodukten (34-37), cyclische Amidine (15-17) geben dagegen Thiocarbamoylamidine (20, 26, 27) mit intramolekularen NH…N-Brücken infolge sterischer Entlastung um R2.  -  Die Umsetzung N1, N2-dialkylsubstituierter Amidine mit Isocyanaten führt in Gegenwart größerer Reste R2 oder stark elektronenabziehender Substituenten R5 nur zu instabilen Carbamoylamidinen. Das intermediär entstehende Zwitterion (4) reagiert dann intramolekular zu Austauschprodukten oder unter Anlagerung eines Dipolarophils zu 1,3,5-Triazacyclohexanderivaten (46, 47, 51-54). Diese Produkte werden nicht gebildet, wenn R2 (tert-C4H9) den Angriff an C-2 beträchtlich erschwert (43, 56) oder R2=CH3 die Ausbildung einer besonders festen Wasserstoffbrücke begünstigt (55).
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    Lichtreaktionen mit Carbonsäurederivaten, IX. Abfangversuche mit photochemisch erzeugtem monoatomarem und diatomarem Schwefel. Schwefeladdition an 1,2-Dimethylencyclohexan. - Synthese von 1,4,5,6,7,8-Hexahydrobenzo[d][1,2]dithiin und 1,3,4,5,6,7-Hexahydrobenzo[c]thiophen (1975)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 630-639 
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    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Photoreactions with Carbonic Acid Derivatives, IX. Experiments on the Capture of Photochemically Produced Monoatomic and diatomic sulfur-Sulfur Addition on 1,2-Dimethylenecyclohexane.-Synthesis of 1,4,5,6,7,8-Hexahydrobenzo-[d][1,2]dithiin and 1,3,5,6,7-Hexahydrobenzo[c]thiopheneIn addition to cis- and trans-2,3-diethoxy-2-butene (3) small amounts of 2,3-diethoxy-1-butene (6), 2,3-diethoxy-1,3-butadiene (7) and 1-ethoxy-1-ethanethiol (5) were found in the irradiation product of O-ethyl thioacetate. The produced sulfur adds to a slight extent to 1,2-Dimethylenecyclohexane giving 1,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydrobenzo[d][1,2]dithiin (8), 1,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydrobenzo-[c]thiophene (9) and 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[c]thiophene (10). For definite identification of the reaction products 8, 9 and 10 were synthesized.
    Notes: Im Bestrahlungsprodukt von Thionessigsäure-äthylester (1) wurden neben cis- und trans-2,3-Diäthoxy-2-buten (3) in geringen Mengen noch 2,3-Diäthoxy-1-buten (6); 2,3-Diäthoxy-1,3-butadien (7) und α-Mercaptodiäthyläther (5) nachgewiesen. - Der gebildete Schwefel addiert sich in geringem Ausmaß an 1,2-Dimethylencyclohexan unter Bildung von 1,4,5,6,7,8-Hexahydrobenzo[d][1,2]dithiin (8), 1,3,4,5,6,7-Hexahydrobenzo[c]thiophen (9) und 4,5,6,7-Tetrahydrobenzo[c]thiophen (10). Zur sicheren Identifizierung der Reaktionsprodukte wurden 8, 9 und 10 synthetisiert.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19751080229
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    Acylgruppenwanderung, V. Kinetische Daten der Acylgruppenwanderung von 2-Benzoyl-3-indenyl-acetat und 3-Benzoyl-2-indenyl-acetat (1975)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 683-692 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Acyl Group Migration, V. Kinetic Parameters of Acyl Group Migration in 2-Benzoyl-3-indeny Acetate and 3-Benzoyl-2-indenyl Acetate2-Acyl-1-indanones 6 and 8, obtained by ester condensation from 1-indanone, react with acetyl chloride to form the corresponding enolesters 7 and 9. In solution the Z-isomers, (Z)-2-(1-acetoxyethylidene)-1-indanone (7B) and (Z)-2-(1-acetoxybenzylidene)-1-indanone (9aB) as well as 9bB and 9cB show a rapid equilibrium by acetyl group migration with the 2-acyl-3-indenyl acetates 7C and 9C:7B ⇄ 7C, 9B ⇄ 9C. The isomerisation of the semicyclic C=C double bond 7B ⇄ 7A or 9B ⇄ 9A is catalysed photochemically. The kinetic parameters of the acetyl group migration have been determined by n. m. r. line-shape analysis for the isomeric enol esters 2-benzoyl-3-indenyl acetate (9aC) and 3-benzoyl-2-indenyl acetate (10C).
    Notes: Die durch Esterkondensation aus 1-Indanon erhaltenen 2-Acyl-1-indanone 6 und 8 werden mit Acetylchlorid in die zugehörigen Enolester 7 und 9 übergeführt. Die Z-Isomeren, (Z)-2-(1-Acetoxyäthyliden)-1-indanon (7B) und (Z)-2-(1-Acetoxybenzyliden)-1-indanon (9aB) sowie 9bB und 9cB liegen in Lösung durch schnelle Acetylgruppenwanderung im Gleich-gewicht mit den 2-Acyl-3-indenyl-acetaten 7C und 9C vor: 7B ⇄ 7C bzw. 9B ⇄ 9C. Die Isomerisierung der semicyclischen C=C-Doppelbindung 7B ⇄ 7A bzw. 9B ⇄ 9A wird photochemisch erreicht. Durch eine NMR-Linienformanalyse wurden die kinetischen Daten der Acetylgruppenwanderung am Beispiel der beiden isomeren Enolester 2-Benzoyl-3-indenylacetat (9a C) und 3-Benzoyl-2-indenyl-acetat (10 C) ermittelt.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19751080234
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  • 98
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    Notiz über Donor-Akzeptor-komplexe zwischen Organylhalogenboranen und Diorganylchalkogenen (1975)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 724-726 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19751080238
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  • 99
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    Abfangreaktionen kurzlebiger Radikale, XII Über die radikalische substitution am Schwefel: Induzierter Zerfall von (Thio)Carbonyldisulfiden (1975)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 1339-1345 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions of Short-Life Radicals, XII. Free Radical Substitution at the Sulfur Atom: The Induced Degradation of (Thio)Carbonyl DisulfidesDibenzoyl, diacetyl, bis(thiobenzoyl) disulfide (1, 2, 7), and benzoyl 4-tolyl disulfide (11) are degradated by hydrides R3SnH at 60°C about 103 times faster than in the spontaneous degradation. The products and following reactions have been established. In all cases, SH2 mechanisms are found, with attack of stannyl radicals at the (acyl bound) sulfur atom. In the case of 1, 2 and 11, ΔHspont.≠ is 35 or 34 ± 2 kcal/mole at 150°C.
    Notes: Dibenzoyl-, Diacetyl-, Bis(thiobenzoyl)disulfid (1, 2, 7) und Benzoyl(4-tolyl)disulfid (11) werden durch Hydride R3SnH bei 60°C im Verhältnis zum Spontanzerfall etwa um den Faktor 103 rascher abgebaut. Produkte und Folgereaktionen werden sichergestellt. Es liegen jeweils SH2-Mechanismen mit Angriff von Stannyl-Radikalen am (acylseitigen) Schwefel vor. Bei 1, 2 und 11 ist ΔH spont.≠ = 35 bzw. 34 ± 2 kcal/mol bei 150°C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19751080439
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  • 100
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    Kristall- und Molekülstruktur von Bis(triphenylphosphin)iminium-tetracarbonylpropylferrat,[{(C6H5)3P}2N] [Fe(CO)4C3H7] (1975)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 1373-1383 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Crystal and Molecular Structure of Bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium Tetracarbonylpropyliron, [{(C6H5)3P}2 N] [Fe(Co)4C3H7]The crystal and molecular structure of the title compound has been determined by X-ray diffraction methods. The yellow salt crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with 8 molecules per cell. The structure was solved by conventional methods (agreement factor R1 = 0.07). Within the trigonal bipyramidal coordination polyhedron of the [Fe(CO)4C3H7] anion, the propyl group occupies an axial position. The bond length Fe-Cpropyl is 220(2) pm, the Fe-Cco distances are equal within experimental error (mean value 175(2) pm). The distances within the [{(C6H5)3P}2N] cation are similar to those found for the same ion in different crystalline salts. However, unexpectedly, an hitherto unknown new conformation is observed for the cation.
    Notes: Die Kristall- und Molekülstruktur der Titelverbindung wurde durch Röntgenbeugungsanalyse bestimmt. Das gelbe Salz kristallisiert in der monoklinen Raumgruppe C2/c mit 8 Molekülen in der Elementarzelle. Die Lösung der Struktur erfolgte mit konventionellen Methoden (Übereinstimmungsfaktor R1 = 0.07). Im [Fe(CO)4C3H7]-Anion besetzt die Propylgruppe eine axiale Position des trigonal-bipyramidalen Koordinationspolyeders um das Eisen. Die Fe-CPropyl-Bindungslänge beträgt 220(2) pm, die Fe-Cco-Abstände sind innerhalb der Fehlergrenzen gleich lang (Mittelwert: 175(2) pm). Die Abstände innerhalb des [{(C6H5)3P}2N]-Kations unterscheiden sich nicht von denen, die für das gleiche Ion in verschiedenen kristallinen Salzen gefunden wurden; unerwarteterweise liegt das Kation jedoch in einer neuen, bislang unbekannten Konformation vor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19751080504
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