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  • Articles  (5,216)
  • Springer  (5,216)
  • International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
  • 2020-2020
  • 1970-1974  (5,136)
  • 1945-1949  (80)
  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (5,216)
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  • Articles  (5,216)
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Year
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A photometer to measure light scattering in optical glass (1970)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 2 (1970), S. 36-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A photometer is described for the measurement of light-scattering in high-quality, optical bulk glass. The photometer operates continuously over the wavelength range 0.5 to 1μm and can measure scattering coefficients down to a level of 5×10−7 cm−1. A photon counting technique is used for light measurement and calibration is by reflection of the incident beam from an ideal diffusing screen. Measurements with high-purity benzene are in good agreement with computed and previous experimental values. Results of scattering from two samples of optical glass are given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01436153
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spectral analysis of atmospheric nitrogen by laser-Raman radar (1970)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 2 (1970), S. 45-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01436155
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    1970–1 Conferences (1970)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 2 (1970), S. 50-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01436158
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chromatic aberration of the gradient lens (1970)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 2 (1970), S. 109-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Chromatic aberration of a thin solid gradient lens is analysed by means of the Hartmann dispersion relation. From the analysis it follows that it is possible to obtain optical elements with the opposite chromatic aberration to that of classical lenses. These elements may be utilised, for example, for the reduction of the chromatic aberration of classical lenses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01415088
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optical harmonic generation and laser light frequency mixing processes in nonlinear media (1970)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 2 (1970), S. 125-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The essential results achieved during the ten years since the coming of lasers, in the fields of second, third and higher harmonic generation in reflected and transmitted, continuous and pulsed laser light, frequency mixing processes in various materials, and nonlinear optical properties of liquids, gases, crystals and other materials are reported concisely from the available literature. Stress is laid on the newer and more stimulating experimental results, and on their relation with other nonlinear phenomena.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01415090
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laser measurements of vibrations on rotating objects (1970)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 2 (1970), S. 177-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01415096
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Self-focusing and nonlinear acceleration process in laser produced plasma (1970)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 2 (1970), S. 201-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Ruby laser intensities exceedingI * - 1014 W/cm2 create a predominant acceleration of dense plasma due to nonlinear collisionless interaction resulting mainly from collective effects. Recoil causes confinement of the plasma interior in the form of a superlinearly increased radiation pressure. Similar nonlinear forces produce self-focusing in plasmas at a threshold laser power of only 105 to 106 W. The resulting filaments have intensitiesI *, from which their diameter can be determined in agreement with measurements of Korobkin and Alcock. These high intensities should allow some observed properties of laser produced plasmas (keV ions, linear increase of the ion charge) to be interpreted on the basis of the nonlinear acceleration described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01476390
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some characteristics of dye lasers with nitrogen laser pulse excitation (1970)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 2 (1970), S. 215-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Results from experiments in which the ultraviolet pulses from a nitrogen laser are used to obtain laser action from organic dyes are described. The dyes include three in the xanthene group (rhodamine 6G, B, and sodium fluorescein) and two coumarins, 7-diethylamino-4-methylcoumarin and 7-N-dimethylamino-4, 6-dimethylcoumarin) in ethanol solvent. With these dyes, laser power is available over the entire visible range from 4200 to 6300 Å when used with a rotatabie diffraction grating. The range of tunability of one of the dyes was extended to ∼ 1000 Å by appropriate acidification. The spectral halfwidth of the light varied between 7 and 15 Å over the range of tunability. Maximum repetition rates of 100 pps were obtained. Maximum power efficiency of ∼ 25% was found for rhodamine 6G. Overall output pulse shapes were found to be in agreement with the theory of Sorokinet al. Output pulse widths varied from ∼ 1 to 7 nsec. Other dyes which we have found to lase by this method of excitation include acridone, chloro-aluminium pthalocyanine and 4-methylumbelliferone. However, these dyes will not be discussed further in the text.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01476391
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Time delay in CdS laser pumped by an electron beam (1970)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 2 (1970), S. 239-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Time delays of up to 500 nsec were observed in the stimulated emission of Cd-rich CdS crystals at 80° K pumped by an electron beam. The delay decreased with increase of excitation and the memory effect of the first pulse was observed for lasing during the second pulse when two separated electron-beam pulses (double pulse) were applied to the sample. The results were compared with the trapping model proposed by Fenner in which traps provide a large amount of optical absorption and the expression for the delay in the case of electron-beam pumping was derived. The experimental results were well explained by this model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01476395
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pulse shaping effects in Q-switched laser oscillators (1971)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 3 (1971), S. 13-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Numerical calculations based on simple balance equations to obtain the output intensity of Q-switched laser oscillators are replaced by a new approach which also takes account of travelling wave effects inside the cavity. The output intensity is calculated for different gain factors and switching functions. It is demonstrated that the output pulses show a strong modulation for high gain factors which have been realised experimentally recently, This result stands in contradiction to simpler theories where unjustified extensions of the validity range have been assumed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01423510
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A theoretical analysis of laser flowmeters (1971)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 3 (1971), S. 93-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper gives a unified theoretical analysis of Laser Doppler systems covering both the optical and electronic aspects, and applicable to all systems which have either a real or virtual fringe pattern. Previous experimental results by Greated for the Doppler spectrum are confirmed and in addition a fuller treatment of the low frequency part of the spectrum is presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01424086
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Infrared surface absorption in tellurium (1971)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 3 (1971), S. 109-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01424088
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prediction of the tuning characteristics of an optical parametric oscillator using parametric fluorescence (1971)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 3 (1971), S. 1-4 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Knowledge of the tuning characteristics and generation efficiency of optical parametric fluorescence for a nonlinear crystal is of considerable help in defining the operational requirements of a tunable CW parametric oscillator. Detailed observations of the wave-length and temperature dependence of parametric fluorescence from crystals of barium sodium and lithium niobate are reported that extend for the first time to the infra-red. The merit of this approach is illustrated by comparing the temperature tuning curves of two operating argon pumped barium sodium niobate oscillators to the parametric fluorescence tuning curves of the same crystals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01423508
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parametric up-conversion from the infra-red (1971)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 3 (1971), S. 37-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The subject of up-conversion in optically nonlinear crystals is reviewed. The characteristic properties of the detection of IR signals and images by frequency conversion to the visible and subsequent detection by a photocathode device are described. The way in which phase-matching normally restricts the spectral bandwidth to a few wavenumbers and the field of view to a few degrees is discussed. The conditions for achieving maximum image resolution are identified. Signal up-conversion should find application in the detection of weak IR radiation in astronomy and spectroscopy. Image up-conversion provides a novel “direct” method of viewing IR images. The ultimate temperature resolution when viewing a room temperature thermal scene is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01423512
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coupled Stokes and Antistokes radiation in Raman scattering (1971)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 3 (1971), S. 57-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An analysis of the coupled Stokes and Antistokes radiation in Raman scattering, including laser depletion, is found to predict a finite gain at perfect momentum matching. This is in contradiction to the results of Bloembergen and Shen who treated the laser as a constant and hence predicted zero gain at perfect momentum matching.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01423514
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    List of Conferences (1971)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 3 (1971), S. 117-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01424090
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Air breakdown characteristics within a TEA laser cavity (1971)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 3 (1971), S. 131-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Radiation induced air breakdown has been produced within the cavity of a TEA CO2 laser using an intracavity lens arrangement. Results indicate that this technique could be used for effective plasma heating because it permits fast energy dumping into low pressure sparks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01419436
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of the radiation spectrum bandwidth on the resolution of an image up-converter (1971)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 3 (1971), S. 153-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The influence of the infra-red spectrum bandwidth on the transverse resolution of an image up-converter is investigated. It is shown that by suitable placing of the infra-red image plane, the deterioration of the resolution due to the infra-red spectrum bandwidth does not occur.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01419330
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Announcement (1971)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 3 (1971), S. 187-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01419335
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The output power of 633nm He-Ne lasers (1972)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 4 (1972), S. 1-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A method is described for establishing the optimum geometry for a 633nm He-Ne laser. For a single-frequency laser, the cavity losses and the choice of tube diameter are critical. For multi-transverse-mode lasers, there exists — for maximum output power — an optimum tube diameter, especially when the cavity loss is high.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01418396
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental values of the output powers of 633nm He-Ne lasers (1972)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 4 (1972), S. 21-30 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Measurements are described on the operating parameters of 633nm He-Ne lasers, which are compared with the values calculated in the previous paper. A good overall agreement is obtained. Only for TEM00 lasers with several axial modes do slight deviations occur in the conditions for selecting TEM00 modes only.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01418397
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spectrum analyser for area charts using electro-optical signal processing (1972)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 4 (1972), S. 31-42 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new method for performing the Fourier analysis of an area chart using an electro-optical technique with an ultrasonic light modulator is treated theoretically and examined experimentally. The quadratic characteristic of photodetection is investigated and its disadvantage is effectively removed by adopting a both-side-band modulation. Experimental results for simple area charts verify the usefulness of this method. Analyses for a sinusoidal area chart indicate that the bias inherent in the optical signal yields low frequency spectra and that the spectral width due to truncation of the signal by the finite aperture reduces the frequency resolution. It is shown, however, that the wavelength of this chart is accurately measurable.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01418398
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A simple, high power nitrogen laser (1972)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 4 (1972), S. 43-49 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A simple high-power nitrogen laser is described giving a peak power of 1.2 MW in an active length of only 30 cm. We also report results for operation with air and for operation with a helium-nitrogen mixture at atmospheric pressure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01418399
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enhancement of optically reconstructed images from microwave holograms (1972)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 4 (1972), S. 57-62 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Simultaneous viewing of a number of identical microwave holograms produces, under specified conditions, enhanced optical images. This mode of operation is demonstrated for elementary microwave and synthetic holograms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01418401
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Image sample spacing (1972)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 4 (1972), S. 63-64 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01418402
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of propagation in a SELFOC fibre: The axial field component and the effect of multiple reflections (1972)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 4 (1972), S. 51-55 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Based on the WKB solution of the wave equation, a discussion of the polarization rotation of Gaussian beams in focusing fibres is given. Near the focusing region the change of polarization has been found to be appreciable. The finite longitudinal size of fibres has been found to reduce the effective length of samples for wave focusing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01418400
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  • 27
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    Electronic Resource
    Conference announcements (1972)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 4 (1972), S. 65-65 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01418403
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tunable infra-red lasers and their applications to air pollution measurements (1972)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 4 (1972), S. 69-86 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a number of tunable infra-red lasers and techniques employing them for the detection and monitoring of gaseous air pollutants. Recent progress in the development of lasers that can be matched to characteristic infra-red absorption or emission lines of certain pollutants suggest wide potential application for sensitive specific monitoring. Examples to be described include highly-specific point-sampling,in situ source monitoring, ambient air monitoring, resonance fluorescence, and remote heterodyne detection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01421173
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lidar measurements of atmospheric aerosol as a function of relative humidity (1972)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 4 (1972), S. 125-132 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Hänel and Frankenberger have related the extinction coefficient and standard visibility to the relative humidity. It has been assumed that these relations also apply to the backscatter coefficient. Lidar measurements of atmospheric backscatter have confirmed that the assumption is reasonable and provide a means of distinguishing between air masses with different aerosol contents.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01421176
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
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    Mie scattering techniques for air pollution measurement with lasers (1972)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 4 (1972), S. 87-99 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Lidar (laser radar) techniques of remotely observing atmospheric particulates have obvious relevance to air pollution. After briefly noting the capability of lidar in a semiquantitative role for monitoring spatial and temporal variations of particulate concentration attention is directed to the problems of evaluating lidar observations quantitatively in terms of such physically meaningful parameters as the turbidity, opacity or particulate mass concentration of smoke plumes or the ambient atmosphere. Solutions based on Mie scattering theory are illustrated with examples from (1) hazy atmospheres (2) smoke plumes and (3) controlled aerosols in a test chamber. While noting that the role of lidar in research applications in air pollution is well established, its routine operational use is seen to be dependent upon further experimental and technological development. Its potential for monitoring ambient air quality and emission sources is stressed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01421174
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  • 31
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    Laser-Raman radar —Laser-Raman scattering methods for remote detection and analysis of atmospheric pollution (1972)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 4 (1972), S. 101-123 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper reviews the recent progress of the laser radar method, providing single-ended and range-resolved means for remote detection and analysis of various molecular species in the polluted as well as ordinary atmosphere, based on the existence of their Raman backscattering; simply called the laser-Raman radar method. A brief description is given of the operational principle including the basic concept and fundamental characteristics of this scheme, along with critical discussions of their advantages. The differential backscattering cross section and the spectral distribution of Raman scattering of molecular species present in the atmosphere are discussed and summarized from the practical view-point for providing molecular density evaluation and interference-free detection. After presenting experimental approaches of the laser-Raman scheme to show the feasibility of in-field monitoring and analysis of chemical species in various air conditions, the estimation of molecular concentrations is performed from observed Raman spectra. Analytical discussions on the minimum detectable concentration and the range detectivity are also presented to indicate the present capability and limitation of this laser-Raman technique. The potentiality for further progress in resonance Raman scattering for range-resolved measurement of dispersed pollutants in ambient air is pointed out.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01421175
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laser Raman radar detection based on a sampling technique (1972)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 4 (1972), S. 133-139 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A study is presented of the total differential Raman cross section for CO2, O2, CO, CH4, H2O and H2 relative to that of N2. The scattered radiation was collected perpendicularly to the excitation beam from a 337.1 nm nitrogen laser of 50 kW peak power. The short pulse with a duration of 2.5 ns was conveniently handled by a sampling oscilloscope. The sampling technique permits a smoothing process to be performed at the output of the sampling oscilloscope, which does not affect the time resolution, in order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the records of Raman spectra.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01421177
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  • 33
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    Fluorescence determination of atmospheric NO2 (1972)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 4 (1972), S. 155-160 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in the atmosphere have been determined in real time and with a sensitivity of one part per billion. Laser excitation of NO2 was at 4416 and 4880 Å and fluorescence was monitored at 0.7 to 0.8 μm. Results obtained on typical smoggy days in Los Angeles are presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01421179
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  • 34
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    A study of tunable laser techniques for remote mapping of specific gaseous constituents of the atmosphere (1972)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 4 (1972), S. 141-153 
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    Notes: Abstract A comparative study has been made of three laser methods of remotely mapping three atmospheric constituents. It has been found that for NO2, SO2 and I2 Differential Absorption and Scattering has a greater range and sensitivity than Laser-Induced Fluorescence, whilst for SO2 both techniques are superior to Raman backscattering. However, the sophistication and the difficulty of interpretation associated with the former system indicates that Laser-Induced Fluorescence might be the most suitable technique in a number of situations. In particular, the Fluorescence technique appears to be well suited for mapping of localized sources of specific molecules in the 100 to 1000 m range. An analysis of the fluorescence return signal expected from a localized source has indicated that above a certain peak concentration a distortion of the returned signal could lead to a misinterpretation of both the range and concentration of the source.
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    A new method for the detection of Raman scattering from atmospheric pollutants (1972)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 4 (1972), S. 161-167 
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    Notes: Abstract The Fabry-Perot interferometer can be used as a periodic filter for the sorting of spectra using the rotational Raman effect. Thus it is possible to detect low concentrations of impurities in the presence of the major atmospheric constituents. The parameters of importance in making these measurements and the expected results from this technique are discussed from theoretical computations.
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    Remote sensing with infra-red heterodyne radiometers (1972)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 4 (1972), S. 179-186 
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    Notes: Abstract The narrow spectral bandwidth capability of heterodyne radiometers can be utilized to construct highly selective pollutant sensing instruments. The infra-red spectral region is favourable due to the availability of pollutant absorption lines and the wavelength dependence of heterodyne sensitivity. We review the types of sensing systems which can make use of heterodyne techniques, including comments about the type of lasers which can serve as local oscillators. Sensitivity calculations of passive heterodyne radiometers to NO, CO2, and SO2 are then presented. Our concluding discussion involves the use of a heterodyne receiver in an active NO sensing system which is based on infra-red fluorescence.
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    Detection of sulphur dioxide in stack plume by laser Raman radar (1972)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 4 (1972), S. 169-177 
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    Notes: Abstract Laser Raman radar offers a promising approach to the remote sensing of atmospheric pollutants in stack plume. An analysis revealed that the combination of the second harmonic of a Nd:YAG laser, a synchronous single photoelectron counting (SSPC) scheme, and narrow passband interference filter employed for light source, signal processor, and separation of Raman-scattered light respectively gave the most sensitive system for stack effluent monitoring. Using a laser Raman radar constructed on the basis of the analysis, the concentration of SO2 in the plume emitted from a 150 m high stack of a power plant was measured at a distance of 228 m.
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    Conference announcements (1972)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 4 (1972), S. 187-187 
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    Erratum (1972)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 4 (1972), S. ii 
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    Optical rectification in tellurium from 10.6 μm (1972)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 4 (1972), S. 189-196 
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    Notes: Abstract Optical rectification in single crystals of tellurium produced by infra-red radiation at 10.6 μm has been observed. The value of ¦χ0 111¦ is found to be 0.9×10−6 esu. Preliminary experiments to test the usefulness of the effect to monitor mode-locked infra-red laser pulses have been inconclusive.
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    On the van Cittert-Zernike theorem (1972)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 4 (1972), S. 197-205 
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    Notes: Abstract The van Cittert-Zernike theorem states that the spatial coherence over a space illuminated by an incoherent extended source is described by the Fourier transform of the intensity distribution over the source. The theorem is usually used in a restricted case of the spatial coherence in a plane parallel to the source plane and illuminated by an incoherent extended source of uniform intensity distribution. In this paper we re-examine the van Cittert-Zernike theorem by reviewing it in an original formulation and extend the theorem to the spatial coherence at any two points of a light field illuminated by an incoherent extended source having a non-uniform intensity distribution.
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    Theory of cascade tripler of optical frequency with high conversion efficiency (1972)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 4 (1972), S. 207-213 
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    Notes: Abstract The regimes of high conversion efficiency of cascade triplers of optical radiation are theoretically investigated. A conversion efficiency of 100% for plane waves can be reached. Analytical expressions for the wave amplitudes in this case are given. The conversion efficiencies for a laser beam with Gaussian distribution of the amplitude in space and time are numerically computed. The maximum efficiency for such a beam is about 50%. Some experimental situations are discussed.
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    Calculation of accurate CO2 laser transition frequencies and their standard deviations (1972)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 4 (1972), S. 215-223 
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    Notes: Abstract The paper is based on C12O2 16 rotational constants and line frequency data gained from laser frequency measurements performed recently. Equations for transition frequencies and their standard deviations have been derived. A list is presented containing accurate 10.4 and 9.4 μm line frequencies and their relative and absolute standard deviations; also wavenumbers and wavelengths are given for each line. For transitions usually observed in CO2 lasers the relative standard deviations are on the order of a few megahertz, the absolute accuracy is about 25 MHz for the 10.4 μm band and about 18 MHz for the 9.4=μm band.
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    Proposed method of spike suppression in solid-state lasers (1972)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 4 (1972), S. 225-234 
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    Notes: Abstract A method is proposed to suppress the spikes in the output of solid-state lasers, using passive negative feedback. A saturable absorber, normally used for Q-switching the laser, is used in a modified laser resonator, so that the resonator losses increase with laser intensity. The rate equations of a laser with such a loss mechanism are solved numerically. Numerical results for a ruby laser are presented.
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    Effect of a turbulent medium on the near- and far-field diffraction of a circular aperture (1972)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 4 (1972), S. 235-247 
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    Notes: Abstract The near- and far-field diffraction due to a circular aperture illuminated with partially coherent light produced by a turbulent medium has been theoretically studied. Formulations are developed for investigating the near- and far-field diffraction patterns. The phase structure function, which is generated by the turbulent medium and determines the partially coherent condition of a light beam passing through it, is assumed to take both the Gaussian form and the 5/3-power law. Numerical results concerning the far-field intensity distribution and the axial intensity distribution in the near-field region are presented in diagrams and discussed.
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    Single longitudinal mode selection of high power actively Q-switched lasers (1972)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 4 (1972), S. 249-256 
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    Notes: Abstract A Pockels cell Q-switch has been operated in a manner analogous to a saturable absorber by initially keeping the cell partly open for the first 1000 or so double passes and then opening it completely at a pre-set resonator power. This then allows simple and reliable selection of a single longitudinal mode. A detailed discussion is given of the design considerations which lead to the correct choice of mode-selecting device. With three different devices, a TEM00 mode Nd:CaWO4 laser has produced 400 kW pulses in a single longitudinal mode with a shot-to-shot frequency stability of ∼ 0.01 cm−1.
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    Near- and far-field emission distributions of mesa stripe geometry double heterostructure lasers (1972)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 4 (1972), S. 311-319 
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    Notes: Abstract Mesa stripe geometry double heterostructure lasers have been made with cavity widths down to 16 μm. The lowest threshold current values are down to 75 mA but more typical values are 110 mA, and the slope efficiencies are typically 40%. Measurements of near- and far-field distributions have shown that the problem of high order mode structure parallel to the junction is not as serious as expected although emission is normally in the lowest order only for very low drive currents. Improved mode control is demonstrated by a hybrid mesa-contact stripe geometry device which gave a pulse power output of 30 mW in the lowest order mode at a drive current of 310 mA.
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    A theory for filamentation in semiconductor lasers including the dependence of dielectric constant on injected carrier density (1972)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 4 (1972), S. 257-310 
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    Notes: Abstract A model for the self-focusing mechanism in semiconductor lasers is analysed and applied to the formation of lasing filaments in p-n junction devices. The self-focusing is attributed to an increase of dielectric constant in the semiconductor in regions of high light intensity due to a depletion of the injected carrier concentration. Two mechanisms are postulated for the dependence of dielectric constant on carrier concentration; the free carrier effect and the band-to-band interaction. The band-to-band interaction is computed as a function of photon energy, and found to give the major contribution to a total dielectric constant perturbation of typically −0.05 at threshold. This agrees with experiment. A single-mode solution is obtained for the waveguide equation of an isolated filament or a set of coupled filaments. This shows that the filament width contracts with current. Expressions are obtained for the optical intensity distribution, for the guided wavelength, for the effect of carrier diffusion, and for the higher-order mode cut-offs. The calculated filament width at 300 K varies typically between 12 and 3 microns for currents from 1 to 60% above threshold; at 77 K the width is almost doubled. This agrees reasonably with experiment. In general the analysis shows that the strength of self-focusing in heterostructure lasers depends on the number of carriers injected at threshold per cm2 per micron thickness of the optical confinement region.
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    Measurement of the refractive indices of α-iodic acid, HIO3 crystal (1972)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 4 (1972), S. 335-337 
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    Integrated electro-optic modulator arrays (1972)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 4 (1972), S. 339-340 
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    The effect of double heterojunction waveguide parameters on the far field emission patterns of lasers (1972)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 4 (1972), S. 323-334 
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    Notes: Abstract A model of double-heterostructure lasers is developed which gives the far-field pattern of the laser in terms of such waveguide parameters as the active region width and the dielectric constants of the layers forming the waveguide. For symmetrical waveguides an explicit expression is given. Experimental results are presented which show a close agreement between the theory and the measured far-field patterns. By adding an extra passive layer to the conventional double heterostructure laser a structure is produced in which the measured half-power width of the far-field distribution is reduced from 55° to 32°. It is shown in this case that the model is useful for estimating the near-field pattern from the measured far-field pattern and hence determining the unknown waveguide parameters.
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    Conference announcements (1972)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 4 (1972), S. 341-341 
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    Announcements (1972)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 4 (1972), S. II 
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    The measurement of electrohydro-dynamic motion with an optical probe (1972)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 4 (1972), S. 343-348 
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    Notes: Abstract An experimental comparison of a Doppler anemometer with a fringe anemometer has been made under conditions where the number of scattering particles is small. The Doppler system was found to be more suitable for use in purified liquids and was subsequently employed to monitor electrically-induced liquid motion during charge-mobility measurements. A simple technique is described which enables some forms of transient liquid motion to be measured with a spectrum analyser.
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    The detection of atmospheric turbulence using two ultrasonic light modulators and heterodyne signal processing (1972)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 4 (1972), S. 359-366 
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    Notes: Abstract The use of double diffraction of coherent light, passing through a pair of ultrasonic light modulators (ULM) with slightly different frequencies, has been studied for optical heterodyne detection processing. A beat signal can be generated with a difference or sum sound frequency between the two ULM's when a pair of diffracted light beams of first order, produced after passage through the two ULM's are photomixed with each other. This system has the merit that it requires no optical components except the two ULM's. It is also convenient for heterodyning techniques that the alignment of the two light beams to be photomixed is not critical. As an application of this system the phase fluctuations of the beat caused by atmospheric turbulence have been processed electronically to obtain its statistical properties.
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    A geometric analysis of the probe volume in a dual beam laser Doppler velocimeter (1972)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 4 (1972), S. 367-377 
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    Notes: Abstract The probe volume of the dual beam laser Doppler velocimeter is analyzed from a geometrical standpoint. The volume is graphically reconstructed and the existence of the characteristic dual beam laser Doppler velocimeter fringes is demonstrated. The fringes are analyzed and are shown to be composed of moving tubes or pockets of coherent radiation. The composition of the light is analyzed and the extent of the coherence of the laser radiation within the light pockets is considered. The scattered light from the tubes is analyzed and the coherence enhancement of the fringe structure is shown. This information is used in an attempt to resolve the controversy as to whether the dual beam laser Doppler velocimeter is governed by a fringe counting phenomena or by a beating phenomena of light from two sources of coherent radiation of different frequencies.
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    Long range anemometry using a CO2 laser (1972)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 4 (1972), S. 379-384 
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    Notes: Abstract A CO2 laser anemometer is described which gives a real-time, continuous, measure of one component of wind velocity. Results are presented of a series of trials in which the laser anemometer is compared with a conventional propeller anemometer at ranges up to 50 m from the laser. Very good agreement is observed between the outputs of the two devices.
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    Dual hologram interferometry (1972)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 4 (1972), S. 349-357 
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    Notes: Abstract This report describes dual hologram interferometry, a new electro-optic technique used to calculate two-dimensional density distributions from measurable changes in index of refraction. Using this technique, two scenes recorded at different times are stored in separate holograms. One hologram contains reference data depicting the subject in an undisturbed state and the other hologram describes the same subject in a test or disturbed condition. Desired interference patterns are obtained by super-imposing the two separate scenes which are simultaneously reconstructed from each hologram. Specific interferograms, infinite fringe and various finite fringe patterns, are obtained by carefully regulating the optical attitude between the holograms and the reference beam during reconstruction of the scenes. In this project, dual hologram interferometry is used to describe quantitatively free convection from a uniformly heated right circular cylinder. Temperature distributions through the boundary layer and local heat transfer coefficients are determined at different azimuth positions. The results are compared both to experimental data obtained from another holographic technique and to a theoretical prediction of this specific test. This investigation shows that dual hologram interferometry accurately records changes in index of refraction which means the technique can be used to accurately measure experimental fluid flow data.
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    A fourier optical model for the laser Doppler velocimeter (1972)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 4 (1972), S. 385-398 
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    Notes: Abstract The treatment is based on a fourier optical model. It is shown how the various configurations (i.e. “differential mode” and reference beam mode with both one and two incident beams) are incorporated in the model, and how it can be extended to three dimensions. The particles are represented by a sum of weighted delta functions of random position with respect to their influence on the scalar field. The influence of the receiver configuration is investigated: it is shown that the aperture size is roughly inversely proportional to the effective area in the measuring plane from which beams are heterodyned on the detector. The purpose of the pinhole, namely to filter the measuring volume out from the rest of space, is shown to depend on the aperture size. The diameter of the pinhole should never be smaller than the real image- found by geometrical optics- of the measuring volume (naturally), but its filtering ability vanishes as the aperture size converges towards zero. The results based on fourier optics are compared with the rough estimates obtainable by using the “antenna formula” for heterodyning (ArΩr≈λ 2).
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    Some formulations of light scattering in laser flowmeters employing differential Doppler heterodyning (1972)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 4 (1972), S. 399-416 
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    Notes: Abstract The theory for the Doppler shifted light is developed by diffraction theory combined with galilean transformation. The theory developed is applied to a differential Doppler heterodyning technique in which two beams are brought simultaneously, but at different angles, into the same area, and the cross region made by the two beams becomes a probing volume. When the concentration of scattering particles is so low that only one particle is found in the probing volume, the theory can be classified into two cases of a single particle and many particles depending on the analysing time for the Fourier transform, i.e. whether the time, during which one particle passes through the probing volume, is longer than the observing time or not. When the concentration of particles in the probing volume becomes dense, the light scattered by the different particles interferes and the theory shows great complexity. The cases of two particles and many particles showing a very high density are studied. Comparisons are made for the difference between differential Doppler heterodyning and normal heterodyning techniques.
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    Pulsatile flow measurement in hydraulic systems using a laser velocimeter (1972)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 4 (1972), S. 417-427 
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    Notes: Abstract Servo valves find their major application in high performance hydraulic control systems where the accurate control of position, velocity and load is essential. Because of this, it is important to determine the dynamic characteristics of the servo valve (i.e. flow rate as a function of input command signal) more precisely. Previous techniques for this evaluation depended on monitoring spool position using linear transducers, since flow measurement techniques capable of following fast transients and oscillating (or pulsating) flows were not easily applied. The introduction of the laser Doppler anemometer changes this. Steady state flow measurement, using the dual beam scatter system, is now common but since it needs a spectrum analyser to measure the Doppler frequency it is not suitable for unsteady flow. Since hydraulic systems are relatively particle free, the Doppler signals are dreceived intermittently. Because of this, a signal processing system has been developed which measures the period of one or more oscillations in the frequency burst caused by a scattering particle passing through the control volume. Using this technique steady and unsteady laminar flow profiles have been measured in order to assess its effectiveness in the performance testing of hydraulic servo systems.
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    The frequency shifting of laser light by electro-optic techniques (1972)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 4 (1972), S. 429-439 
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    Notes: Abstract In velocity measurements by the laser Doppler method, a requirement exists for changing the frequency of one light beam with respect to another derived from the same source. This is particularly useful for the determination of the sign of a velocity. The required frequency shifting or single side-band generation can be accomplished by the use of electro-optical effects and a number of possible arrangements are discussed. Trials were made using Kerr cells and electro-optic crystals and single side-band generation demonstrated by a simple Doppler beating experiment. If a low efficiency can be tolerated as in Doppler beating with a reference beam, the production of a pure frequency shifted beam is not difficult up to frequencies of a few megahertz. The differential Doppler or fringe system however requires shifted and non-shifted beams of equal intensity and hence high efficiency conversion is imperative. Radio-frequency driving power requirements may also be a limitation. The theoretical efficiencies of various multi-cell electro-optic arrangements have been calculated as a function of R.F. excitation. The possible efficiency approaches unity as the number of cells is increased.
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    The velocity measurement of phase objects (1972)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 4 (1972), S. 441-449 
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    Notes: Abstract Conventional laser velocimeters rely upon small contaminant dust particles to scatter the laser light. A technique is described which requires no contaminant particles but relies upon minute refractive index variations in the fluid. By placing the detector far from the measuring region a set of shadow bands is produced which is convected with the fluid. The velocity is measured by either correlating the light transmitted by two slits or by measuring the frequency of the light transmitted by a grating.
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    Conference announcements (1972)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 4 (1972), S. 471-471 
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    Techniques used to photograph the breakdown of a dielectric liquid with picosecond time resolution (1972)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 4 (1972), S. 463-467 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper describes the techniques that have been developed in attempts to photograph in detail the events occurring during the electrical breakdown of an insulating liquid. As the breakdown occurs at random times, it has been necessary to develop a means of synchronizing the recording system with this breakdown. The techniques discussed make it possible to photograph the discharge in the streak mode with a time resolution of only a few picoseconds.
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    Solids flow measurement by correlation methods (1972)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 4 (1972), S. 451-462 
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    Notes: Abstract The flow velocity of the solids content in pneumatic conveyors is determined from the transit time between two fixed points. Transducers located at these points generate random signals due to the naturally occurring random flow patterns. A special correlator is used for cross-correlating the transducer output signals and for automatically tracking the transit time. The correlating device is simple enough so that a rugged, reliable and yet precise field instrument can be built. Using optical or capacitive transducers, the average velocity of the solid content is measured without obstructing the flow profile. Under certain restrictions, the mean loading and thus the volume flow can be determined from the same sensor signals also. The effect of sensor geometry on bandwidth and the choice of optimal sensor distance is discussed. Optical and capacitive sensors are compared. Illustrative experimental results are given.
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    Electro-optical measurement of longitudinal dispersion in turbulent pipe flow (1973)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 5 (1973), S. 1-8 
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    Notes: Abstract An attempt was made to correlate light beam absorption with the longitudinal dispersion of ink in turbulent pipe flow. Ink was injected into water flowing in a 2.22 cm ID pipe and the light beam produced by a laser traversed the pipe through transparent sections. Light beam attenuation by the ink pulse was measured with a photodiode and recorded by various means. Attenuation was measured at two locations downstream of the injection point. Since the attenuation was calibrated for ink density, theoretical prediction of the ink density distribution and the resulting light attenuation at the points of laser traverse was produced. The theoretical density distribution was based on only the first order source of longitudinal dispersion: the velocity gradient. The comparison between theory and experiment shows that, over a wide range of turbulence, dispersion was almost entirely due to velocity gradient and can be conveniently measured by the light beam absorption technique.
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    Localized velocity and turbulence measurement in turbulent swirling flows using laser Doppler anemometry (1973)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 5 (1973), S. 9-25 
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    Notes: Abstract Turbulent swirling water flow in a pipe has complex velocity distributions with special measurement problems tor experimental work. Some of these problems are described in the introduction to the paper along with comments on the basic characteristics of turbulent swirling flow. The form of laser Doppler anemometer used is briefly noted, with some special optical features developed to suit this class of flow. Experience during some two years of comprehensive experimentation is then outlined, including comment on the data processing system. Results from experiments with tangentially injected water flow in 50 mm bore pipes up to 60 diameters long are reported, with local measurements of mean velocity and turbulence intensity. The variation of mean velocity components and turbulence intensity with radius and distance along the pipe are discussed with a few comparisons of results obtained from other experimental techniques, e.g. pitot-static probe and hot films. For the particular problem examined here it would have been difficult, if not impossible, to obtain the measurements using a technique other than laser anemometry.
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    New developments of the NEL laser velocimeter and the treatment of data (1973)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 5 (1973), S. 27-39 
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    Notes: Abstract The NEL laser velocimeter was developed originally as a point velocity meter, for measurement in transparent ducts, and for the calibration of conventional flowmeters by traversing the upstream duct in a number of places. Recently, its scope has been extended to include time-varying as well as mean-velocity measurements, and turbulence investigations in two dimensions. A magnetic-tape data-logger is used to record signals from a counter, and this provides an alternative to the conventional frequency tracker method. The operation of the basic one-dimensional optical and electronic systems is described. A detailed description is then given of the tape-logger which allows up to 500 measurements a second with a time resolution on each reading of 0.25 ms. Alternative approaches to two-dimensional measurements are discussed and details are given of the method finally chosen.
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    Laser velocimeter-spatial coherence and velocity measurements in water (1973)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 5 (1973), S. 41-51 
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    Notes: Abstract Experiments were carried out to measure the optical coherence of an argon laser beam in tap water, distilled water, ocean coastal water and in processed water with 3% sodium chloride added. Measurements were made for water path lengths up to 2.9 m using two different procedures. The first was Young's experiment and the second involved an optical geometry common to the Laser Doppler Velocimeter. Results showed no degradation in the normalized degree of coherence over the measured distances. However, local changes in the index of refraction did cause the interference fringes to have some motion (approximately one-fourth of a fringe width). Tests were also carried out using the Laser Doppler Velocimeter in the back-scatter mode to measure the centre line velocity of a submerged jet. Results agreed very well with independent measurements.
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    Application of the laser velocimeter in supersonic wind tunnel (1973)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 5 (1973), S. 53-58 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with the usability of laser velocimeters in supersonic flow field studies. Problems of the optical setup stability are considered as well as possibilities of data acquisition and evaluation. It is demonstrated that dust particles always present in the air are well suited as tracers for the flow velocity. The behaviour of these particles is studied in a rapidly decelerated flow.
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    Computation of the sound field of a jet from characteristic turbulence parameters measured by crossed beam techniques (1973)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 5 (1973), S. 59-69 
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    Notes: Abstract The sound field radiating from a jet is strongly dependent upon the turbulence in the jet. To describe the sound sources in a hot jet, a method has been developed, based upon the measurement of infra-red radiation of the jet, and a hybrid processing of the measured signal, which enables the computation of characteristic properties of the turbulence at various points inside the jet (convection speed, integral length scale, life time and intensity of turbulence). From these quantities the acoustic far field can be mapped, as a function of the polar distribution of the spectrum, the turbulence intensity and the total sound pressure field.
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    Measurement of mean velocity and turbulence in supersonic boundary layers, shock waves and free jets by laser anemometry (1973)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 5 (1973), S. 91-99 
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    Notes: Abstract Velocity profiles and turbulence levels have been investigated in a Mach 2 wind-tunnel using a laser anemometer which directly measures the Doppler frequency shift in the scattered laser light. The experiments were performed with the wind-tunnel operating at normal humidity. However, ice particles were always produced in the supersonic throat, making artificial seeding unnecessary. These ice particles proved to be excellent light scattering centres, and were found to respond to the rapid velocity change occurring in an oblique shock wave in a distance 〈0.01 cm, from which the ice particle size was calculated to be 〈0.1μ. Measurements were made across a turbulent boundary layer and compared with Pitot tube data taken under similar conditions. Measurements were also made in a highly turbulent Mach 1 free jet.
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    Development of a spark discharge method of flow measurement (1973)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 5 (1973), S. 101-106 
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    Notes: Abstract The spark method uses the fact that gas molecules which have been excited by the passage of a spark form a high conductance path for another high voltage pulse following the previous discharge after 10 to 100μs. A square pulse high voltage spark of duration adjustable down to 01μs is available. To ensure that the first spark of a train is as nearly straight as possible, it is triggered by an alpha particle from a safe radioactive source, the alpha-particle track being finely collimated. Stereoscopic photography of the sparks is used for observation, the pair of photographs being taken on a single 125×100 mm2 film. A Saab microdensitometer scanner is used for automatic recording of the co-ordinates of selected points on the stereo photograph and a data reduction computer program is used to obtain the three-dimensional positions of the spark paths and hence determine the flow velocities working from a known boundary condition.
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    An analysis of simulators and tracking systems for laser Doppler velocimeters (1973)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 5 (1973), S. 71-89 
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    Notes: Abstract Analogue and digital techniques are proposed for the simulation of signals arising in laser Doppler velocimeters. Their merits are evaluated. Of special interest is the estimation of the instantaneous frequency of the Doppler signal from the zero crossing rate. An analysis is presented whereby the biases introduced in this estimation method are derived for two optical configurations of the velocimeter. This analysis is extended to the case of additive Gaussian noise on the signal, and the cumulative effect of additive noise on the zero crossing rate is determined. The so called “drop-out problem” which pervades the frequency estimation of the instantaneous Doppler signal is next considered, and expressions are derived for mean drop-out rate and the mean interval between drop-outs in terms of an arbitrary signal threshold. These should facilitate choice of threshold detection for given rms Doppler signal levels, and in achieving relative compromises in terms of signal bandwidth. Finally a novel form of frequency tracking system is discussed and its performance critically assessed.
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    Application of “spark tracing” method to flow measurements in an air classifier (1973)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 5 (1973), S. 107-118 
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    Notes: Abstract The spark tracing method and high speed photography have been used to investigate the flow conditions inside a cross stream air classifier. The photographs obtained clearly demonstrated the increasing mutual interplay between gas flow and particle stream with increasing concentration of the solids. The results show that, in general, in fluid-solids systems the method can be used up to volume concentrations of about 1×10−2.
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    Conference list (1973)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 5 (1973), S. 129-129 
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    Turbulent transport measurements with a laser Doppler velocimeter (1973)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 5 (1973), S. 119-128 
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    Notes: Abstract The power spectrum of phototube current from a laser Doppler velocimeter operating in the heterodyne mode has been computed. The spectrum is obtained in terms of the space time correlation function, G(†r,τ), of the fluid. The spectral width and shape predicted by the theory is in agreement with experiment. For normal operating parameters the time average spectrum contains information only for times shorter than the Lagrangian integral time scale of the turbulence. To examine the long time behaviour one must use either extremely small scattering angles, much longer wave-length radiation or a different mode of signal analysis, e.g. F.M. detection.
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    Effects of self-focusing on the selfdistortion of amplitude modulated microwaves in non-parabolic semiconductors (1973)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 5 (1973), S. 131-135 
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    Notes: Abstract Omitting the dispersion of side bands, the self-distortion of an amplitude-modulated e.m. signal due to non-linear polarizability in nonparabolic semiconductors has been investigated. The distortion is basically due to self-focusing of the electromagnetic wave and is different from the resistive (absorption) type demodulation. In n-InSb and at average powers of ∼1 W the index of modulation is found to increase four times at a modulation frequency R~108 s−1.
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    Light source and geometrical requirements for the optimization of optical anemometry signals (1973)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 5 (1973), S. 137-151 
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    Notes: Abstract The criteria for the design of optical arrangements for laser anemometry are formulated for reference-beam, two-beam and single-beam modes of operation. The dependence of useful light intensity upon optical path-length difference and number of axial laser modes is calculated. Laser power requirements are evaluated and the dependence upon band-pass filtering is quantitatively assessed. A new two-channel integrated-optical unit, with light-path compensation, and embodying the proposed design criteria, is described.
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    The development of an optical Doppler technique for measuring flow velocities (1973)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 5 (1973), S. 153-161 
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    Notes: Abstract For a generalized scheme of LDV, the expressions describing the light intensity distribution in a photo-receiver plane with regard to the size of the scattering particles have been calculated using Fourier optics. The LDV signal should be considered as a narrow-band stochastic process representing the sum of random phase radio frequency pulses arising from each light scattering particle. Then the expected error of the mean velocity measurement is equal to half the reciprocal of the number of interference fringes squared and the input signal-to-noise ratio is equal to the square root of the product of Doppler frequency, fringe number and averaging time. The device developed by the authors includes d.c. optical signal compensation. The device is described and the results of its use are given.
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    Interference of light beams modulated in anti-phase (1973)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 5 (1973), S. 163-174 
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    Notes: Abstract A double slit experiment has been performed in which the condition that only one slit was open at any instant of time was satisfied approximately. The intensity of the light was such that (a) the time between the detection of successive photons contributing to any fringe was much less than the transit time of the photons through the interferometer, and (b) the electro-optic shutters were switched several times between the detection of quanta. The light source used was a He-Ne laser and the modulation was obtained using a single ADP crystal. The theoretical background to the experimental method is given and the experimental results are shown.
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    Analysis of signal-to-noise ratio of the laser Doppler velocimeter (1973)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 5 (1973), S. 175-187 
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    Notes: Abstract The signal-to-shot-noise ratio of the photocurrent of a laser Doppler anemometer is calculated as a function of the parameters which describe the system. It is found that the S/N is generally a growing function of receiver area, that few large particles are better than many small ones, and that generally the ‘fringe’ or ‘differential’ mode configuration is equal to, or better than, the ‘reference beam’ mode.
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    A time-dependent, ray-geometrical treatment of the interference fringes within a thermally self-defocused laser beam (1973)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 5 (1973), S. 189-200 
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    Notes: Abstract A time-dependent theoretical treatment of the intensity distribution within a thermally self-defocused laser beam is presented, based on a ray-geometrical approach. Well-modulated interference fringes are predicted extending over most of the beam. This treatment is applicable to beam propagation in media for which the heat transfer by convection can be neglected when compared with that due to conduction. Numerically determined intensity distributions are given and compared with ones obtained experimentally using a laser beam of 488 nm wavelength and an absorbing medium of glycerol doped with iodine. Good agreement is obtained.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 5 (1973), S. 221-222 
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    Laser Doppler anemometry of electric arcs (1973)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 5 (1973), S. 217-219 
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    Rate equations and transient phenomena in semiconductor lasers (1973)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 5 (1973), S. 201-215 
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    Notes: Abstract This contribution attempts to review certain resonance effects which occur in the dynamic behaviour of semiconductor lasers. To study these effects theoretically, a rate equation approach is used for single-mode operation in the region of lasing threshold. The two basic rate equations are given and their transient solutions discussed. The existence of two time constants in these equations, viz. the electron lifetimeτ e and the photon lifetimeτ e; gives rise to a characteristic resonance frequency in the GHz region. This resonance manifests itself in transient ‘spiking’ effects, in quantum noise phenomena, and in high-frequency modulation experiments. In a modified form the resonance frequency may also be studied in lasers with external cavities and in double-diode configurations (or, equivalently, conventional devices with non-uniform excitation along the cavity length). In the latter two examples mentioned above, the resonance is excited by optical feedback of the laser radiation into the active medium via a ‘lossy’ or insufficiently inverted region. In the ‘spiking’ oscillations commonly observed at the commencement of laser operation, the initial ‘population overshoot’ is the cause of the resonance. For the case of quantum noise it is the requirement that the photon and electron populations have integer values which supplies the driving force-a true quantum effect. High-frequency modulation experiments directly reveal the same resonance frequency where a strong maximum in modulation intensity occurs.
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    Predicted effects of gamma and neutron irradiation on silicon solar cells (1973)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 5 (1973), S. 223-236 
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    Notes: Abstract Numerical analysis of the characteristics of silicon solar cells underγ-ray or fast neutron irradiation is presented. The degradation of spectral response, short-circuit current, maximum power, open-circuit voltage and curve power factor are discussed. The calculation is based on estimating the minority carrier lifetime by the Shockley-Read equation, assuming the introduction rate, capture cross-section and the energy level to be equal to those of various predominant recombination centres, such as E-centre (phosphorus-vacancy complex), A-centre (oxygen-vacancy complex) and J′-centre (boron-vacancy complex) inγ-irradiated silicon single crystals. The simulated results show good agreement with experiment for N-type F·Z and C·Z bulk crystals with E-centres, and for P-type C·Z bulk crystal with J′-centres.
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    Homogeneous broadening in a 0.63 μm single mode He-Ne laser (1973)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 5 (1973), S. 243-248 
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    Notes: Abstract The expression for inversion density in a gas laser includes an additional term if one allows elastic and/or resonant collisions among the active atoms. This term is a function of the line parametersγ 1, andγ 2 and describes the effect of homogeneous broadening on the saturated gain profile. Measurements of these parameters show that the homogeneous broadening in a 0.63 μm He-Ne laser plays an important role.
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    The conversion of infra-red radiation into visible in a proustite crystal when the pump beam and the infra-red signal beam are perpendicular to each other (1973)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 5 (1973), S. 237-241 
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    Notes: Abstract The conversion is considered of infra-red radiation into visible in a proustite crystal with the pump and signal waves perpendicular to each other. The angular and spectral parameters as well as the efficiency of such interactions are determined. The advantages of this interaction are discussed.
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    Compound TIR prism for polarization-selective laser resonators (1973)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 5 (1973), S. 255-256 
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    Measurement of the refractive indices of crystalline lithium formate, HCOOLi·H2O (1973)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 5 (1973), S. 256-259 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01421792
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    Conference announcements (1973)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 5 (1973), S. 260-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01421793
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  • 94
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    Non-linear photoconductive response of room temperature InSb to high intensity 5.3 μm radiation (1973)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 5 (1973), S. 249-254 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The photoconductive response of an ORP10 InSb detector has been found to be dependent on the cube root of illuminating intensity for high levels of irradiation at 5.3 μm. The limiting power for a linear response (∼1 W) is consistent with the predictions of a theory developed by Moss for a high mobility semiconductor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01421790
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  • 95
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    Errata (1973)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 5 (1973), S. ii 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01421794
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  • 96
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    Preparation of low loss glasses for optical fibre communication systems (1973)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 5 (1973), S. 285-288 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A technique is described for melting high purity glasses in which heat is generated within the glass by R.F. induction. Losses at c. 1060 nm were less than 50 dB Km−1 Multimode fibres have been made from those materials with little increase in loss resulting from the fibre drawing process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02057127
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  • 97
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    Fibre optical communications within the United Kingdom (1973)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 5 (1973), S. 261-274 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Interest in fibre-optic communication systems was aroused by Kao and Hockham in 1966. This survey endeavours to relate how the concept has grown within the United Kingdom from that inception. The work is reviewed from the standpoint of a systems engineer, but briefly covers the components vital to fibre-optic communication systems and mentions the more fundamental studies on which all other aspects have been based.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02057125
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  • 98
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    Activities in fibre-optical communications in Germany (1973)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 5 (1973), S. 275-284 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper offers a review of the contributions of German research groups in the field of fibre-optical communications until now. Since the latest publications are also taken into account which in part are not yet printed, a survey is given at the same time of current activities in this field in Germany.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02057126
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  • 99
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    Absorption losses in glasses and glass fibre waveguides (1973)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 5 (1973), S. 289-296 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Glasses prepared from high purity starting materials were used for pulling optical waveguide fibre by a double crucible technique. The observed optical loss of the glasses and fibres can be accounted for by absorption bands arising from the presence of traces of transition metal ion impurities and the low energy tails of u.v. absorption bands. The relatively high loss of the fibres is attributed to leaching of impurities from the platinum crucibles.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02057128
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  • 100
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    The preparation of multimode glass- and liquid-core optical fibres (1973)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 5 (1973), S. 297-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A preform technique for drawing cladded-glass and hollow fibres suitable for application to optical communications is described. The parameters which need to be controlled are discussed and the preparation of the preforms is described. The resulting fibres have a high geometric uniformity and a probe beam remains largely at the same angle to the axis after more than 106 reflections at the core/cladding interface. Fibre attenuations of 150, 60 and 5.8 dB km−1 have been obtained with commercial glasses, preforms made from a special melt at Sheffield University [5], and a commercial liquid, respectively. The fibre drawing process does not appear to introduce any additional impurities and heat treatment has produced a significant reduction of transmission loss in glass fibres.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02057129
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