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  • Articles  (5)
  • decisions  (4)
  • Normatives  (2)
  • 2020-2020
  • 1980-1984  (5)
  • Economics  (5)
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  • Articles  (5)
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Keywords
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  • 2020-2020
  • 1980-1984  (5)
Year
Topic
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improving long-run industrial decision making (1984)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 2 (1984), S. 201-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Industry ; decisions ; plans ; technology ; fuel ; tradeoffs ; executives
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The paper describes the present status of new product evaluation and decision making in large and small companies. It discusses the need to draw from a wide range of sources for societal as well as financial and technical information. While deficiencies and the need for improved analytical capabilities are identified, the emphasis is on what can be done, and near term problems using as an example the decision to produce a new type of vehicle engine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01874739
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Using multiple objectives to approximate normative models (1984)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 2 (1984), S. 39-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Normatives ; objectives ; multiples ; approximations ; models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses the rationale for the use of additive models involving multiple objectives as approximations to normative analyses. Experience has shown us that organizations often evaluate important decisions with multiple objective models rather than reducing all aspects of the problem to a single criterion, dollars, as many normative economic models prescribe. We justify this practice on two grounds: managers often prefer to think about a problem in terms of several dimensions and a multiple objective model may provide an excellent approximation to the more complex normative model. We argue that a useful analysis based on a multiple objective model will fulfill both conditions—it will provide insights for the decision maker as well as a good approximation to the normative model. We report several real-world examples of managers using multiple objective models to approximate such normative models as the risk-adjusted net present value and the value of information models. The agreement between the approximate models and the normative models is shown to be quite good. Next, we cite a portion of the behavioral decision theory literature which establishes that linear models of multiple attributes provide quite robust approximations to individual decision-making processes. We then present more general theoretical and empirical results which support our contention that linear multiple attribute models can provide good approximations to more complex models.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01874732
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A taxonomy for decision models (1984)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 2 (1984), S. 23-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Taxonomy ; classes ; decisions ; criteria ; decision makers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Decision models can be classified according to the number of decision makers (x 1), of decision criteria (x 2), and of decisions called for (x 3). If we allow eachx j to take one of the values ‘1’ or ‘m’ (many), we have 8 possible triples (x 1,x 2,x 3) each of which defines or describes a class of decision models. The simplest and by far the most prevalent in textbooks and journals are the two (1, 1,m) and (1, 1, 1). The two classes (m, 1,x 3) include most of game theory and models for fair allocation; the importance of these classes is widely comprehended. The classes (1,m,x 3) are somewhat less well understood although increasingly recognized in the literature of decision models. The class (m, m, 1) has not achieved broad attention even though it relates to highly important national and worldwide problems. Finally, despite its potential importance, the class (m, m, m) has received almost no attention from modelers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01874730
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    How do things go from bad to worse? (1984)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 2 (1984), S. 11-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Normatives ; commons ; dilemmas ; tragedies ; policies ; decisions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Humans are constantly making evaluations about the direction of movement in time of systems perceived as relevant, in terms of whether things are moving to the better or to the worse. The relevant system may be very small or as large as the whole planet earth; evaluations seldom go beyond the solar system. We evaluate things like health, wealth, security, justice, etc. and we have a strange capacity for putting many diverse variables together into a single rough evaluation. Accountants evaluate the state of a balance sheet or position statement quantitatively in terms of dollars; economists evaluate aggregates like the GNP. But almost everyone goes beyond quantification into rough, qualitative evaluations of the total state of a system. The evaluation of overall systems runs into the difficulty that different persons evaluate the same perceived change differently. Nevertheless, there are many processes in society by which differing evaluations are coordinated, even if they are not reconciled. The market is one, politics is another, and the moral order is a third. In large systems we are unlikely to come out with a single answer to even the question of whether things are getting better or worse. But we can identify certain instances where there is wide agreement that a movement is for the worse: the ‘cliffs’-disasters, premature deaths, losses of liberty, etc. We can furthermore specify certain dynamic systems likely to produce these dramatic worsenings, and perhaps do something about them.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01874729
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Constraints on social dilemmas: An institutional approach (1984)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 2 (1984), S. 183-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Tradeoffs ; decisions ; objectives ; games ; policies ; environment ; acid rain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Many contemporary political and economic problems have attributes of social dilemmas. These dilemmas are simply characterized as settings in which individuals have a dominant strategy to not cooperate in collective action. However, this choice results in a Pareto-inferior outcome. Likewise, a dominated strategy exists that results in a Pareto-superior outcome. Where cooperation is absent, this problem has been described as ann-person prisoner's dilemma. This paper discusses the environmental problem of acid rain as such a social dilemma. Relying on a series of laboratory experimental settings, the argument is that many social dilemmas can be resolved through the construction of institutional mechanisms allowing for the coordination of the participant's joint strategies. Policy analysts in particular can profit from focusing on institutional solutions to social dilemmas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01874738
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