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  • Books
  • Articles  (7)
  • Risk assessment  (7)
  • 2020-2020
  • 1980-1984  (7)
  • 1950-1954
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (7)
  • Geosciences
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  • Books
  • Articles  (7)
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  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (7)
  • Geosciences
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls in the Fort Edward, New York, water system (1980)
    Springer
    Environmental management 4 (1980), S. 511-520 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Polychlorinated biphenyl ; Water pollution ; Risk assessment ; Hudson River Valley ; New York state
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been determined in the water, in the soils and sediments, and in the biota of a small upstate New York public water supply system, which is near the heavily polluted section of the Hudson River and a disposal site for PCB-containing waste. The impounded water exhibits a significant and relatively uniform level of Aroclor 1016, whereas the ground and surface waters supplying the reservoir do not. Rainfall, which exhibits a high level of Aroclor 1016, constitutes a small but significant source of PCB input. Soil and sediment samples exhibit significant median levels of both Aroclor 1016 and Aroclor 1254, but the local concentrations vary widely. The biota exhibit much higher PCB levels than the water or sediments, and show a strong preference for Aroclor 1254. The PCB levels in the macroinvertebrates are particularly high, suggesting that these organisms may provide a useful indicator for monitoring PCB contamination in aquatic systems. Risk assessment indicates that the lifetime incremental risk of cancer associated with the drinking water is below 10−6. Management of such low levels of PCB contamination is best achieved by reducing the input of PCBs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01876888
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Consumer product safety: Risk assessment of exposure to asbestos emissions from hand-held hair dryers (1981)
    Springer
    Environmental management 5 (1981), S. 23-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Risk assessment ; Asbestos ; Hair dryers ; Product safety
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The United States Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) is concerned that consumer exposure to asbestos from consumer products may present an unreasonable risk of injury. Recently, CPSC has obtained agreement by industry to cease production and distribution of hair dryers containing asbestos heat insulation. CPSC intends to broaden its investigation by selecting consumer products containing asbestos for “priority attention.” The Commission does not intend to make quantitative estimates of cancer risks posed by exposure to asbestos fibers in making regulatory decisions. This position may lead to a serious waste of resources for the Commission, industry, and society. The Commission should focus its initial attention on those products for which the release of asbestos is significant enough to cause an unreasonable health risk. To make a risk assessment for a particular use of asbestos, CPSC must acquire or request data on asbestos emissions and define “unreasonable risk to health.” In an attempt to give some meaning to the phrase “risk assessment,” the primary goal of this paper is to present a detailed risk assessment of exposure to asbestos from hand-held hair dryers. Several scenarios of use are presented using various assumptions regarding time of operation, mixing of fibers in a small room, rate of fiber emission, and time of exposure. The worst case analysis of the health risk of exposure to hair dryer emissions is based on several conservative assumptions and shows that the increased number of deaths per year due to respiratory cancer is 4 for the entire United States population. A more representative case analysis shows the increased number of deaths to be on the order of 0.15 per year.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01866607
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Public reaction to the risks of energy technology (1981)
    Springer
    Environmental management 5 (1981), S. 329-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Cost-benefit analysis ; Decision making ; Risk assessment ; Risk perception
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Implicit in every government decision on energy technology is a trade-off of a certain amount of risk in return for societal benefits. As a result of growing public concern over such risks, environmental analysts are increasingly being requested not only to describe potential adverse consequences but also to quantify their probability. However, this task is frustrated not only by inadequate experience with, and incomplete knowledge of, the causality of environmental impacts, but also by a disparity between individual and societal views of risk. While the societal view is based on objective risk functions andnet societal benefit, individuals tend to rely on subjective judgment, and consider the distribution as well as the amount of benefit. Thus, environmental “risk assessments,” produced by analysts on behalf of society as a whole, are likely to be quite speculative, and are unlikely to be reliable indicators of the acceptability of risk to the public.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01867346
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cadmium: Simulation of environmental control strategies to reduce exposure (1981)
    Springer
    Environmental management 5 (1981), S. 341-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Environmental management ; Systems analysis ; Risk assessment ; Exposure analysis ; Cadmium ; Environmental modeling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The effects of selected environmental control strategies on human dietary and respiratory exposure to environmental cadmium (Cd) have been simulated. For each control strategy, mean Cd dietary and respiratory exposures are presented for a twenty-year simulation period. Human exposures related to cadmium are associated with both process waste disposal and product disposal. Dietary exposure is by far the dominant mechanism for Cd intake. Dietary exposure related to aqueous discharges is primarily a result of municipal sludge landspreading, whereas that associated with emissions to the atmosphere derives mainly from the deposition on cropland of airborne particulates from product incineration. Only relatively small dietary exposure reductions are possible through restrictions on anysingle Cd use. Combinations of waste management and environmental control measures promise greater reductions in dietary and respiratory exposure than those achievable through use restrictions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01867348
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CRITIQUE—Consumer product safety: Risk assessment of exposure to asbestos emissions from hand-held hair dryers (1981)
    Springer
    Environmental management 5 (1981), S. 15-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Asbestos ; Risk assessment ; Carcinogens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The paper by Dr. William Hallenbeck of the University of Illinois on pp. 23–32 of this issue ofEnvironmental Management contains an estimate of the risk of respiratory cancer resulting from exposure to asbestos fibers emitted from asbestos-containing hairdryers. The study, which is described as a worst case analysis, concludes that the use of these hairdryers would result in a maximum of 0.15 deaths from respiratory cancer per year in the United States, based on a median case estimate of asbestos fiber emission from hair-dryers. This estimate of risk was developed using data from one epidemiologic study. In this critique, we suggest that the use of other epidemiologic studies and the inclusion of other minor, reasonable changes to the basic assumptions made by Hallenbeck could significantly change the estimate in the direction of greater risk. Indeed, the use of other epidemiologic studies in the risk estimate results in an increase in the predicted risk of up to 3 orders of magnitude. Inclusion of changes both in the epidemiologic study used and in certain model assumptions results in an increased risk prediction of over 4 orders of magnitude in the extreme. Since there is no definitive basis on which to include or exclude certain assumptions or relevant studies, the risk estimate at best must be represented as a range of values. Such a range demonstrates the inherent uncertainties associated with estimating the risk to humans from known carcinogens. The size of the range developed in this analysis may actually be underestimated since no attempt has been made to evaluate the uncertainty associated with the choice of the dose-response model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01866605
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Is “No-Threshold” a “Non-Concept”? (1981)
    Springer
    Environmental management 5 (1981), S. 475-481 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Linear dose-response model ; Risk assessment ; Carcinogens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A controversy prominent in scientific literature that has carried over to newspapers, magazines, and popular books is having serious social and political expressions today: “Is there, or is there not, a threshold below which exposure to a carcinogen will not induce cancer?” The distinction between establishing the existence of this threshold (which is a theoretical question) and its value (which is an experimental one) gets lost in the scientific arguments. Establishing the existence of this threshold has now become a philosophical question (and an emotional one). In this paper I qualitatively outline theoretical reasons why a threshold must exist, discuss experiments which measure thresholds on two chemicals, and describe and apply a statistical method for estimating the threshold value from exposure-response data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01866720
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Threshold estimation from the linear dose-response model: Method and radiation data (1981)
    Springer
    Environmental management 5 (1981), S. 515-520 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Linear dose-response model ; Risk assessment ; Carcinogens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The linear dose-response model is considered a conservative, nonthreshold relationship. This is based on a confusion between the sufficient condition (that is, zero slope at zero dose) and the necessary condition (that is, response distinguishable from zero). Once the threshold is properly defined, it is shown that the linear model predicts thresholds for radiation data in good agreement with experimental results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01866724
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