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  • Artikel  (13)
  • Environmental impact assessment  (9)
  • Amazon  (4)
  • 2020-2020
  • 1980-1984  (13)
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  • Energietechnik  (13)
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  • Artikel  (13)
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Enforcement of mitigation measures resulting from environmental impact assessment (1981)
    Springer
    Environmental management 5 (1981), S. 507-513 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Schlagwort(e): Environmental impact assessment ; Environmental management ; Mitigation measures ; Enforcement
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Notizen: Abstract Until recently, relatively little attention has been paid to the problem of enforcing mitigation measures identified in environmental impact assessment. Present or proposed enforcement systems in the USA, New South Wales, South Australia, and Western Australia are described and discussed. Although the best enforcement system would depend on the local social, political, and legal systems, five universally desirable features are identified. First, a comprehensive coordinated monitoring and reassessment system is needed. Second, the agencies concerned must have adequate resources to do the work and incentives to carry it out well. Third, there must be the necessary legal powers. Fourth, provision must be made for changing the conditions based on experience. And fifth, the system should be equally effective against private companies and public authorities.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01866723
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Terrestrial perturbation experiments for environmental assessment (1982)
    Springer
    Environmental management 6 (1982), S. 43-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Schlagwort(e): NEPA ; Environmental impact assessment ; Field experiments ; Air pollution ; Soil pollution ; Wildlife disturbance
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Notizen: Abstract The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) was initially interpreted as requiring full disclosure of the environmental impact of a federal action. Because of the limitations of time, money, and manpower, the requirement that all impacts be considered has led to superficial analysis of many important impacts. Data collection has largely been limited to the enumeration of species because this information can be applied to the analysis of any problem. The President's Council on Environment Quality (CEQ) has provided a solution to this problem by reinterpreting NEPA as requiring analysis of those impacts that have significant bearing on decision making. Because assessment resources can now be concentrated on a few critical issues, it should be possible to perform field perturbation experiments to provide direct evidence of the effects of a specific mixture of pollutants or physical disturbances on the specific receiving ecosystem. Techniques are described for field simulation of gaseous and particulate air pollution, polluted rain, soil pollutants, disturbance of the soil, and disturbance of wildlife. These techniques are discussed in terms of their realism, cost, and the restrictions that they place on the measurement of ecological parameters. Development and use of these field perturbation techniques should greatly improve the accuracy of predictive assessments and further our understanding of ecosystem processes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01866806
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Environmental resource management on the Munduruku savanna (1984)
    Springer
    Environmental management 8 (1984), S. 215-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Schlagwort(e): Munduruku ; Slash-and-burn ; Rubber tapping ; Gold mining ; Amazon ; Resource management ; Rain forest
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Notizen: Abstract For 13 years, the Munduruku were observed living in the savanna region located in South America in the Brazilian state of Pará. The area is near the point where the states of Pará, Amazonas, and Mato Grosso join their borders, and is utilized by about 200–300 Munduruku Amerindians. Their subsistence staple is manioc (a cassava), with fruits and meat included in the diet. Gold mining by Brazilians is a disruptive element in the resource management of the savanna habitat on the rim of the Amazon Basin. Direct and indirect results of mining interference are described. A study of the manner in which the Munduruku on the Cururu River (a tributary of the Tapajós) have handled the potentially disruptive rubber tapping suggests possible ways of reversing the interference. Several courses of action are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01866963
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Geographic information systems and environmental impact assessment (1980)
    Springer
    Environmental management 4 (1980), S. 21-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Schlagwort(e): Environmental impact assessment ; Geographic information system ; Land use capabilities ; Canada ; Glengowan Dam
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Notizen: Abstract The analytical structure of environmental impact assessment is continually changing as the applicability of established techniques from other fields and the development of novel methods become known. This paper illustrates the applicability of using existing data bases, through a geographic information system, for theex ante evaluation of land use disruption. More specifically, the Canada Geographic Information System was employed to retrieve, to analyze, and to produce land capability statistics and land use maps for the proposed Glengowan dam and reservoir.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01866217
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Wyoming's industrial siting permit process and environmental impact assessment (1982)
    Springer
    Environmental management 6 (1982), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Schlagwort(e): Natural resource planning ; Development ; Policy analysis ; Industrial siting ; Environmental impact assessment
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Notizen: Abstract The problem of management of industrial residuals can be reduced through a rational system for siting and planning major industrial facilities. In the United States, Wyoming has moved in the direction of establishing a one-stop permitting system that provides important information for air and water quality planning and solid waste management with a minimum of regulatory overlap. This paper describes Wyoming's Industrial Development Information and Siting Act of 1975 and suggests ways in which the Wyoming permitting system can be improved and applied elsewhere.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01866801
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Response of Georges Bank cod to periodic and nonperiodic oil spill events (1984)
    Springer
    Environmental management 8 (1984), S. 67-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Schlagwort(e): Oil spill modeling ; Fish population dynamics ; Environmental impact assessment
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Notizen: Abstract In the management of conflicting dual-resource systems such as continental shelf hydrocarbon extraction and commercial fishing operations, it is necessary to consider the possibility of repeated impact events. The potential magnitude of impacts on Georges Bank fisheries of single oil spill events has been addressed in detail elsewhere (Reed and Spaulding 1979, Reed and others 1980, Spaulding and others 1982). An oil spill-fishery impact estimation model, implemented for the Georges Bank cod fishery (Reed and others 1980), has been used to investigate the potential for nonlinear biological responses to periodic and nonperiodic repetitive spill events. Prerecruit mortality equations incorporating young-of-the-year as well as adult-juvenile interactions, perform acceptably vis-à-vis the historical catch record, but show highly variable behavior under recruitment reductions induced by periodic simulated spills. The results demonstrate the importance of selecting mathematical representations of biological and physical processes underlying population dynamics such that characteristic system behavior is adequately represented in both the time and frequency domains.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01867874
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The guild concept applied to management of bird populations (1984)
    Springer
    Environmental management 8 (1984), S. 1-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Schlagwort(e): Guild concept ; Birds ; Environmental impact assessment ; Monitoring
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Notizen: Abstract Alternative ways to apply the guild concept to wildlife management are evaluated here. I reject the idea that indicator species can be selected for each bird guild to reduce costs of environmental assessment and monitoring. Promise is seen, however, in the option of using whole guilds to indicate the capability of habitat zones to support populations of wildlife species. It may be adequate for most management purposes to delineate guilds only for species that use an environment for breeding, because transients and winter residents probably use the same zones of the habitat in the same ways. Potential guilds are identified by cells of a two-dimensional matrix, the axes identifying primary feeding and nesting zones. Some questions may be answered with guilds as delineated by all cells in the matrix. Alternatively, larger guilds can be formed by grouping all species in each column or row of the matrix to identify, for example, all species that depend on tree canopies for foraging, or tree boles for nesting. One can also consider separately the resident breeders, migrant breeders, and winter residents to obtain insights into whether observed changes in numbers of birds in a guild are a result of conditions locally or elsewhere. I conclude that the guild concept probably has a place in wildlife management, but much testing must be done before it is widely applied.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01867868
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Industry Agreement Acts and environmental management in Australia (1983)
    Springer
    Environmental management 7 (1983), S. 253-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Schlagwort(e): Environmental management ; Legislation ; Environmental impact assessment
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Notizen: Abstract In Australia many major developments are authorized by agreements negotiated between companies and the state government and ratified by Parliament as Agreement Acts The means by which these are negotiated and ratified, their terms, and their legal status are thus of great importance to Australian resource and environmental management These aspects are examined, revealing a lessening of the tendency to provide special rights and privileges and a trend towards the inclusion of more resource and environmental management provisions in the Acts It is argued that major developments require special conditions beyond the scope of general laws in order to control their social and environmental side effects, and that Agreements Acts could be a valuable means to this end Ways of improving them from this point of view are discussed
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01871539
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Who should prepare environmental impact assessments? (1984)
    Springer
    Environmental management 8 (1984), S. 191-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Schlagwort(e): Environmental impact assessment ; Environmental impact statements ; Report preparation ; Consultants
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Notizen: Abstract The practice of EIA preparation in a number of states and countries is reviewed in the light of the need to avoid bias, integrate the EIA with project design, and make the proponent pay. It is concluded that the best arrangement may be to make the proponent responsible for EIA preparation and to advise a number of constraints designed to improve the quality of the studies and reduce bias. First, the proponent should be required to select a consultant from a register of those known to be honest, unbiased, technically competent, and capable of working with a design team. Second, two steering committees should be established to identify key issues, specify data collection and modeling programs and methods, and ensure that the study stays on course.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01866960
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Reaching environmental decisions: Making subjective and objective judgments (1982)
    Springer
    Environmental management 6 (1982), S. 103-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Schlagwort(e): Chemicals ; Cost-benefit analysis ; Environment ; Environmental impact assessment ; Judgment ; Land use planning ; Objective ; Regulation ; Subjective ; Toxicity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Notizen: Abstract Objective judgments, external to the judge, are compared with subjective, internal judgments. This analysis is made in the context of reaching regulatory decisions affecting the human environment. Examples given include evaluating the potential risk of industrial chemicals and comparing the potential effects of short- and long-term changes in land use. The analysis deals not with the decisions themselves, but rather with the kinds of questions that must be posed in orderto reach such decisions. Decision makers may spuriously distinguish objective from subjective types of judgment, though these are rarely wholly separate. Judges can hardly dispute about objective statements, if truly identical definitions are used. But subjective statements can reasonably be voted upon. Scientists, engineers, and economists represent logical or objective decision makers, tending to work in groups. Subjective thinkers include artists and performers, and others who often work alone. Moral and aesthetic aspects of questions, usually seen as intangible, are treated as if subjective. Financial decisions, usually viewed as tangible, are handled as objective problems. This mechanism for making decisions is well-established in environmental assessment. Though objective questions can be treated well in the monetary terms of cost-benefit analysis, subjective ones cannot. Mathematical and other variants are discussed in relation to the comparison of alternative types of tests.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01871430
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Women as hunters among the matses of the Peruvian Amazon (1983)
    Springer
    Human ecology 11 (1983), S. 339-343 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Schlagwort(e): Matses ; women ; hunting ; Amazon ; Peru
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Energietechnik , Ethnologie
    Notizen: Abstract Matses women of the Peruvian Amazon rain forest hunt with men, and couples bring back more meat than men alone. This results from the association of women with capture of collared peccary, a large catch. Typical Amazonian beliefs about women persist, but some new features (like day care) are pertinent to Matses hunting adaptation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00891379
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Tropical forest mimicry in Swiddens: A reassessment of Geertz's Model with Amazonian data (1983)
    Springer
    Human ecology 11 (1983), S. 35-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Schlagwort(e): Shifting cultivation ; tropical forest ecology ; Amazon
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Energietechnik , Ethnologie
    Notizen: Abstract Geertz's famous hypothesis that horticulturalists practicing shifting cultivation intercrop their plots to mimic the protective structure of the tropical forest is evaluated in view of data on the structural ecology of the tropical forest and swidden plots in Amazonian Ecuador. The cultivation practices of the Siona-Secoya Indians reveal a three-fold typology of cropping patterns (high-diversity intercropping, low-diversity intercropping, and monocropping), with variation among the types in terms of plot size and distribution, cultigen inventory, structural complexity, and function. These gardens and the tropical forest are compared and analyzed in terms of morphology, ecological characteristics, and human manipulation and utilization. Gardens with high-diversity intercropping show certain similarities to the tropical forest, as Geertz's model predicts, but their highly transient structure does not function as a mature ecosystem. Furthermore, plots with low-diversity intercropping and monocropping show few similarities to the forest. Garden structure is best understood in terms of the economic utilization of tropical cultigens displaying specific habits, rather than by analogy to tropical forest physiognomy and function.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00891229
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Roads, speculators, and colonization in the Ecuadorian Amazon (1983)
    Springer
    Human ecology 11 (1983), S. 385-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Schlagwort(e): Amazon ; colonization ; roads ; policy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Energietechnik , Ethnologie
    Notizen: Abstract In view of the generally disappointing performance of colonization projects in the Amazon basin, unusual projects merit close scrutiny because they may suggest a more effective organizational form for the colonization of humid lowlands. With this end in mind, this article examines those aspects of the Upano-Palora project in southeastern Ecuador that are attributable to the project's unusual plan of establishing settlements first and building the roads afterwards. It concludes that the “settlements first, roads second” developmental sequence reduced the costs of the project, produced an egalitarian pattern of landownership, and contributed to a pattern of land use that had potentially damaging ecological effects. These findings suggest that variations in the timing of road building have an important impact on outcomes in new land settlement schemes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00892246
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