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  • 101
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of public sector management 7 (1994), S. 67-71 
    ISSN: 0951-3558
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Attempts to answer the question "Does politics make anydifference?" by comparing the total spending of local authoritiesunder three types of political control over seven years. Considersstatistical data for a seven-year period in the light of party-politicalmanifesto undertakings over spending on services. ANOVA and t-test statistical analyses are applied to data on a sample of 15 localauthorities, divided equally into Labour, Conservative and"hung" councils, to assess differences between their percapita spending. The results support the view that political ideologiesplay a significant role in local authority spending decisions.
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  • 102
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of public sector management 7 (1994), S. 4-14 
    ISSN: 0951-3558
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Examines the impact of compulsory competitive tendering on themanagement of UK local government. The changing managerial skillsrequired under conditions of competition are considered alongsideoverall changes in the role of local government. Drawing directly fromthe authors' recent research study, the "three Cs" of localauthority management are identified: the client-side, the contractor,and the corporate manager. Considers the characteristics of each inturn, before a general review of the implications for a"new" public management. Concludes that there has been afundamental diversification in the needs of (and skills required of)local authority managers in a competitive environment. This may bemoving UK local government either towards greater efficiency or towardsa fragmentation of its central activities.
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  • 103
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of public sector management 7 (1994), S. 15-25 
    ISSN: 0951-3558
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Examines recent reforms of the UK's National Health Service (NHS),and explores the pressures for change in the pursuit of an efficient NHSand the conflicts which this causes in an organization which was basedon the aim of equity. In particular, addresses the "falserevolutions" of managerial change introduced after the GriffithsReport (1983) and the accounting changes introduced in the wake of theGriffiths proposals. Evidence shows that these intended revolutions werelimited in impact. The result of these failures has been theintroduction of the "real revolution" - the internalmarket in health care. This is a radical change in both the NHSmanagement arrangements and in service delivery, with the division ofthe NHS into purchasers (health authorities and GP fund holders) andproviders (hospital and community services, whether provided by private,voluntary or state-owned facilities).
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  • 104
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of public sector management 7 (1994), S. 41-51 
    ISSN: 0951-3558
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The effectiveness of the reforms of the health sector in NewZealand will depend on the development of new accounting and informationsystems. The reforms have been rapid and significant. Increasingattention is being given to the development of costing and budgeting asa part of the reform process. Focuses on the organizational strategiesin implementing such reforms. Although the progress has beensignificant, problems of implementation and change of organizationalculture remain.
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  • 105
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of public sector management 7 (1994), S. 16-34 
    ISSN: 0951-3558
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: With public services operating as monopolies, dissatisfied userscannot exit from the relation without changing patronage. Apart fromexit from the region, voicing their dissatisfaction in order toinfluence the service offer becomes the only alternative. Industries andcompanies may be classified as customer oriented if they marketdifferentiated products and services reflecting heterogeneous customerpreferences. Customer satisfaction is influenced by expectations andperceived service quality. Degree of customer satisfaction and loyaltyconsequently becomes an indication of customer orientation. Reports onan empirical study of 100 business executives' degree of satisfactionwith local governments' services in the capital of Norway. Loyalty,defined as willingness to maintain present location of business, isbelieved to be influenced by satisfaction. The results from the studyconfirm low satisfaction scores. However, support for positivecorrelation between satisfaction and loyalty was not found. Reputationcorrelated with loyalty and satisfaction. Improvements in customers'perception of service quality, government's reputation and professionalhandling of customer voice, will influence customer satisfaction andloyalty. Improving service quality as perceived by the users through thedifferentiating of the offer, and improving reputation, are themanagerial implications of this study in order for government to improveits performance, i.e. increased user satisfaction and loyalty.
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  • 106
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of public sector management 7 (1994), S. 42-49 
    ISSN: 0951-3558
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Presents a "detailed" account of an innovative way ofserving the internal and external customer in an Australian QualityAward winning public sector service industry - South EastQueensland Electricity Board (SEQEB). Presenting the principles ofcustomer service in SEQEB, lists the six key strategies such as settingperformance targets, conducting customer and staff surveys,benchmarking, sustaining customer satisfaction and providing customeradvice. These strategies are used by SEQEB and are essential forestablishing customer service quality in the public sector. Concludesthat the implications of the principles and the strategies of customerservice deployed by this service industry can be emulated in severalservice oriented organizations in the public sector.
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  • 107
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of public sector management 7 (1994), S. 69-88 
    ISSN: 0951-3558
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Examines one of the most important reforms relating to publicenterprise (PE) policy in India, namely divestment of theirshare-holdings. Discusses the philosophy, process, organizationalmechanism, expectations and outcomes of divestment in PEs. Finally,points out the major weaknesses retarding the success of the newlyintroduced divestment policy and outlines some reformatory measures toovercome them. As a backdrop, presents the historical background,current scenario, and problems and performance of PEs in India, but hasbeen restricted to the central PEs, i.e. enterprises owned and managedby the central government only.
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  • 108
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of public sector management 7 (1994), S. 50-68 
    ISSN: 0951-3558
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The debate on the public sector has been central in structuraladjustment programmes applied in developing countries during recentyears. The common grounds of the discussion have been the size of thepublic sector, its role and its efficiency in delivering services. Thecommon criticisms of the 1980s are that the public sector is too big,overstaffed and inefficient. Examines these issues under a long-termperspective. Finds that at the aggregated level there is no clear-cutevidence to support those criticisms of the size of the public sector indeveloping countries. Compared with industrialized countries, there isno particular evidence of the public sector being too big in thedeveloping world. However, it appears that the sequence of theadjustment process has negatively affected the performance of importantparts of the public sector by distorting the proportion of wage andnon-wage expenditures, disregarding their complementarity. Theconsequent imbalance between inputs and employment has resulted inpractical overstaffing.
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  • 109
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of public sector management 7 (1994), S. 4-15 
    ISSN: 0951-3558
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: A survey of Scottish local government IT managers confirms theexistence of systems allowing modern decision support systems (DSS) tobe successfully exploited. Extensive in-house software exists acrossdepartmental functions indicating significant internal expertise. IT useis inversely related to managerial level, with the majority of userslocated in the central services and housing functions. The traditionalsupporting role of information systems and technology (IS/T) is changingas compulsory competitive tendering (CCT) is applied to the IS/Tfunction itself. Considerable uncertainty surrounds decision making inIS/T as a result of proposed structural change to unitary authorities.
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  • 110
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of public sector management 7 (1994), S. 16-26 
    ISSN: 0951-3558
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Most analytical techniques assign no weight to political factorseven though they may have the strongest explanatory power of allvariables considered. As they are generally practised, these techniqueshave the extraordinary deficiency of obscuring the problem of conflictof multiple interests. It is assumed that incorporating political valuesand weights would destroy the essential objectivity of analysis. Thisargument ignores the fact that policy analysis must be made relevant tothe political process and that this relevance can be achieved in amanner which does not strip it of its potential value to the decisionmakers, but may even enhance it. Develops some possible methods ofincorporating political feasibility into evaluation.
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  • 111
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of public sector management 7 (1994), S. 44-55 
    ISSN: 0951-3558
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: State intervention is needed to dismantle the protective regime of"government failure" and expose the developing economies tothe new rigour of global competition and technological advancement. Inaddition to standing the test of welfare consequences, a developingcountry's agenda for privatization includes restructuring, reform,commercialization, management-cum-technology contracts for publicenterprises and their leasing - prior to divestiture, jointventure, hire purchase and disinvestment of minority, majority or fullshareholding through public offer or private sale. The backward andforward linkages, the institutional framework, the pace and sequence,planning and preparation and financing of privatization, withtransparency of procedure, are equally important preconditions foravoiding corruption and ensuring efficiency. Divestiture without reformcan be counter-productive. Divestiture without private sectordevelopment can remain "stillborn".
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  • 112
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of public sector management 7 (1994), S. 63-70 
    ISSN: 0951-3558
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Headlines on all levels of government speak of the pending crisisin public sector services: expect to pay more for less. Budget deficit,once only a concern of the federal level, is a worry in state capitalsand municipalities. Additionally, an ever-looming question at this timeof economic reality is: are we getting all the government for which weare paying? This discussion of new developments in performance measuresof public programmes covers the causes for the increased concern forpublic sector productivity. Gives examples of performance measuresattempted on the state and local levels. Also analyses a method tocompute efficient versus inefficient performance. Lastly, in an effortto introduce competition and force performance measurement, there is amove to convert many services to private sector contractors. Even publicschool children would be allowed to choose between public or privateinstruction if the "choice" initiative gains steam andbecomes law. The key to this challenge to the public sector ismeaningful measurements of performance and taking appropriate action.
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  • 113
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of public sector management 7 (1994), S. 4-14 
    ISSN: 0951-3558
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Examines the principles which underlie the costing of policeservices when these services do not fit the rubric of being purely"public" goods. In such instances, it is necessary todetermine a unit cost for charging a user fee. As the unit price(marginal cost) of the goods is charged, either across the agency or tooutsiders who purchase the service, efficiency in terms of appropriateallocation of resources is enhanced. Also, the police board is then in abetter position to argue for funding for those services which contain agreater degree of "publicness", since the benefits of theseremaining police services clearly have some element of indivisibility,and thus benefit society rather than individuals.
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  • 114
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 1-6 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 115
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 547-563 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: In 1961, soon after the beginning of the first United Nations Development Decade, a conference of African Ministers of Education was convened by Unesco. The meeting resolved, inter alia, that by the year 1980 primary schooling throughout the continent should be ‘universal, compulsory and free’.1 As we have now reached that date, it is appropriate to review progress. A few countries have achieved the goal, but many others have fallen short. This article will examine the experience of the last two decades, and assess its implications for ultimate objectives and the strategies for achieving them. Despite national policy variations and divergent social and economic conditions, instructive overall patterns may be discerned.
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  • 116
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 565-594 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: In the last few years there has been a growing interest in that very considerable and hitherto mostly unrecorded part of the economic life of the Third World which flourishes outside the state and foreign-owned medium and large-scale concerns. This great mass of non-enumerated enterprises and activities is a major source of employment and production. For the purpose of this article, it will be argued that many of those undertaking research in this sector can be regarded as belonging to one or other of two fairly distinct schools of thought formed by (1) a number of officials from the International Labour Organisation, the World Bank, and other international and government agencies, as well as some purely academic writers,1 and (2) the majority of social scientists attached to the British Sociological Association Development Group, some of whom operate to a greater or lesser extent within a Marxian or neo-Marxian perspective.2 For purposes of abbreviation only, these will be referred to as the ‘I.L.O.’ and the ‘Radical’ groups.
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  • 117
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 595-624 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: In his classic study of decentralisation and development, Henry Maddick argued that economic growth and social modernisation depend in part on the ability of Third-World govenments to diffuse responsibility for development planning and administration, to expand participation in economic activities, and to promote new centres of creativity within society. Over-concentration of administrative authority stifles development, Maddick insisted; it leads to waste and corruption, delays action, and creates irrational and inefficient management practices, the costs of which developing countries cannot afford.1 To illustrate his point, Maddick cited the effects of the centralised supply system in the Sudan in the late 1950s, through which ‘shoes made in Fasher were sent 400 miles by rail to Khartoum where the whole shoe supply was concentrated. When Fasher wanted shoes for school children and government personnel it had to send to Khartoum for them.’ He also noted that school desks and equipment for the provincial city of Juba had to be ordered from Khartoum, which was 900 miles away and connected only by inefficient river transport, even though the wood from which the furniture was made originally came from Juba.2
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  • 118
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 625-646 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Theories of modernisation and social change have been increasingly challenged during the past decade by events in the Middle East and other areas of the developing world. Leaders of oil-rich nations are choosing to industrialise but not to westernise, and Islamic revivals are shaping new patterns of political and social development. For example, improvements in female status can no longer be regarded as the inevitable concomitants of industrialisation; to the contrary, gender inequality may actually be exacerbated by national resurgences of religious and cultural traditions which often accompany planned social change.1
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  • 119
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 647-665 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Foreign investment in South Africa during the past 20 years has been subject to criticism form several diverse schools of thought, ranging from those who believe it has contributed to country's economic growth without improving the condition of the black workers, to those who maintain that – at best – apartheid has been modernised rather than fundamentally changed.Today the focus of attention has shifted to collective bargaining and trade union rights, to the action that can be taken on their own behalf by the ecomomically underprivileged and the politically dispossessed, and to the assistance which foreign-owned companies have been given in improving the terms and conditions of employment of their own non-white employees by the codes of conduct that have quite recently been adopted by their own governments.
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  • 120
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 705-708 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 121
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 122
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 667-704 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: People of quite diverse social position and perspective have turned to economic growth as a source of political change in South Africa. Contained within the concept of growth, they maintain, are processes — capital accumulation and class formation, business enterprise and markets, changing skill and capital requirements – that, at the very least, allow some blacks a more secure and higher living standard, that may bring greater equality between the races, or more profoundly, confound traditional racial lines and privileges of quite diverse social position and perspective have turned to economic growth as a source of political change in South Africa. Contained within the concept of growth, they maintain, are processes — capital accumulation and class formation, business enterprise and markets, changing skill and capital requirements – that, at the very least, allow some blacks a more secure and higher living standard, that may bring greater equality between the races, or more profoundly, confound traditional racial lines and privileges. Indeed, some argue that growth undermines the foundations of the racial state. Many of those who posit a relationship between economics and politics, take the next logical step: supporting actions, including foreign investment, that foster economic growth and, presumably, political change in South Africa.
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  • 123
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 124
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 125
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 715-717 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 126
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 717-719 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 127
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 719-720 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 128
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 129
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 722-728 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 130
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 499-502 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Urban unemployment and underemployment are widespread problems in Africa, perhaps more so than on other continents. It is a truism, apparently accepted by most governments, that capital is scarce, and that the rate of development and employment creation are constrained by the relative scarcity of capital equipment and the slow rate of capital formation. And yet these two observations, challengeable but generally accepted as commonplace and obvious truths, co-exist in much of Africa with a paradoxical third statement: that much of the urban capital stock, particularly in the modern-service sectors – government, education, large-scale commerce, finance, etcetera – is utilised at a very low rate, typically of the order of 25–30 per cent of the potential maximum. This brief note speculates on the reasons for this state of affairs, and explores the consequences of adopting a possible policy designed to produce a significant change.
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  • 131
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    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 513-515 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 132
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 221-256 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Virtually all analyses of Lesotho's political framework have agreed that strong elements of national identity have neither forestalled domestic conflict nor served to promote a unified assault on awesome economic problems. Hence many writers imply that a major asset, rarely found in independent Africa, has been wasted.1 Roger Leys has perceptively applied dependency theories of a ‘labour reserve’ economy to Lesotho,2 and spends considerable effort on historical analysis aimed at demonstrating the duration and pervasiveness of this process of systematic underdevelopment. In his conclusion he suggests that ‘the long and courageous battle of the Basotho to assert their dignity and worth is in fact a resource and political weapon of incomparable significance in the long-term battle for the liberation of southern Africa.’ Leys infers that national and class identities are interrelated, and possibly reinforcing, when he says that ‘the history of the struggle of the Basotho people and the very degree of their integration into the black working class of South Africa is a formidable weapon.’3
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  • 133
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    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 307-335 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Ethiopia has long been regarded as the only African state, along with Liberia, to have escaped the ravages of European colonialism, the epitome of African independence and self-determination.1 It was also considered a stable, relatively integrated, and viable political community amidst a continent of new states characterised by chronic instability.2 But by 1974, most if not all of these myths were in the process of being broken, as Ethiopia struggled for its very existence against pressures from within and without that threatened to dismember the Empire.
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 337-339 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 340-341 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 138
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 345-347 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 139
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 348-350 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 140
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 347-348 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 141
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 350-351 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 142
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 356-357 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 143
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 75-105 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Mauritius became independent on 12 March 1968, and was then said to be the paradigm of the small isolated, poor, dependent country, only emerging from the colonial era to fall immediately into neocolonialism – the Third World's Third World.
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  • 144
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 107-132 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: In 1955 the South African Government began to demolish a black freehold suburb in Johannesburg, and to relocate its inhabitants in a state-controlled township. Resistance to these moves by the leading black political organisation of the time, the African National Congress (A.N.C.), was short-lived and unsuccessful. Despite its abortive nature, the attempt to oppose the destruction of Sophiatown was historically significant for several reasons.
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  • 145
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 57-73 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: In the course of several field studies carried out during 1978–9 on behalf of the Working Group on Recurrent Costs established by the Comité Inter-états de Lutte contre la Sécheresse dans le Sahel and the Club du Sahel, it became clear that imperfect functioning of domestic capital markets hampers the efforts of Sahelian governments to raise domestic non-tax resources for budget finance. Inasmuch as the operation and maintenance of development projects compete for a severely limited pool of uncommitted government revenues – that is, revenues not committed to debt service, meeting the civil service payroll, and other inflexible obligations – reforms that augment this pool are of particular interest from the viewpoint of ensuring that these projects function properly once established.
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  • 146
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 133-161 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Legislation in the former British colonial territories exhibited a pair of paradoxes. First, it spoke in legalese, a patois that only judges and lawyers can read easily. Many laws concerning development, however, addressed ordinary citizens. Second, drafters invented and used a specialised style to reduce official and judicial discretion by making legislation more precise, but this frequently endowed officials with discretion as broad as the unbroken sky. In Africa, the uses of legalese seemed to war with the purposes for which it was developed.
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  • 147
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 18 (1980), S. 1-4 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 148
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    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 149
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 18 (1980), S. 711-712 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 150
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    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 151
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 18 (1980), S. 411-425 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Late in 1979 the Zambian Government unveiled its Third National Development Plan which will guide policies until the year 1984, and this implies that problems of unemployment, particularly in urban areas, will be partly overcome by an expansion of self-employment possibilities.Such was the enthusiasm for the new initiative that the absence of reliable information surrounding it was largely ignored. This article attempts to provide relevant data concerning a number of issues which will be vital in implementing any measures to encourage self-employment in the so-called ‘informal sector’ of the Zambian economy. In particular we shall endeavour to quantify the likely flows into the labour force, particularly from the educational system, the possible growth of formal wage employment in urban areas, and the current size and composition of the informal sector. Finally, conclusions are drawn concerning the possible rôle of this sector in absorbing the unemployed in the plan period.
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  • 152
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 18 (1980), S. 427-441 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Discussion of industrial activity in capitalist Third-World countries has usually centred on a series of dualistic frameworks, most recently the opposition between the so-called ‘formal’ and ‘informal’ sectors of an economy. Such dichotomies attempt to divide the activities of labour as cleanly as possible into two groups sharing common characteristics. The categories that emerge – modern/traditional, large/small-scale, formal/informal – overlap to a considerable degree because, in effect, they all attempt, with varying crudity, to compare the socio-economic characteristics of those dominant capitalist enterprises which are based on intensive capital, high-level technology, and a large scale of production, with those activities in the economy which are not based on such features. As such, the second category tends to have both negative and residual components.
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  • 153
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 18 (1980), S. 443-468 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The constitutional development of Nigeria which started under the British occupation has been marked by two fundamental principles: the decision to set the political evolution of the country on a federal basis, and the effort, far less successful, to integrate the traditional institutions into a modern political system. This second principle will be the subject of this article, which I hope will also shed some light on the complex relationships between tradition and modernity, and thus show the importance of ‘primordial loyalties’ in political life.
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  • 154
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 18 (1980), S. 493-508 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The potential for superpower confrontation on the Horn of Africa in 1977 and 1978 focused world attention on Somalia. For a few brief months, the popular press published regular accounts of President Siad Barre's military campaign in the Ogaden desert against neighbouring Ethiopia. The U.S. Department of State heralded the rôle of Soviet and Cuban advisers in the conflict. When Somalia ousted the Russian forces and abrogated the Treaty of Friendship and Co-operation with the U.S.S.R., the move was interpreted as a major diplomatic setback for Moscow. Now, as quickly as it erupted, the news flow about the Horn has halted.
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  • 155
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 18 (1980), S. 509-524 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: When Henry Kissinger became Secretary of State in September 1973 he instructed all American embassy personnel to monitor human rights in the countries in which they were serving. President Jimmy Carter was not responsible for America's interest in human rights, only for the policy of affirmative action. When his Assistant Secretary for Human Rights commenced work she found only two members of the State Department permanently assigned to the task, and her sole guideline was the manual for setting up her office.
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  • 156
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 18 (1980), S. 525-531 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Throughout Ghana many commercial passenger vehicles bear mottos and names, boldly written on their bodies, usually at the front. The widespread nature of these inscriptions would seem to suggest that they are a part of the occupational sub-culture, namely the distinctive pattern of behaviour, norms, and customs which serves to identify commercial transportation. A general theme running throughout the present study is that this sub-culture reflects not only the unique needs of the drivers, but also the socio-economic and cultural environment within which they operate.
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  • 157
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 18 (1980), S. 533-540 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The Lesotho Minister for Agriculture, Co-operatives, and Marketing was reported recently to have shaken the delegates at the World Conference on Agrarian Reform and Development in Rome by his observation on the value of such intergovernmental gatherings on the subject of development:
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  • 158
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 18 (1980), S. 1-4 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 159
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 18 (1980), S. 1-6 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 160
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 18 (1980), S. 541-549 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: On 22 October 1966, 393 students, all but 70 of them from the University College, demonstrated in Dar es Salaam against the Tanzania Government's proposals for National Service to be compulsory for students completing their education at Form VI level and above.1 Marching through the streets of the capital to show their disapproval, and carrying banners some of which read ‘Colonialism was Better’2 they were diverted to State House, where they had to deliver their ultimatum to the President, Mwalimu Julius K. Nyerere, in person. Flanked by his Ministers, he listened to their demand that unless the terms of the National Service were changed they would not accept the scheme in spirit: ‘Let our bodies go, but our souls will remain outside the scheme’. In his reply, the President made it clear that he had no intention of forcing anyone into National Service against his will. But since these students were unwilling to serve the nation, they should be returned immediately to their parental homes. Whereupon the demonstrators were rounded up by waiting (and obviously prepared) police, finger-printed, and despatched under armed guards to their homes throughout the country.
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  • 161
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 18 (1980), S. 237-256 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: There is general agreement that sports are used for political purposes. The controversy over whether this should or should not be the case is really a struggle about how they should be used. Those who argue for the separation of sports and politics tend to be satisfied with the existing use, while those against the separation tend to be dissatisfied with the present situation. The positions are rational: each group seeks to use this arena to achieve its own political objectives. Although some involvement of politics in sports appears universal, the degree varies considerably from country to country.
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  • 162
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 18 (1980), S. 181-200 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Only a few social scientists outside the field of Middle East studies are aware that in the sovereign state of Libya today there is no government. Indeed, it is not likely to have one so long as the country's strongman, Colonel Mu'ammar al-Qadhafi,1 continues to be the leader of the Libyan revolution. This has been the case ever since 2 March 1977, when the institution of government in its traditional legal-bureaucratic sense was dismantled, and the people's authority, exercised through people's congresses and committees, was proclaimed. By this action, Libya initiated in practice the so-called era of jamahiriya—the era of the masses and the practice of direct democracy – and has taken a number of steps in that direction. A recent example was the renaming of some of its embassies overseas as ‘people's bureaux’, with Libyan students and citizens taking charge of their functions and management.2 This action, instigated personally by Qadhafi, was intended to illustrate to the world that since Libya has no government, ordinary Libyan citizens overseas represent themselves directly to foreign peoples.
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  • 163
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 18 (1980), S. 281-295 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Although the analysis which follows centres upon the West African state of Mali, much of what is said applies in varying measure to other examples of military state capitalism in Africa and elsewhere. Its importance is underscored by the fact that this is an increasingly common régime variant in the Third World. Similarly, domestic militarism has been transformed from an unusual occurrence to a phenomenon which evokes little more than a déjà vu response. Today nearly half of the governments of the ‘South’ are directly or indirectly dominated by the military, whereas three decades ago little more than 15 per cent could be so classified.
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  • 164
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 18 (1980), S. 330-332 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 165
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 18 (1980), S. 332-334 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 166
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 18 (1980), S. 334-337 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 167
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 18 (1980), S. 1-4 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 168
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 18 (1980), S. 1-22 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: In October 1970, after the civil war had ended, General Yakubu Gowon reiterated his earlier pledge that military rule would be terminated on 1 October 1976, but two years before that date he postponed the return to civilian rule indefinitely on the grounds that Nigerians had not yet demonstrated ‘moderation and self-control in pursuing sectional ends’.1 In July 1975, nine years after his own elevation to Head of the Federal Military Government (F.M.G.), Gowon was removed by a coup d'état led by Brigadier Murtala Mohammed, who cited mismanagement as the immediate reason. However, after the coup, ‘well-placed spokesmen for the new administration...reaffirmed that the goals of the coup were to restore the good image of the military and to create conditions which will make reactive military intervention unnecessary in the future’.2
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  • 169
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 18 (1980), S. 143-150 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Disappointed with the development performance of most Third-World countries during the past two decades, many scholars and public officials have looked for a more effective strategy. They are concerned not merely with the extent of growth, but where it has occurred, with evidence that relatively little of the benefits of increased productivity has ‘trickled down’ to the poorer half of the populations of these lands. Capital-intensive methods have raised expectations in both the urban and the rural areas without generating adequate employment opportunities or distributing the benefits of growth equitably. As a consequence, the many poor remain as desperately disadvantaged as they ever were, making a re-evaluation of development priorities, within as well as outside of Africa, of the utmost importance at this juncture.
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  • 170
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 171
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 172
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 833-874 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The vital importance of the Indian Army as the guardian of the imperial order in India was never more evident than during the interwar years. The period from 1919 to the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939 was a testing time for the Raj; state authority was being challenged by a mounting nationalist movement, and public order was frequently disrupted by civil disobedience campaigns, as well as recurrent outbreaks of communal violence. In maintaining public order the colonial state had always been prepared to rely on that ultimate guarantee of its authority and power–the Indian Army. However, in frequent discussions of the deployment of the military in 'aid of civil power', the continued loyalty of the bulk of the army the Indian soldiers and officers, was never questioned, and seemed to be taken for granted.2 Yet, both the Government of India and the to be taken for granted.2 Yet, both the Government of India and the Army Headquarters were well awar that the 'loyalty' of the Army could never be guaranteed, and that it was conditional upon a stable and pacified recruiting base; if that base were to be 'subverted', then the Indian Army, or portions of it, would not only cease to be of use as an instrument of state power, but could ultimately pose a threat to the Raj itself
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  • 173
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 174
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 475-502 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the Sino-Soviet conflict intensified and at the same time the Sino-American rapprochement was well under way. When the Americans began to search for an answer to the question of ‘Why Vietnam’, some US foreign relation documents in the later 1940s were released, which indicated that the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) had made certain friendly overtures toward the United States. Since then, it has become a widely-accepted interpretation among scholars that Washington ‘lost a chance’ to win over the CCP from Moscow in the late 1940s. The fundamental premise of this interpretation is that the CCP earnestly bid for American friendship and support as a counterweight to pressure from the Soviet Union. It is argued that the CCP sincerely sought the US recognition right up to the middle of and that it was only after their bids for American support were rejected by Washington that the Communists had to choose the ‘lean-to-one-side’ policy. In short, Washington's shortsighted policy in 1949 ‘forced Beijing into Moscow's embrace’, and therefore set in motion a train of disastrous events: the Korean War and the Vietnam War. A promising postwar Asian balance in favour of the US was ruined.
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  • 175
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 615-647 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: A puzzling feature of interwar Anglo-Indian economic relations is the contrast between Whitehall's relatively hands-off attitude to Indian tariff policies, and its insistent hands-on approach to monetary policy issues in the colony. Both sets of issues were, at various times, equally contentious. But while Britain's strategic objectives in India paved the way for the Fiscal Autonomy Convention, the road towards a similar monetary ‘convention’ was never taken. Rather, thanks to Britain's external financial problems, the interwar decades saw initially a tightening, and later a refinement, of London's control over Indian monetary policies. This paper hopes to set out the processes at work more clearly than has been attempted before, and to account for them. The interpretation offered here is consistent with the ‘gentlemanly capitalism’ explanation of British imperialism during the interwar years, and of the postwar de-colonization process.
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  • 176
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 673-737 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Some write because they travel, and some travel because they write. A large number of progessional writers, not just travel-writers, have derived inspiration from travel: equally, a large number of travellers, who are not professional writers, have nevertheless often felt compelled to encapsulate their experience in literary form. It is the aim of this paper to survey such British travel literature relating to Southeast Asia during the period of massive transformation dating approximately from the ‘20S to the ’ 50S of this century. It is not intended to be comprehensive, but representative of the major landmarks of that literature along with some lesser-known works of particular interest.
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  • 177
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 875-889 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Most studies have concentrated on the Muslim League's political activities and objectives. It is generally believed that it lacked a distinctive economic programme and unequivocally favoured private enterprise. The radical economic ideas produced by its Punjab and Bengal branches are attributed to a handful of activists who received short shrift from the High Command. The League's stance is thus contrasted with the Congress which addressed economic issues from a largely Socialist perpective.
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  • 178
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 893-896 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 179
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 533-556 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Writing to John Morley, the Secretary of State for India, a few days after the first terrorist bomb was thrown by a Bengali, the Viceroy Lord Minto declared that the conspirators aimed ‘at the furtherance of murderous methods hitherto unknown in India which have been imported from the West, and which the imitative Bengali has childishly accepted’.This notion later was taken up and developed by Times correspondent Valentine Chirol, who wrote that Bengalis had ‘of all Indians been the most slavish imitators of the West, as represented, at any rate, by the Irish Fenian and the Russian anarchist’. Chirol went on to say that ‘European works on various periods of revolutionary history figure almost invariably amongst seizures of a far more compromising character whenever the Indian police raids some centre of Nationalist activity.’ This indicated that Bengali revolutionary terrorism was simply a takeoff on the European variety. The only indigenous element in it was the dangerous infusion of Hindu religious fanaticism.
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  • 180
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 216-217 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 181
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 589-614 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Few books are exemplars of real hard work sustained over a lengthy period of time as is John Smith's The Epic of Pabuji(1991). Starting his investigation of the scroll of cloth painting in 1973, a huge structure measuring fifteen feet by four, locally termed par, before which this epic is sung by a special caste of people, lower in hierarchy, called Naik Bhopa, Smith in a span of eighteen years has accomplished a work of lasting stay in the ethnographic tradition of south Asia as well as the discipline of folklore in general. Before this book was published, he had also contributed some important papers (in 1986 and 1989) on Pabu-ji. As far as I know, it is rare that Sanskritists, which Smith is at Cambridge, pay attention to ‘popular (or “non-Sanskritic”) traditions’ of people, and if at all they do, introducing the anthropological method of fieldwork in their study, their works are still laden with Indological references and scholarship where the actual voice of people is lost in oblivion or relegated to the back seat. But it does not happen with Smith; he is not only committed to listening to people's voice in its own right and place, but also provides a fair, up to date, and scholarly account of Pabu-ji's story and its role and niche in the local culture of Rajasthan. Therefore, his work is also of considerable interest to anthropologists, especially those working on the sociology of cult, popular religion, and non- literate traditions and their meanings.
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  • 182
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 183
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 439-447 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 184
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 27 (1993), S. 843-870 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Since the Second World War, an important school of social science scholarship in Southeast Asia has explained pre-national social hierarchy in terms of religious cosmology, or religious beliefs in the ordering principles of merit and karma (Heine-Geldern, 1956; Geertz, 1980; Errington, 1989). With respect to Siam/Thailand, Tambiah (1970, 1976, 1984) exemplifies this approach in its strong form—he has attempted to explain all religious practices of the ‘Thais’ as expressions of Buddhist orthodoxy. For these writers, religious and cosmological meaning is fundamental, and subsumes the economic dimension. Their emphasis on cultural coherence contrasts with a second school of thought exemplified by Scott (1977, 1985) which focuses on slippage or difference between the ‘great traditions’ represented in Thailand by Buddhism, and little traditions of peasantries, based on local experience, pre-existing little traditions or the appropriation of past ‘great traditions’.
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  • 185
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  • 186
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 27 (1993), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 187
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 27 (1993), S. 573-591 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Political rituals can be seen as non-verbal expressions of an existing or desired political reality. Whether ritual is defined with the emphasis on the cremonial aspect (Tennekens), with attention to emotional meaning (Lukes) or with regard to repetitions (Kertzer), all definitions stress this symbolic function. Rituals are about the expression of a wish or a fact in symbolic form, in other words they refer to another reality behind the directly observable. Rituals are a form of communication about deeper values, norms and relationships. Political rituals thus convery messages about political relationships and the configurations and exercise of power.
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  • 188
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 27 (1993), S. 475-572 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The historiography of precolonial Southeast Asia remains remarkably fragmented and inaccessible, even by the standards of that variegated region. We have a limited number of country monographs. But no systematic overview of Southeast Asian political or economic history has been attempted for all, or even part, of the period between the waning of the classical states in the fourteenth century and the onset of high colonialism in the early nineteenth. Scholarly surveys, like the magisterial and still standard magnum opus of D. G. E. Hall, make discretion the better part of valor by providing separate country chapters without integrative theme or comment.
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  • 189
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 27 (1993), S. 253-279 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: It is a commonplace in modern Chinese history that the twin-concept of t'i–yung espoused a doctrine of cultural conservatism in late-Ch'ing China. Briefly, the dichotomy is seen as a call to preserve the ‘substance’ (t'i) of the Chinese cultural tradition by adopting the ‘function’ (yung) of Western technology, or simply, to strengthen Confucian China by implementing Western-inspired reforms; hence, the famous slogan, ‘Chinese learning for fundamental principles and Western learning for practical application’ (Chung-hsueh wei-t'i Hsi-hsueh weiyung). Both the slogan and the position it reflects have long come under criticism. An early, influential critic was Yen Fu, the well-known interpreter of Social Darwinism in late-Ch'ing China. In 1902, in a published open letter to the editor of Wai-chiao pao (Foreign affairs magazine), Yen expanded on an earlier view of a contemporary schlar, Ch'iu T'ing-liang, that the notion of t'i-yung, when properly applied, refers to the two complementary aspects of a single entity and not to attributes from two different juxtaposed objects. To drive home his point, Yen cites an analogy. An ox as t'i has its yung, which is to carry heavy loads, whereas a horse as t'i has its yung, which is to go long distances. Now the attempt to combine a t'i with an extraneous yung is like ascribing a horse's function to an ox's body, or vice versa, and the result could only be a bizarre mismatch, an affront to nature's purposes.
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  • 190
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 507-544 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Ever since its occurrence, the ‘Manchurian Incident’ of September 1931 has been interpreted, by both Japanese and non-Japanese writers, as a crucial event in modern Japanese and, indeed, world history. Not least, it has been identified as the beginning of Japan's ‘fifteen-year war’. Whether or not such judgements are accepted, it must be recognized that the Manchurian Incident and subsequent events significantly affected the workings of Japanese politics in the 1930s, the relationship between civil and military authorities and Japan's international image in the years leading up to the Pacific War.
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  • 191
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  • 192
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 193
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 679-700 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The basic administrative unit in the Spanish Philippines was the pueblo or municipal township. The pueblo encompassed both settled and unsettled districts within its geographical boundaries. The town centre Known as the población was the largest single residential zone within the municipality but was surrounded by smaller satellite communities. Beyond these areas of settlement were the sparsely populated regions of swamp, forest, plain or mountain. Size varied enormously both in geographical extent and population density from a few hundred families clustered in a single village or barangay in frontier areas to many tens of thousands of persons spread over a number of settlements in the lowland provinces of Luzon and the central Visayas.2 The administrative boundaries of one pueblo, however, bordered upon another so that all areas under Spanish suzerainty fell within one or other of these municipalities.
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  • 194
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 763-790 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: This paper attempts to examine Śrīnivāsdās's Parīksāguru ‘Experience is the only teacher’ (1882) generally considered to be the first novel in Hindi,as a novel which draws its subject matter from the extravagant life-styles of the traditional Hindu elites, the rich Hindu bankers and traders, rather than from the peculiar traits of the middle class as is generally asscrted by Hindi scholars.
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  • 195
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 31-47 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: AbstractMigration from the countryside to urban provincial centres and capital cities is a major reason why rural communities in southeast Asia suffer extensively from acute poverty and ill health. In Thailand, as elsewhere, it is principally the young and able who move to the cities in search of jobs, and whose departure impoverishes even more their home communities. The Thai Sangha has traditionally accommodated this pattern of migration by providing educational opportunities for those who ordain at an early age, but in recent years a variety of schemes has enabled monks to learn secular skills which equip them to become ‘practitioners of development’ in their home regions. This training has gone hand in hand with attempts by leading scholar monks to reformulate Buddhist teaching to emphasize the importance of living in self-reliant communities which are alert to the most up-to-date scientific information available on health care and environmental protection.
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  • 196
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 591-608 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Kang Sheng—a veteran counter-intelligence official and close political ally of Mao Zedong's—is said to have remarked in the winter of 1959 that among the critics of the Great Leap Forward (GLF) there was ‘One soldier’ and ‘One civilian’ whose criticisms were ‘in close harmony’. The soldier was Peng Dehuai, China's Minister of Defence, who had clashed with Mao at the Lushan Conference that summer, and whose criticism of the GLF had subsequently been denounced by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Central Committee as an ‘attempt at splitting the Party´ and ‘a ferocious assault on the Party Center and Comrade Mao Zedong's leadership’. The civilian was Yang Xianzhen, the President of the Central Party School, who had aroused Kang's wrath by condemning the GLF as hopelessly Utopian, and by claiming that it already had brought on starvation and might yet bring about the collapse of the CCP.
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  • 197
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 815-853 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Indian newspapers and academic journals assault their readers with stories of large-scale communal violence and of the communalization of India's political institutions. These stories are frequently accompanied by pious editorials which enact the well-known Indian ritual of paying lip-service to the concept of ‘secularism’. Secularism is one question on which intellectuals have made common cause with social workers and politicians, joining them in meetings and seminars, even participating in the peace marches which are commonly organized in the aftermath of communal riots. There have even been occasions in which individuals who are known to have been involved, directly or otherwise, in communal battles, have participated in these rites of secularism.
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  • 198
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 199
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 495-506 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: With the current and continuing collapse of marxist-stalinist structures occurring in the eastern part of our European world and the ensuing debate now circulating about personal cultship and the mythologies surrounding it, I feel I must congratulate the convenor of this 1990 Oxford Trinity College lecture programme for the title he chose to bestow upon the small part I am responsible for discussing.
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  • 200
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 569-589 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: In June 1930, units of the 10th Red Army, which had been formed in northeastern Jiangxi by Fang Zhimin and Shao Shiping, entered the ancient porcelain town of Jingdezhen. The capture of the town brought the modern revolutionary politics of the Chines Communits Party (CCP) into contact with the local government and trades union organizations of a conservative, traditionally-minded town. Jingdezhen remained under the influence of the Red Army from 1930 until the strategic withdrawal from the Northeast Jiangxi Soviet in 1933 which was the forerunner of the complete withdrawal from the Jiangxi base areas and the Long March. There is ample information on the organization of the N.E. Jiangxi Soviet base and its best-known leader, Fang Zhimin, but most studies concentrate on the political structure of the Soviet government, the career and personality of Fang and the peasant milieu in which the Soviet emerged.1 Jingdezhen was not a peasant society or a major city: it was an intermediate small town world with part of the population permanently resident and many seasonal workers from the rural areas who provided a link with peasant communities.
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