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  • Articles  (1,005)
  • Wiley  (798)
  • Springer  (207)
  • Nature Publishing Group
  • 2020-2020
  • 2000-2004  (1,005)
  • 1945-1949
  • Information Science and Librarianship  (1,005)
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  • Articles  (1,005)
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  • Wiley  (798)
  • Springer  (207)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Forgetting and the Ageing of Scientific Publications (2000)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 47 (2000), S. 43-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, I will argue that the process of ageing in scientific publications on the one hand, and the process of obsolescence and forgetting to which all kinds of phenomena, people and events are exposed on the other, develop with the same speed. Whereas in the literature on the subject it is stated that the speed of the ageing of scientific literature is exponential, it is shown that the decay from 'age 4' is best described by an inverse function, as was already brought to light in reference to forgetting of people and events as measured by the frequencies of calendar years in large text corpora. The empirical bases are SCI data as presented by Nakamoto and various files of reference data collected by the author. It is shown that the decay curve of the reference frequencies from 'age 4' backwards is independent of time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005613725039
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inside the Frontier Areas of Research in Physics: A Micro Level Analysis (2000)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 47 (2000), S. 131-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In an earlier study, a methodology was described for identifying Frontier Areas in a research field, i.e., areas which experienced in a particular time period significant increase in research output in comparison to a preceding time period. The application of this methodology was shown by identifying Frontier Areas of research in Physics in 1995. Comparison was done with respect to the outputs in different areas in 1990. Profiles of countries active in the identified Frontier Areas were then constructed. In this paper, attempt is made to reveal the active research topics/themes within these Frontier Areas in 1990 and 1995. The active research topics, which are uncovered, are classified as Frontier Topics. Countries active in these frontier topics are distinguished in each time period. Association among countries and Frontier Topics are observed using the multivariate technique of correspondence analysis. Dynamics are observed by analysing the changes in the profiles of the countries in the two time periods. Results and implications of this study for decision-making and as a policy tool are highlighted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005626027764
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Is the European Union Becoming a Single Publication System? (2000)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 47 (2000), S. 265-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Using percentage performance shares of individual member states, the European Union can be assessed as if it were a network publication system. The prediction of systemness (based on the Markov property of the distribution) can be tested against the predictions of trend lines for individual nations. The publication performance of the EU can also be compared to that of the USA and Japan. The results suggest that a comparison with (global) world trade is important for understanding developments between the various R&D systems. Predictions for the 1999 indicator values are also provided.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005639026643
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Science in Africa: A Bibliometric Panorama Using PASCAL Database (2000)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 47 (2000), S. 457-473 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract PASCAL, whose troublesome artefacts we highlight, also has its strong points (multidisciplinarity, codification of the topic of each article, better coverage of some countries). As other sources, it shows that the current decade is one of crisis in African research. However, developments are highly contrasted, depending on the discipline and the regions. To the north of Africa, the Maghreb is witnessing an unprecedented gain in power. Nigerian science is in quite the contrary situation, imploding. In the rest of Africa, classification of countries brings to evidence very striking changes in order. Basic science declines. The Agricultural and the Medical sciences are stagnating. Conversely, the Engineering sciences are growing, in particular to the North of the Sahara.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005615816165
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Trends and Profile in Enzyme Engineering Research during 1971–98 (2000)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 48 (2000), S. 27-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract There is sufficient evidence to prove the potential of immobilized enzymes to be commercially successful in many industries, but a survey of products in biotechnology and some reports indicate its limited success. To visualize the factual status, the present study looks into trends and profiles of this field using scientometric methods. The salient results show a steady decline in outputs in the form of patents and publications since 1993 along with a decline in the number of groups from academics and industries. Among the countries involved, there is also a decline, though USA and Japan show some strength in basic and applied research, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005676217471
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contribution of Turkish Researchers to the World's Biomedical Literature (1988–1997) (2000)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 48 (2000), S. 71-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The contribution of Turkish researchers to positive sciences is increasing. Turkish scientists published more than 5100 articles in 1998 in scientific journals indexed by the Institute for Scientific Information's Science Citation Index, which elevated Turkey to the 25th place in the world rankings in terms of total contribution to science. In this paper, we report the preliminary findings of the bibliometric characteristics (authors and affiliations, medical journals and their impact factors, among others) of a total of 8442 articles published between 1988 and 1997 by scientists affiliated with Turkish institutions and indexed in the MEDLINE database.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005632402450
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Knowledge Production and Knowledge Flows in the Swedish Biotechnology Innovation System (2000)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 48 (2000), S. 179-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract As a basis for policy decisions, governments are increasingly using analysis of systems of innovation. Fundamental to the systems of innovation approach is the recognition that innovation processes essentially are interactive activities. The present paper illustrates the use and limitations of bibliometries in analysing the knowledge production and knowledge flows in a section of an innovation system focusing on life science subject fields relevant to innovation processes in biotechnology. Bibliometrics can in this context be used to identify the actors in a research intensive innovation system, the scientific profiles of actors as well as identifying networks and collaboration patterns.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005644705175
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    To Screen or Not to Screen? Science Discourse in Two Health Policy Controversies, As Seen through Three Approaches to the Citation Evidence (2000)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 48 (2000), S. 307-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This article is an empirical study of two science and health policy controversies — "to screen or not to screen" with ultrasound in pregnancy and with mammography for breast cancer. In each case, conflicting experimental results have been published. Which of the results have been accepted within the medical science community? The article is also a theoretical and methodological study of three views of science — an institutional view, an interests view, and a semiotic view. How might each approach scientific publications as evidence? Could they be eclectically combined in a more complex view of science discourse?
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005636420708
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    International Collaboration in Indian Scientific Papers (2000)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 48 (2000), S. 381-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Internationally co-authored publications may be regarded as an indicator of scientific co-operation between countries and is of interest in science policy. In this study, the extent of international collaboration in Indian science has been estimated from SCI data in 1990 and 1994. We find an increase in collaboration both in terms of output and the extent of the network and significantly higher impact (IF) associated with internationally co-authored papers in several disciplines. However, there was no significant increase in IF of collaborative papers over time, whereas Indian papers in general showed a statistically significant, though small, increase in average impact from 1990 to 1994. The bulk of Indian scientific co-operation was with the developed Western nations and Japan, but it was often the smaller countries with a few co-authored papers which showed higher average impact. Co-operation with South Asian countries, initially low, has doubled in four years. By a combination of multivariate data analysis techniques the relative positions of India's partners in scientific collaboration have been mapped with respect to the fields of co-operation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005692505687
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Validation of Bibliometric Indicators in the Field of Microbiology: A Norwegian Case Study (2000)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 49 (2000), S. 7-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper addresses two related issues regarding the validity of bibliometric indicators for the assessment of national performance within a particular scientific field. Firstly, the representativeness of a journal-based subject classification; and secondly, the completeness of the database coverage. Norwegian publishing in microbiology was chosen as a case, using the standard ISI-product National Science Indicators on Diskette (NSIOD) as a source database. By applying an "author-gated" retrieval procedure, we found that only 41 percent of all publications in NSIOD-indexed journals, expert-classified as microbiology, were included under the NSIOD-category Microbiology. Thus, the set of defining core journals only is clearly not sufficient to delineate this complex biomedical field. Furthermore, a subclassification of the articles into different subdisciplines of microbiology revealed systematic differences with respect to representation in NSIOD's Microbiology field; fish microbiology and medical microbiology are particularly underrepresented. In a second step, the individual publication lists from a sample of Norwegian microbiologists were collected and compared with the publications by the same authors, retrieved bibliometrically. The results showed that a large majority (94%) of the international scientific production in Norwegian microbiology was covered by the database NSIOD. Thus, insufficient subfield delineation, and not lack of coverage, appeared to be the main methodological problem in the bibliometric analysis of microbiology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005653006993
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Socio-Bibliometric Mapping of Intra-Departmental Networks (2000)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 49 (2000), S. 81-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The mapping of author networks at academic departments is the focus of this study. Papers from two departments at two different universities, but within the same field of research, were analyzed in terms of co-authorship, direct and indirect citations among the authors. Considerable overlap was found between the co-authorship and the citation based networks. The paper also introduces the idea of socio-bibliometric maps that can be used to make social interpretations of bibliometric networks. The nodes of the networks were labeled by sex and seniority and supervisor-student links were also indicated. When reading the maps and tabulating the links it could be concluded that the two departmental networks were structured differently by sex and seniority.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005661208810
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Comparison of Iranian Scientific Publications in the Science Citation Index: 1985–1989 and 1990–1994 (2000)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 48 (2000), S. 427-442 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Iranian scientific publications in the Science Citation Index for two five-year periods, 1985–1989 and 1990–1994, were compared. Distributions of various attributes of the publication output for the two periods were obtained primarily through the Rank command of the Dialog Online System. Results include: productivity by publication year and by ranked order of the most productive Iranian authors; influence or impact of the most productive Iranian authors by ranking them as cited authors; collaboration of Iranian scientists with scientists from other countries; and the journals Iranian scientists published in and the journals they cite in their papers. The subject areas of Iran's scientific publications were examined vis-à-vis the world's publication output and that of the Third World Countries (TWC).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005648723433
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An Excursion into the Patent-Bibliometrics of Norwegian Patenting (2000)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 49 (2000), S. 63-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper makes the assumption that Norwegian patenting in the US reflects a quasi-universe of Norwegian technological capabilities. Based on this assumption, the paper combines a "patent-bibliometrics" and a "technometrics" approach to study other relevant bodies of knowledge these capabilities build upon. In order to study interactions at the "science-technology-innovation interface", the paper maps the citation patterns that radiate from the patent population (1990–96) to other areas of technology (patent-citations) and to science-bases (citations to Non-Patent Literature or NPL). The study identifies important technology-technology links that involve machinery, process-engineering and chemical and significant science-technology links that involve pharmaceuticals and instruments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005609224740
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Activity and Growth of Organic Chemistry Research in India During 1971–1989 (2000)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 49 (2000), S. 279-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The paper investigates Indian organic chemistry research activity during 1971–1989 using Chemical Abstracts. It attempts at quantification of national contribution to world efforts, and identify areas of relative strengths and weaknesses. Also models the growth of Indian organic chemistry output to world organic chemistry output as a whole and in sub-fields where the activity index for the world and India are similar.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010521203335
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Renormalized Impact Factor (2000)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 47 (2000), S. 3-9 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Many aspects determine the quality of scientific journals. The impact factor is one of these quantitative parameters. However, the impact factor has a strong dependence on the journal discipline. This dependence forbids a direct comparison between different journals without introducing external considerations. In this paper, a renormalized impact factor, Fr, inspired in the definition of dimensionless physical parameters, is proposed. Fr allows a direct comparison among journals classified into different categories and, furthermore, the time evolution analysis of the journal's role in its field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005600807292
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    Journal as Markers of Intellectual Space: Journal Co-Citation Analysis of Information Retrieval Area, 1987–1997 (2000)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 47 (2000), S. 55-73 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract A journal co-citation analysis of fifty journals and other publications in the information retrieval (IR) discipline was conducted over three periods spanning the years of 1987 to 1997. Relevant data retrieved from the Science Citation Index (SCI) and Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) are analysed according to the highly cited journals in various disciplines, especially in the Library & Information Science area. The results are compared with previous research that covered the data only from the Social Science Citation Index (SSCI). The analysis reveals that there is no distinct difference between these two sets of results. The results of current study show that IR speciality is multi-disciplinary with broad relations with other specialities. The field of IR is a mature field, as the journals used for research communication remained quite stable during the study period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005665709109
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Patent Statistics as Indicators of Competition an Analysis of Patenting in Biotechnology (2000)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 47 (2000), S. 95-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Numbers of patents cannot indicate the state of research or the contents of patent documentation cannot indicate the true technological features achieved. Patent statistics though so used, is not a good indicator of the economic returns to investments in research. Use of this statistics for understanding the degree of competition and the competition-driven research strategy is attractive. A patent document is part of the public knowledge in such a way as to restrict the growth of the future public knowledge. This portent on the future content of research and on the number and areas of research, by a current application is a competition-defining aspect. This effect on the lagged future applications and accepting patent disclosure as an intentional strategic data — are the most significant characteristics of patent statistics. The present paper applied this understanding, and generated a number of indices derived from data bases on patenting. These are indicators on Competition, Technology Pool, Language Technology Pool, Modified Competition, Market Attractiveness and on the Strength of Patent Market. Values of these indicators for biotechnological research and for several countries have been derived as example.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005669810018
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Using Hypertext Metrics to Measure Research Output Levels (2000)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 47 (2000), S. 227-236 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Two common ways to measure the "output" of a researcher (or research group) are to count numbers of publications and to count the citations (references to these publications in publications of others). These simple methods are flawed because they cannot easily take into account the differences in publication and citation habits in different scientific communities. An alternative approach is to view citations as hypertext links, and to use or adapt hypertext metrics to compare the scientific output of researchers, in comparison to that of others in areas with similar publication and citation patterns. We show how hypertext metrics, introduced by Botafogo, Rivlin and Shneiderman, can be modified in order to identify comparable research fields based on their publication and citation pattern. An author's performance can then be compared to that of others in research fields with a similar pattern.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005682808896
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some Thoughts on the Interaction between Scientometrics and Science and Technology Policy (2000)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 47 (2000), S. 253-264 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In 1988 Le Pair postulated the existence of a citation gap for technological research. Several cases were studied, which confirmed his hypothesis. In the same period the use of bibliometric indicators for policy purposes increased. Here we saw the citation gap causing a disadvantage for application-oriented research groups. This is not merely an injustice, it also leads to suboptimum use of available funds, to the detriment of science as a whole. In addition, it may, in the long term, undermine the reputation of scientometrics as a science in its own right.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005686909804
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  • 20
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    Bibliometric Indicators Reflect Publication and Management Strategies (2000)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 47 (2000), S. 323-346 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In a bibliometric study of nine research departments in the field of biotechnology and molecular biology, indicators of research capacity, output and productivity were calculated, taking into account the researchers' participation in scientific collaboration as expressed in co-publications. In a quantitative approach, rankings of departments based on a number of different research performance indicators were compared with one another. The results were discussed with members from all nine departments involved. Two publication strategies were identified, denoted as a quantity of publication and a quality of publication strategy, and two strategies with respect to scientific collaboration were outlined, one focusing on multi-lateral and a second on bi-lateral collaborations. Our findings suggest that rankings of departments may be influenced by specific publication and management strategies, which in turn may depend upon the phase of development of the departments or their personnel structure. As a consequence, differences in rankings cannot be interpreted merely in terms of quality or significance of research. It is suggested that the problem of assigning papers resulting from multi-lateral collaboration to the contributing research groups has not yet been solved properly, and that more research is needed into the influence of a department's state of development and personnel structure upon the values of bibliometric indicators. A possible implication at the science policy level is that different requirements should hold for departments of different age or personnel structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005695111622
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  • 21
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    Technological Relevance of Science: An Assessment of Citation Linkages between Patents and Research Papers (2000)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 47 (2000), S. 389-412 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Patent citations to the research literature offer a way for identifying and comparing contributions of scientific and technical knowledge to technological development. This case study applies this approach through a series of analyses of citations to Dutch research papers listed on Dutch-invented and foreign patents granted in the US during the years 1987–1996. First, we examined the general validity and utility of these data as input for quantitative analyses of science-technology interactions. The findings provide new empirical evidence in support of the general view that these citations reflect genuine links between science and technology. The results of the various analyses reveal several important features of industrially relevant Dutch science: (1) the international scientific impact of research papers that are also highly cited by patents, (2) the marked rise in citations to Dutch papers on foreign-invented patents; (3) the large share of author-inventor self-citations in Dutch-invented patents; (4) the growing relevance of the life sciences, (5) an increase in the importance of scientific co-operation. We also find significant differences between industrial sectors as well as major contributions of large science-based multinational enterprises, such as Philips, in domestic science-technology linkages. The paper concludes by discussing general benefits and limitations of this bibliometric approach for macro-level analysis of science bases in advanced industrialised countries like the Netherlands.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005603513439
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  • 22
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    Speech Delivered at the 7th International Conference on Scientometric and Informetrics in Colima (1999) in the Honour of Dr. Cornelius Le Pair on the Occasion of His Retirement (2000)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 47 (2000), S. 449-450 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005659615256
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  • 23
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    Multidimensional Analysis of Trends in Patent Activity (2000)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 47 (2000), S. 475-492 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Only multidimensional analyses can provide overviews of complex relationships among many variables. We have previously illustrated the use of Correspondence Factor Analysis (CFA) in the analysis of publication profiles. In this article, we retrace our activity in patent analysis from the late 1970s to the present day and show how CFA is a particularly useful tool not only for describing the correlations between countries and technological fields but also for highlighting non-linear patenting time trends.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005667800235
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  • 24
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    An Analysis of Document Types Published in Journals Related to Physics: Proceeding Papers Recorded in the Science Citation Index Database (2000)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 47 (2000), S. 589-604 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The introduction of bibliometric indicators to compare the scientific performance of countries soon raised questions about what document types should be counted for comparison. The present study deals with the development of different document types published in journals related to Physics and recorded in the Science Citation Index. We first take a look at the evolution of the production and citation of papers by document type as well as at the specialization of countries in different document types. We then highlight some characteristics of the ISI document type category "Proceedings" followed by an analysis of publishers and average number of "Proceedings" pages.
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    Laboratory Activity Profiles: An Exploratory Approach (2000)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 47 (2000), S. 515-539 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This article proposes a method for characterizing the "activity profiles" of research laboratories. It is based on the "research compass card model" derived from the sociology of science, and which highlights the five complementary contexts in which research activities develop. A test was conducted in a regional setting on 75 labs. It demonstrates that simple indicators are enough to measure levels of involvement in each activity. Seven "activity profiles" based upon the mix by labs of their marked involvement were identified, crossing both institutional and disciplinary barriers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005671901143
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    A New Approach to the SCI Journal Citation Reports, a System for Evaluating Scientific Journals (2000)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 47 (2000), S. 605-625 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The Science Citation Index, Journal Citation Reports (JCR), published by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) and designed to rank, evaluate, categorize and compare journals, is used in a wide scientific context as a tool for evaluating researchers and research work, through the use of just one of its indicators, the impact factor. With the aim of obtaining an overall and synthetic perspective of impact factor values, we studied the frequency distributions of this indicator using the box-plot method. Using this method we divided the journals listed in the JCR into five groups (low, lower central, upper central, high and extreme). These groups position the journal in relation to its competitors. Thus, the group designated as extreme contains the journals with high impact factors which are deemed to be prestigious by the scientific community. We used the JCR data from 1996 to determine these groups, firstly for all subject categories combined (all 4779 journals) and then for each of the 183 ISI subject categories. We then substituted the indicator value for each journal by the name of the group in which it was classified. The journal group may differ from one subject category to another. In this article, we present a guide for evaluating journals constructed as described above. It provides a comprehensive and synthetic view of two of the most used sections of the JCR. It makes it possible to make more accurate and complete judgements on and through the journals, and avoids an oversimplified view of the complex reality of the world of journals. It immediately reveals the scientific subject category where the journal is best positioned. Also, whereas it used to be difficult to make intra- and interdisciplinary comparisons, this is now possible without having to consult the different sections of the JCR. We construct this guide each year using indicators published in the JCR by the ISI.
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    Do Important Papers Produce High Citation Counts? (2000)
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    Scientometrics 48 (2000), S. 65-70 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In honor of the centennial of the American Astronomical Society, we asked 53 senior astronomers to select what they thought were the most important papers published in the Astronomical Journal or Astrophysical Journal during this century. This selection of important papers gives us the opportunity to determine whether important papers invariably produce high citation counts. We compared those papers with control papers that appeared immediately before and after the important papers. We found that the important papers published before 1950 produced 11 times as many citations on the average as the controls and after 1950, 5.1 times as many citations. Of the important papers, 92% produced more citations than the average for the control papers. Therefore important papers almost invariably produce many more citations than others, and citation counts are good measures of importance or usefulness. An appraisal of the 53 papers is that three are primarily useful collections of data or descriptions, 46 are fundamental studies giving important results, and four are both useful and fundamental. The lifetimes of all 53 important papers average 2.5 times longer than for the controls. The ages of the authors of these important papers ranged from 23 to 70, with a mean of 39±11 years, indicating that astronomers can write important papers at any age.
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    Science in Scandinavia: A Bibliometric Approach (2000)
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    Scientometrics 48 (2000), S. 121-150 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The development of publication activity and citation impact in Scandinavian countries is studied for the 1980–1997 period. Besides the analysis of trends in publication and citation patterns and of national publication profiles, an attempt is made to find statistical evidences of the relation between international co-authorship and both research profile and citation impact in the Nordic countries. A coherent Scandinavian cluster has been found, and the Nordic countries have strong co-authorship links with highly developed countries in West Europe and North America. It was found that international co-authorship, in general, results in publications with higher citation rates than purely domestic papers. International collaboration has, however, not the same influence on publication profiles and citation impact of each analysed countries.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005640604267
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    Critical Aspects of the Danish Welfare State — as Revealed by Issue Tracking (2000)
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    Scientometrics 48 (2000), S. 237-250 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The paper examines the applicability of informetric methods to trace the pattern of debate about the three main critical issues of the modern Welfare State in Denmark: economic aspects, legitimacy and functionality. The methodology of issue tracking is used to follow the developments of these issues in periods through national databases of various types covering information about the research, implementation, press and legislation aspects. The approach taken is novel in that it implements and tests issue tracking in this area of social sciences, and tries to reduce subjectivity in the analysis of trends influencing social policy and public opinion. The study aims to show how the emerging data and text mining techniques can be applied to integrate downloaded bibliographic data with other types of information in a strategic mix.
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    Threaded Email Messages in Self-Organization and Science & Technology Studies Oriented Mailing Lists (2000)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 48 (2000), S. 361-380 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The paper addresses the potential of Internet mailing lists to enhance academic research with respect to Gibbons' distinction between Mode I and Mode II knowledge production (Gibbons et al., 1994). We examine threaded email messages in a selection of Self-Organization and Science & Technology Studies oriented Internet mailing lists to illustrate the internal dynamics involved in the electronic production of knowledge. Of particular interest is the EuroCon-Knowflow mailing list which houses the electronic communication of the Self-Organization of the European Information Society (SOEIS) research group. The research focuses upon the discussion threads of mailing lists. The use of threaded messages as our hermeneutic units of analysis provides the basis for a reflection upon three key theoretical positions: Medium Theory, Actor-Network Theory, and Self-Organization Theory. With respect to the latter, we measure for self-organized criticality by comparing the frequency and size of threaded messages. Using this and other methods as operationalized modes of theorizing we reveal network dynamics particular to the Internet mailing list.
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    Some Characteristics of Young vs. Established American Astronomers: Entering the New Century (2000)
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    Scientometrics 48 (2000), S. 403-411 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract A third cohort of (mostly) young astronomers, who earned their PhDs around a median date of 1994 and who have recently applied for election to membership in the International Astronomical Union from the USA or for tenure-track faculty positions has been added to earlier samples (median years of PhD 1982 and 1962.5), and the samples examined for demographic trends. The three groups are of similar size (304, 269, and 268 astronomers from earliest to latest). The third, youngest, cohort includes more foreign-born and/or trained scientists than either of the earlier ones (about 1/2 vs. about 1/4) and more women (about 15% vs. about 10% for the two earlier groups). The median length of time from BS or BS to PhD, which had lengthened from 4 to 6 years, has apparently leveled off at 6 years. And, compared to the previous "young" sample, the present one includes many more job seekers and many fewer IAU aspirants.
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    The International Visibility and Citation Impact of Scandinavian Research Articles in Selected Social Science Fields: The Decay of a Myth (2000)
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    Scientometrics 49 (2000), S. 39-61 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The article covers the period 1989–1998. It investigates the results and meaningfulness of applying the Social Science Citation Index (SSCI, ISI, USA) to publication and citation studies of nine selected Social Science research areas in Scandinavia by analysing the international visibility, the research profiles, and relative citation impact. The study demonstrates that the areas Economics, Political Science, Sociology & Anthropology, Social Policy, Language & Linguistics, and, for Denmark and Finland, Information & Library Science as well as, for Sweden, Management studies, are well anchored internationally with a visibility in line with common S&T domains. The journal article world share of the region is increasing rapidly. Other small European countries, like the Netherlands, are even more substantially represented as regards citation analyses. The conclusion is that SSCI, although biased towards Anglo-American publications, actually makes room for valid bibliometric and scientometric analyses of research published by Scandinavian and other smaller countries with English as the second language in journals regarded international by ISI.
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    Does Peer Review Predict the Performance of Research Projects in Health Sciences? (2000)
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    Scientometrics 47 (2000), S. 11-23 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Peer review is a basic component of the scientific process, but its performance has seldom been evaluated systematically. To determine whether pre-approval characteristics of research projects predicted the performance of projects, we conducted a retrospective cohort study of all 2744 single-centre research projects financed by the Spanish Health Research Fund since 1988 and completed before 1996. Peer review scores of grant applications were significant predictors of performance of funded projects, and the likelihood of production was also higher for projects with a basic research component, longer duration, higher budget or a financed research fellow. Funding agencies should monitor their selection process and assess the performance of funded projects to design future strategies in supporting health sciences research.
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    The Introduction of Economic Methods to Scientometrics: The Citing-Cited Table and the Autopoietic Systems of Citations (2000)
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    Scientometrics 47 (2000), S. 117-130 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The paper is introducing an economic method (interindustry relations analysis) into studies of autopoietic systems and shows its application to scientometrics, which can also be regarded as the analysis of autopoietic systems. The merit of the application is discussed, and the outline of the proof of a related theorem is suggested in the appendix.
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    P. S. Nagpaul, K. C. Garg, B. M. Gupta, Editors Emerging Trends in Scientometrics: Essays in Honour of Dr. Ashok Jain (2000)
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    Scientometrics 47 (2000), S. 165-166 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    Fragmentation of the Intellectual Structure of Political Communication Study: Some Empirical Evidence (2000)
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    Scientometrics 47 (2000), S. 143-164 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This study applies a method of author co-citation analysis to examine the intellectual structure of political communication study. Fifty one influential authors were selected from active members of the Political Communication Divisions of the International Communication Association (ICA), the National Communication Association (NCA), and the American Political Science Association (APSA). The results of the multidimensional scaling analysis and cluster analysis of these 51 selected authors' co-citation patterns show that intellectual fragmentation exists in political communication research; scholars with different academic backgrounds exhibit specialties using particular research approaches to study certain subjects in the field; scholars do not have much information exchange, and thus they are intellectually separate and confined within the boundaries of each fragment. The findings of this quantitative study complements and cross-validates the assessment made by other traditional qualitative reviews about the field.
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    Communication between Science and Technology Studies Journals: A Case Study in Differentiation and Integration in Scientific Fields (2000)
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    Scientometrics 47 (2000), S. 169-193 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper analyzes the communication between science and technology journals (STS), to illustrate patterns of differentiation and integration within scientific fields. First the STS field is delineated, using journal-journal citations as the empirical base. A strong and increasing differentiation is found, between 'qualitative STS', 'quantitative STS' (scientometrics), and 'S&T policy studies'. Given this process of differentiation, the relations between the three sub-fields of STS are analyzed, in terms of mutual flows of information, the joint information base, and research topics. Is differentiation and codification of sub-fields visible? The findings suggest that the relations between qualitative and quantitative STS are one-sided, and that integration between the sub-fields is almost completely lacking. However, the relations between scientometrics and S&T policy studies are much stronger and more substantial, and the same is the case for scientometrics and information science.
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    The Distribution of N-Grams (2000)
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    Scientometrics 47 (2000), S. 237-252 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract N-grams are generalized words consisting of N consecutive symbols, as they are used in a text. This paper determines the rank-frequency distribution for redundant N-grams. For entire texts this is known to be Zipf's law (i.e., an inverse power law). For N-grams, however, we show that the rank (r)-frequency distribution is $${\text{P}}_{\text{N}} \left( {\text{r}} \right) = \frac{{\text{C}}}{{{\text{(}}\psi _{\text{N}} ({\text{r))}}^\beta }},$$ , where ψN is the inverse function of fN(x)=x lnN−1x. Here we assume that the rank-frequency distribution of the symbols follows Zipf's law with exponent β.
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    A Bibliometric Profile of Flemish Research in Natural, Life and Technical Sciences (2000)
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    Scientometrics 47 (2000), S. 281-302 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents an overview of recent R&D policy developments in Flanders and Belgium. Special attention is paid to evaluation and monitoring, which are seen as central elements of the Flemish Government's more dynamic science and technology policy. The paper describes the process of setting up the necessary instruments to perform bibliometric studies and the application of these instruments for drawing a profile of the natural, life and technical sciences research carried out in Flanders. Although the total publication output weighted by population or regional wealth, is still lower than that of other small, highly industrialised countries, the international visibility of this research is comparable, if not slightly higher.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005691010713
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    Scientometric Studies and Their Role in Research Policy of Two Research Councils in the Netherlands (2000)
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    Scientometrics 47 (2000), S. 363-378 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In the past 30 years various scientometric analyses have provided input data for research policy objectives of research institutions in the Netherlands. In this article we discuss several pioneering studies performed on behalf of the research councils for physics (FOM) and technical sciences (STW), which have played an important role in the early development of scientometrics in this country. The motives for these studies, the results and the influence on research policy are discussed. Relations to present themes in scientometric investigations are drawn.
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    Citation Analysis of Cuban Research. Part 1. A Case Study: The Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science (2000)
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    Scientometrics 47 (2000), S. 413-426 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Bibliometric analyses of research in developing countries are interesting for various reasons. The situation of Cuba is rather exceptional. The Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science (CJAS) is the only Cuban research journal, indexed by the Institute of Scientific Information's Web of Science (WoS). We explore the possibilities of a citation analysis for Cuban research publications in general and for those in CJAS in particular. For the period 1988–1999, we find that this journal represents 14% of Cuban research publications, cited in the WoS. We remark that the number of self citations is relatively high and even increases since 1995. The results are classified by disciplines and we use a co-citation matrix to discuss the different observed citation patterns.
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    What is Special about Patent Citations? Differences between Scientific and Patent Citations (2000)
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    Scientometrics 49 (2000), S. 93-123 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The emergence of pattent bibliometrics as a new branch of scientometrics necessitates a deeper understanding of the relationship between patents and papers. As this connection is established through the linkage between patents and research papers, one must have a clear idea of similarities and differences between patent and paper citations. This paper will investigate to what extent one can not only apply bibliometric methods to patents but also extend the existing interpretative framework for citations in research papers to the field of patent citations. After pointing out some parallels in the debates about the nature of citations in patents and scientific articles, the paper outlines those parts of bibliometric theory covering scientific citations that could be relevant to patent citations too. Then it highlights the specialties and peculiarities of patent citations. One major conclusion is that the general nature of a common framework for both scientific and patent citations would severely limit its usefulness, but research on academic citations might still be a great source of inspiration to the study of patent citations.
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    Bibliometric Analysis of Physics in Catalonia: Towards Quality Consolidation? (2000)
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    Scientometrics 49 (2000), S. 233-256 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper studies the main bibliometric figures in order to analyse the "states of the art" and the evolution of research in physics in Catalonia (Spain) between 1981 and 1998 via the National Citation Report (NCR) for Catalonia elaborated by ISI (Institute for Scientific Information). The main indicators and parameters used are: bibliometric size, rate of citation, citedness of papers, concentration of scientific categories, journals and types of paper, index of immediacy, international collaboration, and papers and citation distribution by research centres and universities.
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    Science in Scandinavia: A Bibliometric Approach (2000)
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    Scientometrics 49 (2000), S. 357-357 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    Scientometrics of Prolific and Non-Prolific Authors in Laser Science and Technology (2000)
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    Scientometrics 49 (2000), S. 359-371 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract An analysis of 766 publications by prolific authors in scientific journals indicate that prolific authors produce about 25% of the total scientific output in periodical literature in laser science and technology. The average productivity per author is about 2. Prolific authors from most of the countries belonged either to academic or research institutions except in USA and Japan. Prolific authors on average made more impact than non-prolific authors. However the situation varied from country to country.
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    The Reference-Frequency Relation in the Physical Sciences (2000)
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    Scientometrics 49 (2000), S. 443-451 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract We counted references in about 200 research papers in each of 16 journals in six physical sciences. They show that for average papers, the number of references is a linear function of the paper length. In fact, it is the same function for journals in different sciences. The fact that various physical sciences all give the same reference frequencies for papers of the same length and impact factor tells us that citation counts in those sciences can be intercompared. There is a dependence upon impact factor and a general relation is derived. In addition, the number of references increases by about 1.5% per year, probably due to the increase in the literature pertinent to any paper. The average paper lengths differ among the six sciences and three possible explanations for that difference are given.
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    Proposal for Using an Untapped Source of Citations Characterizing Scientific Areas (2000)
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    Scientometrics 49 (2000), S. 517-521 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Bibliographies of "reference books", namely Encyclopedias, Comprehensive Treatises, and Advanced Textbooks constitute a valuable source of information about seminal papers in various branches of science. Examples are given mainly for chemistry, but other areas might be treated similarly.
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    Using the Curriculum Vita to Study the Career Paths of Scientists and Engineers: An Exploratory Assessment (2000)
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    Scientometrics 49 (2000), S. 419-442 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we assess the utility of the curriculum vita (CV) as a data source for examining the career paths of scientists and engineers. CVs were obtained in response to an email message sent to researchers working in the areas of biotechnology and microelectronics. In addition, a number of CVs were obtained "passively" from a search of the Internet. We discuss the methodological issues and problems of this data collection strategy and the results from an exploratory analysis using OLS regression and event history analysis. In sum, despite difficulties with coding and variation in CV formats, this collection strategy seems to us to hold much promise.
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    A Note on Using Patent Statistics to Obtain Competition Indicators (2000)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 49 (2000), S. 511-515 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In a recent article a set of indicators have been proposed drawing upon patent statistics, which are meant to describe and compare firm and national research competence. However this article has raised more questions on the validity of such indicators as well as on their use. We have thus examined these issues so as to clarify the nature of the problems involved in the construction of competence and competitive indicators of firms and nations and their subsequent implementation on data bases.
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    On Growth, Ageing, and Fractal Differentiation of Science (2000)
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    Scientometrics 47 (2000), S. 347-362 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract On the basis of the measured time-dependent distribution of references in recent scientific publications, we formulate a novel model on the ageing of recent scientific literature. The framework of this model is given by a basic set of mathematical expressions that allows us to understand and describe large-scale growth and ageing processes in science over a long period of time. In addition, a further and striking consequence results in a self- consistent way from our model. After the Scientific Revolution in 16th century Europe, the 'Scientific Evolution' begins, and the driving processes growth and ageing unavoidably lead - just as in our biological evolution - to a fractal differentiation of science. A fractal structure means a system build up with sub-systems characterised by a power-law size distribution. Such a distribution implies that there is no preference of size or scale. Often this phenomenon is regarded as a fingerprint of self-organisation. These findings are in agreement with earlier empirical findings concerning the clustering of scientific literature. Our observations reinforce the idea of science as a complex, largely self-organising 'cognitive eco-system'. They also refute Kuhn's paradigm model of scientific development.
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    The Role of Large Multinationals in the Dutch Technology Infrastructure. A Patent Citation Analysis (2000)
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    Scientometrics 47 (2000), S. 427-448 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper investigates the impact of large multinational firms on the Dutch technology infrastructure. More specifically, it asks how the structure of the knowledge flows network matters for diffusion of technological knowledge in the Dutch economy. Patent citation analysis based on European Patent applications is used to quantify this network. The paper finds that there are large differences between firms in terms of the density of their 'ego-network', and the amount of knowledge spillovers to the Dutch economy that they generate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005607614347
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    Strategies of European SMEs in Biotechnology: The Role of Size, Technology and Market (2000)
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    Scientometrics 47 (2000), S. 541-560 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Both the technological and market focus of 228 European biotechnology SMEs are analysed in this paper. Data from the Genetic Engineering catalogue provide a complementary representation compared to the patent publications that are most commonly used. Results of the analysis produce a new view of the development of biotech SMEs. First, no pattern of specialisation by country is observed, even though three types of company with different technological focus can be distinguished in the sample. Second, it is argued that the rapid technological evolution in this domain can hardly be explained by a rapid evolution of the technological basis of the companies, and should consequently be explained primarily by the creation of new SMEs. Third, four different patterns of linkage between technology and market focus are observed, by means of co-word analysis.
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    Shadows of the Past in International Cooperation: Collaboration Profiles of the Top Five Producers of Science (2000)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 47 (2000), S. 627-657 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This article aims at a characterization of the cooperation behavior among five large scientific countries (France, Germany, Japan, United Kingdom and United States of America) from 1986 to 1996. It looks at the cooperation profiles of these countries using classical measures such as the Probabilistic Affinity. The results show the major influence which historical, cultural and linguistic proximities may have on patterns of cooperation, with few changes over the period of time studied.A lack of specific affinities among the three largest European countries is revealed, and this contrasts with the strong linkage demonstrated between United States and Japan. The ensuing discussion raises some questions as to the process of Europeanization in science. The intensity of bilateral cooperation linkages is then studied with regard to field specialization by country, and this analysis yields no general patterns at the scale studied. Specific bilateral behaviors are also analyzed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005632319799
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    Emphasis on Validation in Research: A Meta-Analysis (2000)
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    Scientometrics 48 (2000), S. 45-64 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The emphasis of validity as a publication content was investigated in dissertations and journal articles. The time of first publication, longitudinal publication profile, ratio of articles to dissertations, and time lag between dissertations and articles emphasizing validity were compared within and among various fields. A three-decade gap separated the first field adopting validity-related contents in its dissertations from the latest fields that did so. The longitudinal data suggested three groups of fields (Agricultural Sciences, Applied Sciences and Social Sciences) which showed consistent differences among groups and consistent similarities within groups in their emphasis on validity-related content. Adoption of validity-related content in dissertations always preceded adoption of validity-related content in journal articles. On average, less than 4% of journal articles included validity-related content across fields. These findings support the hypothesis that validity has been introduced and disseminated within fields following patterns predicted by diffusion of innovations theory. It is argued that this pattern is inconsistent with an efficient and interdisciplinary utilization of available knowledge. Policy recommendations are made for developing strategic communication and education programs for academicians and journal reviewers.
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    Proceedings of the 4th Nordic Workshop in Bibliometrics Copenhagen (Denmark), August 27–28, 1999 (2000)
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    Scientometrics 48 (2000), S. 117-120 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005688520197
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    The Bias of Sighted Reviewers in Research Proposal Evaluation: A Comparative Analysis of Blind and Open Review in Korea (2000)
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    Scientometrics 48 (2000), S. 99-116 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This article compares empirically the major factors affecting blinded and sighted reviewers in the selection of research proposals to be funded in a "scientifically small" country. Fisher's Z-test shows that the applicant characteristics (rank of undergraduate school where the applicant studied, professional age of the applicant, and academic recognition of the applicant) are the major factors leading to the significantly different evaluation scores between blinded and sighted reviewers. This means that "open" evaluation of research proposals is obviously biased. Policy implications of the findings and future research directions are discussed.
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    Bibliometric Distance between Methodology and Application in Statistics (2000)
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    Scientometrics 48 (2000), S. 85-97 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper analyses communications between statistical methodology and applied statistics in terms of the similarity and dissimilarity in their authorship and citation patterns, and further the communication distance between them in terms of mutual citation and the time lag therein. Hypotheses are presented on their difference and distance and are verified for data from the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, the oldest statistical society in the world. The data analysis reveals that they are indeed different and distant each other to a certain extent but less distinctly than initially conjectured in the hypotheses.
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    Patent Citations in a Novel Field of Technology — What Can They Tell about Interactions between Emerging Communities of Science and Technology? (2000)
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    Scientometrics 48 (2000), S. 151-178 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper aims to contribute to a better understanding of patent citation analysis in general and its application to novel fields of science and technology in particular. It introduces into the subject-matter by discussing an empirical problem, the relationship of nano-publications and nano-patents as representations of nano-science and nano-technology. Drawing on a variety of sources, different interpretations of patent citations are presented. Then, the nature of patent citations is further investigated by comparing them to citations in the scientific literature. After characterizing the citation linkage as indicators of reciprocal relationships between science and technology, patent citations in nano-science and technology are analyzed in terms of interfield and organizational knowledge-flows.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005692621105
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    Bibliometric Analysis of the Welfare Topic (2000)
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    Scientometrics 48 (2000), S. 203-236 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The article is reporting the results of the first part of an extensive informetric analysis of the Welfare topic, carried out in 1998–1999. The aim was to analyse the structure of the literature of international Welfare research, to provide a detailed picture of its basic theoretical and empirical concepts and the mutual relations existing between these concepts. The approach is novel in that through the application of quantitative (i.e., bibliometric) techniques it tries to reduce subjectivity in domain analysis and in the mapping of the developments and segmentation in special topical areas. The analysis used the technique of co-ordinated online searches in a cluster of international bibliographic databases in DIALOG. The identified 13 sub-topics have been in detail analysed, in three time intervals. By measuring trends and developments in the number of publications, term occurrences, similarity between the subject terms and formation of clusters among the subject segments the analysis provides a comprehensive review of such a complex research field as the Welfare State is. The study, which primary aim is to improve the methodology of quantitative analysis in the so called "soft" sciences, will increase the interest among social scientists, scholars of the humanities and library and information science to use databases as analytical tools and to apply the modern text mining techniques for the extraction of knowledge from bibliographic data.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005696722014
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    A Heuristic Study of the First-Citation Distribution (2000)
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    Scientometrics 48 (2000), S. 345-359 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The first-citation distribution, i.e. the cumulative distribution of the time period between publication of an article and the time it receives its first citation, has never been modelled by using well-known informetric distributions. An attempt to this is given in this paper. For the diachronous aging distribution we use a simple decreasing exponential model. For the distribution of the total number of received citations we use a classical Lotka function. The combination of these two tools yield new first-citation distributions. The model is then tested by applying nonlinear regression techniques. The obtained fits are very good and comparable with older experimental results of Rousseau and of Gupta and Rousseau. However our single model is capable of fitting all first-citation graphs, concave as well as S-shaped; in the older results one needed two different models for it. Our model is the function $$\Phi {\text{(t}}_{\text{1}} {\text{) = }}\gamma (1 - a^{{\text{t}}_{\text{1}} } )^{\alpha - 1} {\text{ }}.$$ Here γ is the fraction of the papers that eventually get cited, t1 is the time of the first citation, a is the aging rate and α is Lotka's exponent. The combination of a and α in one formula is, to the best of our knowledge, new. The model hence provides estimates for these two important parameters.
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    Bradford's Law in the Context of Information Provision (2000)
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    Scientometrics 49 (2000), S. 161-186 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The aim of the study is to study empirical use of Bradford's law for decisions concerning information systems in problem based fields, were journals from different disciplines cover relevant information. Results of comparison of the cores in different fields can be used as a base for tailoring an information system. Bradford's law is in the study applied on five databases in the topic "Information retrieval and seeking" in order to compare the size and titles of the core journals. These databases give different views of the same interdisciplinary topic. Problems are relevance judgments, which change the shape of the graphs, and consistency of concepts in the analysis. The results show that Bradford analyses can be useful tools in developing information systems.
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    Citation Ootprint Analysis Part I: UK and US Chemical Engineering Academics (2000)
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    Scientometrics 49 (2000), S. 289-305 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract A novel method of displaying the publication and citation characteristics of outputs of researchers using a graphical "footprint" has been developed. Its first application has been to compare the publication and citation characteristics of a small group of top UK, and US academic chemical engineers. The footprint demonstrates the Relationship Factors of publications in a number of related disciplines, as defined by ISI's Journal Citation Reports. The technique has been used to compare both individual academics and each national group as a whole. The results clearly show that US academic chemical engineers are far more interdisciplinary in their output than their UK counterparts. The technique has a number of potential applications, including tracking changes in a discipline over time, tracking individual academics' output over time, and comparing different disciplines for their interdisciplinarity.
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    Modelling the Growth of Literature in the Area of Theoretical Population Genetics (2000)
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    Scientometrics 49 (2000), S. 321-355 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Different approaches are introduced for studying the growth of scientific knowledge, as reflected through publications and authors. Selected growth models are applied to the cumulated growth of publications and authors in theoretical population genetics from 1907 to 1980. The criteria are studied on which growth models are to be selected for their possible application in the growth of literature. It is concluded that the power model is observed to be the only model among the models studied which best explains the cumulative growth of publication and author counts in the theoretical population genetics.
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    Search for Fundamental Articles in Economics (2000)
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    Scientometrics 49 (2000), S. 389-402 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this article is to demonstrate on the scientific field "economics" the search for fundamental articles. Co-word analysis and co-citation analysis enable to visualize the structure of a scientific field on the maps of science. Then we can find the fundamental themes on the maps. After finding the articles belonging to these fundamental themes we can discuss the fundamentality of the formers, too.
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    The Publication Productivity of Young Scientists: An Empirical Study (2000)
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    Scientometrics 49 (2000), S. 453-490 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This research was conducted on a sample of 840 respondents who represent half of the Croatian population of young scientists. There are three main features which define the publication productivity of young scientists. 1) Despite the worsened position of R & D, they publish more scientific papers than the young generations of scientists at the beginning of the nineties. 2) Differences between a highly-productive minority, which produces on average half of all scientific publications, and a low-productive majority is already apparent in young scientists. 3) The productivity of young scientists is formed according to productivity patterns typical of particular scientific fields and disciplines. With regard to the explanation of productivity, the following has been found. a) An expansion of the set of predictors resulted in an improvement in the explanation of the productivity of young scientists compared with previous surveys. b) Among the factors which contribute significantly to the explanation of the quantity of scientific publications, the most powerful predictor is attendance at conferences abroad, followed by scientific qualifications and some gatekeeping variables. c) Besides certain similarities, scientific fields also show a specific structure of determinants of young scientists' productivity.
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    Authorship and Citation Patterns in Operational Research Journals in Relation to Competition and Reform (2000)
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    Scientometrics 47 (2000), S. 25-42 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Authorship and citation patterns in major journals in operational research (OR) are analysed. As a forerunner of interdisciplinary specialities applying mathematical or quantitative methods to social problems, OR has recently been in severe competition with new challengers with respect to applicable methods and real implementation. Through the analyses of authorship and citation patterns, this paper discusses behaviours of the journal editors and contributors with regard to the competition and reform policy of OR journals.
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    A Bibliometric Study of the Publication Patterns in the Sciences of South African Scholars 1981–96 (2000)
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    Scientometrics 47 (2000), S. 75-93 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The paper is a bibliometric study of the publication patterns and impact of South African scientists 1981–96, with special emphasis on the period 1992–96. The subject fields surveyed are Physics; Chemistry, Plant and Animal Sciences; and Biochemistry/Microbiology. Scientists were selected from the ten universities of the Eastern Cape, Western Cape and KwaZulu Natal, which vary considerably, with respect to standards of education, quantity of publications, development and overall progress. The general purpose is two-fold: 1) to observe the publication and citation trends during 1981–96, a period which covers significant policy changes in the country, in particular the end of apartheid 1994; within this context 2) to investigate the patterns used by scientists 1992–96 from these different institutions in publishing the results of their research in the form of conference papers or (inter)national journals. The study collected two sets of data through a scientometric analysis of Science Citation Index and a questionnaire. With the exception of Physics, the results demonstrate a decreasing South African world share, in particular for Plant & Animal Sc. publications, and a similar decline of citations starting in 1986/87. Further, the citation impact relative to the world, after a substantial drop 1985–93 probably representing the international embargo period, in 1994–96 reaches the same level as observed in 1985–89. Also, the study shows that there is a direct relation between academic position, research experience and productivity among South African Scientists in the four scientific disciplines.
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    Performance Measurement in the Belgian Document Ordering and Delivery System Impala (2000)
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    Scientometrics 47 (2000), S. 207-225 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with performance measures and performance indicators in the Impala electronic document ordering and delivery system for research libraries in Belgium and compares these with some international standards as, e.g., the ProLib/PI study commissioned by the European Commission. Performance measures: • Costs (clearinghouse principle) • Number of ILL requests made to other libraries • Number of ILL requests made to other libraries without success • Number of ILL requests made to other libraries with success • Number of ILL requests received from other libraries • Number of ILL requests received from other libraries and not satisfied • Number of ILL requests received from other libraries that were satisfied • Frequency asked titles Performance indicators: • Success rate • Borrowing-lending ratio per library • Response times, split into several segments of the ILL-procedure The article concludes with some indications for quality measurement in electronic document delivery where Impala will be able to measure the real supply times as perceived by the end user.
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    Percolation as a Model for Informetric Distributions: Fragment Size Distribution Characterised by Bradford Curves (2000)
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    Scientometrics 47 (2000), S. 195-206 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract It is shown how Bradford curves, i.e. cumulative rank-frequency functions, as used in informetrics, can describe the fragment size distribution of percolation models. This interesting fact is explained by arguing that some aspects of percolation can be interpreted as a model for the success-breeds-success or cumulative advantage phenomenon. We claim, moreover, that the percolation model can be used as a model to study (generalised) bibliographies. This article shows how ideas and techniques studied and developed in informetrics and scientometrics can successfully be applied in other fields of science, and vice versa.
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    Science-Technology Linkages in an Emerging Research Platform: The Case of Combinatorial Chemistry and Biology (2000)
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    Scientometrics 47 (2000), S. 303-321 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This article focuses on issues concerning science and technology relationships posed by the emergence of a new drug discovery method, namely, combinatorial chemistry and biology. We assess the scientific content of combinatorial chemistry and biology using citations in patents to scientific journals and compare this research platform with biotechnology. We also identify the institutional affiliation of all the authors of the cited papers, which leads us to an analysis of knowledge spillovers between the main participants in the research network. Finally, we examine the relevance of localisation in the process of knowledge exchange with regard to EU countries and the US. The result of the analysis provides evidence to support the view that the inventive capacity of a country is dependent upon the basic research which is carried out, especially in universities and public research centres located in the inventor's country.
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    Output-Financing at LUC (2000)
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    Scientometrics 47 (2000), S. 379-387 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract LUC's research council stimulates research by allocating a part of its funds based on results. The output-financing scheme is presented and its role in the university's research policy is explained. It is shown how this works in practice. An important aspect is that not only articles in JCR-covered journals are included but also other publications. This scheme together with a full-scale scientometric study forms two important aspects (short term versus medium term) of the university's research evaluation exercise. Its success is largely due to a general acceptance by the scientists.
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    An Introduction to Scientometrics Research in France (2000)
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    Scientometrics 47 (2000), S. 451-455 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    Developing and Using Indicators of Multilateral S&T Cooperation for Policy Making: The Experience from European Research Programmes (2000)
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    Scientometrics 47 (2000), S. 493-514 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract As European Union research programmes play an increasingly important role within the research and innovation systems of Member States, the need for appropriate indicators to grasp and analyze this collaborative phenomenon has in recent years become obvious. Such indicators are becoming essential decision-making tools for science policy makers at the national level. EU science policy responds to not one but a number of objectives, while one country or one laboratory's participation in European S&T cooperation is likely to manifest a number of particularities, and be quite different from another's. Such a complex system makes it possible to elaborate a large variety of indicators. This article proposes several possible types of indicators and shows how they could be useful for weighing research policy strategies at the national and European levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005619917073
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  • 74
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    Demand for Scientific Articles and Citations: An Example from the Institut de l'information scientifique et technique (France) (2000)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 47 (2000), S. 561-588 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The patterns that appear in exchanges between researchers, scientific journal publications and the demand for scientific articles often intersect, but the logic behind each type of activity is not necessarily the same. Analyses of requests for scientific articles from document suppliers may help to interpret current developments in electronic publishing. This study of article requests to the Institut de l'information scientifique et technique (INIST) shows that, in France, document supply customers fall into three main categories: business, academic libraries and public research organisations, in descending order. Demand focuses mainly on medicine, pharmacology, biology and chemistry, and the distribution of articles is entirely in accordance with the laws of bibliometrics. A further comparative analysis shows a high reciprocal correlation (except in the physical sciences) between the 50 journals most frequently requested from INIST, and the 50 most frequently cited journals according to ISI (Institute for Scientific Information). The titles which did not appear in either one list or the other show that the most frequently cited physics journals are not necessarily requested from the document supplier, and that, conversely, some frequently requested journals are not often cited. It may therefore be assumed that a trade in electronic articles is likely to develop quite rapidly in disciplines which are common to both lists, although this would focus on reputed titles only, but that a different pattern of electronic document exchange would emerge for scientific literature in other disciplines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005676002052
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  • 75
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    Bibliometric Output from Colombian Researchers with Approved Projects by COLCIENCIAS between 1983 and 1994 (2000)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 48 (2000), S. 3-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract We present a characterization of bibliometric output in Colombia resulting from research projects financed by COLCIENCIAS between 1983 and 1994 in the following programs: Health Sciences; Basic Science; Energy and Mining; Agricultural Sciences; Technological, Industrial and Quality Development; Marine Sciences; Social Sciences; Education; Environment and Habitat; Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Systems. In the case of periodicals, we establish: patterns of production by author; patterns of publication in national journals vs. international journals; the effect of international collaboration in projects over publication in international journals; patterns of bibliometric production by fields of research using UNESCO classifications; a list of the most frequently used journals by Colombian researchers as vehicles to communicate their results; patterns of bibliometric production from Colombian institutions; geographical distribution of bibliometric output; and finally, a review on the mean number of authors of articles for some fields of science and technology. We present also theses production patterns for books and B.Sc., MSc. and PhD. theses using UNESCO codes of the projects. We comment on the human resources formation. It is found as a dominant behavior of the so commented patterns a low index of publication per project and a high tendency in the distribution of publications to concentrate on few actors (researchers, institutions, origin of the publication, journals, human resources). It is also found that there exists a strong concentration of bibliometric output in the program of Basic Sciences, in fields such as phytochemistry and solid state physics (super and semiconductors).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005680900632
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    Scientometrics in Medicine-Related Fields 1990–1999 (2000)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 48 (2000), S. 251-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005600922922
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  • 77
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    Some Features of Colombian Research Population (1983–1994) (2000)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 48 (2000), S. 285-305 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract We present some features that characterise the mobility and interaction of researchers within a given S&T environment. The variable of interest is the number of research proposals submitted for funding. The model is applied to the case of Colombia and the following results are exhibited: a) a "flux matrix" that characterises the "interactions" as a function of time between researchers and COLCIENCIAS (national S&T funding agency). Some properties of the matrix are established and a "probability" for a researcher who has previously submitted a proposal to re-enter is calculated as a function of time. It is found that this probability is approximately time-independent, at least for the next 7 years after first researcher's appearance; b) patterns of interaction between researchers/institutions and COLCIENCIAS, seen through the number of presented proposals. The interaction assumes the well-known form encountered in these kinds of distributions: a small set of actors (researchers/institutions) is responsible for most of the interaction; c) a temporal pattern for mean researcher's age is established and it is found that by the end of the observed period researchers start to interact in ages that are significantly greater than those observed at the beginning.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005684303869
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  • 78
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    National Systems of Innovation: Institutional Linkages and Performances in the Case of Korea and Taiwan (2000)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 48 (2000), S. 413-426 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper focuses on the measurement of scientific and technological performance of Korea and Taiwan in what has been the most successful technology catch-up within developing economies context. The performance measures are based on the publication data for scientific knowledge production and patent data for technological capabilities. In addition, this analysis also reveals on the features of innovation system of these two countries, focusing on the linkages between public and private sector in the scientific and technological knowledge creation. By examining the scientific and technological performance and the changing structure of innovation system, it provides empirical evidence on the positive interaction between scientific and technological activities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005696606595
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  • 79
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    Stratification among Journals in Management Research: A Bibliometric Study of Interaction between European and American Journals (2000)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 49 (2000), S. 23-38 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Tho key features of science are its rapid growth and its continuous differentiation. The establishment of new journals can be seen as an expression of both growth and differentiation. In this study of the network among management journals, the focus is on forms of differentiation, i.e., the relationship between stratification and specialization in a network of journals. The question asked in this study is whether the different position of American and European journals corresponds with different levels of specialization. A tendency toward such a structuration of the journal network would indicate an interregional integration of management research. Articles published in six of the most influential American and European journals covering the period from 1981 to 1998 have been downloaded. The findings in this study indicate that even though European journals formed a periphery in relation to the American journals in terms of clearly asymmetrical exchange relations, it was the European journals that seemed to be more comprehensive in scope. The tendency during the investigated period indicated differentiation in terms of segmentation rather than specialization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005605123831
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  • 80
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    Spanish Scientific Productivity and Equipment in Magnetic Resonance from a Regional and European Perspective (2000)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 49 (2000), S. 215-231 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this work was to provide a rational frame for the design of scientific policies in MR infrastructure implementation. To this end, we have investigated the relationships between MR instruments, their scientific productivity or medical performance and several socio-economic, R&D or health care indicators in a Spanish and European context. The distribution of MR spectroscopy instruments among Spanish Autonomous Communities suggests that the allocation policy resulted from a compromise between the pull of demand based on regional strength in R&D activities and the push of convergence criteria to bring underdeveloped regions up to a national standard. On the whole, the average value for Spanish MR spectroscopy equipment (1.6 units per TRDP) was within the average value of 1.7 found in 6 European countries. The scientific productivity of these spectrometres in Spain (10.3 publications per unit), compares with the ratio (12.4) found in the United Kingdom and was above the six countries' average (8.3). Larger differences in productivity were observed between Spanish Autonomous Communities, suggesting the existence of important laguna in the distributive side of the allocation policy. Consistent with its socio-sanitary importance, the regional distribution of MR imaging equipment in Spain correlated with the number of sanitary personnel and regional population or wealth. The average number of installed units per million inhabitants in Spain (3.3) is very close to the average found in five European countries and the diagnostic procedures per installed units are close to the 5 countries' average values of 3400/year. However, the scientific productivity of MR imaging equipment in Spain (1.6 publications per installed unit in the five year period) was very low as compared with other European countries (3.7 on average). Higher diagnostic demand or lower publication pressures could explain these differences equally well. Our results suggest that increases in scientific productivity and medical performance of MR instrumentation in Spanish Autonomous Communities may not necessarily involve a net increase in the number of MR instruments but rather, improvements in the global socio-economic throughputs derived from the organisation of R&D and medical service policies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010594718356
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  • 81
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    Driving Factors of High Performance in Brazilian Management Sciences for the 1981–1995 Period (2000)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 49 (2000), S. 307-319 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract As a corollary of former studies, high performance in Brazilian Management Sciences during the period of 1981 to 1995 is put to scrutiny. Information on the 66 papers registered to this field in the ISI databases for this time interval were retrieved, edited and processed as to elicit patterns. Occurrences of highly cited papers seemed haphazard but the presence of collaborative work consistently emerged as an important driving factor for good performance. International collaboration showed the most expressive impact over chances of citation but any form of collaboration seemed to have some effect, even those represented by single authors with double allegiance. Simple addition of authors, nonetheless, had no effect, and thus collaboration involving authors of common institutional affiliation showed the performance of single authored papers. Cluster analysis allowed the identification of patterns of performance, and groups of best performers showed higher levels of international collaboration. The institutional composition of the clusters is presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010525304244
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  • 82
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    Scientific Production in Puerto Rico in Science and Technology during the Period 1990 to 1998 (2000)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 49 (2000), S. 403-418 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper analyses the research activity conducted by Puerto Rican scientists in science and technology in the period 1990 to 1998. The Science Citation Index (SCI) database was used to analyse scientific production by geographic area, type of insittution, document typology, language coverage, visibility of publications, subjects addressed and collaboration between local and international authors and institutions. Scientific production was observed to nearly double over the period studied and found to be concentrated in the academic sector, primarily in the city of San Juan, specifically in the University of Puerto Rico's Rio Piedras, Medical Sciences and Mayagüez campuses. Puerto Rican scientific production in the period studied was greater than in any other Caribbean country and the sixth largest in all of Latin America. Papers are mainly published in highly visible journals and scientific articles are the vehicle most commonly used to reach the scientific community. Co-operation indices between authors and institutions are high and the principal areas in which research is published are Medicine, Chemistry, Life Sciences and Physics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010585522899
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  • 83
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    A Bibliometric Study of Semiconductor Literature, 1978–1997 (2000)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 49 (2000), S. 491-509 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Semiconductor is the key element for information industry. The present study investigated the growth of semiconductor literature based on the database of INSPEC. Well-established bibliometric techniques, such as Bradford-Zipf's plot and Lotka's law have been employed to further explore the characteristics of semiconductor literature. Quantitative results on the literature growth, form of publication, research treatment, publishing country and language, author productivity and affiliate are reported. Moreover, from the Bradford-Zipf's plot, 25 core journals in semiconductor were identified and analyzed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010593824716
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    Scientific Productivity and Group Size: A Bibliometric Analysis of Norwegian Microbiological Research (2000)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 49 (2000), S. 125-143 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract To analyse the relationship between research group size and scientific productivity within the highly cooperative research environment characteristic of contemporary biomedical science, an investigation of Norwegian Microbiology was undertaken. By an author-gated retrieval from ISI's database National Science Indicators on Diskette (NSIOD), of journal articles published by Norwegian scientists involved in microbiological research during the period 1992–1996, a total of 976 microbiological and 938 non-microbiological articles, by 3,486 authors, were obtained. Functional research groups were defined bibliometrically on the basis of co-authorship, yielding a total of 180 research groups varying in size from one author/one article to 180 authors/83 articles (all authors associated with a group during the whole five-year period were included, hence the large group size). Most of Norwegian microbiological research (73% of the microbiology articles) appears to be performed by specialist groups (with ≥70% of their production as microbiology), the remainder being published by groups with a broader biomedical research profile (who were responsible for 95% of the non-microbiological articles). The productivity (articles per capita) showed only moderate (Poisson-distributed) variability between groups, and was remarkably constant across all subfields, at about 0.1 article per author per year. No correlation between group size and productivity was found.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005665309719
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    External Research Collaboration in Two Small Science Systems (2000)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 49 (2000), S. 145-160 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper compares external research collaboration in small science systems. The design involves studying research collaboration in an independent country (Iceland) and a region of a large country (Newfoundland, Canada). The objective of the paper is firstly to gain a deeper understanding of external research collaboration in small science systems by using both quantitative and qualitative methods and secondly to examine if it is justifiable to compare small regions and small independent countries in terms of their scientific activities. The two science systems are compared with respect to their publication patterns in order to explore how comparable they are in their scientific profiles. External collaboration rates for both science systems are then measured and compared, and it is shown that research collaboration plays an important part in the two science systems. The role of research collaboration is examined further with a combination of bibliometric analysis and interview data. It was found that scientists in small science systems do not collaborate only because they lack economic resources, but an important reason for their collaboration was the availability of research material which was in demand by scientists in the wider scientific world.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005617426557
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  • 86
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    Results of an Extensive Search for "S&T Indicators" on the Web: A Content Analysis (2000)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 49 (2000), S. 257-277 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In this study we carried out a content analysis of Web pages containing the search term "S&T indicators", which were located by an extensive search of the Web. Our results clearly show that the Web is a valuable information source on this topic. Major national and international institutions and organizations publish the full text of their reports on the Web, or allow free downloading of these reports in non-html formats. In addition to direct information, a number of pages listing and linking to major reports, programs and organizations were also located.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010569119265
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  • 87
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    Comparison of the Maps of Science (2000)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 49 (2000), S. 373-387 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this article is to describe some methods of comparison of maps of science and to show possibilities that these methods give for further research in this interesting area.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010581421990
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    Global knowledge management research: A bibliometric analysis (2004)
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    Print ISSN: 0138-9130
    Electronic ISSN: 1588-2861
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    Bibliometric analysis of Patent Ductus Arteriosus treatments (2004)
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    Print ISSN: 0138-9130
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    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    Highly cited old papers and the reasons why they continue to be cited. Part II., The 1953 Watson and Crick article on the structure of DNA (2004)
    Springer
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    Print ISSN: 0138-9130
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    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    Bibliometric analysis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-related research in the beginning stage (2004)
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    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    Does collaborative research have greater epistemic authority? (2004)
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    Tracing knowledge diffusion (2004)
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    The classification of biomedical journals by research level (2004)
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    Citation review of Lagergren kinetic rate equation on adsorption reactions (2004)
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    The effect of highly cited papers on national citation indicators (2004)
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    The US-EU race for leadership of science and technology: Qualitative and quantitative indicators (2004)
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    Patterns of the foreign contributions in some domestic vs. international journals on Earth Sciences (2004)
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    Reconsidering Price's model of scientific growth: An overview (2004)
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    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    A robust formula to credit authors for their publications (2004)
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    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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