ALBERT

Note: Contents: 1 The origins of ACSYS / Victor Savtchenko. - PART I OBSERVATIONS: 2 Advances in Arctic atmospheric research / James E. Overland and Mark C. Serreze. - 3 Sea-ice observation: advances and challenges / Humfrey Melling. - 4 Observations in the ocean / Bert Rudels, Leif Anderson, Patrick Eriksson, Eberhard Fahrbach, Martin Jakobsson, E. Peter Jones, Humfrey Melling, Simon Prinsenberg, Ursula Schauer, and Tom Yao. - 5 Observed hydrological cycle / Hermann Mächel, Bruno Rudolf, Thomas Maurer, Stefan Hagemann, Reinhard Hagenbrock, Lev Kitaev, Eirik J. Førland, Vjacheslav Rasuvaev, and Ole Einar Tveito. - 6 Interaction with the global climate system / T. A. McClimans, G. V. Alekseev, O. M. Johannessen, and M. W. Miles. - PART II MODELLING: 7 Mesoscale modelling of the Arctic atmospheric boundary layer and its interaction with sea ice / Christof Lüpkes, Timo Vihma, Gerit Birnbaum, Silke Dierer, Thomas Garbrecht, Vladimir M. Gryanik, Micha Gryschka, Jörg Hartmann, Günther Heinemann, Lars Kaleschke, Siegfried Raasch, Hannu Savijärvi, K. Heinke Schlünzen, and Ulrike Wacker. - 8 Arctic regional climate models / K. Dethloff, A. Rinke, A. Lynch, W. Dorn, S. Saha, and D. Handorf. - 9 Progress in hydrological modeling over high latitudes: under arctic climate system study (ACSYS) / Dennis P. Lettenmaier and Fengge Su. - 10 Sea-ice-ocean modelling / Rüdiger Gerdes and Peter Lemke. - 11 Global climate models and 20th and 21st century Arctic climate change / Cecilia M. Bitz, Jeff K. Ridley, Marika Holland, and Howard Cattle. - 12 ACSYS: Scientific foundation for the climate and cryosphere (CliC) project / Konrad Steffen, Daqing Yang, Vladimir Ryabinin, and Ghassem Asrar.

Note: Contents: Preface. - 1. Overview of climate variability and climate science. - 1.1 Climate dynamics, climate change and climate prediction. - 1.2 The chemical and physical climate system. - 1.2.1 Chemical and physical aspects of the climate system. - 1.2.2 El Niño and global warming. - 1.3 Climate models: a brief overview. - 1.4 Global change in recent history. - 1.4.1 Trace gas concentrations. - 1.4.2 A word on the ozone hole. - 1.4.3 Some history of global warming studies. - 1.4.4 Global temperatures. - 1.5 El Niño: an example of natural climate variability. - 1.5.1 Some history of El Niño studies. - 1.5.2 Observations of El Niño: the 1997-98 event. - 1.5.3 The first El Niño forecast with a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. - 1.6 Paleoclimate variability. - Notes. - 2. Basics of global climate. - 2.1 Components and phenomena in the climate system. - 2.1.1 Time and space scales. - 2.1.2 Interactions among scales and the parameterization problem. - 2.2 Basics of radiative forcing. - 2.2.1 Blackbody radiation. - 2.2.2 Solar energy input. - 2.3 Globally averaged energy budget: first glance. - 2.4 Gradients of radiative forcing and energy transports. - 2.5 Atmospheric circulation. - 2.5.1 Vertical structure. - 2.5.2 Latitude structure of the circulation. - 2.5.3 Latitude-Iongitude dependence of atmospheric climate features. - 2.6 Ocean circulation. - 2.6.1 Latitude-longitude dependence of oceanic climate features. - 2.6.2 The ocean vertical structure. - 2.6.3 The ocean thermohaline circulation. - 2.7 Land surface proeesses. - 2.8 The carbon cycle. - Notes. - 3. Physical processes in the climate system. - 3.1 Conservation of momentum. - 3.1.1 Coriolis force. - 3.1.2 Pressure gradient force. - 3.1.3 Velocity equations. - 3.1.4 Application: geostrophic wind. - 3.1.5 Pressure-height relation: hydrostatic balance. - 3.1.6 Application: pressure coordinates. - 3.2 Equation of state. - 3.2.1 Equation of state for the atmosphere: ideal gas law. - 3.2.2 Equation of state for the ocean. - 3.2.3 Application: atmospheric height-pressure-temperature relation. - 3.2.4 Application: thermal circulations. - 3.2.5 Application: sea level rise due to oceanic thermal expansion. - 3.3 Temperature equation. - 3.3.1 Ocean temperature equation. - 3.3.2 Temperature equation for air. - 3.3.3 Application: the dry adiabatic lapse rate near the surface. - 3.3.4 Application: decay of a sea surface temperature anomaly. - 3.3.5 Time derivative following the parcel. - 3.4 Continuity equation. - 3.4.1 Oceanic continuity equation. - 3.4.2 Atmospheric continuity equation. - 3.4.3 Application: coastal upwelling. - 3.4.4 Application: equatorial upwelling. - 3.4.5 Application: conservation of warm water mass in an idealized layer above the thermocline. - 3.5 Conservation of mass applied to moisture. - 3.5.1 Moisture equation for the atmosphere and surface. - 3.5.2 Sources and sinks of moisture, and latent heat. - 3.5.3 Application: surface melting on an ice sheet. - 3.5.4 Salinity equation for the ocean. - 3.6 Moist processes. - 3.6.1 Saturation. - 3.6.2 Saturation in convection; lifting condensation level. - 3.6.3 The moist adiabat and lapse rate in convective regions. - 3.6.4 Moist convection. - 3.7 Wave processes in the atmosphere and ocean. - 3.7.1 Gravity waves. - 3.7.2 Kelvin waves. - 3.7.3 Rossby waves. - 3.8 Overview. - Notes. - 4. El Niño and year-to-year climate prediction. - 4.1 Recap of El Niño basics. - 4.1.1 The Bjerknes hypothesis. - 4.2 Tropical Pacific climatology. - 4.3 ENSO mechanisms I: extreme phases. - 4.4 Pressure gradients in an idealized upper layer. - 4.4.1 Subsurface temperature anomalies in an idealized upper layer. - 4.5 Transition into the 1997-98 El Niño. - 4.5.1 Subsurface temperature measurements. - 4.5.2 Subsurface temperature anomalies during the onset of El Niño. - 4.5.3 Subsurface temperature anomalies during the transition to La Niña. - 4.6 El Niño mechanisms II: dynamics of transition phases. - 4.6.1 Equatorial jets and the Kelvin wave. - 4.6.2 The Kelvin wave speed. - 4.6.3 What sets the width of the Kelvin wave and equatorial jet?. - 4.6.4 Response of the ocean to a wind anomaly. - 4.6.5 The delayed oscillator model and the recharge oscillator model. - 4.6.6 ENSO transition mechanism in brief. - 4.7 El Niño prediction. - 4.7.1 Limits to skill in ENSO forecasts. - 4.8 El Niño remote impacts: teleconnections. - 4.9 Other interannual climate phenomena. - 4.9.1 Hurricane season forecasts. - 4.9.2 Sahel drought. - 4.9.3 North Atlantic oscillation and annular modes. - Notes. - 5. Climate models. - 5.1 Constructing a climate model. - 5.1.1 An atmospheric model. - 5.1.2 Treatment of sub-grid-scale processes. - 5.1.3 Resolution and computational cost. - 5.1.4 An ocean model and ocean-atmosphere coupling. - 5.1.5 Land surface, snow, ice and vegetation. - 5.1.6 Summary of principal climate model equations. - 5.1.7 Climate system modeling. - 5.2 Numerical representation of atmospheric and oceanic equations. - 5.2.1 Finite-difference versus spectral models. - 5.2.2 Time-stepping and numerical stability. - 5.2.3 Staggered grids and other grids. - 5.2.4 Parallel computer architecture. - 5.3 Parameterization of small-scale processes. - 5.3.1 Mixing and surface fluxes. - 5.3.2 Dry convection. - 5.3.3 Moist convection. - 5.3.4 Land surface processes and soil moisture. - 5.3.5 Sea ice and snow. - 5.4 The hierarchy of climate models. - 5.5 Climate simulations and climate drift. - 5.6 Evaluation of climate model simulations for present-day climate. - 5.6.1 Atmospheric model climatology from specified SST. - 5.6.2 Climate model simulation of climatology. - 5.6.3 Simulation of ENSO response. - Notes. - 6. The greenhouse effect and climate feedbacks. - 6.1 The greenhouse effect in Earth's current climate. - 6.1.1 Global energy balance. - 6.1.2 A global-average energy balance model with a one-layer atmosphere. - 6.1.3 Infrared emissions from a layer. - 6.1.4 The greenhouse effect: example with a completely IR-absorbing atmosphere. - 6.1.5 The greenhouse effect in a one-layer atmosphere, global-average model. - 6.1.6 Temperatures from the one-layer energy balance model. - 6.2 Global warming I: example in the global-average energy balance model. - 6.2.1 Increases in the basic greenhouse effect. - 6.2.2 Climate feedback parameter in the one-layer global-average model. - 6.3 Climate feedbacks. - 6.3.1 Climate feedback parameter. - 6.3.2 Contributions of climate feedbacks to global-average temperature response. - 6.3.3 Climate sensitivity. - 6.4 The water vapor feedback. - 6.5 Snow/ice feedback. - 6.6 Cloud feedbacks. - 6.7 Other feedbacks in the physical climate system. - 6.7.1 Stratospheric cooling. - 6.7.2 Lapse rate feedback. - 6.8 Climate response time in transient climate change. - 6.8.1 Transient climate change versus equilibrium response experiments. - 6.8.2 A doubled-CO2 equilibrium response experiment. - 6.8.3 The role of the oceans in slowing warming. - 6.8.4 Climate sensitivity in transient climate change. - Notes. - 7. Climate model scenarios for global warming. - 7.1 Greenhouse gases, aerosols and other climate forcings. - 7.1.1 Scenarios, forcings and feedbacks. - 7.1.2 Forcing by sulfate aerosols. - 7.1.3 Commonly used scenarios. - 7.2 Global-average response to greenhouse warming scenarios. - 7.3 Spatial patterns of warming for time-dependent scenarios. - 7.3.1 Comparing projections of different climate models. - 7.3.2 Multi-model ensemble averages. - 7.3.3 Polar amplification of warming. - 7.3.4 Summary of spatial patterns of the response. - 7.4 Ice, sea level, extreme events. - 7.4.1 Sea ice and snow. - 7.4.2 Land ice. - 7.4.3 Extreme events. - 7.5 Summary: the best-estimate prognosis. - 7.6 Climate change observed to date. - 7.6.1 Temperature trends and natural variability: scale dependence. - 7.6.2 Is the observed trend consistent with natural variability or anthropogenic forcing?. - 7.6.3 Sea ice, land ice, ocean heat storage and sea level rise. - 7.7 Emissions

Note: Contents Preface Prelude 1 The Earth-atmosphere system 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Descriptions of atmospheric behavior 1.1.2 Mechanisms influencing atmospheric behavior 1.2 Composition and structure 1.2.1 Description of air 1.2.2 Stratification of mass 1.2.3 Thermal and dynamical structure 1.2.4 Trace constituents 1.2.5 Cloud 1.3 Radiative equilibrium of the Earth 1.4 The global energy budget 1.4.1 Global-mean energy balance 1.4.2 Horizontal distribution of radiative transfer 1.5 The general circulation 1.6 Historical perspective: Global-mean temperature 1.6.1 The instrumental record 1.6.2 Proxy records Suggested references Problems 2 Thermodynamics of gases 2.1 Thermodynamic concepts 2.1.1 Thermodynamic properties 2.1.2 Expansion work 2.1.3 Heat transfer 2.1.4 State variables and thermodynamic processes 2.2 The First Law 2.2.1 Internal energy 2.2.2 Diabatic changes of state 2.3 Heat capacity 2.4 Adiabatic processes 2.4.1 Potential temperature 2.4.2 Thermodynamic behavior accompanying vertical motion 2.5 Diabatic processes 2.5.1 Polytropic processes Suggested references Problems 3 The Second Law and its implications 3.1 Natural and reversible processes 3.1.1 The Carnot cycle 3.2 Entropy and the Second Law 3.3 Restricted forms of the Second Law 3.4 The fundamental relations 3.4.1 The Maxwell Relations 3.4.2 Noncompensated heat transfer 3.5 Conditions for thermodynamic equilibrium 3.6 Relationship of entropy to potential temperature 3.6.1 Implications for vertical motion Suggested references Problems 4 Heterogeneous systems 4.1 Description of a heterogeneous system 4.2 Chemical equilibrium 4.3 Fundamental relations for a mufti-component system 4.4 Thermodynamic degrees of freedom 4.5 Thermodynamic characteristics of water 4.6 Equilibrium phase transformations 4.6.1 Latent heat 4.6.2 Clausius-Clapeyron Equation Suggested references Problems 5 Transformations of moist air 5.1 Description of moist air 5.1.1 Properties of the gas phase 5.1.2 Saturation properties 5.2 Implications for the distribution of water vapor 5.3 State variables of the two-component system 5.3.1 Unsaturated behavior 5.3.2 Saturated behavior 5.4 Thermodynamic behavior accompanying vertical motion 5.4.1 Condensation and the release of latent heat 5.4.2 The pseudo-adiabatic process 5.4.3 The Saturated Adiabatic Lapse Rate 5.5 The pseudo-adiabatic chart Suggested references Problems 6 Hydrostatic equilibrium 6.1 Effective gravity 6.2 Geopotential coordinates 6.3 Hydrostatic balance 6.3.1 Hypsometric equation 6.3.2 Meteorological Analyses 6.4 Stratification 6.4.1 Idealized stratification 6.5 Lagrangian interpretation of stratification 6.5.1 Adiabatic stratification: A paradigm of the troposphere 6.5.2 Diabatic stratification: A paradigm of the stratosphere Suggested references Problems 7 Static stability 7.1 Reaction to vertical displacement 7.2 Stability categories 7.2.1 Stability in terms of temperature 7.2.2 Stability in terms of potential temperature 7.2.3 Moisture dependence 7.3 Implications for vertical motion 7.4 Finite displacements 7.4.1 Conditional instability 7.4.2 Entrainment 7.4.3 Potential instability 7.4.4 Modification of stability under unsaturated conditions 7.5 Stabilizing and destabilizing influences 7.6 Turbulent dispersion 7.6.1 Convective mixing 7.6.2 Inversions 7.6.3 Life cycle of the nocturnal inversion 7.7 Relationship to observed thermal structure Suggested references Problems 8 Radiative transfer 8.1 Shortwave and longwave radiation 8.1.1 Spectra of observed SW and LW radiation 8.2 Description of radiative transfer 8.2.1 Radiometric quantities 8.2.2 Absorption 8.2.3 Emission 8.2.4 Scattering 8.2.5 The Equation of Radiative Transfer 8.3 Absorption characteristics of gases 8.3.1 Interaction between radiation and molecules 8.3.2 Line broadening 8.4 Radiative transfer in a plane parallel atmosphere 8.4.1 Transmission function 8.4.2 Two-stream approximation 8.5 Thermal equilibrium 8.5.1 Radiative equilibrium in a gray atmosphere 8.5.2 Radiative-convective equilibrium 8.5.3 Radiative heating 8.6 Thermal relaxation 8.7 The greenhouse effect 8.7.1 Feedback in the climate system 8.7.2 Unchecked feedback 8.7.3 Simulation of climate Suggested references Problems 9 Aerosol and cloud 9.1 Morphology of atmospheric aerosol 9.1.1 Continental aerosol 9.1.2 Marine aerosol 9.1.3 Stratospheric aerosol 9.2 Microphysics of cloud 9.2.1 Droplet growth by condensation 9.2.2 Droplet growth by collision 9.2.3 Growth of ice particles 9.3 Macroscopic characteristics of cloud 9.3.1 Formation and classification of cloud 9.3.2 Microphysical properties of cloud 9.3.3 Cloud dissipation 9.3.4 Cumulus detrainment: Influence on the environment 9.4 Radiative transfer in aerosol and cloud 9.4.1 Scattering by molecules and particles 9.4.2 Radiative transfer in a cloudy atmosphere 9.5 Roles of cloud and aerosol in climate 9.5.1 Involvement in the global energy budget 9.5.2 Involvement in chemical processes Suggested references Problems 10 Atmospheric motion 10.1 Description of atmospheric motion 10.2 Kinematics of fluid motion 10.3 The material derivative 10.4 Reynolds'transport theorem 10.5 Conservation of mass 10.6 The momentum budget 10.6.1 Cauchy's Equations of Motion 10.6.2 Momentum equations in a rotating reference frame 1 0.7 The first law of thermodynamics Suggested references Problems 11 Atmospheric equations of motion 11.1 Curvilinear coordinates 11.2 Spherical coordinates 11.2.1 The traditional approximation 11.3 Special forms of motion 11.4 Prevailing balances 11.4.1 Motion-related stratification 11.4.2 Scale analysis 11.5 Thermodynamic coordinates 11.5.1 Isobaric coordinates 11.5.2 Log-pressure coordinates 11.5.3 Isentropic coordinates Suggested references Problems 12 Large-scale motion 12.1 Ceostrophic equilibrium 12.1.1 Motion on an f plane 1 2.2 Vertical shear of the geostrophic wind 12.2.1 Classes of stratification 12.2.2 Thermal wind balance 12.3 Frictional geostrophic motion 1 2.4 Curvilinear motion 12.4.1 Inertial motion 12.4.2 Cyclostrophic motion 12.4.3 Gradient motion 12.5 Weakly divergent motion 12.5.1 Barotropic nondivergent motion 12.5.2 Vorticity budget under baroclinic stratification 12.5.3 Quasi-geostrophic motion Suggested references Problems 13 The planetary boundary layer 13.1 Description of turbulence 13.1.1 Reynolds decomposition 13.1.2 Turbulent diffusion 13.2 Structure of the boundary layer 13.2.1 The Ekman Layer 13.2.2 The surface layer 1 3.3 Influence of stratification 1 3.4 Ekman pumping Suggested references Problems 14 Wave propagation 14.1 Description of wave propagation 14.1.1 Surface water waves 14.1.2 Fourier synthesis 14.1.3 Limiting behavior 14.1.4 Wave dispersion 14.2 Acoustic waves 14.3 Buoyancy waves 14.3.1 Shortwave limit 14.3.2 Propagation of gravity waves in an inhomogeneous medium 14.3.3 The WKB approximation 14.3.4 Method of geometric optics 1 4.4 The Lamb wave 14.5 Rossby waves 14.5.1 Barotropic nondivergent Rossby waves 14.5.2 Rossby wave propagation in three dimensions 14.5.3 Planetary wave propagation in sheared mean flow 14.5.4 Transmission of planetary wave activity 14.6 Wave absorption 14.7 Nonlinear considerations Suggested references Problems 15 The general circulation 15.1 Forms of atmospheric energy 15.1.1 Moist static energy 15.1.2 Total potential energy 15.1.3 Available potential energy 1 5.2 Heat transfer in a zonally symmetric circulation 1 5.3 Heat transfer in a laboratory analogue 1 5.4 Quasi-permanent features 15.4.1 Thermal properties of the Earth's surface 1 5.4.2 Surface pressure and wind systems 1 5.4.3 Tropical circulations 15.5 Fluctuations of the circulation 15.5.1 Interannual changes 15.5.2 Intraseasonal variations Suggested references Problems 16 Dynamic stability 16.1 Inertial instability 16.2 Shear instability 16.2.1 Necessary conditions for instability 16.2.2

Note: The future of China -- The future of the United States -- The future of U.S.-China relations -- The future of India -- The future of Islamic extremism -- The future of national economic growth -- The future of geopolitics and globalization -- The future of democracy -- How Lee Kuan Yew thinks -- Conclusion..

Note: Preface -- Manifesto: a call to establish a legitimate, wise, powerful collective voice of the people -- Democracy is about power and the people -- Direct democracy, representative democracy, and their shadows -- Why we need public wisdom -- Public wisdom: its role, its sources and its limitations -- Citizenship and the random selection of ad hoc mini publics -- Citizen deliberative councils: their character, variety and history -- How citizen deliberative councils could and should be used -- Public empowerment, public engagement, and the role of journalism -- Polarization, transpartisanship, and public wisdom -- Wisdom councils in 100 cities; with study circles, world cafes, and open space to engage the public with the results -- Deliberation for direct democracy -- Empowered public wisdom rising from the grassroots -- A new branch of government? -- Protecting the power and integrity of public wisdom -- What role will you play? -- Appendices -- An annotated list of powerful participatory processes, with links -- Some areas for research and development..

Note: Introduction / Mark Haugaard and Kevin Ryan -- Power in social and political theory / Mark Haugaard and Kevin Ryan -- Power in political anthropology / John Gledhill -- Foundations of organizational power / Stewart Clegg -- Gendering power : feminist approaches / Jill Vickers -- The political sociology of power / John A. Hall and Siniša Malešević -- Power and international relations / Phillip G. Cerny -- Concluding reflections / Kevin Ryan and Mark Haugaard..

Note: Contents: Part 1: Introduction ; The Global Adaptation Community Expands Its Scope ; Part 2: Urban Risk and Assessing Vulnerability at the Local Level ; Introduction: Urban Risk and Assessing Vulnerability at the Local Level ; A Region at Risk: Policy Determination Through Vulnerability Hotspot Assessment ; Developing a Framework for Assessing Coastal Vulnerability to Sea Level Rise in Southern New England, USA ; Quantifying Impacts of Potential Sea-Level Rise Scenarios on Irish Coastal Cities ; Mapping Risk and Vulnerability in São Paulo Metropolitan Region ; Water Crisis: Public Management of a Critical Situation ; Environmental Assessment and Restoration of Typhoon Morakot Disaster: A Case Study in Kaohsiung, Chinese Taipei ; Flood Risk Protection Concept for the Urban Region Geising/Altenberg in the Flood Formation Area of the Eastern Ore Mountains, Germany ; Part 3: Toward the Resilient City ; Introduction: Toward the Resilient City ; Water, Energy and Food Security in Mexico City ; Nature at the Heart of Urban Design for Resilience ; Smart City: Energy Efficiency in a New Scope ; Resilient Food Systems for Resilient Cities ; Urban Agriculture Casablanca ; Adapting Cities to Climate Change: Scenarios for Urban Neighbourhoods in the City of Essen ; Combining Urban Development with Climate Change Adaptation Using a Systems Approach ; Towards Resilient Architecture ; Towards More Resilient Water Infrastructures ; Building ‘Equitable’ Urban Resilience: The Challenge for Cities ; Climate Change and the Urban Poor: Support of the German Development Cooperation to a City in Bangladesh ; The Green Infrastructure Transect: An Organizational Framework for Mainstreaming Adaptation Planning Policies ; Part 4: Frameworks for Local Response to Climate Change: Challenges and Recommendations ; Introduction: Framework for Local Responses to Climate Change: Challenges and Recommendations ; Building Resilience in Asian Cities ; A Science-Policy Approach Towards Local Adaptation Planning: The Case of Santiago de Chile ; Participatory Action Adaptation: Tools for Increasing Climate Change Capacity and Preparedness at the Local Government Level ; Knowledge and Information for Resilient Cities ; Climate Change Guidelines for Urban Planning in the Basque Country ; Integrated Roadmapping to Shape Adaptation Processes in Metropolitan Areas ; The Significance of Adaptation Framing in Local and Regional Climate Change Adaptation Initiatives in Australia ; Decision-Making Frameworks for Adaptation to Extremes in Two Local Government Areas: Comparing and Contrasting India and Australia ; Urban Climate Governance in the Philippines, Mexico and South Africa: National- and State-Level Laws and Policies ; Space for Adapting: Reconciling Adaptation and Mitigation in Local Climate Change Plans ; The Early Experiences of Local Climate Change Adaptation in Norway Compared with That of Local Agenda 21 ; Climate Change Adaptation Plan of Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain ; Integrated Climate Action: Linking Mitigation and Adaptation to Make Indonesian Cities Resilient ; Enhancing the Climate Change Adaptation Capabilities of Local Governments in Korea: Supporting Programs for Local Adaptation Plan ; Reality Check: Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam ; Part 5: Financing the Resilient City ; Introduction: Financing the Resilient City ; A Demand-Driven Approach to Development, Disaster Risk Reduction, and Climate Adaptation ; Smarter Interventions in an Age of Uncertainty ; Linking Resilience and Green Growth: How Green Business Can Contribute to More Resilient Cities in India ; Green Areas Inner-City Agreement (GAIA): How Local Enterprises Can Contribute to Local Adaptation to Climate Change ; Financing Climate Change Adaptation: The Copenhagen Case ; Challenges on the Way to Financing Urban Climate Change Adaptation

Note: Rules of engagementOn being disciplined -- A guide to the style guides -- Voice and echo -- Smart sentencing -- Tempting titles -- Hooks and sinkers -- The story net -- Show and tell -- Jargonitis -- Structural designs -- Points of reference -- The big picture -- The creative touch..

Note: Erschienen: 1 - 2

Note: Chapter 1: The innovation challenge: America's innovation challenges -- New trends in global innovation -- The pillars of U.S. innovative strength -- Responding to the innovation challenge -- Chapter 2: Sustaining leadership in innovation: Improving framework conditions, substantially increasing R&D funding, institutional support for applied research -- Strengthening manufacturing -- Providing early stage finance -- Developing twenty-first century universities -- Investing in modern S&T parks -- Growing innovation clusters -- Hunting for global talent, the way forward -- Chapter 3: Findings -- Chapter 4: Recommendations -- Chapter 5: The new global competitive environment: Emerging powers -- Newly industrialized economies -- Industrialized nation case studies -- Chapter 6: National support for emerging industries: Seminconductors -- The photovoltaic industry -- Advanced batteries -- Pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals -- In closing -- Chapter 7: Clusters and regional initiatives: The innovation challenge, policies to foster innovation, regional innovation clusters -- Twenty-first century research and industry -- In closing..

Note: Cover; Title Page; Copyright Page; Dedication Page; Table of Contents; Acknowledgments; Part One: Prehistory; 1. Introduction; 2. Sex and Salesmanship; 3. Seduction and the Emotions; 4. Social Primates; Part Two: Today; 5. Testing for Talent; 6. What Do Women Want?; 7. Coalitions of the Willing; 8. The Scarcity of Charm; 9. The Tender War; Notes; References; Index.

Note: Machine generated contents note: Preface; 1. Introduction; Part I. Fundamental Concepts: 2. Fundamental concepts and terminology; 3. Modeling and computational simulation; Part II. Code Verification: 4. Software engineering; 5. Code verification; 6. Exact solutions; Part III. Solution Verification: 7. Solution verification; 8. Discretization error; 9. Solution adaptation; Part IV. Model Validation and Prediction: 10. Model validation fundamentals; 11. Design and execution of validation experiments; 12. Model accuracy assessment; 13. Predictive capability; Part V. Planning, Management, and Implementation Issues: 14. Planning and prioritization in modeling and simulation; 15. Maturity assessment of modeling and simulation; 16. Development and responsibilities for verification, validation and uncertainty quantification; Appendix. Programming practices; Index..

Note: Introduction -- Citizen competence and democratic decision-making -- Data and methods -- The preference/policy link -- Policy domains and democratic responsiveness -- Interest groups and democratic responsiveness -- Parties, elections, and democratic responsiveness -- Democratic responsiveness across time -- Money and American politics..

Note: Ersch. unregelmäßig , Beiträge teilweise in Englisch

Note: Contents: Preface. - 1. Introduction. - 1.1. Research purpose. - 1.2. Research area and methodology. - 2. Atmospheric circulation and dynamic conditions. - 2.1. Atmospheric circulation. - 2.2. Atmospheric pressure. - 2.3. Wind. - 3. Radiation conditions. - 3.1. Cloud cover. - 3.2. Sunshine duration. - 3.3. Solar radiation. - 4. Thermal conditions. - 4.1. Ground temperature. - 4.2. Air temperature. - 5. Higric conditions. - 5.1. Relative air humidity. - 5.2. Precipitation. - 6. The influence of atmospheric circulation on temperature and humidity conditions. - 6.1. The influence of atmospheric circulation on temperature conditions. - 6.2. The influence of atmospheric circulation on humidity conditions. - 7. Comparison of meteorological conditions in the area of Forlandsundet in the summer seasons of 2010-2011 with meteorological conditions in the years of 1975-2011. - 7.1. Introduction. - 7.2. Kaffiøyra. - 7.3. Waldemar Glacier. - Appendixes.

Note: Ecotones Between Forest and Grassland; Preface; Contents; Contributors; Chapter 1: Introduction; 1.1 Rationale; 1.2 Case Study: The Cross Timbers; 1.3 About This Book; References; Part I: Temperate Forest-Grassland Ecotones: Prairies, Steppes, and Pampas; Chapter 2: Woodland-Grassland Ecotonal Shifts in Environmental Mosaics: Lessons Learnt from the Environmental History of the Carpathian Basin (Central Europe) During the Holocene and the Last Ice Age Based on Investigation of Paleobotanical and Mollusk Remains; 2.1 Introduction. , 2.2 Modern Woodland-Grassland Ecotone in the Carpathian Basin and Controversies Around Definitions2.3 Profiles Selected and Methods Applied in Modeling Woodland-Grassland Ecotone Shifts in the Carpathian Basin; 2.3.1 The Climate-Zonal Hypothesis Put to the Test; 2.3.2 Testing the Model of Edaphic Ecological Factors; 2.3.3 Testing the Idea of Human-Induced Ecotone Development; 2.4 The Vegetation History of the Great Hungarian Plains as Inferred from the Evaluation of Quaternary Paleoecological and Environmental Historical Data; 2.4.1 Vegetation Development During Last Ice Age. , 2.4.2 Vegetation Development During the Terminal Part of the Last Ice Age2.4.3 Vegetation Development During the Pleistocene/Holocene Transition; 2.4.4 Vegetation History of the Carpathian Basin from the Settlement of the First Farmers; 2.5 Summary; References; Chapter 3: Ecotones as Complex Arenas of Disturbance, Climate, and Human Impacts: The Trans-Andean Forest-Steppe Ecotone of Northern Patagonia; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Physical and Biological Setting of Forest-Steppe Ecotone of Northern Patagonia; 3.2.1 Abiotic Transition; 3.2.2 Ecosystem Properties Across the Transition. , 3.2.3 Plant Communities and Plant Diversity Across the Transition3.3 Disturbance Variation and Forest Dynamics Across the Transition; 3.3.1 Fine-Scale Disturbances; 3.3.2 Coarse-Scale Disturbances; 3.4 Direct and Disturbances-Mediated In fl uences of Climate Variability Across the Transition; 3.5 Climate, Fire, Land Use, and Long-Term Vegetation Changes Across the Transition; 3.5.1 Xeric Steppe-Woodland Belt; 3.5.2 The Nothofagus Forest-Shrubland Belt; 3.5.3 The Wet Rainforest Belt; 3.6 Conclusions; References; Chapter 4: Woody-Herbaceous-Livestock Species Interaction; 4.1 Introduction. , 4.2 Woody-Herbaceous Species Interactions and Associated Models4.3 Woodland and Grassland Stable States and Conceptual Models; 4.4 Woody-Herbaceous Ecotones; 4.5 Rates and Patterns of Woody-Herbaceous Ecotone Shift; 4.6 Woody-Herbaceous-Livestock Species Dynamics; 4.7 Other Potential Factors In fl uencing Woody-Herbaceous Species Dynamics; 4.8 Current and Future Research on Woody-Herbaceous-Livestock Species Interaction; References; Chapter 5: Woody Plant Invasions in Pampa Grasslands: A Biogeographical and Community Assembly Perspective; 5.1 Introduction. , 5.2 Woody Invasions as Hierarchical Assembly Processes.

Note: Introductory essay / by Ian Hacking -- Preface -- Introduction: a role for history -- The route to normal science -- The nature of normal science -- Normal science as puzzle-solving -- The priority of paradigms -- Anomaly and the emergence of scientific discoveries -- Crisis and the emergence of scientific theories -- The response to crisis -- The nature and necessity of scientific revolutions -- Revolutions as changes of world view -- The invisibility of revolutions -- The resolution of revolutions -- Progress through revolutions -- Postscript-1969..

Note: Contents: Preface to the Second Edition ; Preface to the First Edition ; Introduction ; Part I: Evolution and Concepts ; 1. Evolution and Concepts ; Appendix to Chapter 1: Definitions and Data Issues ; Part II: Pre-WWII Approaches to International Investment ; Introduction to Part II 2. Marxist Approaches ; 3. Foreign Investment Within the Neoclassical Paradigm ; Part III: Modern Theories ; Introduction to Part III 4. Hymer’s Seminal Work ; 5. The Product Life Cycle and International Production ; 6. Oligopolistic Reactions and the Geographical Pattern of FDI ; 7. Currency Areas and Internationalization ; 8. Internalization and the Transnational Corporation ; 9. Dunning’s Eclectic Framework ; 10. Stages in the Internationalization Process: The Scandinavian School ; 11. Evolutionary Theories of the TNC ; 12. New Trade Theories and the Activities of TNCs ; 13. Transnational Monopoly Capitalism ; 14. Nation-states and TNCs’ Strategic Behaviour ; 15. Resources, Networks and the TNC ; Part IV: Effects ; Introduction to Part IV 16. Boundaries in the Assessment of Effects ; 17. Innovation and the TNCs ; 18. Effects on Labour ; 19. Effects on Trade ; 20. Effects on the Balance of Payments ; Reference ; Index

Note: Contents: Preface ; Random Thoughts on “Birth and Death,” by Kenneth J. Arrow ; Birth and Death: Arrow Lecture ; 1. Economic Demography ; 2. Utilitarian Ethics ; 3. Ends and Means ; 4. Synopsis ; Part I: Foundations ; 5. Genesis Under Total Utilitarianism ; 6. Death ; 7. A Problem Like Sleeping Beauty ; 8. Generation-Centered Prerogatives in the Timeless World ; 9. Generations Across the Indefinite Future ; Part II: Applications ; 10. The Biosphere as a Renewable Natural Resource ; 11. Estimates of Globally Optimum Population ; 12. Technology and Institutions ; 13. Existential Risks and Informed Ends ; Appendix 1: Socially-Embedded Well-Being Functions ; Appendix 2: Common Property Resources and Reproductive Choices ; Appendix 3: Notes on Rawls’ Principle of Just Saving ; Appendix 4: Modeling the Biosphere ; Appendix 5: Inclusive Wealth and Social Well-Being ; Appendix 6: Valuing Freedom of Choice ; References ; Commentary on Birth and Death, by Scott Barrett ; Commentary on Birth and Death, by Eric Maskin ; Commentary on Birth and Death, by Joseph Stiglitz ; Response to Commentaries ; Epilogue ; Socially Embedded Preferences, Environmental Externalities, and Reproductive Rights, with Aisha Dasgupta - Reprinted from Population and Development Review (September 2017) ; Contributors ; Author Index ; Subject Index

Note: Contents 1 High elevation treelines 1.1 The task 1.2 Previous works 2 Definitions and conventions 2.1 The life form ‘tree’ 2.2 Lines and transitions 2.3 Limitation, stress and disturbance 2.4 Altitude-related and other environmental drivers 2.5 Treeline nomenclature 3 Treeline patterns 3.1 Treeline taxa 3.2 The summit syndrome and other treeline depressions 3.3 Mass elevation effect 3.4 Treeline elevation 3.5 Time matters 3.6 Forest structure near treeline 4 Treeline climate 4.1 Specific aspects of treeline climatology 4.2 Criteria to define temperature regimes at treeline 4.3 Treeline temperatures in different bioclimatic regions 4.3.1 Subarctic and boreal zone (45–68° N) 4.3.2 Cool temperate zone (45–47° N, 44° S) 4.3.3 Warm temperate zone (28–42° N, 36° S) 4.3.4 Subtropical zone (19° S, 19° N) 4.3.5 Equatorial tropics (6° N to 3° S) 4.3.6 Mediterranean ‘treelines’ (38–42° N) 4.3.7 The Nothofagus and Metrosideros case 4.3.8 Treeline temperatures across bioclimatic zones 4.4 Seedbed and branch temperatures 4.5 Whole forest temperatures 5 Global mountain statistics based on treeline elevation 5.1 Mountain geostatistics 5.2 Elevational belts 5.3 Global treeline ecotones 6 Structure and stature of treeline trees 6.1 Foliage properties 6.2 Wood properties 6.3 Bark properties 6.4 Root traits 6.5 Tree stature 6.6 Dry matter allocation in treeline trees 7 Growth and development 7.1 Tree growth near the treeline 7.1.1 In situ growth of seedlings 7.1.2 In situ growth of saplings and adult trees 7.2 Xylogenesis at the treeline 7.2.1 In situ cambial activity 7.2.2 Apical growth dynamics 7.3 Root growth 7.4 Phenology at the treeline 8 Evolutionary adjustments to life at the treeline 8.1 Phylogenetic selection 8.2 Genotypic responses of growth and development 8.3 Genotypic responses of physiological traits 9 Reproduction, early life stages and tree demography 9.1 Amount and quality of seeds at high elevation 9.2 Germination, seedling and sapling stage 9.3 Tree demography at the treeline 10 Freezing and other forms of stress 10.1 Stress at the treeline in a fitness context 10.2 Mechanisms and principles of freezing resistance 10.3 Freezing resistance in treeline trees 10.4 Other forms of stress at the treeline 10.4.1 Freeze-thaw cycles and hydraulic failure 10.4.2 Winter desiccation 11 Water, nutrient and carbon relations 11.1 Tree water relations during the growing season 11.2 Nutrient relations 11.3 Carbon relations 12 Treeline formation - currently, in the past and in the future 12.1 Causes of current treelines 12.2 Treelines in the recent past 12.3 Treelines in the distant past (Holocene) 12.4 Treelines in the future References Subject Index Taxonomic Index

Note: Introduction -- Sulfur chemistry in aqueous solutions -- Sedimentary iron biogeochemistry -- Aqueous metal-sulfide chemistry: complexes, clusters and nanoparticles -- Metastable sedimentary iron sulfides -- Sedimentary pyrite -- Metal sequestration by sedimentary iron sulfides -- Microbial sulfate reduction in sediments -- Microbial sulfide oxidation in sediments -- Microbial ecology of sulfidic sediments -- Sedimentary sulfur isotope biogeochemistry -- Iron isotope fractionation in sedimentary sulfides -- Euxinic systems -- Sedimentary sulfides -- The geochemistry of sulfidic sedimentary rocks -- Fossil bacteria: evidence for the evolution of the sulfur biome -- The evolution of the sedimentary sulfur cycle..

Note: Introduction.The role of compliance in an evolving climate regime / Lavanya Rajamani, Jutta Brunnée, and Meinhard Doelle -- The emerging post-Cancun climate regime / Jennifer Morgan -- Promoting compliance with multilateral environmental agreements / Jutta Brunnée -- Compliance regimes in multilateral environmental agreements / Jane Bulmer -- Key features of the Kyoto Protocol's compliance system / René Lefeber and Sebastian Oberthür -- Experience with the facilitative and enforcement branches of the Kyoto compliance system / Meinhard Doelle -- Experiences with Articles 5, 7, and 8 defining the monitoring, reporting and verification system under the Kyoto Protocol / Anke Herold -- The role of non-state actors in climate compliance / Eric Dannenmaier -- Facilitation of compliance / Catherine Redgwell -- Enforcing compliance in an evolving climate regime / Michael Mehling -- Financial mechanisms under the climate regime / Haroldo Machado-Filho -- Post-2012 compliance and carbon markets / Franceso Sindico -- Compliance and the use of trade measures / Jacob Werksman -- 'Comparability of efforts' among developed country parties and the post-2012 compliance system / M.J. Mace -- From the Kyoto Protocol compliance system to MRV : what is at stake for the European Union? / Sandrine Maljean-Dubois and Anne-Sophie Tabau -- Compliance in transition countries / Christina Voigt -- Developing countries and compliance in the climate regime / Lavanya Rajamani -- The role of dispute settlement in the climate regime / Ruth Mackenzie -- Depoliticizing compliance / Geir Ulfstein -- Conclusion.Promoting compliance in an evolving climate regime / Meinhard Doelle, Jutta Brunnée, and Lavanya Rajamani..

Note: Contents: 1. Introduction. - 2. Current Practices. - 3. Drivers of Change. - 4. The Fuel Penalty. - 5. Underwater Hull Related Environmental Concerns. - 6. Regulatory Aspects. - 7. Hull Coating Systems Compared. - 8. A Better, Viable Alternative. - 9. In-water Ship Hull Cleaning. - 10. Propeller Cleaning. - 11. Rudder Protection. - 12. Case Studies. - 13. Conclusion. - Resources. - Glossary. - Index.

Note: Introduction -- Part I. Environmental thought and action: introduction; environmental philosophy; green ideology; environmental movements -- Part II. The background to environmental policy making: introduction; rationality and power in environmental decision making; choosing the means; valuation of the environment -- Part III. Multi-level environmental governance: from global to local: introduction; greening global governance; European integration; constructing the green state; local democracy and local authorities..

Note: Contents Preface Curriculum Vitae List of Publications by Horst Lange-Bertalot Bahls, L.: Seven new species in Navicula sensu stricto from the Northern Great Plains and Northern Rocky Mountains. Blanco, S., B. Van de Vijver, A. Vinocur, G. Mataloni, J. Goma, M. H. Novais & L. Ector: Hippodonta lange-bertalotii Van de Vijver, Mataloni & Vinocur sp. nov. and related small-celled Hippodonta taxa. Burliga, A. L. & J. P. Kociolek : Four new Eunotia Ehrenberg species (Bacillariophyceae) from pristine regions of Carajas National Forest, Amazonia, Brazil. Cantonati, M., M. Leira, N. Angeli & C. Lopez Rodriguez: Naviculadicta langebertcdotii sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta) from streams in Galicia (N-W Spain). Karthick, B., P. B. Hamilton & J. P. Kociolek: Taxonomy and biogeography of some Surirella Turpin (Bacillariophyceae) taxa from Peninsular India. Karthick, B. & Kociolek, J. P.: A new species of Pleurosigma from Western Ghats, South India. Metzeltin, D.: Eunotia langebertalotii, a new species from Lambir Hills National Park in Sarawak, tropical East Malaysia Monnier, O., L. Ector, F. Rimet, M. Ferreol & L. Hoffmann: Adlafia langebertalotii sp. nov. (Bacillariophyceae), a new diatom from the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg morpho­logically similar to A. suchlandtii comb. nov. Morales, E. A., K. M. Manoylov & L. L. Bahls: Fragilariforma horstii sp. nov. (Ba­cillariophyceae) a new araphid species from the northern United States of America Reichardt, E.: Der Artenkomplex um Gomphonema occultum E. Reichardt & Lange-Bertalot (Bacillariophyceae): Variability und drei neue Arten Stachura-Suchoples, K.: On taxonomy of Pliocaenicus costatus species complex, varieties, demes or/and morphological variability? Trobajo, R., D. G. Mann & E. J. Cox: Studies on the type material of Nitzschia abbreviata (Bacillariophyta) Van de Vijver, B., B. Chattova, D. Metzeltin & M. Lebouvier: The genus Pinnularia (Bacillariophyta) on lie Amsterdam (TAAF, Southern Indian Ocean) Van de Vijver, B., A. Jarlman, M. de Haan & L. Ector: New and interesting diatom species (Bacillariophyceae) from Swedish rivers Williams, D. M.: Diatoma moniliforme: Commentary, relationships and an appropriate name Ake-Castillo, J. A., Y. B. Okolodkov, S. Espinosa-Matias, F. del C. Merino-Virgilio, J. A. Herrera-Silveira & L. Ector: Cyclotella marina (Tanimura, Nagumo et Kato) Ake-Castillo, Okolodkov et Ector comb, et stat. nov. (Thalassiosiraceae): a bloom-forming diatom in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico Belando, M. D., A. Marin & M. Aboal: Licmophora species from a Mediterranean hyper-saline coastal lagoon (Mar Menor, Murcia, SE Spain) Reid, G.: Toxonidea langebertalotii sp. nov. A new marine diatom from the Salvages Islands Riaux-Gobin, C., R Compere, A. Y. Al-Handal & F. Straub: SEM survey of some small-sized Planothidium (Bacillariophyta) from coral sands off Mascarenes. (Western Indian Ocean) Khursevich, G. & Kociolek, J. P.: A preliminary, worldwide inventory of the extinct, freshwater fossil diatoms from the orders Thalassiosirales, Stephanodiscales, Paraliales, Aulacoseirales, Melosirales, Coscindiscales, and Biddulphiales 315 Kulikovskiy, M. S., G. K. Khursevich & A. Witkowski: Encyonema horstii sp. nov., a species of unusual valve outline from the Pleistocene deposits of Lake Baikal Witkowski, J., D. M. Harwood & M. Kulikovskiy: Observations on Late Cretaceous ma­rine diatom resting spore genera Pseudoaulacodiscus and Archaegoniothecium gen. nov. Jasprica, N., M. Caric, F Krsinic, T. Kapetanovic, M. Batistic & J. Njire: Planktonic dia­toms and their environment in the lower Neretva River estuary (Eastern Adriatic Sea, NE Mediterranean) Solak, C. N., L. Ector, A. Z. Wojtal, E. Acs & E. A. Morales: A review of investigations on diatoms (Bacillariophyta) in Turkish inland waters Bak, M. & A. Szlauer-Lukaszewska: Bioindicative potential of diatoms and ostracods in the Odra mouth environment quality assessment Starrat, S. W.: Holocene diatom flora and climate history of Medicine Lake, Northern California, USA. Medlin, L., I. Yang & S. Sato: Evolution of the Diatoms. VII. Four gene Phylogeny as­sesses the validity of celected araphid genera Lang, I. & I. Kaczmarska: Morphological and molecular identity of diatom cells retrieved from ship ballast tanks destined for Vancouver, Canada Buczko, K.: The Pantocsek diatom and photomicrograph collectio n from 19th to 21th cen­tury

Note: Contents: What has changed since the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment in 2005? Part 1. How the Arctic cryosphere is changing 1.1. The Arctic cryosphere 1.2. Monitoring change in the Arctic cryosphere 1.3. Snow cover is decreasing 1.4. Permafrost is thawing 1.5. Lakes and rivers are losing ice cover 1.6. Mountain glaciers, ice caps and the Greenland Ice Sheet are all diminishing 1.7. Summer sea-ice cover has declined dramatically Part 2. Why the Arctic cryosphere is changing 2.1. The Arctic climate is changing 2.2. The cryosphere interacts with other aspects of climate Part 3. More change is expected. Where in the Arctic? 3.1. Modelling the future 3.2. Future changes in temperature, rain and snowfall 3.3. Future changes in snow, permafrost, lake and river ice 3.4. Future changes in mountain glaciers, ice caps and the Greenland Ice Sheet 3.5. Future changes in sea ice Part 4. How these changes affect people and nature. Where in the Arctic? 4.1. Changing Arctic ecosystems 4.2. Changing supplies of natural resources 4.3. Changing access 4.4. Changing risks to buildings and land 4.5. Changing movement of contaminants 4.6. Changing Arctic living conditions Part 5. Why changes in the Arctic matter globally 5.1. Changes in the Arctic cryosphere affect the global climate 5.2. Melting Arctic land ice contributes to sea-level rise 5.3. Consequences for global society Part 6. What should be done? 6.1. Adapting to change 6.2. The big unknowns Glossary.

Note: pt. 1. Foundational data integration techniques -- pt. 2. Integration with extended data representations -- pt. 3. Novel integration architectures

Note: N.F. entfällt ab 57.2000. - Volltext auch als Teil einer Datenbank verfügbar , Ersch. ab 2000 in engl. Sprache mit dt. Hauptsacht.

Note: Social perspectives on risk and uncertainty : reconciling the spectacular and the mundane / Stewart Lockie and Tom MeashamManaging risk under uncertainty / Raymond Murphy -- Risk and environmental victimisation / Rob White -- The lure of the market in tackling global warming / Fiona Haines -- Complexity, uncertainty and ambiguity in inclusive risk governance / Ortwin Renn and Andreas Klinke -- Market-based resource management policy and environmental uncertainty : outsourcing risk calculation / Stewart Lockie -- Women and risk : commercial wastewater injection wells and gendered perceptions of risk / Lee M. Miller -- Development of environmental risk management plans in Great Barrier Reef catchments / Steve Purbrick and Nick Schofield -- Shifting sands : uncertainty and a local community response to sea level rise policy in Australia / Anne Leitch and Cathy Robinson -- Risk and climate change in Brazilian coastal cities / Leila da Costa Ferreira, Rafael D'Almeida Martins, Fabiana Barbi, Alberto Matenhauer Urbinatti, Fernanda Oliveira de Souza, Thales Haddad Novaes de Andrade and Leonardo Freire de Mello -- Vulnerability analysis, risk and deliberation : the Sydney climate change adaptation initiative / Tom Measham and Benjamin L. Preston -- Uncertainty and ambiguity in environmental governance : water quality in Great Barrier Reef catchments / Bruce Taylor, Tabatha Wallington and Cathy Robinson -- Choice editing for the environment : managing corporate risks / Jane Dixon and Cathy Banwell -- Crisis, change and water institutions in south-east Queensland : strategies for an integrated approach / Tabatha Wallington, Cathy Robinson and Brian Head -- Using holistic scenarios to rewrite rural futures / Tira Foran and Louis Lebel..

Note: Three stories of our time -- Trusting the spiral -- Coming from gratitude -- Honoring our pain for the world -- A wider sense of self -- A different kind of power -- A richer experience of community -- A larger view of time -- Catching an inspiring vision -- Daring to believe it is possible -- Building support around you -- Maintaining energy and enthusiasm -- Strengthened by uncertainty.

Note: Conceptualizing climate change-related movement -- The relevance of international refugee law -- Climate change-related movement and international human rights law : the role of complementary protection -- State practice on protection from disasters and related harms -- "Disappearing states", statelessness, and relocation -- Moving with dignity : responding to climate change-related mobility in Bangladesh -- "Protection" or "Migration"? The "climate refugee" treaty debate -- Institutional governance -- Overarching normative principles..

Note: Introduction -- What is financialization? -- The social politics of U.S financial deregulation -- The Reagan administration discovers the global economy -- The making of U.S. monetary policy -- Conclusion..

Note: Aldo Chircop ... [et al.] / Law of the sea and ocean governance : straits used for international navigation : some recent developments -- Tommy Koh / Law, economics, and politics : Trinidad and Tobago/Grenada maritime boundary delimitation -- Carlyle L. Mitchell / Regulation of high seas fisheries in the Northwest Atlantic, 1976-2010 -- A. William Moreira / The reasonable bond and the jurisprudence of the international tribunal for the law of the sea : some brief remarks -- L. Dolliver M. Nelson / Do we need a new convention on piracy and armed robbery against ships? -- Robert C. Beckman / Piracy across maritime law : is there a problem of definition? -- Aref Fakhry / Governance in the Arctic Ocean : a commentary on the Great Arctic melt and its potential impact on global shipping patterns -- Brian Flemming / Russia's northern sea route - much to do -- R. Douglas Brubaker with Claes Lykke Ragner / The polluter pays principle : preventing ship-source pollution in the Arctic -- Kenneth A. MacInnis / Regional cooperation in the South China Sea and the Arctic : lessons to be learned? -- David L. VanderZwaag and Hai Dang Vu / Shipping and international maritime law : the treaty-making work of the legal committee of the international maritime organization -- Alfred Popp / Will insurance cover that? a review of the challenges faced by coastal states seeking to recoup costs for removal of wrecks under the Nairobi wreck removal convention -- Eric Machum and Frank Metcalf / The urgency of reducing air pollution from global shipping -- Sherry P. Broder and Jon M. Van Dyke / Maritime cabotage : international market issues in the liberalization of domestic shipping -- Mary R. Brooks / Safer ships and cleaner seas : the insurer's role -- Kjetil Eivindstad and Christopher Petrie / Economic losses and environmental damage in the law of ship-source pollution -- Proshanto K. Mukherjee / Marine oil and gas pollution spills in Australian waters -- Vincent Cogliati-Bantz ... [et al.] / Forging or foregoing the 'Genuine Link'? a reflection on the maritime labour convention, 2006 and other approaches -- Moira L. McConnell / Seafaring and maritime labour law : perceptions and attitudes of seafarers towards maritime regulations : an historical perspective -- Alastair Couper / The continuing criminalization of seafarers : where to go from here? -- Sarah M. Kirby / Seafarers' welfare development in Southeast Asia : a commentary -- Nien-Tsu Alfred Hu / Reflections on a changing industry and the seafaring profession -- Angus McDonald / Future sea captains : environmentally responsible global citizens -- Arthur J. Hanson / Canadian maritime law : Canada's vessel traffic management regime : an overview in the context of international law -- McDorman / Forum shopping comes to Canada : the recognition of foreign maritime liens -- Norman G. Letalik / The continuing evolution of maritime law : jurisdiction in Canada -- Aldo Chircop / "Change my way of thinking" : Canadian maritime law and the Supreme Court of Canada, The Edgar Gold years -- Wylie Spicer / Selected publications of Edgar Gold..

Note: Contents Preface Preface to the First Edition List of figures Abbreviations 1 Historical perspective (Roland A. Madden and Paul R. Julian) 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The intraseasonal, tropospheric oscillation 1.3 The elementary 4-D structure 1.4 Other early studies of the oscillation 1.5 The oscillation in 1979 1.6 Complexity of cloud movement and structure 1.7 Seasonal variations in the oscillation 1.8 The oscillation in the zonal average 1.9 Other effects of the oscillation 1.10 Summary 1.11 References 2 South Asian monsoon (B. N. Goswami) 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 South Asian summer monsoon and active/break cycles 2.1.2 Amplitude and temporal and spatial scales 2.1.3 Regional propagation characteristics 2.1.4 Relationship between poleward-propagating ISOs and monsoon onset 2.1.5 Relationship with the MJO 2.2 Mechanism for temporal-scale selection and propagation 2.2.1 30 to 60-day mode 2.2.2 10 to 20-day mode 2.3 Air-sea interactions 2.4 Clustering of synoptic events by ISOs 2.5 Monsoon ISOs and predictability of the seasonal mean 2.6 Aerosols and monsoon ISOs 2.7 Predictability and prediction of monsoon ISOs 2.8 Summary and discussion 2.9 Acknowledgments 2.10 Appendix 2.11 References 3 Intraseasonal variability of the atmosphere-ocean-climate system: East Asian monsoon (Huang-Hsiung Hsu) 3.1 Introduction 3.2 General characteristics of EA/WNP monsoon flow 3.3 Periodicity, seasonality, and regionality 3.4 Intraseasonal oscillation propagation tendency 3.5 Relationship with monsoon onsets and breaks 3.6 The 10 to 30-day and 30 to 60-day boreal summer ISO 3.6.1 The 30 to 60-day northward/northwestward-propagating pattern 3.6.2 The 10 to 30-day westward-propagating pattern 3.7 Relationship with tropical cyclone activity 3.8 Upscale effect of TC and synoptic systems 3.9 Final remarks 3.9.1 Close association with the EA/WNP monsoon 3.9.2 The CISO vs. interannual variability 3.9.3 Multiperiodicities and multiscale interaction 3.9.4 Others 3.10 References 4 Pan America (Kingtse C. Mo, Charles Jones, and Julia Nogues Paegle) 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Variations in the IS band 4.3 IS variability in December-March 4.3.1 EOF modes 4.3.2 The Madden Julian Oscillation 4.3.3 The submonthly oscillation 4.4 IS variability in June-September 4.4.1 EOF modes 4.4.2 Madden-Julian Oscillation 4.4.3 Submonthly oscillation 4.5 Intraseasonal modulation of hurricanes 4.6 Summary 4.7 References 5 Australasian monsoon (M. C. Wheeler and J. L. McBride) 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Seasonal cycle of background flow 5.3 Broadband intraseasonal behavior: Bursts and breaks 5.4 Broadband intraseasonal behavior: Spectral analysis 5.5 Meteorology of the bursts and breaks 5.6 Characteristics and influence of the MJO 5.7 1983/1984 and 1987/1988 case studies 5.8 MJO influence on monsoon onset 5.9 Other modes and sources of ISV 5.10 Modulation of tropical cyclones 5.11 Extratropical-tropical interaction 5.12 Prediction 5.13 Conclusions 5.14 References 6 The oceans (William S. Kessler) 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Heat fluxes 6.2.1 Salinity and the barrier layer 6.2.2 A 1-D heat balance? 6.2.3 The role of advection 6.3 Vertical structure under westerly winds 6.4 Remote signatures of wind-forced Kelvin waves 6.5 El Nino and rectification of ISV 6.6 ISV in the Indian Ocean 6.6.1 Differences between the Indian and Pacific Ocean warm pools and their consequences 6.6.2 Oscillations lasting about 60 days in the western equatorial Indian Ocean 6.6.3 Recent models of wind-forced ISV in the Indian Ocean 6.7 Other intrinsic oceanic ISV 6.7.1 Global ISV 6.7.2 Non-TISO-forced ISV in the tropical Indo-Pacific 6.7.3 ISV outside the equatorial Indo-Pacific 6.8 Conclusion 6.9 References 7 Air-sea interaction (Harry Hendori) 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Air-sea fluxes for the eastward MJO 7.3 Air-sea fluxes associated with northward propagation in the Indian summer monsoon 7.4 SST variability 7.5 Mechanisms of SST variability 7.6 SST-atmosphere feedback 7.7 Impact of slow SST variations on MJO activity 7.8 Concluding remarks 7.9 Acknowledgments 7.10 References 8 Mass, momentum, and geodynamics (Benjamin F. Chao and David A. Salstein) 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Angular momentum variations and Earth rotation 8.2.1 Length-of-day variation and axial angular momentum 8.2.2 Polar motion excitation and equatorial angular momentum 8.2.3 Angular momentum and torques 8.3 Time-variable gravity 8.4 Geocenter motion 8.5 Conclusions 8.6 Acknowledgments 8.7 References 9 El Nino Southern Oscillation connection (William K. M. Lau) 9.1 Introduction 9.2 A historical perspective 9.3 Phase 1: The embryonic stage 9.3.1 OLR time-longitude sections 9.3.2 Seasonality 9.3.3 Supercloud clusters 9.3.4 Early modeling framework 9.4 Phase 2: The exploratory stage 9.4.1 MJO and ENSO interactions 9.4.2 WWEs 9.5 Phase 3: ENSO case studies 9.5.1 El Nino of 1997/1998 9.5.2 Stochastic forcings 9.6 Phase-4: Recent development 9.6.1 A new ISO index 9.6.2 Composite events 9.6.3 The ISV-ENSO biennial rhythm 9.7 TISV and predictability 9.8 Acknowledgments 9.9 References 10 Theories (Bin Wang) 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Review of ISO theories 10.2.1 Wave CISK 10.2.2 Wind-evaporation feedback or WISHE 10.2.3 Frictional convergence instability (FCI) 10.2.4 Cloud-radiation feedback 10.2.5 Convection-water vapor feedback and the moisture mode 10.2.6 Multiscale interaction theory 10.2.7 Mechanisms of the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation 10.2.8 Atmosphere-ocean interaction 10.3 A general theoretical framework 10.3.1 Fundamental physical processes 10.3.2 Governing equations 10.3.3 Boundary layer dynamics near the equator 10.3.4 The 1.5-layer model for the MJO 10.3.5 The 2.5-layer model including the effects of basic flows 10.4 Dynamics of the MJO 10.4.1 Low-frequency equatorial waves and the associated Ekman pumping 10.4.2 Frictional convergence instability (FCI) 10.4.3 FCI mode under nonlinear heating 10.4.4 The role of multiscale interaction (MSI) in MJO dynamics 10.5 Dynamics of boreal summer ISO 10.5.1 Effects of mean flows on the ISO 10.5.2 Mechanism of northward propagation 10.6 Role played by atmospheric-ocean interaction 10.7 Summary and discussion 10.7.1 Understanding gained from the FCI theory 10.7.2 Model limitations 10.7.3 Outstanding issues 10.8 Acknowledgments 10.9 References 11 Modeling intraseasonal variability (K. R. Sperber, J. M. Slingo, and P. M. Inness) 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Modeling the MJO in boreal winter 11.2.1 Interannual and decadal variability of the MJO 11.2.2 Sensitivity to formulation of the atmospheric model 11.2.3 Modeling the MJO as a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon 11.3 Boreal summer intraseasonal variability 11.3.1 GCM simulations 11.3.2 Air-sea interaction and boreal summer intraseasonal variability 11.3.3 Modeling studies of the links between boreal summer intraseasonal and interannual variability 11.4 The impact of vertical resolution in the upper ocean 11.5 Concluding remarks 11.6 Acknowledgments 11.7 References 12 Predictability and forecasting (Duane Waliser) 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Empirical models 12.3 Dynamical forecast models 12.4 Predictability 12.5 Real time forecasts 12.6 Discussion 12.7 Appendix 12.8 Acknowledgments 12.9 References 13 Africa and West Asia (Mathew Barlow) 13.1 Overview 13.2 Summary of Africa research 13.2.1 West Africa 13.2.2 Eastern Africa 13.2.3 Southern Africa 13.3 Summary of West Asia research 13.4 Station data analysis 13.4.1 Methodology and data 13.4.2 Nairobi 13.4.3 Riyadh 13.5 Relevance of Gill-Matsuno dynamics and the role of mean wind 13.6 Summary and discussion 13.7 References 14 Tropical-extratropical interactions (Paul E. Roundy) 14.1 Introduction 14.2 A boreal winter composite of the global flow associated with the MJO 14.3 Response of the global atmosphere to heating in tropical convection 14.4 Influence of extratropical waves on tropical convection 14.5 Two-way interactions between the tropics and extratropics 14.6 MJO inf

Note: Contents: PART I INTRODUCTION, NUMERICAL OVERVIEW, AND DATA-SETS. - 1 The march towards the quantitative analysis of palaeolimnological data. - 2 Overview of numerical metods in Palaeolimnology. - 3 Data-Sets. - PART II NUMERICAL METHODS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF MODERN AND STRATIGRAPHICAL PALAEOLIMNOLOGICAL DATA. - 4 Introduction and overview Part II. - 5 Exploratory data analysis and data display. - Assessment of uncertainities associated with Palaeolimnological laboratory methods and microfossil analysis. - 7 Clustering and partitioning. - 8 From Classical to canonical ordination. - 9 Statistical learning in Palaeolimnology. - PART III NUMERICAL METHODS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF STRATIGRAPHICAL PALAEOLIMNOLOGICAL DATA. - 10 Introduction and overview of Part III. - 11 Analysis of stratigraphical data. - 12 Estimation of age-depth relationships. - 13 Core correlation. - 14 Quantitative environmental reconstructions from biological data. - 15 Analogue methods in Palaeolimnology. - 16 Autocorrelogram and Periodogram analysis of palaeolimnological temporal-series from lakes in Central and Western North America to assess shifts in drought conditions. - PART IV CASE STUDIES AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS IN QUANTITATIVE PALAEOLIMNOLOGY. - 17 Introduction and overview of Part IV. - 18 Limnological responses to environmental changes at Inter-annual to decadal time-scales. - 19 Human impacts: applications of numerical methods to evaluate surface-water acidification and eutrophication. - 20 Tracking Holocene climatic change with aquatic biota from lake sediments: case studies of commonly used numerical techniques. - 21 Conclusions and future challenges. - Glossary. - Index.

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION How to collect, process and identify diatoms Phytoplankton Periphyton Permanent preparation Health and Safety Light microscopy (LM) Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) The Pathway to diatom studies CHAPTER 2 BIOLOGY AND APPLICATION OF DIATOMS Introduction Habitat Habit Frustule Structure Cytology Cell Division Movement of Diatoms Life Cycle Resting Stages Ecology and biomonitoring Palaeoecology and climate change Diatomite Diatoms in Forensic Science Harmful Diatoms Classification and Systematics CHAPTER 3 FEATURES AND ILLUSTRATED GLOSSARY FOR DIATOM IDENTIFICATION Glossary of Terms Applicable to Diatoms Botanical Nomenclature A Mind Map Recent Name Changes CHAPTER 4 SHORT DIAGNOSTIC DESCRIPTIONS OF COMMON GENERA CENTRIC PENNATE DIATOMS ARAPHID GROUP MONORAPHID GROUP PRORAPHID GROUP BIRAPHID GROUP NAVICULOID SIGMOID GROUP HETEROPOLAR GROUP CYMBELLOID GROUP DIATOMS WITH RAPHE RAISED ON KEEL BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX OF DIATOM SPECIES ILLUSTRATED IN THIS GUIDE

Note: Contents: About the author. - About the technical reviewer. - Acknowledgments. - Introduction. - Chapter 1: Getting R and getting started. - Chapter 2: Programming in R. - Chapter 3: Writing reusable functions. - Chapter 4: Summary statistics. - Chapter 5: Creating Tables and graphs. - Chapter 6: Discrete probability distributions. - Chapter 7: Computing normal probabilities. - Chapter 8: Creating confidence intervals. - Chapter 9: Performing t tests. - Chapter 10: One-way analysis of variance. - Chapter 11: Advanced analysis of variance. - Chapter 12: Correlation and regression. - Chapter 13: Multiple regression. - Chapter 14: Logistic regression. - Chapter 15: Chi-square tests. - Chapter 16: Nonparametric tests. - Chapter 17: Using R for simulation. - Chapter 18: The 'new' statistics: resampling and bootstrapping. - Chapter 19: Making an R package. - Chapter 20: The R commander package. - Index

Note: Contents: Preface. - 1 Basics. - 2 Radiative energy flows. - 3 How turbulence and cumulus clouds carry energy upward. - Appendix to Chapter 3: More about Eddy Fluxes. - 4 How energy travels from the tropics to the poles. - Appendix to chapter 4: Conservation of momentum on a rotating sphere. - 5 Feedbacks. - 6 The water planet. - 7 Predictability of weather and climate. - 8 Air, sea, land. - 9 Frontiers. - Notes. - Glossary. - Suggestions for further reading. - Bibliography. - Index.

Note: Contents: 1 Introduction. - 1.1 The world cold regions. - 1.2 Water in frozen soils. - 1.3 Permafrost. - 1.3.1 Definitions. - 1.3.2. Distribution. - 1.3.3. Factors influencing permafrost occurence. - 1.4 Permafrost and hydrology. - 1.4.1 Permafrost hydrology. - 1.4.2 Hydrologic behavior of seasonal frost and permafrost. - 1.5 Environments of permafrost regions. - 1.5.1 Hydroclimatology. - 1.5.2 Geology. - 1.5.3 Glaciation. - 1.5.4 Physiography. - 1.5.5 Vegetation. - 1.5.6 Peat cover. - 1.6 Presentation of the book. - 2 Moisture and heat. - 2.1 Precipitation. - 2.1.1 General pattern. - 2.1.2 Cyclones. - 2.1.3 Recycling. - 2.1.4 Trace precipitation. - 2.2 Surface energy balance. - 2.3 Evaporation. - 2.3.1 Eddy Fluctuation Method. - 2.3.2 Aerodynamic method. - 2.3.3 Bowen Ratio Method. - 2.3.4 Priestley and Taylor Method. - 2.4 Energy balance of the active layer. - 2.4.1 Energy Balance. - 2.4.2 Thermal conductivity and heat capacity. - 2.5 Ground temperature. - 2.5.1 Penetration of temperature waves. - 2.5.2 Frost table development. - 2.6 Heat and moisture flows in frozen soils. - 2.6.1 Stefan's Algorithm. - 2.6.2 Near-Surface ground temperature. - 2.6.3 Moisture migration and ice lens formation. - 2.7 Ground ice. - 2.7.1 Types of ground ice. - 2.7.2 Excess ice. - 3 Groundwater. - 3.1 Groundwater occurence in permafrost. - 3.1.1 Suprapermafrost groundwater. - 3.1.2 Intrapermafrost groundwater. - 3.1.3 Subpermafrost groundwater. - 3.2 Groundwater recharge and circulation. - 3.2.1 Recharge. - 3.2.2 Groundwater movement. - 3.3 Groundwater discharge. - 3.3.1 Seeps. - 3.3.2 Springs. - 3.3.3 Baseflow. - 3.3.4 Ponds and lakes. - 3.4 Icings. - 3.4.1 Ground and spring icings. - 3.4.2 River icings. - 3.4.3 Icing dimension. - 3.4.4 Icing problems. - 3.5 Domed ice features. - 3.5.1 Frost mounds and icing mounds. - 3.5.2 Pingos. - References. - 4 Snow cover. - 4.1 Snow accumulation. - 4.1.1 Winter precipitation. - 4.1.2 Blowing snow. - 4.1.3 Terrain heterogeneity. - 4.1.4 Vegetation cover. - 4.2 Characteristics of the snow cover. - 4.2.1 Snow temperature and insulation. - 4.2.2 Snow metamorphism. - 4.2.3 Snow stratigraphy. - 4.3 Snowmelt processes. - 4.3.1 Radiation melt. - 4.3.2 Turbulent fluxes melt. - 4.3.3 Other melt terms. - 4.4 Snowmelt in permafrost areas. - 4.4.1 Tundra and Barren areas. - 4.4.2 Dirty snow. - 4.4.3 Shrub fields. - 4.4.4 Forests. - 4.5 Meltwater movement in snow. - 4.5.1 Dry snow. - 4.5.2 Wet snow. - References. - 5 Active layer dynamics. - 5.1 Freeze-back and winter periods. - 5.1.1 Snow cover and ground freezing. - 5.1.2 Moisture flux and ice formation. - 5.1.3 Vapor flux from soil to snow. - 5.2 Snowmelt period. - 5.2.1 Snowmelt and basal ice. - 5.2.2 Infiltration into frozen soil. - 5.2.3 Soil warming. - 5.2.4 Surface saturation, evaporation and runoff. - 5.3 Summer. - 5.3.1 Active layer thaw. - 5.3.2 Summer precipitation. - 5.3.3 Evaporation. - 5.3.4 Rainwater infiltration. - 5.3.5 Soil moisture. - 5.3.6 Groundwater. - References. - 6 Slope processes. - 6.1 Flow paths. - 6.1.1 Flow paths in snow. - 6.1.2 Surface and subsurface flows. - 6.1.3 Flow in bedrock areas. - 6.1.4 Flow in unconsolidated materials. - 6.2 Water sources. - 6.3 Factors influencing slope runoff generation. - 6.3.1 Microclimatic control. - 6.3.2 Topographic influence. - 6.3.3 Importance of the Frost table. - 6.3.4 Roles of organic materials. - 6.3.5 Bedrock control. - 6.4 Basin slopes in permafrost regions. - 6.4.1 High Arctic slopes. - 6.4.2 Low Arctic slopes. - 6.4.3 Subarctic slopes. - 6.4.4 Alpine permafrost zones. - 6.4.5 Precambrian bedrock terrain. - 6.5 Concepts for basin flow generation. - 6.5.1 Variable source area and fill-and-spill concepts. - 6.5.2 Heterogenous slopes. - References. - 7 Cold lakes. - 7.1 Types of lake. - 7.2 Lake ice. - 7.2.1 Lake ice regime. - 7.2.2 Ice formation and growth. - 7.2.3 Ice decay. - 7.3 Lake circulation. - 7.4 Hydrologic inputs. - 7.5 Lake evaporation. - 7.6 Lake outflow. - 7.6.1 Outflow conditions. - 7.6.2 Fill-and-Spill concept and lake outflow. - 7.7 Lake level. - 7.8 Large lakes. - 7.9 Permafrost and lakes. - References. - 8 Northern wetlands. - 8.1 Wetlands in permafrost regions. - 8.2 Factors favoring wetland occurence. - 8.2.1 Climate. - 8.2.2 Topography. - 8.2.3 Stratigraphy. - 8.2.4 Other factors. - 8.3 Hydrogeomorphic features in wetlands. - 8.3.1 Bog-related features. - 8.3.2 Fen-related features. - 8.3.3 Marshes and swamps. - 8.3.4 Shallow water bodies. - 8.4 Hydrologic behavior of wetlands. - 8.4.1 Seasonality of hydrologic activities. - 8.4.2 Wetland storage. - 8.4.3 Flow paths. - 8.4.4 Application of Fill-and-Spill concept. - 8.5 Patchy arctic wetlands. - 8.5.1 Wetlands maintained by snowmelt. - 8.5.2 Groundwater-fed wetlands. - 8.5.3 Valley bottom fens. - 8.5.4 Wetlands due to lateral inundation. - 8.5.5 Tundra ponds. - 8.5.6 Lake-fed and lake-bed wetlands. - 8.6 Extensive wetlands. - 8.6.1 Wet terrain. - 8.6.2 Ice-wedge polygon fields. - 8.6.3 Coastal plains. - 8.6.4 Deltas. - 8.6.5 Subarctic continental wetlands. - 8.7 Wetlands, permafrost and disturbances. - References. - 9 Rivers in cold regions. - 9.1 Drainage patterns. - 9.2 In-valley conditions. - 9.2.1 Geological setting for channels. - 9.2.2 River ice. - 9.2.3 River icing. - 9.2.4 In-channel snow. - 9.2.5 Permafrost. - 9.2.6 Alluvial environment. - 9.3 In-channel hydrology. - 9.3.1 Lateral inflow. - 9.3.2 Channel inflow. - 9.3.3 Vertical water exchanges. - 9.3.4 Storage in channels. - 9.4 Flow connectivity and delivery. - 9.4.1 Flow network integration. - 9.4.2 Decoupling of flow network. - 9.4.3 Flow delivery. - References. - 10 Basin hydrology. - 10.1 Basin outflow generation. - 10.1.1 The roles of snow. - 10.1.2 Meltwater from glaciers. - 10.1.3 Rainfall contribution. - 10.1.4 Groundwater supply. - 10.1.5 Evaporation losses. - 10.1.6 Permafrost effects. - 10.1.7 Consequences of basin storage. - 10.2 Streamflow hydrograph. - 10.3 Streamflow regimes. - 10.3.1 Nival regime. - 10.3.2 Proglacial regime. - 10.3.3 Pluvial regime. - 10.3.4 Spring-fed Regime. - 10.3.5 Prolacustrine regime. - 10.3.6 Wetland regime. - 10.4 Streamflow in large basins. - 10.4.1 Scaling up to large rivers. - 10.4.2 Flow generation in a large basin: the Liard river. - 10.4.3 Regulated discharge of large rivers. - 10.4.4 Flow in a sub-continental scale basin: Mackenzie basin. - 10.5 Basin water balance. - 10.5.1 Considerations in water balance investigation. - 10.5.2 Regional tendencies. - 10.5.3 Examples from permafrost environments. - 10.6 Permafrost basin hydrology: general remarks. - References. - Appendices. - Index.

Note: Contents: Part 1 Introduction. - 1 Motivation. - 2 Goals. - Reference. - 3 Setting the Stage and Outline. - Part 2 Cosmic Radiation. - 4 Introduction to Cosmic Radiation. - 5 The Cosmic Radiation Near Earth. - 5.1 Introduction and History of Cosmic Ray Research. - 5.2 The "Rosetta Stone" of Paleocosmic Ray Studies. - 5.3 Some Important Definitions. - 5.4 The Origin and Properties of the Galactic Cosmic Radiation. - 5.5 Our Variable Sun. - 5.6 The Heliosphere, the Termination Shock, and the Current Sheet. - 5.7 Modulation of the Cosmic Radiation in the Heliosphere. - 5.7.1 The Cosmic Ray Propagation Equation. - 5.7.2 The Local Interstellar Spectrum. - 5.7.3 The Cosmic Ray Modulation Function and Potential. - 5.7.4 Practical Applications of the Modulation Function. - 5.7.5 Drift Effects (qA Positive and qA Negative Effects). - 5.7.6 Shock Wave Effects (The Forbush Decrease and GMIRs). - 5.8 Geomagnetic Field Effects. - 5.8.1 The Properties of the Geomagnetic Field. - 5.8.2 The Geomagnetic Cut-off Rigidity. - 5.8.3 The Earth's Magnetosphere and the Polar Aurora. - References. - 6 Instrumental Measurements of the Cosmic Radiation. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Ionization Chambers and Muon Telescopes. - 6.3 The IGY and IQSY Neutron Monitors, and Spaceship Earth. - 6.4 Satellite Borne Detectors. - 6.5 Latitude Effects and the Yield Functions. - 6.6 Inter-calibration of the Different Cosmic Ray Records. - 6.7 Cosmic Ray Archives. - References. - 7 Time Variations of the Cosmic Radiation. - 7.1 Introduction and Atmospheric Effects. - 7.2 The Eleven-and Twenty-Two-Year Variations. - 7.3 The Long-term Variations. - 7.4 Forbush Decreases, Globally Merged Interaction Regions and Some Smaller Effects. - References. - 8 The Solar Cosmic Radiation. - 8.1 Historical Overview. - 8.2 The Observed Production of Cosmic Rays by the Sun. - 8.2.1Ground Level Events. - 8.2.2 SEP Events Observed by Satellites. - 8.2.3 Paleo-Cosmic Ray Measurements of SEP Events. - 8.3 Overall Characteristics of the Solar Cosmic Radiation. - 8.3.1 The Energy Spectra. - 8.3.2 The Effect of Longitude Relative to the Central Solar Meridian. - 8.3.3 The Frequency of Occurrence, and the Detection of Historic SEP Events. - References. - Part 3 Cosmogenic Radionuclides. - 9 Introduction to Cosmogenic Radionuclides. - 10 Production of Cosmogenic Radionuclides in the Atmosphere. - 10.1 Introduction. - 10.2 Interaction of Primary Cosmic Rays with the Atmosphere. - 10.2.1 Production of Secondary Particles. - 10.2.2 Ionization and Excitation Processes. - 10.2.3 Simulated Atmospheric Proton and Neutron Fluxes. - 10.3 Production of Cosmogenic Radionuclides in the Atmosphere. - 10.3.1 Early Production Models. - 10.3.2 Production Cross-Sections. - 10.3.3 Production Rates and Inventories. - 10.4 Production Results and Analytical Tools. - References. - 11 Production of Cosmogenic Radionuclides in Other Environmental Systems. - 11.1 Introduction. - 11.2 Terrestrial Solid Matter (Rocks, Ice). - 11.2.1 36Cl Production in Limestone and Dolomite. - 11.2.2 10Be and 14C Production in Ice. - 11.3 Extraterrestrial Solid Matter. - References. - 12 Alternative Production Mechanisms. - 12.1 Introduction. - 12.2 Natural Production Mechanisms. - 12.2.1 Cosmic Ray Induced Reactions. - 12.2.2 Radioactive Decay-Induced Reactions. - 12.3 Anthropogenic Production Mechanisms. - 12.3.1 Nuclear Power Plant and Nuclear Bomb-Induced Reactions. - 12.3.2 Research, Industrial, and Medical Induced Reactions. - References. - 13 Transport and Deposition. - 13.1 Introduction. - 13.2 Basics of the Atmosphere. - 13.3 Removal or Scavenging Processes. - 13.3.1 Wet Deposition. - 13.3.2 Dry Deposition. - 13.3.3 Gravitational Settling. - 13.3.4 The Big Picture. - 13.4 Modelling the Atmospheric Transport. - 13.4.1 Summary. - 13.5 Geochemical Cycles. - 13.5.1 Introduction. - 13.5.2 The Beryllium Cycle. - 13.5.3 Carbon Cycle. - 13.5.4 The Chlorine Cycle. - 13.5.5 The Iodine Cycle. - References. - 14 Archives. - 14.1 Introduction. - 14.2 Intrinsic Properties of the Cosmogenic Radionuclide Archives. - 14.3 Time Scales. - 14.4 Examples of Archives. - 14.5 Proxies and Surrogates. - 14.6 Properties of Data in the Cosmogenic Archives. - 14.6.1 Sampling Effects. - 14.6.2 Transfer Functions. - 14.7 Modelled Transfer Functions. - 14.7.1 10Be and 7Be in the Atmosphere. - 14.7.2 10Be and 26Al in Deep-Sea Sediments. - References. - 15 Detection. - 15.1 Introduction. - 15.2 Low-Level Decay Counting. - 15.3 Accelerator Mass Spectrometry. - 15.4 Decay Versus Atom Counting. - 15.5 Other Techniques, Optical Methods. - 15.5.1 Final Remarks. - References. - Part 4 Applications. - 16 Introduction to Applications. - 17 Solar Physics. - 17.1 Introduction. - 17.2 Solar Periodicities and the "Grand Minima" in the Cosmogenic Radionuclide Record. - 17.2.1 Solar Periodicities: Time Domain Studies. - 17.2.2 Solar Periodicities: Frequency Domain Studies. - 17.3 Cosmic Rayand Solar Effects in the Past. - 17.3.1 The Past Millennium. - 17.3.2 The Past 10,000 Years (the "Holocene"). - 17.3.3 The Long Solar Minimum of 2007-2009. - 17.4 The Heliomagnetic Field Throughout the Past 10,000 Years. - 17.5 Solar Irradiance and Terrestrial Climate. - 17.6 Radiation Doses on Earth and in Space in the Future. - 17.7 Quantitative Measures of Solar Activity for the Past. - 17.7.1 Reconstructed Sunspot Numbers. - 17.7.2 Modulation Function. - References. - 18 Galactic Astronomy. - 18.1 Introduction. - 18.2 Galactic Structure. - 18.3 Individual Supernova. - References. - 19 Atmosphere. - 19.1 Introduction. - 19.2 Studies of Atmospheric Mixing. - 19.3 36Cl Bomb Pulse as a Tracer of Atmospheric Transport. - 19.4 Concentrations and Fluxes. - References. - 20 Hydrosphere. - 20.1 Introduction. - 20.2 Tritium. - 20.3 Carbon-14. - 20.4 Krypton-81. - 20.5 Chlorine-36. - 20.6 Beryllium-7 to Beryllium-10 Ratio. - References. - 21 Geosphere. - 21.1 Introduction. - 21.2 Geomagnetic Field Intensity. - 21.3 Transport of Cosmogenic Radionuclides in Geological Systems. - 21.3.1 Introduction. - 21.3.2 Migration in Ice. - 21.3.3 Transport in Soils. - 21.3.4 Transport in Rocks. - 21.3.5 Formation of Loess Plateaus. - 21.3.6 Subduction. - References. - 22 Biosphere. - 22.1 Introduction. - 22.2 Radiocarbon Applications. - 22.3 Chlorine-36 in Ecosystems. - 22.4 Iodine-129. - 22.5 Aluminium-26. - References. - 23 Dating. - 23.1 Introduction. - 23.2 Absolute Dating. - 23.2.1 Principle of Radiocarbon Dating. - 23.2.2 Exposure Dating. - 23.2.3 10Be/36Cl- and 7Be/10Be-Dating. - 23.3 Synchronization of Records. - 23.3.1 10Be or 36Cl with 14C During the Holocene. - 23.3.2 The Use of Time Markers. - References. - Glossary. - Index.