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  • Emerald  (4,063)
  • Essen : Verl. Glückauf
  • Krefeld : Geologischer Dienst Nordhein-Westfalen
  • 2005-2009  (4,064)
  • 2005  (4,064)
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  • 2005-2009  (4,064)
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  • 1
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Essen : Verl. Glückauf | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2016-08-23
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: conferenceobject , doc-type:conferenceObject
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 43 (2005), S. 1317-1334 
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of Fayol's ideas on both British management thought and practice. Design/methodology/approach - The paper presents a schematic which seeks to illustrate the links between the various strands of scientific management theory, especially that of Fayol, in Britain between the 1920s and the 1960s/1970s and, for the same period, the links between the theory and practice of scientific management. The links indicated in the schematic are assessed first through an examination of the development of British management thought, in particular the exemplification of Fayol's ideas by Lyndall Fownes Urwick and the British neoclassical school. Using archival evidence from a small number of engineering companies, the impact on practice of the ideas of Fayol and other aspects of scientific management is then examined. Findings - The paper concludes that, while Fayol's theoretical influence has stood the test of time, his impact on practice was much more limited. Originality/value - By focusing on the historical impact on practice of management theory, this paper not only provides a basis for future research by business and management historians, but also throws light on the relevance for practice of theory, an issue of relevance for all theoreticians and management practitioners.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to reacquaint researchers and practitioners with Barnard's contributions to understanding of the moral conditions that underlie the authenticity of organizational leadership. Design/methodology/approach - The paper identifies Barnard's insights on leadership and uses them as inputs to theorizing about authentic leadership. Findings - As an outcome of theorizing, the paper identifies the conditions that are likely to lead to inauthentic, pseudo-authentic or authentic leader behavior. Research limitations/implications - Examining authentic leadership from a historical perspective can open promising avenues for future research. Practical implications - Leadership development programs should incorporate concepts of responsibility and conflicts of responsibility in order to provide executives with the knowledge base required for ethical decision making. Originality/value - By placing contemporary discussion of authentic leadership in its proper historical context, scholars can draw on a wealth of existing theory to advance the study of authentic leadership.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 43 (2005), S. 450-460 
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to trace Douglas McGregor's Theory Y thinking back from pre-industrial revolution philosophers up through McGregor and his contemporaries and to explore how Theory Y evolved after its introduction. Design/methodology/approach - This is a review article relying on literature reviews and synthesizing concepts and ideas from related sources. Findings - This article examines the emergence of Theory Y as one of the hallmark relationship management principles of the last half of the 20th century. McGregor stands in a unique place in management history. He has one foot in the early human relations movement, and another foot in the movement of scholars who advocated a heightened awareness of management's responsibility for the human side of employer-employee relations. McGregor serves as a true facilitator for growth and advancement in the field of management, in general, and human relations, in particular. Originality/value - This paper holds value to management scholars and practitioners in its utility as a means of tracing the evolution of one of the most important management concepts of the last half of the 20th century. While it may lack in originality (a flaw in many historical reviews) it certainly addresses important issues and provides a path for understanding the development of a key management concept (Theory Y).
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  • 5
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    Management decision 43 (2005), S. 265-277 
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - Interchangeable parts were a critical development in the advancement of industry and manufacturing. This paper traces its development, the factors that contributed to it, and answers the question of why did this innovation occur at the Springfield Armory. Design/methodology/approach - This is an illustrative case study. Findings - The fortunate combination of location, key people, government policy, and arms demand combined to enable the development of interchangeable parts at the Springfield Armory. Led by its Superintendent, Roswell Lee, Springfield became the epicenter for the development of this concept as skilled gunmakers captured arms making knowledge unfettered by patent protection. Lee promoted this free interchange of ideas through sharing designs and equipment, his hiring practices, and his willingness to experiment with new tools and technologies. This created a critical mass of factors that led to this important innovation occurring at the Springfield Armory. Research limitations/implications - The critical drivers of innovative activity seen at Springfield merit further investigation and research, individually and collectively to see if these findings can be used to inform policies that promote innovation. Originality/value - This case study identifies factors that contributed to the development of interchangeable parts at a particular location at a particular point in time. The value of this is to identity the important interplay of factors that can spur the innovative process and lead to important technological innovation.
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  • 6
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    Management decision 43 (2005), S. 331-348 
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - Synthesis of the customer lifetime value and the shareholder value (SHV) approach in order to develop an integrated, marketing-based method for corporate valuation. Design/methodology/approach - Discusses the limitations and assumptions of existing methods to estimate customer value components and examines the limitations of the SHV concept. By linking the customer equity (CE) and the SHV approach, a formal model to calculate corporate value is developed. The discounted cash flow method is used for modelling the profit streams. Findings - Provides formulas for the estimation of both the individual lifetime value of a customer and CE. Provides a comprehensive model to estimate corporate value based on customer-related cash flows and traditional financial metrics. Introduces typical cases, in which the use of a customer-based valuation seems beneficial. Illustrates how our approach can be applied by using a simple case study on M&A in the telecommunication industry. Gives suggestions on how to obtain the necessary data, partially even from publicly available sources. Research limitations/implications - Advancement of the quantitative techniques for modelling the customer value components would allow for relaxing some restrictive assumptions. The explicit modelling of the future growth of the customer base (the acquisition rate) would increase the applicability of the model. Additionally, taking into account heterogeneity within the customer cohorts is a task for future research. Finally, our model needs to be applied more extensively using real data for the input variables. Practical implications - A CE-based valuation approach can guide marketing investments and helps to avoid misallocation of resources. Based on an example in the field of M&A, we demonstrate the usefulness of the approach for obtaining a realistic indicator of firm value. It helps to assess whether an acquisition is economically sensible. We provide evidence for the superiority of a customer-based approach over traditional financial methods. Originality/value - While the traditional SHV method considers cash flows at a highly aggregated level, our approach employs disaggregated cash flows on the level of individual customers. Thereby we do incorporate the lifetime values of future customers by considering different cohorts. We do capture customer defection by incorporating retention rates. Our model enables a more detailed and valid estimation of corporate value by accounting for the single customer activities that drive marketing actions. This enables a better forecasting of the free cash flow. Incorporating customer-related drivers into financial valuation models makes easier to assess the return on marketing investments.
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  • 7
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    Management decision 43 (2005), S. 397-412 
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - The study aims at clarifying whether locus of control may act as a bias in organisational decision-making or not. Design/methodology/approach - Altogether 44 managers working at Skanska (a Swedish multinational construction company) participated in the study. They were asked to complete a booklet including a locus of control test and a couple of decision tasks. The latter were based on case scenarios reflecting strategic issues relevant for consultative/participative decision-making. Findings - The results revealed that managers with low external locus of control used group consultative decision-making more frequently than those with high locus of control. There was also a tendency showing that high externals more frequently used participative decision-making than low externals. This was in line with the general trend, indicating that managers on the whole predominantly used participative decision-making. Originality/value - The results of the present study are valuable for HRM practice, especially with regard to the selection of individuals to management teams.
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  • 8
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    Management decision 43 (2005), S. 433-449 
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - This paper reconsiders the criticisms of the most influential theory of the rise of the large corporations, and to see how these criticisms can be met without entirely abandoning the basic elements of the theory. Design/methodology/approach - This problem is approached by first analyzing the weaknesses inherent in Chandler's theory as presented in The Visible Hand, and then by reworking elements of the theory by relying on data generated by other historical accounts. Findings - The author found that the theory could be salvaged by reordering the evolution of managerial practices based on a variety of historical studies, many not considered by Chandler, but even some of his own earlier work. Given these changes in historical order, vital managerial reforms can be placed sufficiently early that organizational techniques existed to solve the problems and exploit the opportunities that Chandler identifies as creating the pressures necessary to generate the large industrial corporation, thus responding to one class of criticism. My approach can also incorporate other factors that critics see as missing in Chandler's account. Originality/value - What is new in this paper is that it reconciles Chandler's analysis with those of his critics by re-examining and correcting some of his assumptions. The result is a theory of corporate evolution that is less global but more realistic. Economic and business historians as well as sociologists of organizations will find this reassessment valuable.
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  • 9
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    Management decision 43 (2005), S. 589-602 
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - Unfamiliar with the Chinese culture and ways of doing business, foreign architects/engineers/contractors (AEC) firms will encounter differences with the local parties. With reference to the characteristics of Chinese culture on disputes, this paper studies the problem areas of dispute and of resolving disputes in international construction projects in China. The objectives are to: examine the fundamentals of Chinese culture and ways of doing business; examine the characteristics of international projects and investigate any differences in the dispute problems arising from China International Projects; identify the most popular dispute resolution mechanism(s) for international projects in China; and recommend possible ways to reduce and resolve disputes of these projects. Design/methodology/approach - After literature review, a questionnaire was designed for face-to-face interviews with 40 practitioners to collect their opinions. Findings - The results show that the problem areas giving rise to disputes are mainly related to contractual matters. To reflect the characteristics of international projects in China, cultural and legal matters are also found to be the sources of problem. Arbitration is the most popular method, after negotiation, for resolving disputes in international construction projects in China. Research limitations/implications - The number of interviewees in this study could be improved and further study could include experts in Mainland China. Originality/value - There is not much literature on dispute resolution management for international construction projects in China, with particular reference to cultural differences. This paper offers an invaluable reference for those foreign AEC firms interested in joining international projects in China.
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  • 10
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    Management decision 43 (2005), S. 661-669 
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - The aim of this paper is to promote the use of dynamic capabilities as a strategic tool of the highest order in terms of firm management. Design/methodology/approach - The content of the article is developed from a table that offers some insights into the relationship between the three theoretical perspectives analyzed in the paper: resource-based view, knowledge-based view and dynamic-capabilities view. Findings - The paper describes the evolution that can be discerned in the process of developing competitive advantage, from a resource-based view to a dynamic-capabilities framework. Originality/value - The objective of the article was not to bring to light any new revelations in this field of investigation, but is intended as a theoretical reflection on the implications of dynamic capabilities for firms and managers.
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  • 11
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    Management decision 43 (2005), S. 516-522 
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - More and more foreign companies, including multinational companies, open business in China. The staff management under the local culture of China is one of the critical points affecting the success of foreign invested companies in China. This paper aims to illustrate the effective methods of staff management for foreign invested companies in China. Design/methodology/approach - For this purpose, a survey on concrete practices of staff management was conducted among three multinational company affiliates in China, whose parent companies are located in the USA, Japan, and Europe, respectively, by the in-depth interviews with the high-level executives of the affiliates. Findings - It was found that although the staff management experiences of the surveyed affiliates show differences in operation, the affiliates have a common sense on how to balance culture difference, how to effectively communicate with staff, and how to appraise the performance. The active and passive factors of these experiences were further analysed from the needs level under current Chinese economic situation and from the invisible impacts on human behaviour of Chinese culture. Research limitations/implications - This study surveyed only three multinational company affiliates in China and therefore, the understanding obtained is limited in scope. The comprehensive knowledge of the subject depends on more case studies. Practical implications - The analysis reveals that the active factors and localization, especially localization of the management team, are very important to the staff management of foreign invested companies in China. Originality/value - The paper contributes to the research on effective methods for staff management in multinational companies.
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  • 12
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    Management decision 43 (2005), S. 551-567 
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - To provide a structured and integrated framework of corporate strategy in order to help practitioners and researchers identify critical issues related to the Chinese construction industry and analyze its dynamics from a holistic viewpoint. Design/methodology/approach - A brief review of the major themes of strategy mostly developed by western researchers is first presented. This is then supplemented by a review of the pertinent characteristics of the construction industry in general, and those related to China's context in specific, which affect management decision-making. Two case studies are used to illustrate the concepts implied by the proposed framework. Findings - The cases of Guangsha and the Shanghai Construction Group demonstrate that there is no hard and fast rule in developing a coherent strategy. This is even truer considering the fact that China's circumstances are still evolving. Practical implications - The critical elements identified in the proposed framework serve as a good starting point for individual firms to further develop a more detailed execution plan. Originality/value - This paper bridges a management gap that exists between mainstream management researchers, who have few precedence of studying the construction industry, and traditional construction management researchers, who tend to focus on project-level issues rather than corporate-level issues.
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  • 13
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    Management decision 43 (2005), S. 649-660 
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to offer insights into a tool that one of the authors has developed to help map, and thus visualise, stakeholder power and influence within the performing organisation. Design/methodology/approach - The concept described in this paper has been tested at several large international gatherings to well over 200 active professional project managers. The feedback to date has been very positive. This positive feedback led to testing of these ideas through research being conducted during 2004/2005 by one of the authors who is a candidate for the doctor of project management (DPM) at RMIT. Findings - The research is centred around this tool, the stakeholder circle, as a means to provide a useful and effective way to visualise stakeholder power and influence that may have pivotal impact on a project's success or failure. The stakeholder-circle tool is developed for each project through a methodology that identifies and prioritises key project stakeholders and then develops an engagement strategy to build and maintain robust relationships with those key stakeholders. An example of the tool is presented. Originality/value - Future papers will provide case study examples currently under way of the use of this tool. The implication for this tool's use is that project managers can clearly visualise and map stakeholder influence patterns that have significant impact on stakeholder outcome expectations.
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  • 14
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    Management decision 43 (2005), S. 691-705 
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - There has been much interest in evidence-informed decision making in education - identifying effective ways of increasing the use of research evidence to provide a basis for management decision making, in both the private and public sectors. However, in education, although there has been much speculation and discussion, there has been a paucity of recent empirical research evidence that provides insights into the characteristics, practice and mechanisms of successful research utilisation strategies. This study aimed to explore how research evidence was successfully disseminated and how the barriers to research use by head teachers (principals) were successfully addressed. The study was qualitative and exploratory in nature and aimed to identify examples of projects led by, and supported by, local education authorities (LEAs), that aimed to help education practitioners to access, engage with, and use the findings from published research and research carried out by themselves, and shared with others. Design/methodology/approach - This paper presents and discusses the findings from an empirical study conducted in eight local authorities in England and Wales. Findings - The research evidence suggests that to improve research use among managers in education, strategies should focus on facilitating communication networks, partnerships and links between researchers and practitioners, with the key long-term objective of developing a culture that supports and values the contribution that research can make to management decision making in education. Originality/value - Managers in local education authorities (LEAs) can help to build networks, develop partnerships between professionals locally, nationally and internationally, and also act as change agents in the dissemination and adoption of new ideas. However, the research focused on illustrative examples of research use - and further research is needed to evaluate the impact of using research for decision making in education.
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  • 15
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    Management decision 43 (2005), S. 670-690 
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose of this paper - The purpose of this investigation is to help establish: whether or not strong relationships between suppliers and customers improve performance; and if prescriptive frameworks on outsourcing radical innovations are dependent on industry clockspeed. Design/methodology/approach - A survey of UK-based manufacturers, followed by a statistical analysis. Findings - Long-term supplier links seem not to play a role in the development of radical innovations. Moreover, industry clockspeed has no significant bearing on the success or failure of any outsourcing strategy for radically new technologies. Research limitations/implications - Literature about outsourcing in the face of radical innovation can be more confidently applied to industries of all clockspeeds. Practical implications - Prescriptions for fast clockspeed industries should be applied more broadly: all industries should maintain a high degree of vertical integration in the early days of a radical innovation. Originality/value - Prior papers had explored whether or not a company should outsource radical innovations, but none had determined if this is equally true for slow industries and fast ones. Therein lies the original contribution of this paper.
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  • 16
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    Management decision 43 (2005), S. 837-850 
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - Aims to explain the effect of firm size on company innovation inside one industry context: the wood products industry. Design/methodology/approach - The strategic issues under study (innovation, corporate strategy) are typically managed by the firm's top executives. Also important is the fact that the response rates of questionnaires targeting this group are generally very low. Consistently, the data for the project were obtained from 43 in-person interviews with top executives of wood products companies of different sizes in two countries, i.e. the USA and Chile. Findings - Finds that firm size does impact the innovation type pursued by companies, at least in the wood products industry. Indeed, large companies of this study clearly outrun smaller companies in process innovation. However, our analysis also shows that small companies level the field with larger companies when considering all three innovation types (process, product, business systems). Practical implications - The capital enjoyed by large companies allows them to excel in process innovation. This article suggests that managers of small companies should compete in a different arena from large companies and emphasize product and business systems innovation, as they can do very well in these areas even with limited resources. Originality/value - There is very little research about innovation in the wood products industry. This article contributes to the knowledge in this area, also providing new insights about the validity of Schumpeter's assertions regarding the role of company size in innovation.
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  • 17
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    Management decision 43 (2005), S. 896-905 
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - The aim of this paper is to compare the railway and internet revolutions. What do they have in common and what is different between them, considering the 150-year time difference in their occurrence? As time passes, can internet developers learn something from the railway industry? Findings - The two industries have a lot of common. Both railways and the internet represent national infrastructures that cannot be managed just based on business management principles. As both are concerned with traffic, either that of physical goods or of messages, the two industries also seem to have a lot in technical terms when one takes a sufficiently abstract point of view. The main message is that in the long term, the railway revolution vanished and the industry turned into a low profit/interest field. The internet might follow the same path. Research limitations/implications - The paper in its current form is based on a literature review only. Its quality could be improved with a detailed empirical study. Other similar infrastructure-type industries could also be involved. Practical implications - There are several things that could be improved in the management of the internet, but they are large-scale issues needing co-operation between the many stakeholders in the internet. Examples are those of avoiding the digital divide and catering for critical "last mile" connections, as well as managing the diversity of different standards. Originality/value - As far as the author knows this is the first paper of its kind comparing these two industries. The message is that more cross-industrial studies need to be performed. Also, the message of the paper - that the internet might turn into a low-interest business in the long run - has not been discussed sufficiently.
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  • 18
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    Management decision 43 (2005), S. 906-924 
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to understand better the formation of an industry and the movement toward agglomeration by examining the development of the furniture manufacturing industry of Western North Carolina and Virginia. Design/methodology/approach - In this general review, the initiation and growth of the furniture industry is traced, applying the theory of agglomeration and noting isomorphic tendencies and the primacy of the search for legitimacy among constituents. Findings - The paper finds first of all, the pioneering efforts of Thomas Wrenn in High Point brought the industry to the region. An initial wave of furniture manufacturers followed closely behind Wrenn as the industry gained legitimacy and status in North Carolina. Important elements in building the industry included the establishment of the Southern Furniture Manufacturers Association and the Southern Furniture Market in High Point. A second wave of furniture producers arrived on the scene after the First World War. This group benefited from cooperative actions of the survivors of the first wave and brought the Western North Carolina and Virginia area to the forefront of the furniture manufacturing industry in the USA. Finally, the paper comments on the current state of the industry in relation to the threat of foreign competition. Originality/value - The furniture industry is not alone in the need to understand the impact of globalization. Practitioners and researchers alike should be aware of the costs to stakeholder groups, such as employees and local communities.
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    Management decision 43 (2005), S. 1064-1070 
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to explain thought leadership and show how it compares with its positional counterpart. Design/methodology/approach - The objective is achieved through a conceptual comparison of thought leadership with conventional positional leadership to show that the latter contains managerial elements or overtones that are lacking in thought leadership which is simply the championing of new directions. Findings - Thought leadership is the championing of new ideas rather than anything to do with managing people or helping a group achieve a goal. It can be directed upwards and ends once senior managers accept the proposed ideas. Such leadership cannot be defined in terms of enabling or managing a team to achieve a task, because those who show upwards leadership normally do not manage their superiors. Practical implications - Regardless of how important it is for knowledge workers to be self-managing, my claim is that thought leadership must be cultivated as the key form of distributed leadership in any organization that depends on continuous improvement and constant innovation to prosper. The practical implication is that managers need to move beyond simply empowering employees to manage themselves and start fostering bottom up leadership conceived as championing new ideas. Originality/value - Highlights a type of leadership that is widely distributed throughout all organizations that compete on the basis of innovation or wherever all employees need to be initiating process improvements. Thought leadership is very different from what is commonly conceived as distributed leadership, such as "shared leadership" or "leaderful" behavior both of which are based on the usual mixture of management and leadership ideas whereby the person in charge of a group, formally or otherwise, both initiates new directions and manages their implementation.
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    Management decision 43 (2005), S. 1086-1092 
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - The author has the objective of demonstrating how decision-making conversations that are not guided by a process can lead to misunderstandings, wasted time, and a lack of results. These undisciplined exchanges will be contrasted with communications between and among people who use a common language and follow an agreed-on, step-by-step approach to the decision at hand. Design/methodology approach - The author uses a partially hypothetical example of a leader who failed to involve her team in a major decision as a starting point for discussion of who should be involved in decisions, why, how, and when. Findings - Decision making happens through conversations that people have, either one-on-one, with teams, or in cross-functional groups. Unfortunately, many decision-making conversations end up as free-for-alls, with people talking at cross-purposes, sharing information haphazardly, and covering the same ground over and over without coming to any conclusions. Decision makers are far more successful when they are focused and equipped with a process to guide them through their conversations than if they let these conversations just "happen". Two of the most important roles leaders can play are those of role model and coach, to individuals and groups, to ensure that their decision-making conversations proceed in a rational, organized manner. Originality/value - Practical ideas will be offered to help leaders transform their organization's decision-making conversations from undisciplined exchanges to results-oriented encounters.
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    Management decision 43 (2005), S. 1018-1031 
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - The purpose of this article is to provide a pragmatic example of multi-stage leadership education model. Leadership education that is multidisciplinary, global, and ethics oriented is a remedy for many of the leadership challenges we are currently facing in the business world. Design/methodology/approach - This article discusses whether we can teach leadership, and if so, what essential skills should be taught in business schools. It also examines the shortcomings of current leadership education curriculum and recommends some major changes that need to be made. This article provides a descriptive overview and historical examination of these issues and techniques. Findings - A major finding can be drawn from this paper is that the present leadership education curriculum in business schools is not adequate in many regards and more work needs to be done. Research limitations/implications - Business schools need to focus on revitalizing the leadership education curriculum to come up with a program that prepares students with practical and dynamic skills that enables them to be the future business leaders. A long-term approach to leadership education rather than a short-term effort is suggested. Originality/value - By incorporating multidisciplinary, global-oriented and ethical leadership education, we believe that this article on leadership education can effectively address the major challenges of the new millennium.
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    Management decision 43 (2005), S. 1049-1053 
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - Has the objective of examining why the focus given to leadership should be severely curtailed in research and teaching, and replaced by concepts that are better defined, understood and whose positive contributions are clearly and consistently attainable. Education and research should firmly alter its focus to concentrate on empowerment, a concept that has been consistently tied to important organizational outcomes. Greater benefit can be attained by refining and advancing our understanding of empowerment (while instructing students/practitioners with our current knowledge), than by continuing to devote massive resources to the morass that is leadership. Design/methodology approach - These concepts are supported by prior studies and theoretical development rather than empirical evidence. Findings - Finds that we are infinitely better off teaching people what we know about using and encouraging empowerment than what we do not know about leadership, as traditionally defined. Moreover, in the twenty-first century with flatter hierarchies and less variance in knowledge, power and resources, perhaps "leadership" should be defined by one's ability to respond to empowered situations with self-leadership, as opposed to the traditional characterizations, which were derived from and are rooted in a more hierarchical view of work and organization. Originality/value - This paper calls for a radical shift in our thinking about leadership research and teaching. Its value and originality to leadership scholars should be high.
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    Management decision 43 (2005), S. 1161-1185 
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to link empirically the value of intellectual capital and intellectual property to firm performance. Design/methodology/approach - Survey data from managers in the (German) pharmaceutical industry is used to conduct a regression analysis focusing on the correlation between human, structural and relational capital, intellectual property and firm performance. Findings - The results of the study show that including intellectual property in models linking intellectual capital to firm performance enhances the statistical validity of such models and their relevance for management. Practical implications - Intellectual capital is an important source of an organization's economic wealth and is therefore to be taken into serious consideration when formulating the firm's strategy. This strategy formulation process can be enhanced by fully integrating intellectual property and intellectual capital into management models, as shown in this paper. Originality/value - This empirical paper builds on and extends the Bontis research on the relationship between intellectual capital and firm performance. Contrary to Bontis the authors include intellectual property into the intellectual capital framework and focus on the role of intellectual property in the relationship between intellectual capital and firm performance.
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    Management decision 43 (2005), S. 1147-1160 
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to provide a practical method to be used in team decision making when allocating resources. Design/methodology/approach - The paper proposes the following hypothesis: the selected team consensus strategy from among all available strategies must have minimum sum of squares of monetary regrets. A general algebraic representation of the above hypothesis is developed. Findings - This hypothesis can be interpreted as a Nash equilibrium involving mixed strategies when the entire problem is viewed in game theoretic framework. The paper provides an explanation in quantitative terms of the reasoning process pursued by five business college department chairs faced with three strategies, in an actual consensus decision making to illustrate the above hypothesis. By making observations of the behavior of decision makers in the selection of a budget allocation formula, the paper shows that the hypothesis holds true for the specific reasoning process pursued by the chairs in arriving at the consensus solution. However, the chairs' consensus solution is found to be a local solution vis-à-vis the global optimal solution found by solving the game theoretic model. Research limitations/implications - The authors plan to conduct further empirical testing of the hypothesis using allocation strategies found in diverse decision-making environments involving diverse decision makers such as business executives, government officers, education administrators, and others. Practical implications - If this hypothesis can be validated to be true, decision makers should propose for consideration only those rational strategies that have minimal or low variance in monetary regrets since these are the strategies that would most likely be selected in team decision making. Originality/value - Team decision making involving resource allocation abounds in all organizations, at all levels and in diverse applications. The practical procedure proposed in this paper, based on analytical foundation of game theory, provides decision makers a viable tool for allocating resources that results in consensus of all rational parties involved.
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    Management decision 43 (2005), S. 1203-1224 
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - To test the ability of situational variables, manageable pre-decline resources, and specific firm responses to decline to classify performance outcomes (turnaround vs non-turnaround) in declining firms. Design/methodology/approach - Using a longitudinal methodology and a multi-firm sample, the paper studies the relative role of situational factors concerning the environment and a firm's decline, along with various internal resources and strategies that can enable a firm to recover from decline. Findings - The results indicate that contextual factors such as the urgency and severity of decline, firm productivity and the availability of slack resources, and firm retrenchment can determine the ability of sample firms to turnaround. Overall, factors under the control of managers contribute more to successful turnarounds than situational characteristics. Research limitations/implications - This study does not identify the exact cause of firm decline. The authors believe this is beyond the scope of this multi-firm study. Originality/value - This study contributes to the existing research by theoretically explicating and empirically testing the influences of multiple situational and organizational factors on turnaround outcomes. While several studies have investigated conceptually unique sets of actions applied by managers attempting to turn around declining firms, this paper integrate these actions as they can often impact each other and the eventual turnaround. The authors believe their research design affords a more holistic view to the turnaround process. In order to direct executives efforts, the findings are summarized into some practical applications.
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    Management decision 43 (2005), S. 1114-1128 
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to provide a three-dimensional framework to facilitate future definitions of intellectual capital (IC). The concept of IC is often ill-defined and there is a multitude of different definitions for the construct of IC. The lack of a common platform for dialogue has negative implications for research and practice in the field as it has hinders cross-disciplinary learning. This paper aims to presents a flexible framework in order to make important differences explicit and therefore, if adopted, facilitates the creation of a cohesive body of knowledge. Design/methodology/approach - The paper utilises a systematic review process. This methodology was initially developed in the medical science to produce a replicable, scientific, and transparent analysis of evidence in the literature and has recently been broad into management science. A total of 938 papers were analysed to extract findings. The summary of the review protocol can be found in the Appendix. Findings - Analysing the literature allowed the necessary components of a definition together with a list of possible sub-components to be extracted. Definitions of IC need to be explicit about the: component parts of the construct; role IC will take in an organisation; and disciplinary perspective taken for the discussion. Research limitations/implications - This paper presents the necessary components of a definition of IC. If widely used, it would be able to facilitate cross-disciplinary understanding and hopefully inter-disciplinary research. It is seen as a starting point and open for future extension and development. A systematic review aims to limit bias and random error, however, it is limited by its scope on the basis of the defined research question and therefore delimited by factors outlined in the research protocol. Practical implications - The major implication for practitioners is the understanding that IC can mean very different things for different people. Insights outlined in this paper will enable anyone to understand better the important construct of IC from different perspectives, which in turn should facilitate dialogue and avoid many unnecessary misunderstandings. Originality/value - The paper is a first attempt to present a framework to facilitate future definitions of IC. If used, discussed, and extended in the future, it could present an important corner stone for better cross-disciplinary dialogue and the establishment of a research field of IC.
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    Management decision 43 (2005), S. 1232-1248 
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - The paper examines the importance and pervasiveness of formal organizations in contemporary society. Design/methodology/approach - An examination of the historical, classic, and modern theorists' perspectives was undertaken to determine the relevancy of the theories in dealing with the changing social, technological and cultural values of today's organization and society. Findings - Understanding the importance and pervasiveness of formal organizations in contemporary society would enable individuals to influence better factors associated with changing values. Practical implications - The findings suggest that an intrinsic understanding of the various dimensions, which help, create and shape an organization, can be influenced at both the micro and macro levels. Originality/value - This paper presents an overview of the literature which both enhances personal knowledge and understanding at the theoretical and practical levels so as to enable individuals to gain insight on the inherent factors that may be influenced to advance organizational goals and objectives.
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    Leadership & organization development journal 26 (2005), S. 6-22 
    ISSN: 0143-7739
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - Aims to explore the relationship between employee perceptions of servant leadership and leader trust, as well as organizational trust. Design/methodology.approach - Uses Laub's Organizational Leadership Assessment along with Nyhan and Marlowe's Organizational Trust Inventory. Findings - Perceptions of servant leadership correlated positively with both leader trust and organizational trust. The study also found that organizations perceived as servant-led exhibited higher levels of both leader trust and organizational trust than organizations perceived as non-servant-led. Originality/value - The findings lend support to Greenleaf's view that servant leadership is an antecedent of leader and organizational trust, and to aspects of other servant leadership models.
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    Leadership & organization development journal 26 (2005), S. 51-61 
    ISSN: 0143-7739
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - Aims to apply organizational systems perspectives to discuss the three types of organizational development (OD) and management control systems (MCS): normative, coercive and remunerative-instrumental (utilitarian) that affect the operating performance of teams. Design/methodology/approach - The paper examines the effect that managerial power relations, cultural process and structural change intervention of these three types of control systems have on the formation (size, composition, and strategies), and operational activities (functions and assignment of tasks) of teams. The paper uses library archives research to study OD, MCS and teams. It has applied an organizational systems perspective that examines the effects of OD and MCS on teams' management. Findings - Recent new directions in management control systems and OD process and structural intervention strategies have transformed management accounting control systems as the new administrative control innovations mechanisms for managing teams' performance and activities in industrial organizations. Accordingly, the traditional mechanistic control approach has been substituted or replaced by organic-based processes and structures of team-based control systems. Practical implications - In organizations, the management of teams is multi-dimensional, involving the simultaneous use of normative, remunerative and coercive control mechanisms. The paper advances the views that the effectiveness of team management in organizations is contingent upon several structural and process factors including the mix of these three types of compliance systems and the form of organizational setting, i.e. manufacturing or professional organizations. Originality/value - In the management control literature, the management of teams has centered on normative or remunerative or coercive control systems. This paper shows that OD's cultural process and structural intervention strategies provide new directions to address these three types of management control system for teams in industrial organizations.
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    Leadership & organization development journal 26 (2005), S. 106-119 
    ISSN: 0143-7739
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - Aims to explain how application of organizational development (OD) can facilitate compliance with regulations imposed by an external government agency on university operations. Design/methodology/approach - A total of 2,000 students and 150 staff were directly affected by the regulation, with the remaining university population potentially affected. The strategy utilized project management and change agent processes where analysis of the problem, design and implementation of interventions, and evaluation of intervention effect were carried out through a project working party with highly centralized leadership by senior management. There was regular progressive and summative evaluation of project goal attainment. Findings - Use of project management, change agents and centralized senior project leadership provided the practical means to support successful OD. OD worked well within the devolved, multi-campus, multidisciplinary and organizationally complex environment of the university. OD proved to be an effective and efficient approach for large-scale change in technical organizational sub-systems, in particular structure and technology. By the end of the 18-month intervention, no staff incidents had been reported, and of 2,000 students directly affected, only seven incidents had been identified and these were ultimately resolved by the project management group. Practical implications - OD can be used effectively and efficiently to facilitate mandated change in multi-site, multidisciplinary, large organizations. This case study demonstrated that project management, centralized leadership and the use of change agents were practical, efficient and effective within the OD framework. Originality/value - This is the first study to describe and evaluate the use of OD to facilitate mandated change in universities in response to regulation.
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    Leadership & organization development journal 26 (2005), S. 172-185 
    ISSN: 0143-7739
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - This paper applies organizational development (OD) process-cultural and structural change strategies to synthesize Etzioni's three approaches to power and compliance: normative, coercive and remunerative to study the management control systems of teams in organizations. Design/methodology/approach - The paper uses library-archives research. Findings - OD's process and structural differences have affected team members' commitment and operating performance in these three control systems. Advances in information technology have introduced new forms of normative: surveillance control. Research limitations/implications - If MCS are viewed as adaptive systems, the design and implementation of MCS center on identifying those contingent OD process and structural conditions that support team management in these three control systems. Originality/value - The management control literature has not applied Etzioni's basis of power and compliance typologies to study the administrative control of teams. This paper fills this research gap by synthesizing and integrating the OD and MCS literature.
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    Leadership & organization development journal 26 (2005), S. 197-214 
    ISSN: 0143-7739
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - This paper examines the relationship between credibility, the dimensions of power and a number of knowledge acquisition attributes. Design/methodology/approach - The study involves a questionnaire-based survey of employees from a number of organisations operating in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). A total of 130 useable questionnaires were received from employees who are engaged in self-managing activities from seven companies. These were subjected to a series of correlational and regression analyses. Findings - There are three major findings in this research. First, the relationship between expert power and the knowledge acquisition attributes of personal traits, control and negotiation is positive and significant. Second, the constructs of coercive and referent power are likely to have a negative influence on employees' knowledge acquisition and knowledge sharing. Finally, the findings have clearly shown that the management dimension of credibility has a positive and significant impact on the knowledge acquisition attributes of control and negotiation. Practical implications - The study shows that the real challenge for organisations in the UAE is to provide a working environment that encourages and fosters expert power and credibility and, by extension knowledge acquisition and knowledge sharing. Originality/value - There is a paucity of research in this area and this paper makes a contribution towards filling this gap.
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    Leadership & organization development journal 26 (2005), S. 35-50 
    ISSN: 0143-7739
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - Western researchers have concluded that generational groups of workers have different work characteristics and prefer different leadership styles. This paper investigates whether Western research applies equally to generational groups in Taiwan's workplaces, specifically in the higher education sector and manufacturing industry. Design/methodology/approach - A total of 20 higher education institutions and 148 manufacturing SMEs in machinery manufacturing in Taipei were identified. After operational definitions for constructs were defined, a questionnaire was developed and administered. After data had been processed through editing, coding and tabulation, a statistical technique was selected where research expectation tests could be conducted. In order to test construct validity, factor analysis was also performed. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was conducted to test for any significant differences between the variables under investigation. Findings - The research shows that generational groups in manufacturing industry have different work characteristics and require different leadership styles, while there were no differences in work characteristics and preferred leadership style for generational groups in the education sector. Originality/value - The results of this research provide some direction for leaders and researchers. Leaders should recognise the different work characteristics between generational groups and apply leadership styles that will positively contribute to employee motivation.
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    Leadership & organization development journal 26 (2005), S. 62-75 
    ISSN: 0143-7739
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - Aims to present a conceptual framework for understanding how leaders develop. Design/methodology/approach - The arguments are derived from the assumption that leadership, like many other human manifestations, is a function of a given potential, relevant motivation, and ongoing developmental processes. It is argued that three developmental psychological principles are essential for leaders' development, i.e. experiential learning, vicarious learning, and the suitability of certain developmental aspects to relevant critical periods. Findings - These developmental principles, along with Schon's modalities of learning and reflections ("follow me", "joint investigation" and "hall of mirrors"), serve as a conceptual framework for discussing main implications and practices related to developing leaders. Originality/value - Leaders' development is a process that occurs continuously in an organization. Many organizations attempt to confine it artificially to courses and supplementary training. This limits the range of developmental possibilities, since leadership experiences and vicarious learning take place all the time over a broad range throughout the organization.
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    Leadership & organization development journal 26 (2005), S. 128-140 
    ISSN: 0143-7739
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - To extend understanding of the influence of contextual factors on: power and influence; creativity and innovation; and leadership behaviour. Design/methodology/approach - The review has been compiled following a search of seven electronic databases from 1999 to 2004. The author also uses her experience as a physiotherapy manager within a children's hospital NHS Trust to reflect on some of the theories in the workplace. Findings - While the literature is contradictory in places, some trends do emerge. Bureaucratic organizations can inhibit an empowering environment, as can those that are poor at disseminating information or communicating a vision. Hierarchical structures, high staff turnover and lack of resources are likely to stifle creativity and innovation. Organic structures tend to facilitate a more transformational leadership style, whereas bureaucratic structures encourage a more transactional style. The quality of leader-member exchange is thought to be related to work group size, work group cohesiveness and organizational climate. Research limitations/implications - Care is needed in applying these findings to the National Health Service as theory that is developed in one organisation or culture may not be transferable to another. The author suggests that an empirical investigation should be undertaken in different National Health Service units. Originality/value - This paper explores an aspect of leadership that is often neglected. Organizations that wish to nurture and develop their leaders and managers will need to be mindful of the environmental context within which this takes place.
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    Leadership & organization development journal 26 (2005), S. 263-279 
    ISSN: 0143-7739
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - Leaders are challenged with the efficient and effective management of their own and their employees' disputes. These are often managed inadequately using "fight", "flight", or management intervention. This paper aims to present the findings of a study into an effective alternative, "one-to-one dispute resolution". The method involves two employees resolving their dispute through face-to-face communication and without direct intervention by management. Design/methodology/approach - Using the Critical Incident Technique, incidents of one-to-one dispute resolution (n =249) were reported by 88 employees. The contents were analysed, and skill-related findings were validated using a questionnaire (n =106). Findings - The findings are presented in a descriptive model of the skilful process of one-to-one dispute resolution. The model is built on eight skill-sets that were central to the dispute resolution process. Research limitations/implications - How and when to effectively coach employees in the use of one-to-one dispute resolution, and the resulting personal and organisational outcomes, need to be examined. In addition, research into the practical application of the model, and in specific organisational contexts, is required. Practical implications - The study highlights the potential for more employees (including both the leaders and the led) to effectively "face" their own disputes without using "fight" or "flight". It challenges those leaders, who often act as third-party interveners, instead to coach their employees in the one-to-one resolution of disputes, while modelling the method themselves. Originality/value - Employees are offered a research-based model of dispute resolution that differs from problematic models in the dispute resolution literature and skills-training programs. A workable alternative to the methods of fight, flight and intervention is provided.
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    Leadership & organization development journal 26 (2005), S. 289-309 
    ISSN: 0143-7739
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - This study seeks to survey managers of an Australian government-owned enterprise undergoing organisational change as a result of public sector reform, specifically, National Competition Policy and Corporatisation. The purpose of the study is to examine the extent/type of organisational change and leadership style adopted to implement this change. Design/methodology/approach - To understand the effect of reforms, the researcher explored the extent of change and leadership style through the use of an intra-organisational survey in a government-owned Electricity Supply Corporation in Queensland, Australia. The instrument also included qualitative components to enable the researcher to qualify the statistical results. Findings - Within the public sector, there is an uneasy tension between the need for a revolution of outdated bureaucracies in order to enhance flexibility and innovation, on the one hand, and the desire to maintain the standards and procedures that are necessary for quality civic service for a broad range of stakeholders, on the other. The results of this study indicate that there was significant organisational change and, according to responses, a change of leadership style indicative of this dilemma. Research limitations/implications - The implications suggest the consideration of embedded factors while determining the processes and directions of change. Furthermore, it is necessary to choose a leadership style that is indicative of the type of change to be implemented. Additionally, greater participation by organisational members can increase the success of organisational change. The limitations of the study include the measurement of organisational change and leadership style. This instrument was originally used in structured interviews; however, measures were taken to validate the instrument in its altered setting. Further, the study is confined to a single electricity organisation. Fertile fields for future research projects could include a larger quantitative study conducted with multiple states or nation-wide electricity distribution companies. Originality/value - The study provides empirical evidence of the extent of change as a result of public sector reform. In doing so the study utilises organisational change and leadership style models within a public sector environment.
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    Journal of economic studies 32 (2005), S. 60-80 
    ISSN: 0144-3585
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - Although economic theory generally does not support government intervention in international trade, casual observation shows that many developing countries adopt certain trade policies to promote their exports. The objective of this paper is to answer the question that whether developing countries can benefit from export promotion. Design/methodology/approach - This paper considers a developing country which has to import new technology from the world market to improve its productivity. If it has certain economic rigidities, the country is short of foreign exchange and domestic firms cannot import an adequate amount of new technology. Even if there is no rigidity, domestic firms may not have sufficient incentive to invest in new technology. Therefore, the government can step in to subsidize exports. Through an analytical model, this paper investigates in what conditions the measures of export promotion can stimulate production and employment, and improve efficiency and social welfare. Findings - This paper analyzes two effects of export promotion: raising the incentive of capital investment and reducing capital goods shortage caused by foreign exchange constraint. These effects might be the economic rationale for developing country governments to promote exports. It is found that export promotion can definitely raise employment and productivity, but whether these measures can stimulate the supply to the domestic market and improve domestic welfare depends on the sufficient and necessary condition given in the paper. Originality/value - Establishes an analytical model to investigate in what conditions the measures of export promotion such as export subsidies and domestic currency devaluation can stimulate production and employment, and can improve efficiency and social welfare.
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    Journal of economic studies 32 (2005), S. 158-168 
    ISSN: 0144-3585
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - This paper aims to estimate a disaggregated import demand model for Fiji using relative prices, total consumption, investment expenditure and export expenditure variables for the period 1970 to 2000. Design/methodology/approach - The recently developed bounds testing approach to cointegration to test for a long run relationship is used, while the autoregressive distributed lag model is used to estimate short run and long run elasticities. These methodologies are shown to perform well in small sample sizes, particularly given that the bounds F-test critical values for small sample sizes generated by Narayan in 2004 and 2005 are used. Findings - Amongst the key results it is found: a long run cointegration relationship among the variables when import demand is the dependent variable; and import demand to be inelastic and statistically significant at the 1 per cent level with respect to all the explanatory variables in both the long-run and the short-run. Originality/value - The disaggregated import demand model estimated here provides a complete picture of the determinants of Fiji's imports. This model can be used by Fijian policy makers to draw pertinent policies and forecast import demand for Fiji.
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    Journal of economic studies 32 (2005), S. 169-178 
    ISSN: 0144-3585
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - The paper aims to study the relevance of the German historical school and American Institutionalism for contemporary research in social sciences. The subject scope of the paper is to trace how concepts, ideas, and frameworks trickle from the historical school into later research programs. Design/methodology/approach - The methodology of the paper is a textual analysis of articles and books that either relates the relationship between the historical school and the institutionalism or make explicit or implicit references to the most important concepts and methodologies in these schools. Findings - The paper has two main findings. The first is that Commons was heavily influenced by Weber's ideal-types when he wrote his most important book Institutional Economics. The second is that concepts and methodologies used by the historical school and American institutionalism are used in nearly all areas of the social sciences. But the researchers seldom make explicit references to these schools. Research limitations/implications - A limitation of the present paper is that it draws too a very limited extent directly on the publications of the German historical school. Future research could try and reconstruct how the American instutionalists came to the conclusions they did on the historical school. It is possible that differences in political opinions and competition between two schools with partly similar messages prompted writers like Veblen and Commons to exaggerate differences of opinion. Originality/value - One important contribution of the paper is the discussion of the influences the historical school had on leading institutionalists. Another important contribution is the exploration of present and future research projects that could benefit from revisiting the theories and methodologies of the historical school and institutionalism. By making more explicit the references to these schools, new insights can be gained on how to develop research methodologies and understanding the limits and potentials of pursuing a research approach.
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    Journal of economic studies 32 (2005), S. 33-46 
    ISSN: 0144-3585
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - This paper examines the monetary thought of Arthur Kitson (1861-1937) as expressed in his published works and in recently discovered answers he submitted in 1922 to a questionnaire from Thomas Edison, the US inventor. Design/methodology/approach - Both original source material from the Edison Archive and published sources are used to examine the subject. Findings - It is found that Kitson's monetary thought is more orthodox than has previously been claimed by, among others, John Maynard Keynes, and more recently in the economics literature. It is also found that Kitson was the only person to support, without qualification, Edison's plan to reform the US monetary system. Originality/value - This paper casts a new light on Kitson's monetary thought, showing the influence of Irving Fisher on Kitson. The paper also presents Edison's questionnaire and Kitson's contributory thoughts on a fiat monetary standard that the questionnaire stimulated.
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    Journal of economic studies 32 (2005), S. 406-419 
    ISSN: 0144-3585
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - This study undertakes empirical analysis of the factors that have influenced economic growth in China's provinces during the process of institutional transformation, and to examine whether the disparities in economic growth between provinces have been expanding or diminishing. Design/methodology/approach - Pooled cross-section (provinces) and time-series data are employed, with the error components method also being used for the empirical testing. Findings - Empirical test results using the error components model have shown that during the period from 1988 to 1998, there was a tendency towards divergence of the economic growth rates achieved by China's provinces, with the variables relating to the employed population, changes in property rights and foreign direct investment (FDI), all having a positive impact on economic growth. Research limitations/implications - With China's huge size and the idiosyncrasies of its constituents, it is difficult to quantify the data collected when measuring the geographical, social, institutional and economic ingredients of the provinces. Practical implications - Whether or not the process of institutional transformation in China succeeds in building a truly efficient system will depend on innovation, a process within which the accumulation and transmission of knowledge plays a very important role. Originality/value - The establishment of the empirical model in this study is based on convergence testing using the endogenous growth model, and takes into consideration the impact which China's institutional transformation has had on economic growth in individual provinces.
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    Journal of economic studies 32 (2005), S. 455-467 
    ISSN: 0144-3585
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - To avoid aggregation bias by using trade data at bilateral level so that we can determine how sensitive are Britain's inpayments and outpayments to the value of the British pound. Design/methodology/approach - The method is based on the bounds testing approach to cointegration and error-correction modeling. Findings - The main finding is that while UK inpayments are not sensitive to the exchange rate, her outpayments are. Research limitations/implications - Future research must concentrate on disaggregating data further, perhaps at commodity level. Practical implications - The results could be used to identify Britain's trading partners against which Britain can devalue the pound and improve her trade balance. Originality/value - No study has attempted to test the impact of real depreciation of the pound on Britain's payments and receipts with her major trading partners.
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    Journal of economic studies 32 (2005), S. 88-113 
    ISSN: 0144-3585
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - Aims to consider whether the expansion of post-compulsory education has led to greater benefits for members of one socio-economic group than another. Design/methodology/approach - Uses a multinomial logit model of the choice of first destination, using the Youth Cohort Survey data for England and Wales, from 1985 to 1992. Findings - Whilst prior attainment has the strongest influence on selecting academic further education, participation rates into post-compulsory education have also increased for young people of average ability. Interaction effects clearly show that for even the most able, the socio-economic status of parents is an important influence on the choice of destination. The greatest benefit from the increased provision of post-compulsory education after conditioning for ability has been to young people from high socio-economic groups. Originality/value - Provides analysis, following investigation, of the main transmission mechanisms that determine choice at age 16.
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    Journal of economic studies 32 (2005), S. 185-255 
    ISSN: 0144-3585
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - The purpose of this article is to study how the German historical schools are treated in the histories of economic thought as the background for an exploration of some historiographical issues in the history of economic thought. Design/methodology/approach - The study describes the contributions of the members of the German historical schools from a variety of different viewpoints and attitudes toward the history of economic thought. Findings - One conclusion is that several of the things most of the economists of the German historical schools desired are now part of mainstream economics. These include an enlarged scope of economics, changes in the role of the state in economic life, attention to the relationships of law and economics and recognition of the importance of history. Another conclusion is that several historiographical and methodological problems important for the history of economic thought need further study. Originality/value - The study helps to explain and understand some historiographical aspects of the history of economic thought. It examines practices, principles, theories, methodology and forms of presentation of scholarly historical research on one subject in the history of economic thought.
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    Journal of economic studies 32 (2005), S. 524-539 
    ISSN: 0144-3585
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - To test the Miller Price Optimism Model using a new proxy for heterogenous expectations and to examine if high differential stocks behave like glamour stocks and low differential stocks behave like value stocks. Design/methodology/approach - Whisper/analyst forecast differentials were measured for a sample of stocks, combined into portfolios and held for one month. If the Miller model was supported, high differential stocks were expected to have lower portfolio returns than low differential stocks due to the greater divergence between optimistic whisper forecasts and rational analysts consensus forecasts. Findings - High differential quintiles had significantly lower future returns than low differential quintiles supporting the Miller model. High differential stocks resembled glamour stocks while low differential stocks behaved like value stocks. Research limitations/implications - These results pertain to the ultra-short time horizon of two months prior to the earnings announcement. Future research should replicate this study for a longer 3-12 month time horizon. Practical implications - Ultra short-term investors should hold glamour stocks and long term investors should hold value stocks. Rising volatility suggests that investors should define the time horizon for holding assets. Originality/value - It is one of only two studies that directly uses earnings forecasts as a proxy for heterogenous expectations. It adds to the sparse literature on whisper forecasts. It may be used by academicians studying price optimism effects and institutional investors following stock returns during earnings announcements.
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    Journal of economic studies 32 (2005), S. 540-573 
    ISSN: 0144-3585
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to reassess the relative impact of labour market regulation on economic performance. Inflexible labour markets combined with high welfare costs are often thought to be the main cause of low growth in Europe. Design/methodology/approach - This paper compares the impact of labour market regulation to that of macroeconomic policies (such as fiscal policy, monetary policy, macroeconomic cost management) and to that of investment into future growth (such as research, education and the diffusion of technology). We develop for this purpose a highly stylised model explaining economic growth; we suggest a synthetic measure of performance and use data for the US and Europe for the empirical test. Findings - The main result is that regulation impacts on growth, the impact of regulatory change is, however, less easy to demonstrate. The impact of macro economic policy can be demonstrated first by the more growth oriented monetary and fiscal policy in the US and the success of some European countries in bringing private and public costs in line with productivity and tax revenues. However, boosting investment into future growth by encouraging research, education and technology diffusion seems to be the most important determinant of performance. Research limitations/implications - As to the limits of this paper, we have to acknowledge that our analysis refers to a short time period, a small number of countries and uses a highly stylised model. Practical implications - If the results can be replicated for larger data sets and by more elaborated technical methods, the findings have an important policy implication: country strategies relying only on deregulation, without complementary macroeconomic policy and without strategy to boost "growth drivers" are suboptimal. This questions the policy advice given by some economists and economic think tanks, which call for deregulation as main policy strategy and then expect market forces to boost growth quickly and without specific policy measures. Originality/value - The attempt to assess the relative impact of the three policy areas is specific to this paper; most other papers focus on one policy area only.
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Purpose - Construction labour productivity is of great interest to practitioners and researchers because it affects project cost and time overrun. This paper evaluates and ranks the importance, frequency and severity of project delay factors that affect the construction labour productivity for Malaysian residential projects. Design/methodology/approach - A total of 100 respondents consisting of 70 contractors, 11 developers and 19 consultants participated in this study. The respondents were asked to indicate how important each item of a list of 50 project related factors was to construction labour productivity. The data were then subjected to the calculation of importat indices which enabled the factors to be ranked. Findings - The five most important factors identified by them were: material shortage at site; non-payment to suppliers causing the stoppage of material delivery to site; change order by consultants; late issuance of construction drawing by consultants; and incapability of contractors' site management to organise site activities. On the other hand, the five most frequent factors were: material shortage at project site; non-payment to suppliers causing the stoppage of material delivery to site; late issuance of progress payment by the client to main contractor; lack of foreign and local workers in the market; and coordination problem between the main contractor and subcontractor. Originality/value - The inferences drawn from this study could be used by the project managers to take account of these factors at an early stage, hence minimising the time and cost overrun.
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    Structural survey 23 (2005), S. 101-110 
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Purpose - The conservation management plan (CMP) for a heritage building establishes the nature of the work required to conserve, maintain and enhance the cultural heritage significance of the property. A missing element from many CMPs has been a realistic consideration of the cost of the work at this early stage. The paper aims to show how cost planning of works in a heritage building's conservation environment can be achieved. Design/methodology/approach - A background to the structure and preparation of CMPs from the literature in Australia and the UK is presented. Experience gained from the costing and budgeting in the CMP for several heritage projects in Australia and the process, are both described, summarised and discussed. Findings - The CMP provides a comprehensive working management guide for owners and other stakeholders to follow when carrying out works to the heritage property and includes components such as current condition, legal responsibilities and statutory obligations, sequencing and timing of proposed actions. The addition of significant financial information such as maintenance programmes, funding sources, long and short term costs, financial resources of owner, technical constraints, current owners needs and requirements and conflict resolution provides the possibility of making the CMP a more valuable document to the funding agencies and the building's users. Practical implications - Heritage clients and users increasingly need to know their likely financial commitment before work commences. This early stage cost advice (indicative costs) integrated into CMPs can establish realistic budgets for decision making. Originality/value - The addition of the cost of the works as proposed in a CMP can support client and community groups in making requests for funding from the various government and private agencies with an interest in, or responsibility for, the future care and use of these properties.
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    Structural survey 23 (2005), S. 138-151 
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Purpose - There have been very few cost-and-benefit evaluations of rehabilitation. This paper is a triangulation attempt to evaluate directly the cost-and-benefit of rehabilitation works without relying on price-proxy and econometric assumptions. Design/methodology/approach - Chau et al., in their paper, "Estimating the value enhancement effects of refurbishment" (Facilities, Vol. 21 No. 1/2, 2003) have produced an empirical test by regression on the elevation of property price-differential after rehabilitation. However, property price is merely a proxy on the improvements of building conditions, and its efficiency in reflecting building quality is subject to some institutional constraints. The estimation is also subject to the validity of econometric assumptions. This paper investigates the improvements directly under 18 assessment criteria of the quality of seven housing blocks in Hong Kong. Findings - The results show that rehabilitation brings benefits to owners, but that these only marginally outweigh the benefits of redevelopment. Research limitations/implications - The sample size is small, yet it opens up a new framework for future studies on building performance assessment of rehabilitation. Practical implications - The study serves as a benchmark for future assessment of rehabilitation works. Originality/value - The study represents an attempt to evaluate the costs and benefits of rehabilitation using a direct performance assessment approach.
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    Structural survey 23 (2005), S. 172-179 
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Purpose - To summarise research undertaken by the BRE into the identification and condition assessment, of non-traditional housing. During the 1980s, defects were discovered in the design and construction of a number of house types designed and built before 1960 and these were subsequently designated as inherently defective under the Housing Defects legislation. Design/methodology/approach - The research involved several years of investigation during which many different types of pre-cast concrete, in situ-concrete, steel- and timber-framed housing systems were investigated. This research has culminated in the publication of a major new book and CDROM. Findings - Overall the majority of non-traditional dwellings have provided levels of performance not very different from many traditionally built dwellings of the same age. However, there are inherent defects with several systems. Some dwellings may be beyond economic repair. Practical implications - The surveyor needs to be aware of the system of non-traditional dwelling under inspection and to understand the likely defects and necessary remedial work. Originality/value - This research will inform surveyors and home inspectors of the identification of non-traditional dwellings, modes of failure of various systems, whether economic repair is possible and what remedial action should be proposed.
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    Structural survey 23 (2005), S. 210-230 
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Purpose - Seeks to examine the bond strength of a large range of structural polypropylene fibres, as used in concrete, to determine the most effective fibre capable of transmitting load (N/mm2) between fibre and cement within the concrete matrix. Design/methodology/approach - Following fibre selection characterised by the highest bond strength, determined from a series of pull out tests, BS flexural tests were carried out using high bond strength fibres (40?mm?×?0.9?mm diameter used at 6?kg/m3) to determine whether or not structural polypropylene fibres had any effect on the ultimate flexural strength of fibre-reinforced concrete, when compared with the plain control sample. Fibre orientation, type of rupture failure mode and post-crack performance were examined. Findings - Even structural fibre dispersion was found to be best achieved with the use of monofilament polypropylene fibres (19?mm?×?22 micron used at 0.9?×?kg/m3) in addition to the 6?kg/m3 structural fibre dose. Structural polypropylene fibres were found not to provide additional flexural strength however, they did provide post-crack control, limiting the crack width with subsequent enhanced durability that in turn will provide lower life cycle costs. Practical implications - In addition to increased durability the use of fibre reinforcement negates the need to place steel reinforcement bars. Originality/value - Investigates the ambiguity in literature between claims made by different investigators regarding the effects of polypropylene fibres on compressive and flexural strengths.
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    Marketing intelligence & planning 23 (2005), S. 136-154 
    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - To convert the principle of customer relationship management (CRM) into practical guidelines for best practice in the implementation of a CRM programme in the real world. Design/methodology/approach - The findings of an extensive review of the literature provide the foundations for a general CRM paradigm, which is applied to a case study of a large European bank's specification, development and implementation of CRM over a five-year period. Data for the case study were collected in 1-2?h long depth interviews with executives of the bank and a consultancy firm collaborating in the design of the programme, and were analysed by a formal coding procedure. Findings - The design and implementation phases of CRM programme development are described in detail, the latter organised into 18 initiatives in five categories: testing, founding, building doing and ongoing. Research limitations/implications - Because of the stage of development of the bank's programme at the time of writing, it was not possible to report meaningfully on an obvious sixth phase: evaluation. The paper considers shortcomings of CRM implementation and proposes avenues for further research. Practical implications - A shortage of practically grounded templates for the design and implementation of CRM programmes has left marketing managers struggling to apply the widely advocated principle to their own situations. By adding empirical evidence to prescriptions for best practice, this paper begins the process of bridging that gap between theory and practice. Originality/value - The unique case study reported here will therefore be of definite interest and potential value to managers responsible for developing market intelligence into formal plans for a CRM strategy, beyond the specific context of financial services.
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    Marketing intelligence & planning 23 (2005), S. 172-188 
    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - The objectives of this research study were to measure the perception and satisfactions of consumers of the tourism product of Barbados, and to identify potential niche markets that could be used in the development of the destination's positioning strategy. Design/methodology/approach - Self-completion questionnaires were distributed to tourists visiting the island at the peak of the 2003 tourism season. The scales used were adapted from two authoritative sources. Data from 400 completed questionnaires were analysed quantitatively by a variety of statistical techniques, including factor analysis and multiple regression. Answers to open-ended questions were also used where necessary to explain top-of-mind attitudes to the tourism products consumed. Findings - Four possible niche markets are identified that can inform the development of the destination's repositioning strategy: recreational, sports, culture and eco-tourism. Research limitations/implications - The time frame of the study was two winter months in one year, and only actual visitors completed the questionnaire. The study did not assess their evaluation of the quality of the services provided and consumed. Practical implications/originality/value - The overall conclusions and discussion of the findings should provide a case-based framework for the practical planning and implementation of positioning strategies in the tourism context.
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    Marketing intelligence & planning 23 (2005), S. 249-265 
    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - This paper seeks to examines the effect of manufacturer market orientation on distributor dependence and satisfaction with the relationship, and to analyse how this dependence affects distributor satisfaction, with specific reference to the Spanish ceramic tile industry, Design/methodology/approach - Two parallel sets of individual interviews with a total of 222 manufacturers and distributors were conducted by a private research institute. They yielded 179 dyads of interaction. Market orientation, dependence and satisfaction were measured by five-point Likert scales. The data were used to test 11 hypotheses by structural equation modelling. Findings - Analysis of the findings suggests that all aspects of manufacturers' market orientation have a positive effect on distributors' satisfaction, except response implementation and the influence of distributor dependence. Contrary to expectations, dependence on the manufacturer adversely affects distributor satisfaction. The conclusion is that adoption of market orientation is justified in practice by increased dependence and satisfaction among distributors, in addition to other benefits discussed in the literature. Research limitations/implications - Although the study only focuses on one industry, and the dependence measurement scale has been limited to two items, in order to obtain an acceptable reliability level, the results are clear within those limitations and are transferable with appropriate caution to the general context. Originality/value - This study addresses a gap in the research into the effect of market orientation on distribution channel relationships, and provides useful planning information on the market orientation dimensions that influence dependence and satisfaction in the relationships between members at different levels in a channel.
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    Marketing intelligence & planning 23 (2005), S. 296-312 
    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - The purpose of this article is to bring together established research in the field of consumer complaint responses: to contextualise this research into the area of complaints about advertising in Australia; and to empirically test the proposition that it is possible to construct a profile of complainants about advertising in Australia. Design/methodology/approach - Postcodes obtained from the Advertising Standards Board complaints database were entered into Pacific Micromarketing's MOSAIC software, which uses data at the postcode level to cluster individuals into homogeneous groups. Findings - Characteristics shared among consumers who engage in "amplified voicing" include above average income levels, above average disposable income levels, higher than average education levels, professional and associate professional occupations, middle- to late-middle-aged household heads and above average representation of working women. Their interests tend towards culture, technology, entertaining, sport, food and fashion. Research limitations/implications - Complainants seem to be unrepresentative of those most likely to be disadvantaged by "unacceptable" advertising. It is suggested that it now falls to advertising professionals and marketing academics to encourage greater involvement of all members of Australian society in the current complaints process and build wider understanding of practices that contravene the regulatory system. Originality/value - This study investigates the effects of advertising on consumers and hence on society in general, and examines the changing nature and structure of the advertising self-regulatory system in Australia. Though based on fieldwork in Australia, it provides an international perspective, and is potentially transferable to other societies.
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    Marketing intelligence & planning 23 (2005), S. 372-381 
    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - The aim of the paper is to show how intelligence emanating from customer profitability analysis (CPA) can help improve strategic marketing planning. Insights into the profitability of individual customers, as well as the distribution of profitability across the customer base, can lead to better decisions in the areas of managing costs and revenues, managing risks and strategic market positioning. Design/methodology/approach - The concept and process of CPA are first explained. The heart of the paper then discusses how the outcomes permit novel analyses related to costs and revenues, risk, and strategic positioning. Finally, the paper explains what is needed to make the shift from retrospective CPA to prospective CPA. Findings - CPA delivers two types of insights: the degree of profitability for each individual customer, and the distribution of profitability among customers within the customer base. Profitability data at the level of the individual customer support better decision making about service levels, marketing investments and pricing strategies. The profitability distribution curve yields information about the vulnerability of future cash flows from customers. Further, DPA data permit segmentation and targeting on the basis of profitability and the development of different value propositions for different profitability segments. Practical implications - Shareholder value is created through cash flows from customers. CPA uncovers where these cash flows are generated. Armed with customer profitability data, marketers can really develop and implement value-driven differentiated customer service strategies. Originality/value - While quite a number of published papers have discussed the technicalities of calculating customer profitability, this paper adds to the literature an overview of how the outcomes of such calculations can help planners make better decisions, to increase the magnitude of cash flows from customers and/or reduce the volatility and vulnerability of such cash flows.
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    Marketing intelligence & planning 23 (2005), S. 77-88 
    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to: determine which criteria of the car insurance brokers' web sites are important or unimportant; establish how well those criteria are presented on the car insurance brokers' web sites; and find out whether the consumer's final decision to purchase the product is influenced by the web sites' characteristics, the price, etc. Design/methodology/approach - The evaluation method employed in this study is the extended web assessment method (EWAM), which is an evaluation tool specifically created for the assessment of electronic commerce applications. A double questionnaire survey has been undertaken to collect data from 28 finance advisers in an independent financial advisory firm in the UK. Findings - The preliminary findings suggest that the majority of the assessed web site criteria fall in the categories of "maintain strategy" and "no immediate improvement necessary" with certain web site features considered as "strategic overkill" or "improvement necessary". It is also found that the web sites are utilised as a tool for shopping around for quotes but the final purchase would be made by most consumers via the telephone. Research limitations/implications - It is important to mention that an empirical study with a sample of 28 insurance advisers in one financial advisory company can only reflect a limited picture of current practice in the UK car insurance brokers market. Therefore, the findings reported in this paper are tentative and preliminary. To test or confirm relevant findings reported here, further evaluation work with a larger number of assessors having different backgrounds may be necessary. Practical implications - While the majority of the assessed web site criteria fall in the "maintain strategy" and "no immediate improvement necessary" fields, efforts should be made by practitioners to improve site maps, site search, and insurers' details for quotes. Originality/value - This paper provides useful information for UK car insurance brokers and web sites developers.
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    Marketing intelligence & planning 23 (2005), S. 486-504 
    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - To build a National Consumer Satisfaction Index for Turkey, drawing on models already in existence in Sweden, the USA, Norway and the European Union. In so doing, to remedy observed practical shortcomings of those indices. Design/methodology/approach - Structural equation modelling was applied to the general model, in the specific context of the mobile telephone market in Turkey, based on data collected by questionnaire from more than 1,500 subscribers. Findings - The purpose-designed new customer satisfaction index exhibits good fit and strong explanatory power. It is the most comprehensive so far developed, by virtue of adding two new factors to the model. Research limitations/implications - The new Turkish index was tested for validity and reliability only in the context of mobile telephony; it should ideally now be further tested in different sectors, periodically, to validate comparisons with other national variants. More latent variables and economic data should be incorporated to analyse the links among the index itself, loyalty and economic consequences. It is suggested that the partial least squares method could have been more appropriate than the maximum likelihood iteration procedure actually employed. Practical implications - Apart from its obvious role in assessing customer satisfaction in a domestic market, a customer satisfaction index can be extended to the level of comparing whole economies. This is of considerable significance for Turkey's ambitions to join the European Union. Originality/value - This article enhances and extends an established but relatively little known quantitative method for evaluating customer satisfaction, and thereby offers an important diagnostic tool to marketing planners
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    Marketing intelligence & planning 23 (2005), S. 189-199 
    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - This paper introduces a new approach for autonomous internet-based environmental scanning, which combines concept of weak signals with "information foraging theory". Design/methodology/approach - Early detection and rapid action with respect to developments in the operating environment is a prerequisite for successful marketing planning. Accordingly, this paper proposes a three-stage process for overcoming practical obstacles to the detection and use of weak signals from the operating environment, in particular how to identify relevant and useful documents in harsh information environments such as the internet. Its functionality is demonstrated by means of a human-machine experiment. Findings - A framework based on information foraging theory is well suited to the task of determining the relevance of documents and facilitates the automation of information search processes. A prototype environmental scanning system of this type outperformed human experts in a typical scanning task. Research limitations/implications - Embedding the detection of weak signals in a formal process permits intelligence gatherers to step beyond anecdotal evidence, and complements the current literature on weak signal detection with formal and systematic procedural guidelines. Practical implications - The presented methodology facilitates both the selection and the structuring of information sources. This unburdens the managers and leaves time for important tasks such as the development of concrete marketing plans reacting to detected developments. Originality/value - The paper provides a comprehensive framework for web-based weak signal detection in business environments, and can be used as a starting point for the development of practicable environmental scanning systems.
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    Marketing intelligence & planning 23 (2005), S. 220-232 
    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - To identify the factors that influence shoppers' satisfaction with their "primary" grocery store, and those that encourage them to continue patronising it despite being presented with a significant inducement to shop elsewhere. Design/methodology/approach - A structured questionnaire containing 31 variables relating to shopping behaviour and satisfaction was administered to 934 shoppers leaving a number of grocery stores in an Australian city during a two-week period. Results were used to construct two mathematical models predicting customer satisfaction and store loyalty, from which two research hypotheses were derived. Findings - The results of model estimation show that factors with a significant influence on store satisfaction have little in common with others that impel shoppers to remain loyal to one store. Indeed, there was no evidence in this study that shoppers' overall satisfaction was by itself a significant influence on continued patronage. Research limitations/implications - The questionnaire did not ask questions, judged to be intrusive, relating to respondents' income level, education background, employment status or household size - characteristics known to have a bearing on perception of risk associated with switching to an unfamiliar store and hence potentially to inhibit action. It would be instructive in future research to assess the extent to which demographic characteristics mediate perceptions of financial, psychological and social risk, and their influence on satisfaction and loyalty. Practical implications - Retailers often do not recognise that what influences customer satisfaction is not the same as what engenders store loyalty, and consequently do not allocate scarce resources systematically among tactics influencing one or the other. Unless they are vigilant to changing consumer behaviour patterns, they will not be able to isolate in their strategy the elements of the retail mix that could insulate their loyal customers from responding to competitors' special offers. Originality/value - This study introduces intelligence gatherers and strategic planners in the retail context to an important distinction between general satisfaction and specific loyalty.
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    Marketing intelligence & planning 23 (2005), S. 281-295 
    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - The puropse of this article is to identify consumers who experience difficulty in making their buying decisions, especially in the face of variety of choice, proliferation of brand choice, small inter-brand differences, brand counterfeiting, marketing communication overload and so on. Design/methodology/approach - A questionnaire administered to 264 consumers in north Germany used a scale developed by the authors at the University of Hanover in 2002 to measure three types of difficulty in marketplace decision making. Those relate to similarity among product-service offerings available, information overload, and marketing communications that lack clarity. Data collected were analysed by ANOVA and hierarchical cluster analysis. Findings - ANOVA suggested that high levels of marketplace decision difficulty were characteristic of older, less well-educated female consumers. Subsequent cluster analysis identified four distinct and meaningful consumer types, in terms of "marketplace decision difficulty" or MPDD. Research limitations/implications - The present study was restricted to a single large city in one European country, and one of the test statistics was perhaps too rigorous for useful conclusions in the case of some variables, but the findings do contain clear managerial implications and future research developments are proposed. Practical implications - Marketing strategists should find it useful to understand the demographics of consumers who are likely to experience difficulty in making marketplace decisions - for instance, to segment audiences for their marketing communications, and to vary style and content accordingly. Originality/value - This study offers a practical market segmentation scheme, based on demographic influences on decision-making behaviour.
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    Marketing intelligence & planning 23 (2005), S. 350-358 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - To determine the impact of price on consumer decision making in online environments. Design/methodology/approach - Uses a conjoint experiment to investigate the trade-offs customers make when choosing and to establish their relative weights in online and offline situations. Findings - Finds that customers expect prices to be lower in an online environment than in a traditional sales channel. Research limitations/implications - Despite acknowledged limitations of experimental design and student samples, the findings have both theoretical and practical implications. Practical implications - Marketing planners can use the intelligence gained from conjoint studies such as this to improve the design and implementation of online retail experiences. Originality/value - Compares online and offline shopping environments with specific regard to the importance of price in each in the consumer decision-making processes, a hitherto overlooked issue in marketing research.
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    Marketing intelligence & planning 23 (2005), S. 340-349 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - Examines the similarities and differences in the dimensionality of advertising attitudes between Turkish and New Zealand consumers. Design/methodology/approach - Survey data, collected by questionnaire from 303 respondents in Turkey and 189 respondents in New Zealand were first analysed separately using principal components analysis to identify the underlying dimensions of advertising attitudes. The factor congruency technique was then used to examine the extent of similarity between the two samples. Findings - Advertising attitudes consist of social and economic dimensions. The dimensionality of these attitudes exhibits a fairly similar pattern across both countries. Research limitations/implications - The study was limited to a particular sample. Extensions of the research to other samples is needed for cross-validation. Potential moderators of advertising attitudes should also be considered in future research. Practical implications - Findings suggest that advertisers in Turkey and New Zealand should create advertisements that are believable. The positive relationship between believability and overall attitudes towards advertising also suggests that advertisers should be sensitive to tactics that generate consumer scepticism. Originality/value - Examines the relevance of previous North American and European findings in two culturally diverse countries.
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    Marketing intelligence & planning 23 (2005), S. 395-402 
    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - To offer an outline of the characteristics of radio frequency identification technology (RFID) and discuss its perceived benefits, impacts and challenges, as they apply to retailers in the UK. The paper draws together a range of information and intelligence about the application of RFID and reflects on the strategic planning challenges it poses to retailers. Design/methodology/approach - The paper draws its material largely from trade and practitioner sources and illustrates general themes with specific retail examples. Findings - The paper suggests that RFID has the potential to deliver a wide range of benefits throughout the supply chain, including tighter management and control, reduction in shrinkage, reduced labour costs and improved customer service. However, retail users will have to address a number of operational and strategic challenges and consumer privacy concerns before these benefits can be fully realised. The adoption of RFID may further increase structural concentration within the retail sector of the economy, and have a major impact on retail operations at shop floor level and on the customers' shopping experience. Originality/value - An accessible outline of RFID developments within UK retailing, of interest to marketing professionals and academics concerned with marketing practice. A companion piece to the paper by Wyld et al. in this issue.
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    Marketing intelligence & planning 23 (2005), S. 422-434 
    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - To draw up a demographic profile of editors, editorial boards and contributors, in the specific case of one top-ranked marketing journal, and to discuss the implications. Design/methodology/approach - From a list of top-ranked titles, compiled from various sources, one was chosen as a case study. Demographic data relating to contributors and editors were collected by inspection, for a five-year period. The anonymity of the journal was preserved. Findings - North American affiliations dominated among authors, editors and editorial boards. Successive editors have had an American affiliation for many years. This strongly skewed demographic profile raises a number of doubts and questions. The author suggests that one important effect is a kind of academic myopia, caused by demographic uniformity and paradigmatic inertia. He contends that this phenomenon threatens to weaken the scientific reputation of the marketing discipline and its research community. Research limitations/implications - The study is restricted to a single top-ranked journal, which is anonymous because the aim is not to focus attention, negative or positive, on a single case, but rather to stimulate debate. Practical implications - Tentative recommendations are offered to the publishers and editors of marketing journals for reduction of the specific and general damaging effects of demographically induced academic myopia. Originality/value - This study sows the seed and provides the trigger for further research and discussion of a phenomenon with important practical implications for the academic marketing community.
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    Marketing intelligence & planning 23 (2005), S. 470-485 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - Quantitative measures are not commonly available to identify and measure product cannibalization resulting from the introduction of new products, and existing forecasting methods such as ARIMA do not explicitly account for the phenomenon. This paper aims to present a methodology to build cannibalization effects into forecasting models as measured through product attributes. It follows on from a paper by the same authors in Vol. 23 No. 4 Design/methodology/approach - The contribution of product attributes to cannibalization is tested by a series of hypotheses, then integrated into the proposed cannibalization model. Results are compared with predictions from an ARIMA-based model and actual historical sales data. Findings - The proposed model improves on the fidelity of ARIMA-based models, by between 16 and 42 percent. Originality/value - Effective prediction of cannibalization losses will allow marketing planners to make better-informed decisions with respect to new product introduction.
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    Marketing intelligence & planning 23 (2005), S. 505-514 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - To investigate the relationship between the size of a firm and the strategic choices it makes with regard to the level of internationalisation, product range and breadth of the customer base, in the context of a new Member State of the European Union: Slovenia. Design/methodology/approach - Three hypotheses were tested by data collected by a self-completion postal survey of almost one in five of all manufacturing exporters in the country, directed at general managers or executives involved in making strategic marketing decisions and calling for answers on Likert scales. The response rate was 24 percent. Findings - There was a clear association between choice of internationalisation strategy and the size of Slovenian firms, which is generally small. That characteristic is a strong predictor of the number of products marketed abroad and the number of customers in export markets served. Research limitations/implications - Further studies of other variables that may determine export behaviour would add to the utility of these findings for the development of export strategy for firms in developing economies. Practical implications - As the new countries of the European Union enter new competitive environments, such findings as these are vital intelligence for their marketing planners. Originality/value - Slovenia is self-evidently a country of interest to international marketing academics and practitioners.
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    Marketing intelligence & planning 23 (2005), S. 562-573 
    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - To assist marketing management in the identification and targeting of consumer innovators for novel products by selectively reviewing and integrating three separate streams of research, namely, trait theory, utility-awareness theory and contemporary cognitive theory. Design/methodology/approach - A range of traditional and contemporary research concerned with the identification of consumer innovators is selectively reviewed and critiqued to enhance marketing management's ability to identify and target the consumer innovator segment. This research, which is addressed under three main sections: personal characteristics, utility-awareness and cognitive structures, is then integrated to provide management with a more comprehensive approach by which to identify and target consumer innovators. Particular emphasis is placed on the contribution of recent cognitive theories. Findings - The trait dependent approaches in particular, are found to be of limited usefulness in that they identify consumer innovators only retrospectively after initial adoption, as opposed to operating in a predictive manner. It is argued that an approach based upon consumer utility-awareness, and the more cognitively orientated analogical learning and embedded knowledge structure approaches can provide management with increased control over the process of new product adoption within a target population. Originality/value - This paper provides management with a new insight into the identification of the consumer innovator by integrating three existing, but somewhat disparate theoretical approaches, and suggests amore comprehensive model for this task.
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    Marketing intelligence & planning 23 (2005), S. 574-581 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - To propose a categorisation of customer loyalty types to further increase our understanding of the nature of loyalty. Design/methodology/approach - By segmenting customers who are both loyal in attitude and behaviour to a brand, a model is proposed that differentiates between customers whose loyalty is inertial, and those whose loyalty is positive. Findings - Four categories of loyal customer are proposed: captive, convenience-seekers, contented and committed. The behaviours and attitudes that can be expected of customers in these different categories are discussed. It is also suggested that customers in different categories will respond in different ways to triggers to switching. Further research that investigates customers' reasons for loyalty behaviour in relation to a portfolio of brands is recommended to validate the model and to enhance understanding and predictability of customer loyalty propensities. Originality/value - There is agreement that loyals are important for the future of the business, and that this category is deserving of special attention. Since loyalty is key in customer development and profitability, it is important to understand the loyalty condition in more detail, and to use this understanding to develop further the relationship with customers in the loyal category. The model proposed here subdivides loyals in Dick and Basu's categorisation based on behaviour and attitudes. Four categories of loyalty are proposed: captive, contented, convenience-seeker and committed. Each is described and discussed, and their management implications and research agendas identified. It is noted that any one individual is likely to exhibit the characteristics of each of these categories in relation to different products, services, outlets, and their associated brands. This is a speculative model at this stage of development, which is intended to provoke further thought about the nature of loyalty.
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    Marketing intelligence & planning 23 (2005), S. 628-635 
    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - To provoke radical thinking about the role and practice of direct marketing. Design/methodology/approach - Author's adaptation of a keynote address to a major conference in Asia. Findings - Proposes that direct marketing does not need to follow the customary "direction", i.e. of the firm seeking out customers. Effort spent on finding them could also be devoted to compelling them to seek out the firm, through increased product choices. Applying information economics, drawing on first principles and learning from examples, proposals are made for designing and developing products that achieve segmentation through self-selection. Practical implications - Marketing planners should closely weigh the cost of reaching out to customers, with inevitable high wastage, against the cost of producing an array of products such that each consumer's choice is market-separating and draws the customer to the firm. Originality/value - A thought-provokingly personal view of direct marketing principles and practice.
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    Marketing intelligence & planning 23 (2005), S. 606-620 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - The objective of the study was to compare competitive intelligence (CI) practices of exporters in South Africa and Belgium. Design/methodology/approach - An e-mail and postal survey in a sample of 292 Belgian and 309 South African exporting companies was carried out in which CI-practices and opinions and attitudes towards CI were measured. Findings - Most respondents report a "CI culture" in their companies. South African and Belgian exporters are, however, not yet well equipped and not very active to conduct effective CI, especially in the areas of planning, process and structure, data collection, data analysis, and especially skills development. In both countries CI-activities are usually not organized in a separate department and, if they are, CI is mostly done in the marketing and sales department. Managers from both countries consider similar types of information important, and they rely on similar sources of information. Although the responsibility for CI is more a top management issue in Flanders than it is in South Africa, South African companies have on average a longer tradition of organized CI-activity and more full- and part-time staff is involved in CI-activity. These differences can be attributed to the fact that, as compared to Belgium, South Africa is an emerging export country in which the need for more formalised CI-activity focusing on the collection of relevant data is more apparent. Originality/value - This is the first comprehensive study of CI-practices in the two countries. The results lead to a number of recommendations for the exporting companies in both countries and in general add to the knowledge of the position of CI in companies.
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    Marketing intelligence & planning 23 (2005), S. 636-647 
    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - To conceptualize the elements that define a "cyberscape" (by analogy with a landscape) and to assess how internet users respond to the cyberscape based upon their purpose and internet expertise level. Design/methodology/approach - Pre-tests were conducted to determine the elements of the cyberscape that consumers use to judge the quality of internet sites. The results of these tests indicated that there are 58, which could be classified into 11 dimensions. Linear regression analyses were conducted to predict how frequently consumers purchase merchandise and socialize on the internet, using the dimensions as predictors. Analyses were performed for low-skill and high-skill internet users. Findings - Although consumers respond to all 11 cyberscape dimensions, many are "hygiene factors" rather than satisfiers. Those have to be in place for customers to approach a site, but it is the satisfiers that have the potential to generate customer satisfaction when they exceed expectations. For example, in terms of predicting the frequency of online purchasing among beginning internet users, product selection emerges as the key satisfier among internet beginners, whereas product selection and reliability are significant in the case of expert users. Research limitations/implications - Managers need to consider all cyberscape dimensions. The hygiene factors are mandatory for satisfying customers and for encouraging approach behavior, but satisfiers are the enhancing dimensions, critical for generating customer satisfaction and loyalty. Future researchers may want to use qualitative methodologies to understand the cyberscape dimensions to which consumers respond at the point of purchase or for information seeking. Practical implications - Marketing planners can assess their own firm's internet sites on the 11 cyberscape dimensions, survey their customer base to determine which of those are hygiene factors and which satisfiers, and plan their cyberstrategy accordingly. Originality/value - The paper extends the work of Williams and Dargel, published in volume 22 of Marketing Intelligence & Planning. It also builds upon Bitner's well known "servicescape" framework and the customer-satisfaction studies of Naumann, Jackson and Rosenbaum.
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    Marketing intelligence & planning 23 (2005), S. 648-658 
    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - Using data relating to eBay transactions, investigates the economic, demographic, and geographic factors affecting willingness to pay for purchases online. Design/methodology/approach - Carries out regression analysis of 3,386 eBay transactions, over a two-year period, reported by two American sellers operating on the United States eBay site. In all auctions examined, consumers had the option of making payment online or by various traditional payment methods. Findings - Analysis identifies several variables as reasonable predictors of the chosen payment method, including the value of the transaction, the buyer's gender, rural versus urban residence, and several other characteristics of the community in which the buyer lives. Research limitations/implications - The general demographic, geographic, and economic variables of consumers can be used by researchers and planners to predict consumers' willingness to make online payments. The effect of income demands further investigation. Factors not identified - such as consumer personality and ethnicity or product category - might also influence this form of online consumer behaviour. The study is restricted to online consumer auction transactions in one country only. Originality/value - Uses a larger sample than most previous studies of eBay to identify general demographic, geographic, and economic characteristics of an American sample of eBay consumers, which act as predictors of willingness to make online payments for purchases. Can be a departure point for further research in other countries.
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    Marketing intelligence & planning 23 (2005), S. 659-669 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - To investigate awareness, attitudes and implementation with respect to competitive intelligence (CI) in Greece. Design/methodology/approach - In-depth interviews with a sample of 50 well-known companies around Thessaloniki, an area of strategic marketing importance in Greece, representing a reasonable cross section of types and sizes of enterprise. Findings - For the present, adoption in Greece is well behind the USA, but roughly on a par with the UK. The reasons for slow adoption are: unawareness, lack of sufficiently competent staff and a shortage of experts available to train them, perceptions of the cost, and somewhat complacent satisfaction with the general market research activity of in-house marketing departments. The focus is on short-term customer satisfaction, rather than long-term competitiveness. Research limitations/implications - A deliberately limited exploratory study of a small sample in a highly localised setting. Recommendations are presented for further research. Practical implications - In the turbulent business environments of the present day, CI can make a crucial strategic contribution to competitive success. Originality/value - This study broadly confirms the findings and conclusions of previous research in the UK. It has clear value to strategic planning for marketing in Greece itself, but also in general.
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    Marketing intelligence & planning 23 (2005), S. 670-687 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - To assess which components of the marketing orientation, along with the new measure societal marketing orientation, predict the performance of the firm and which are moderated by the environment. Design/methodology/approach - Survey research in 1999 and hierarchical regression of 81 items. Findings - Competitor-based strategy has a more positive impact on firm's performance than the market-based alternative. Its effectiveness is enhanced by the degree of competitive turbulence in the environment - as, for example, in Singapore in 1999. Societal marketing strategies, while morally appealing, are negatively associated with performance, and further negatively moderated by competitive hostility. The study found no support for the association between market orientation and performance. Research limitations/implications - The findings are limited somewhat by the size and nature of the sample and the low response rate, though these compare well with other studies in the field. The research shows the importance of the business environment as a moderator of the performance of business strategies. Practical implications - Marketing intelligence gatherers and strategists should take note that choice of an appropriate business strategy is moderated by the environment. Market-based business strategies are not necessarily the most effective. Originality/value - Apart from the main findings, introduces an important measure of a firm's societal orientation.
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    Marketing intelligence & planning 23 (2005), S. 688-704 
    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - To develop understanding of why the use of business information in new product development proves problematic in practice, and to show how obstacles and difficulties may be overcome by reference to the process of using business environmental scanning (BES) for the purpose in a real organisation. Design/methodology/approach - A longitudinal case study based on a single company in the European automotive industry, the anonymous XCar. Data gathering combined participant observation and formal interviews with managers, both of which were scrupulously recorded, coded and interpreted. Findings - The use of BES for generation of new product ideas should apply creativity to the interpretation of trend analysis, serving as a base for the formulation of product proposals. The literature argues that the process needs to be more exploratory than confirmatory, with the focus on identifying opportunities rather than, as is common, on reducing uncertainty. This case study shows how that was achieved in practice. Likewise, while some authors argue for the importance of the volume of the information collected, others assert that its use is more critical. The case study confirms the latter view, and shows how internal processes converted data into decision-making and planning inputs. Research limitations/implications - As with any single-firm case study, further research is indicated, within other industries and related to different applications. Practical implications - The results from this single case provide potentially useful insights into the application of business information gathering to the generation of new product ideas, both in theory and in practice. They show how the purpose of the process shifted slowly but steadily in one organisation from confirmation to exploration, though not without difficulty. One key lesson is that the managerial focus must change accordingly. Originality/value - Few detailed empirical studies are available on the gathering and application of information on the business environment in practice, specifically as an aid to new product development. This study contributes to collective knowledge by shedding light on this area.
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    Marketing intelligence & planning 23 (2005), S. 705-719 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - To assess the potential for development in the agri-food sector by investigating: consumer awareness of health-enhancing foods; key influences on their perceptions of and attitudes towards these foods; their relevant purchasing behaviour in the context of the Northern Irish dairy products market. To develop recommendations for future segmentation and positioning strategies for health-enhancing dairy foods. Design/methodology/approach - Northern Ireland is a geographically discrete area of the United Kingdom, which relies heavily on the agri-food industry in general, and the dairy sector in particular. A consumer questionnaire was adapted from previous studies. After two pilot studies with 30 and 50 consumers, 600 were administered face-to-face to a quota sample of male and female shoppers in six key supermarkets across Northern Ireland. Results were collated and analysed by SPSS. Descriptive parametric and non-parametric statistics re-reported in findings. Findings - There is potential for the agri-food industry to expand further, particularly in the case of added-value food products, among which health-enhancing foods should be treated as an important subset. However, a pre-requisite is development of enhanced consumer segmentation and product positioning strategies. Research limitations/implications - The findings and conclusions derive from one study of one specialist product type in one small national market. Generalisation should be possible, at least informally, but comparative studies are indicated. Practical implications - The findings indicated a general lack of awareness of the health-enhancing food concept and the level of (largely proven) health benefits of such products, which is a barrier to their wider adoption of these products. The key aims goals for marketing planners in this context are thus awareness generation and consumer education. The crucial segments of the general target audience and the core message to be conveyed, are both defined by the findings. Originality/value - This study provides a research-based foundation for a more proactive and informed marketing strategy in a particular context, potentially transferable to other market sectors and locations.
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    Property management 23 (2005), S. 176-193 
    ISSN: 0263-7472
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - This paper was motivated by the absence of a government examination of and professional interest in planning conditions as a means of development control in Hong Kong. Proposes to examine this situation. Design/methodology/approach - The research objective is achieved by a field survey and legal analysis of its findings. The field survey of all the 60 residential development projects in Hong Kong under comprehensive development area zoning subject to conditional planning permissions from 1998 to 2000 involving 119 planning applications was conducted to assess factual compliance with planning conditions. Findings - The findings show that, while most physical planning obligations have been duly fulfilled in these projects, the non-depositing of master layout plans for development poses actual and potential public domain problems of planning enforcement, building permission, conveyancing and property management. The major problems of non-compliance are property purchasers being unable to fully appreciate the environment of a development when making a decision to buy; subsequent titles defects, unauthorised building works and operations. Suggestions are made to close the loopholes in planning law and to introduce a formal channel for retrospective rectification in the light of the social consequences of non-compliance. Originality/value - This paper is the first serious attempt to evaluate the importance of compliance with planning conditions in Hong Kong and its analysis should be of interest not only to local policy makers and professional people in particular, but also to researchers in comparative development control in general.
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    Property management 23 (2005), S. 217-226 
    ISSN: 0263-7472
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - This paper aims to examine the estate agency sector as a case study of an industry sector in which the internet business model has evolved from experimental dot.com towards the integrated use of the internet to enhance service delivery. Design/methodology/approach - Data are collected by visiting a range of property related sites, including property portals and the sites of individual estate agents. The focus is on UK property sites, but some comparisons are made with US sites. The services offered by property portals are discussed and used to illustrate the potential role of the internet in estate agency. Findings - Portals provide content in the form of information, advice and news, links to other businesses including individual estate agency chains, search facilities, and opportunities for registration which support personalisation of communication with customers. Individual estate agency chains generally have less developed, but adequate, web sites. The sector is described as having evolved through the three stages of experimentation, promotion, customer service, and, for the future, the final stage of optimal integration of the internet into business functions is on the horizon. Originality/value - Building on an earlier model of the strategic development of e-business, a four-stage model of the evolution of internet estate agency is proposed, which includes experimentation, promotion, customer service, and integration. Research and development agendas associated with this final stage, integration, are identified.
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    Property management 23 (2005), S. 271-285 
    ISSN: 0263-7472
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - The paper aims to consider how collective sales may be achieved more effectively and speedily in the Singaporean context. Design/methodology/approach - Through an examination of Singaporean legislation, cases, market conditions and the residential price index, a range of factors has been identified as affecting the success rate of collective sales. Findings - The paper shows that in the face of radical legislation that aimed to facilitate collective sales, there were various other factors that impeded the success rate of collective sales. Some of these factors were within the control of parties, whereas some were not. Practical implications - The paper points to the flashpoints in the collective sale process which property consultants can be mindful of during negotiations. Suggestions are made for the property consultant to adopt mediation techniques to expedite the process. This will result in time and cost savings for the parties involved. Originality/value - The paper highlights the interplay of various factors other than legislation to facilitate collective sales. The paper will be of particular value to property consultants involved in negotiating collective sales, and owners of strata titled properties who wish to engage in collective sale of their development.
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    Property management 23 (2005), S. 301-307 
    ISSN: 0263-7472
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - The paper aims to explain the way the Scottish Executive, Scotland's devolved administration, transfers surplus property between its Departments, agencies and non-departmental public bodies, which differs from the approach in England. Design/methodology/approach - The paper draws on government documents and professional standards to explain the revised administrative mechanism and the reasons for the way in which it is designed. Findings - The paper explains the benefits the system is designed to bring about and its limitations. Research implications/limitations - The paper is a professional practice paper designed to help practitioners who may be involved in such transfers of property, and to inform researchers in the field of public sector asset management of a new development designed to improve the efficiency of property transfer in the Scottish Executive's part of the public sector. Originality/value - The paper will be of interest to practitioners involved in the transfer of public sector assets in Scotland, and those applied researchers with an interest in public sector asset management.
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    Property management 23 (2005), S. 357-373 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - This paper aims to construct an appropriate automated valuation model to value Housing and Development Board resale flats in Singapore. The paper also aims to test the accuracy of the model by comparing the values generated with actual valuations performed by a property firm in Singapore. In addition, it seeks to examine whether models for the sub-markets of Housing and Development Board resale flats based on location or type of flat are more "sufficiently accurate" than the general model. Design/methodology/approach - Using transacted data of 1,483 HDB resale flats, a hedonic price model is used to estimate housing price. The variables adopted include floor area of the housing unit, floor level of the housing unit, age, distance from central business district and distance from the mass rapid transit station. Findings - The study found that the general model provides sufficient accuracy when producing valuations. The models based on sub-markets, namely, "location" and "type of flats" produced reasonable levels of accuracy, although more variables could be added to the "type of flats" model to improve its reliability. Research limitations/implications - The research is limited to a few locations in Singapore. Future studies can include data from all over the island to provide better coverage. Practical implications - The automated valuation model could bring time and cost savings, which could result in higher profit margin for property firms. Thus, valuers could spend more time on complex valuations and issues. The model can also be modified to fit other property markets with appropriate characteristics (for example, high volume transactions). Originality/value - This paper represents an initial attempt to apply the automated valuation model in the valuation of Housing and Development Board resale flats.
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    International marketing review 22 (2005), S. 34-47 
    ISSN: 0265-1335
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - The objective of this paper is to compare the management style of marketing managers in Australia with the counterparts in the People's Republic of China (PRC). Design/methodology/approach - Based on the differences in cultural dimensions and context, five hypotheses related to management decision-making styles were developed and tested by questionnaire survey. Sixty seven valid Australia samples and 104 valid Chinese samples were obtained through mail survey and personal interviews, respectively. Findings - Results show that PRC managers have significantly higher scores in the five management style dimensions (namely: information utilization, complexity, group decision-making, risk acceptance and technology orientation) than their Australian counterparts. Research limitations/implications - The research is limited by the small sample size. The findings may be limited by measurement equivalence issues and further investigation of management style differences across more countries is clearly needed. Practical implications - The findings of this study provide useful insights into the differences in the management style of marketing managers in the two countries. It is possible to predict management style differences based on a comparison of cultural differences in a systematic way. Originality/value - This paper contributes to the literature in international marketing and management. It is imperative for managers to understand how cultures affect the management style of the managers they interact with as well as their own. The study serves as a guideline for studying other cultures, which is especially relevant for companies that are seeking to expand their strategic alliance operations.
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  • 85
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    International marketing review 22 (2005), S. 96-115 
    ISSN: 0265-1335
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - This study was designed to extend knowledge of cognitive processing of country of origin cues by refining the concept of country image and investigating its role in product evaluations. Design/methodology/approach - Data were collected from residents of a large North American metropolitan. A total of 436 usable questionnaires were returned. Data analysis was conducted using the EQS structural equation modeling software Findings - We found that country image is a three-dimensional concept consisting of cognitive, affective, and conative components. We modeled the relationships among country image, product beliefs, and product evaluations, and found that country image and product beliefs affect product evaluations simultaneously regardless of consumers' level of familiarity with a country's products. Findings also indicated that the structure of country image influences product evaluations both directly and indirectly through product beliefs. Consistent with affect transfer theory, the results showed that when a country's image has a strong affective component, its direct influence on product evaluations is stronger than its influence on product beliefs. Alternatively, when a country's image has a strong cognitive component, its direct influence on product evaluations was smaller than its influence on product beliefs. Research limitations/implications - One limitation pertains to the relatively poor psychometric properties of some items. Future research will benefit from further improvements in the measures of country image that tap into the various facets of the construct. Originality/value - The major contributions of the study consist of the full operationalization of country image as a three-dimensional concept, and the findings on the impact of country image structure on consumers' evaluation processes.
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  • 86
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    International marketing review 22 (2005), S. 147-164 
    ISSN: 0265-1335
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - To construct a theoretical framework for understanding the impact of the digitalisation of transactions on the organisation of export intermediation. Design/methodology/approach - This is a conceptual/research paper with a number of illustrative examples - primarily from SMEs. Findings - In the paper, a range of internet-enabled forms of export intermediation are derived, offsetting the conventional trade-off between resource commitment and marketing control. Practical implications - The paper holds a number of relevant insights for export managers seeking to integrate the possibilities of the digital revolution in the organisation of their export marketing activities. These include reshuffling of export marketing tasks among the actors in the marketing channel and new forms of activity specialisation among actors. Originality/value - Using the theoretical framework of Alderson in combination with transaction cost theorizing. The paper provides a novel theoretical approach for understanding the evolution of marketing institutions in the export marketing field.
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  • 87
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    International marketing review 22 (2005), S. 279-308 
    ISSN: 0265-1335
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - To examine the impact of culture on customer service expectations, specifically, how individualists and collectivists use internal and external sources of information to formulate their service expectations. Design/methodology/approach - The context was the airline industry and the subject pool consisted of experienced consumers. A survey was employed to measure individualism/collectivism, various internal/external information sources, and the functional and technical dimensions of "should" and "will" service expectations. Hypothesized relationships were tested using a structural equations modeling approach. Findings - Both individualists and collectivists relied more on external information sources in formulating their service expectations, gave variable weight to the functional and technical components, and used more realistic "will" expectations to judge service offerings. Internal (external) information sources were relatively more important in forming expectations for collectivists (individualists) than for individualists (collectivists), and "will" ("should") expectations were more diagnostic for collectivists (individualists) than for individualists (collectivists). Research limitations/implications - Generalizability of the findings is limited due to the specific industry under study (airlines), the sample (two geographically-proximate sub-cultures), and the scope of the cultural variables considered (individualism/collectivism). Practical implications - Whether managers should leverage the functional and/or technical components of services depends in part on the cultural orientation of their customers. Managers should also recognize that customers' usage of various information sources in forming service expectations is also, in part, culturally determined. Originality/value - In this era of globalization, researchers and managers alike need to consider the subtle influences of culture on marketing theories and the formulation of service expectations respectively.
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  • 88
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    International marketing review 22 (2005), S. 327-352 
    ISSN: 0265-1335
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - Intangibility plays a critical role in the field of services and brings great managerial problems to services firms, particularly for cross-national firms that operate in unfamiliar host markets. This study attempts to explore how to raise the tangibility of services in foreign markets by marketing-based activities, rather than the conventional perspective based on operational activities. Design/methodology/approach - Based on the literature, this study builds a six-element model to circumscribe and define the managerial problems caused by intangibility. Moreover, this study proposes six strategies to raise consumers' sense of tangibility toward services, namely: quantitation, ranking, factualization, substantialization, word-of-mouth effect, and information frequency. Following that, this study samples US-, Japan-, and Europe-owned firms operating in China and Taiwan to examine the proposed model. Findings - The results indicate that the six strategies can improve the tangibility of services sufficiently, especially quantitation, ranking, and substantialization. This study also builds a three-construct, nine-item services tangibility scale to measure consumers' perceptions of tangibility toward a particular service. Statistical evidence confirms the reliability, discriminant, and convergent validity of the scale. Originality/value - This study not only conducts an academic model construction on the service tangibility issue, but also provides a new insight on the services practices cross-nationally. This study constructs the model by reviewing the literature primarily, while seeming to neglect opinions from the practical world. Future studies could solidify the model by involving more practical viewpoints with deep expert interviews and observations.
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  • 89
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    International marketing review 22 (2005), S. 391-398 
    ISSN: 0265-1335
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - The purpose of this article is to summarize the output and content of International Marketing Review (IMR) during its first 21 years. Design/methodology/approach - The output of IMR is first analysed to measure its stability and maturity. The focus is then shifted to the content of articles published in IMR, followed by a detailed analysis of authorship. Findings - In terms of output, IMR exhibits the characteristics of a stable and mature journal. Articles cover a wide range of topics within the international marketing domain. Authorship analysis reveals that the top contributors to IMR are also the top contributors to other high-ranking marketing journals. IMR has become a leading journal in the field. Practical implications - To maintain its competitive edge, IMR must continue to identify, define, and shape research developments in international marketing. Originality/value - A first analysis of the content of the first 21 years of IMR.
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  • 90
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    International marketing review 22 (2005), S. 460-473 
    ISSN: 0265-1335
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - In the growing field of electronic commerce there are various influences that can lead to online purchase decisions. An understanding of these influences can lead to greater electronic marketing effectiveness. The purpose of this article is to analyze and compare the effect of internet experience, proclivity of use, and perception of risk on the likelihood of purchasing online in three different countries. Design/methodology/approach - The empirical study includes a survey-based design in which responses to a questionnaire completed by 492 multinational consumers are analyzed in structural equations modeling using LISREL. Findings - Results suggest a positive relationship between consumer usage and experience of the internet and the likelihood of making online purchases. There is further indication that the perceived risk of buying online has a negative effect on consumers' purchase likelihood. Moreover, perceived risk tends to partially mediate the relationships between internet usage and purchase likelihood, and between experience and purchase likelihood. Overall, results from a three-country study indicate that extent of ongoing internet usage, long-term experience, and perceived risk are important antecedents to purchasing goods via the internet. Originality/value - In the growing field of electronic commerce there are various influences that can lead to online purchase decisions. The results suggest marketers should modify their e-marketing strategies to address specific conditions in consumer behavior that arise at the cultural, socioeconomic, and other levels of individual countries. Differences in levels of experience in using the internet, proclivity to use the internet, and perceptions of risk regarding the internet, influence the likelihood to purchase goods online. Generally, managers should minimize the perception of risk that potential consumers feel online. Consumers in different countries process e-commerce constructs differently, perhaps because of different rates of technology diffusion.
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  • 91
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    International marketing review 22 (2005), S. 494-511 
    ISSN: 0265-1335
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - This paper examines the ethics of marketing both fair trade products and the movement's message of change, as fair trade shifts from a distribution system that relied on alternative distribution channels to one that is increasingly reliant on the commercial mainstream. The marketing of fair trade through mainstream commercial distribution channels has been the major success and the major challenge for the fair trade movement over the past decade. Design/methodology/approach - A conceptual approach and discussion are taken. Findings - First, we introduce the term "Clean-wash" to describe a range of ways in which marketing fair trade through mainstream distribution channels creates opportunities for commercial businesses to appropriate and regulate the terrain. Second, the paper illustrates how mainstream marketing of fair trade has shifted the message of fair trade from participation in an international programme of trade reform to one about "shopping for a better world". Finally, the paper explores a number of innovations the movement is using that protects the integrity of the principles of fair trade and sells both products and the message of change. Research limitations/implications - Innovations discussed in the paper termed "the Alternative High Street", see the merging of consumption with social action, and counter-pose them with the mainstream idea of ethical consumerism. The concept of an Alternative High Street describes the fair trade movement's attempts to address the challenges and dangers of mainstreaming, and presents a way of thinking about the co-creation of value between producers, retailers and consumers. Originality/value - This paper will be of interest to marketing professionals and "values-driven organisations", providing a case study of how a seemingly highly successful brand marketing strategy may actually undermine the original ethical interest of a venture.
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  • 92
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    International marketing review 22 (2005), S. 512-530 
    ISSN: 0265-1335
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - This study aims to assesses the relative importance that Belgian consumers attach to different characteristics and marketing practices of ethically labelled coffee, i.e. type of ethical issue, label issuer, amount of information provided, distribution and promotion strategy and branding. Design/methodology/approach - Buying behaviour is studied by means of a web-based survey in a sample of 750 Belgian consumers, using conjoint analysis. Findings - Consumers attach greatest importance to the distribution strategy of ethically labelled coffee, followed by the type of ethical label, and the issuer of the label. Ethically labelled coffee should be available in ordinary supermarkets and be presented along with non-ethical coffee brands. Fair trade labelled coffee is by far the most preferred over eco- and bio-labels. European government labels, or labels issued by non-governmental organizations, are preferred over national (Belgian) government endorsed labels. Consumers prefer extra information on the package, in addition to a label. Out-of-shop promotion of the label and the type of brand are of minor importance. The results are similar across different socio-demographic groups. Practical implications - Implications for governments, NGOs, and manufacturers and distributors of ethically labelled coffee (and possibly other ethical products) are offered. Originality/value - The contribution of the study is that it measures the relative importance of factors that have previously been identified as relevant in a realistic multi-attribute preference-formation framework.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 0265-1335
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - The purpose of this study is to examine differences in the ethical decision-making processes of Thai and American businesspeople, considering perceived moral intensity, corporate ethical values (CEV), and perceived importance of ethics. Design/methodology/approach - Survey respondents were professional marketers in Thailand (n=605) and US (n=453). Results were analyzed using MANOVA and ANOVA. Scales have been used previously in the literature, so we report reliability. Findings - American managers were more likely to perceive the unethical marketing behaviors to be more serious. American organizations were found to have higher CEV than Thai organizations. The results revealed no differences between the two groups of businesspeople, however, on their perceptions about the importance of ethics. Research limitations/implications - Limitations inherent in this research include the initial development of the development of the measurements in the US and some notable demographic differences between the samples. Practical implications - As investment becomes more globalized, it is imperative that mangers understand that differing ethical perceptions can be a critical factor in working together successfully, and are occasionally an absolute limitations to establishing operations in a particular country. Originality/value - The study should be especially useful to people who manage businesses in these two countries, but many of the implications will be valuable to anyone in international business situations, in dealing with differences in ethical perception.
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  • 94
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    International marketing review 22 (2005), S. 578-600 
    ISSN: 0265-1335
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - This paper offers an ethical analysis of visual representation that provides criteria for and sheds light on the appropriateness dimension of marketing communications. It provides a theoretically informed framework for recognizing and understanding ethical issues in visual representation. Design/methodology/approach - An interdisciplinary conceptual review and analysis focuses on four representational conventions, synthesizing ethical concerns, to provide a broader context for recognizing and understanding ethical issues in marketing representation: face-ism, idealization, exoticization and exclusion. This framework is discussed and applied to marketing communications. Findings - It argues that valuations of communication appropriateness must be informed by an awareness of the ethical relationship between marketing representations and identity. It is no longer satisfactory to associate advertising solely with persuasion, rather advertising must be seen as a representational system, with pedagogical as well as strategic functions. We conclude by discussing the theoretical, research, and managerial implications that arise from an ethics of visual representation. Originality/value - Urges moving beyond an advertising=persuasion model to encompass representation and culture in marketing communication studies. Contributes to understanding the ethical implications of marketing communication. Challenges marketers and researchers to broaden their conception of marketing communication to one more consistent with an image economy.
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  • 95
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    International marketing review 22 (2005), S. 481-493 
    ISSN: 0265-1335
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - This paper is a general review contextualising the current debate on ethics and international marketing. The aim of the paper is to present an overview of historical and current trends as a background for this special issue edition of International Marketing Review focusing on international marketing ethics. Design/methodology/approach - The paper examines how ethics in international marketing have evolved and progressed towards the current "ethics era" and presents discussion surrounding the role and value of an ethical approach towards marketing in a global marketplace. Findings - Essentially the paper argues that marketers should creatively embrace the complex challenges of the international marketplace by rethinking their approach to marketing ethics. Originality/value - Gives an overview of the special issue.
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  • 96
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    International marketing review 22 (2005), S. 436-459 
    ISSN: 0265-1335
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - The main objective of the study is to classify export intermediaries (EIs) on the basis of their service offering and to understand how they adjust the composition of their service-mix to a number of internal and external contingencies. Design/methodology/approach - A set of hypotheses were developed and tested on data collected from a random sample of British EIs through a postal survey. Cluster analysis was used to classify EIs on the basis of their service-mix composition, whereas multinomial logit and multivariate analysis of variance were used to test the main hypothesis. Findings - Results showed the existence of three types of EIs: full-service provider (FSP) EIs; transaction creator EIs; and physical fulfiller EIs. Transaction creator EIs are the smallest group of the three and FSP EIs, the largest. The composition of the service mixes of these EIs is influenced by the number of countries served; physical presence to foreign markets; distance of the foreign markets and the extent to which an EI takes title of the goods. Specifically, results showed that "full service" EIs tend to be physically present in foreign markets, to serve more countries, and to serve geographically distant markets. Research limitations/implications - The main limitation of the study is that it provides evidence from only one country and results may not apply in other contexts. Thus future research, on a different context is desirable and it should take into account additional factors that affect the provision and configuration of EI services. The quality of the offered services is an important issue that was not examined by this study. Different types of EIs are likely to be linked with different levels of service quality as well as service assortment. It would be interesting in the future to examine the possible determinants of EI service quality as well as the existence of trade-offs between service quality and service assortment. Practical implications - Practical implications can be drawn for both the EIs as well as the current or potential users of EI services. The study offers guidelines to EIs on how to adjust their service offering to the characteristics of their external and operational environment. The result of the study helps the users and potential users of EI services to identify the types of EIs that can match better their needs and objectives. Originality/value - First, it provides a systematically derived and practically useful classificatory scheme of EIs on the basis of services. Second, it examines an extended number of contingencies integrated in a conceptual framework that jointly influence an EIs service offering.
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  • 97
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    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 20 (2005), S. 178-187 
    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - To compare the experience of occupational stress across a large and diverse set of occupations. Three stress related variables (psychological well-being, physical health and job satisfaction) are discussed and comparisons are made between 26 different occupations on each of these measures. The relationship between physical and psychological stress and job satisfaction at an occupational level is also explored.Design/methodology/approach - The measurement tool used is a short stress evaluation tool which provides information on a number of work related stressors and stress outcomes. Out of the full ASSET database 26 occupations were selected for inclusion in this paper.Findings - Six occupations are reporting worse than average scores on each of the factors - physical health, psychological well-being and job satisfaction (ambulance workers, teachers, social services, customer services - call centres, prison officers and police). Differences across and within occupational groups, for example, teaching and policing, are detailed. The high emotional labour associated with the high stress jobs is discussed as a potential causal factor.Research limitations/implications - This is not an exhaustive list of occupations and only concerns employees working within the UK.Originality/value - There is little information available that shows the relative values of stress across different occupations, which would enable the direct comparison of stress levels. This paper reports the rank order of 26 different occupations on stress and job satisfaction levels.
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    Journal of managerial psychology 20 (2005), S. 578-589 
    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - To describe the competencies necessary for managers to effectively engage in cross-cultural knowledge absorption. Design/methodology/approach - A comprehensive literature review of knowledge management and cross-cultural competency research which identifies seven thematic competencies for knowledge absorption. Findings - The study identifies and provides examples of seven cross-cultural knowledge absorption abilities: valuing different cultures, building relationships, listening and observing, coping with ambiguity, managing others, translating complex ideas, and taking action. Research limitations/implications - The research relies on a single theory of learning and integrates research into a single set of assumptions. The research has not been tested empirically. Practical implications - The paper provides a model to guide managers and others in organizations through successful knowledge transfer and absorption efforts including training, development, selection and project planning. Originality/value - The paper integrates diverse and extensive literature on knowledge absorption into a single framework based on how managers learn from experience and suggests competencies for managing absorption efforts.
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  • 99
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    Journal of managerial psychology 20 (2005), S. 641-662 
    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - This study aims to examine the cross-cultural differences in equity sensitivity between the USA and Japan. Design/methodology/approach - A sample of 390 Americans and 202 Japanese were surveyed to determine their equity sensitivities and how each group would likely respond to under-payment scenarios. Findings - The findings support the notion that the Japanese are in fact more entitled in their equity orientation than Americans. Furthermore, the Japanese were also significantly more likely to respond with overt actions to reduce their feelings of inequity. Research limitations/implications - Foremost among these limitations is the fact that the situation presented to the subjects was hypothetical rather than real. Since it would be considered unethical to manipulate subjects in real work settings a first person scenario approach was utilized consistent with other equity theory literature. While the scenario was easily identifiable by the student subjects, it is unknown if the findings from this research would apply to adults working in real world organizations. Practical implications - The results may have important implications for international human resource strategies and practices. Equity sensitivity may affect perceived value of rewards (compensation), promotion (selection), and motivation (performance management) all of which are critical issues in the effective management of human resources. This study illustrates that cross-cultural differences exist in regard to equity sensitivity and these differences may affect the efficacy of human resource strategies in global organizations. Originality/value - This paper offers a significant contribution to the literature on equity sensitivity by testing the theory in a cross-cultural setting.
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    Journal of managerial psychology 20 (2005), S. 712-726 
    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - This study examined the relationship between two types of mismatch (i.e. non-correspondence between preferred and actual number of hours), and affective commitment. It was argued that specific groups of employees, i.e. women and part-time working employees, attach more importance to their working hours and, therefore, are less likely to show affective commitment when they experience a mismatch. Design/methodology/approach - Using data from 222 employees of a Dutch Ministry, hypotheses were tested using regression analyses. Findings - It was shown that a mismatch of working more hours was differentially related to the affective commitment of employees who wanted to work more and who wanted to work fewer hours. Moreover, gender and full-time status were found to moderate the negative relationship between a mismatch and the affective commitment of employees who wants to work less. Research limitations/implications - The focus is on affective commitment; however, it is possible that other types of commitment are also associated with perceptions of psychological contract breach. Practical implications - Tailored HRM is needed: assisting employees with a mismatch wanting to work fewer hours can be achieved by allowing them more flexibility in their working schedules. Employees with a mismatch of wanting to work more hours can be assisted with additional support, e.g. shopping services. Originality/value - HRM practices can be tailored to different preferences: the value of this paper is the examination of different types of mismatch for different group of employees.
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