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  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (7,461)
  • 2020-2022
  • 1995-1999  (7,461)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1925-1929
  • 1995  (7,461)
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Publisher
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  • 2020-2022
  • 1995-1999  (7,461)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1925-1929
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE HECKSCHER-OHLIN THEOREM WITH ENDOGENOUS LABOUR SUPPLY (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 47 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This note demonstrates that the Heckscher-Ohlin Theorem, stated in terms of factor endowment ratios, is valid independent of the slope of the labour supply curve.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1995.tb00614.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
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    STATISTICAL INFERENCE AND DECOMPOSABLE POVERTY MEASURES (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 47 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The paper develops simple statistical test procedures for generalized decomposable poverty measures. It is shown that the estimates of the decomposable poverty indices, including the overall and various subgroup poverty indices, have (asymptotic) jointly normal distributions. The full variance-covariance structure is derived and can be estimated consistently without prior specification of the population density underlying the sample data. The (overall/decomposed) poverty indices can thus be used as tools for statistical inference instead of simply as descriptive statistics. We illustrate the test procedure by examining the contributions of whites and non-whites to total US poverty in 1975 and 1985.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1995.tb00619.x
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  • 3
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    BILATERALISM IN THE INTERWAR WORLD ECONOMY (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 47 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Discriminatory protectionist policies in the 1930s are assumed to have led to a collapse of multilateral trading patterns. This paper examines the trends in bilateralism during the interwar period for a sample of ten countries. The findings show that, with the exception of Germany between 1934 and 1938, the level of bilateralism fluctuated but did not see a significant trend increase in the period of increased protectionism during the 1930s.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1995.tb00610.x
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  • 4
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    STRATEGIC TRADE POLICY WITH INTERNATIONALLY OWNED FIRMS (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 47 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The consequences of international firm ownership for strategic trade policy are examined both in a general and in a simple linear model of an international duopoly with two governments using production subsidies as policy instruments. At first sight, the case for strategic trade policy seems to be weakened, because international ownership reduces a government's incentive for rent-shifting. Closer inspection shows, however, that there are ownership structures leading to optimal policies which induce the duopolists to behave more collusively. This tends to resolve the conflict between national and international rationality in a policy game with retaliation and makes strategic trade policy look more attractive.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1995.tb00611.x
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  • 5
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    THE STRUCTURE OF THE EARNINGS DISTRIBUTION: HOW ARE HOUSEHOLDS AND INDIVIDUALS RELATED? (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 47 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper investigates the links between individual and household distributions of earnings. Using a sample of 1991 data from the UK, considerable complexity is uncovered in the structure of the household earnings distribution. This is due to heterogeneity of earners and positive ‘clustering’ of earners within households. The structure of the clustering behaviour of earners for different household types is estimated, and the contribution of clustering to overall earnings inequality is evaluated. Perhaps surprisingly in view of the observed clustering behaviour, it is found that clustering has reduced overall inequality, although the mean-adjusted distribution of individual earnings is insignificantly different from the distribution of household earnings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1995.tb00606.x
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  • 6
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    DEPRECIATION, OBSOLESCENCE AND THE ROLE OF CAPITAL IN GROWTH ACCOUNTING: A REPLY TO OULTON (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 47 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1995.tb00599.x
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  • 7
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    MULTIVARIATE COINTEGRATION APPROACH TO THE DETERMINATION OF RESERVES AND BANK CREDIT: A CASE STUDY OF TURKEY (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 47 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The paper estimates both long-run reserves and long-run money demand equations using the multivariate cointegration approach. An economic model is constructed, based on the monetary approach to balance of payments in which the monetary authorities can control money supply through changes in bank credit. The vector auto-regressive methodology is used to derive latent equilibrium relationships, and the short-run error correction equations are estimated for both nominal money stock and reserves. A response function for the short-run changes in bank credit is developed. Given the institutional system and slow adjustments, a response function of changes in bank credit to lagged changes in reserves performs well for the period 1960–88.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1995.tb00601.x
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  • 8
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    INDUSTRIAL LICENSING, BRIBERY AND ALLOCATION EFFICIENCY (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 47 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In less developed countries where an industrial licensing policy governs the entry of new firms, and when government officials awarding these licenses are corrupt, an incumbent firm may deter entry by bribing the official to deny the license. The paper demonstrates that such bribery can lead to the exclusion of more efficient firms from the market. This contradicts the established result that bribery does not affect allocation efficiency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1995.tb00603.x
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  • 9
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    STATE PER CAPITA INCOME CONVERGENCE SINCE 1950: SHARECROPPING'S DEMISE AND OTHER INFLUENCES (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . Prevailing theories wrongly attribute post-1950 convergence of state per capita incomes to (1) neoclassical adjustment mechanisms, (2) institutional sclerosis, and (3) southern industrialization. But convergence-essentially a weakening of southern poverty–resulted mainly from the South's overcoming its legacy of slavery: the sharecropper-tenant system, agricultural dependence, high black population percentages, poor education, and low wage rates. Sharecropping was the dominant feature; abject poverty among sharecroppers dragged southern income to its knees. Sharecropping's collapse and attendant South-to-North migration affected the legacy's other features in ways that raised income. Manufacturing growth and transport improvements caused relative income in the West to decline.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1995.tb01292.x
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  • 10
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    THE ECONOMIC LAW OF MARKET AREAS: A FURTHER DISCUSSION (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . The Economic Law of Market Areas, so named by Fetter, is concerned with the division of a territory between two competing centers. It is argued that this Law can be conveniently examined in terms of six cases, each of which is specified by a combination of differentials in freight rates and prices at the two centers. The locational significance of each case is considered, along with the form and dimensions of the market-area boundary between the two centers. Three of the cases are each shown to subsume a special case. It is further shown that for any case except one, a reversal of the differentials between the two centers, while resulting in a symmetrically-equivalent outcome, requires a different (and usually substantial) respecification of the case.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1995.tb01295.x
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  • 11
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    BAYESIAN SMOOTHING OF RATES IN SMALL GEOGRAPHIC AREAS (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . An enormous amount of socio-economic and public-health data come as rates (e.g., unemployment, per capita income, mortality rates, census undercount) reported in small geographic areas. The U.S. Census Bureau regularly publishes data series at the county level, although the county is often a small area chosen for administrative convenience rather than by design. The reported rates can be regarded as a noisy representation of the true geographic distribution of rates over the small areas. This article presents a Bayesian statistical method of smoothing raw rates. In order to illustrate the important features of the method, a data set on undercoverage in the 1980 U.S. Census will be used.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1995.tb01298.x
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  • 12
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    BOOK REVIEWS (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article: Road Pricing: Theory, Empirical Assessment and Policy, edited by Börje Johansson and Lars-Göran Mattsson. Pension Incentives and Job Mobility, by Alan L. Gustman and Thomas L. Steinmeier. The Making of the Urban Landscape, by J. W. R. Whitehand. The End of the Line: Lost Jobs, New Lives in Postindustrial America, by Kathryn Marie Dudley. China's Rural Entrepreneurs: Ten Case Studies, edited by John Wong, Rong Ma, and Mu Yang. Regional Integration: The West European Experience, by William Wallace.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1995.tb01300.x
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  • 13
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    SELECTION BIAS IN SPATIAL ECONOMETRIC MODELS (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . The problem of spatial autocorrelation has been ignored in selection-bias models estimated with spatial data. Spatial autocorrelation is a serious problem in these models because the heteroskedasticity with which it commonly is associated causes inconsistent parameter estimates in models with discrete dependent variables. This paper proposes estimators for commonly-employed spatial models with selection bias. A maximum-likelihood estimator is applied to data on land use and values in 1920s Chicago. Evidence of significant heteroskedasticity and selection bias is found.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1995.tb01412.x
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  • 14
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    EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF OFFICE RENT AND AGGLOMERATION ECONOMIES: A CASE STUDY OF TORONTO (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . An equilibrium model of office location is applied and tested in the Toronto metropolitan area. The model focuses on the role of communication among firms which is the driving force behind the spatial agglomeration of office firms. The model calculates the equilibrium floor rent in each district, given the existing building stock. The performance of the model is tested in terms of the goodness of fit between observed and estimated office rent in each district. By using the model, we estimate the value of agglomeration economies which is defined as changes in productivities caused by increases in the number of office firms. It is shown that the agglomeration economies in the office sector are much larger than those in manufacturing, and the external effects of agglomeration are considerably large.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1995.tb01413.x
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  • 15
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    SPATIAL AUTOCORRELATION IN BRITISH UNEMPLOYMENT (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . The recent literature on local unemployment in Britain and the U.S. is reviewed, and a model estimated for Britain which is consistent with the findings of that literature. Spatial econometric techniques are applied to test and elaborate on that model. The results indmte the presence of significant spillovers in adjustments to local demand shocks. These spillovers occur over a wide spatial field and are strongest after a lag, suggesting that they reflect migration behavior. In addition, highly localized spatial interactions are found, consistent with commuting adjustments in response to shocks. Incorporating these effects eliminates spatial autocorrelation from the residuals. A simulation exercise is undertaken to demonstrate the effects of supply- and demand-side shocks on the model solution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1995.tb01297.x
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  • 16
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    BOOKS RECEIVED (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1995.tb01301.x
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  • 17
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    THE INTRAMETROPOLITAN DISTRIBUTION OF R&D ACTIVITIES: THEORY AND EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . The paper presents a first attempt to unveil the underlying determinants of the geography of R&D labs within contemporary metropolises. To this end, the study builds on the premise of contemporary intraurban location and pricing models, suggesting that intraurban variations in property rents must reflect the imputed location preferences of firms or their workforce, as well as the extent to which local institutional constraints hinder these preferences. Against this background, the study proceeds with the econometric analysis of R&D property rent differentials within Greater Los Angeles. The empirical results indicate that access to research and nonresearch universities, transportation access, access to a host of worker amenities, as well as zoning and other local regulations play a critical role in shaping the intraurban geography of R&D labs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1995.tb01411.x
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  • 18
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    A ROBUST APPROACH TO PREDICTING FLUCTUATIONS IN STATE-LEVEL EMPLOYMENT GROWTH (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . Economic forecasting models are famous for performing well over short time periods and then suffering rapidly deteriorating performance when economic conditions change. This behavior makes composite forecasting models valuable in situations where large forecast errors cause considerable losses. A composite forecasting model for state-level employment is proposed here. This method is designed to protect state budget processes by producing robust forecasts of changes in employment and the related revenue collections. An application to Georgia nonagricultural employment is presented which demonstrates the benefits of this technique. The example shows that the method can forecast such series accurately without the forecaster having to choose in advance a single model specification to all economic conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1995.tb01415.x
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  • 19
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    BOOK REVIEWS (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book review in this article:Fractal Cities: A Geometry of Form and Function, by Michael Batty and Paul Longley.Nonlinear Evolution of Spatial Economic Systems, edited by Peter Nijkamp and Aura Reggiani.Environmental Modeling with GIS. edited by Michael F. Goodchild, Bradley O. Parks, and Louis T. Steyaert.From Combines to Computers: Rural Services and Development in the Age of Information Technology, by Amy K. Glasmeier and Marie Howland.The Geography of Innovation, by Maryann Feldman.Restructuring for Innovation: The Remaking of the U.S. Semiconductor Industry, by David P. Angel.The Shape of the City: Toronto Struggles with Modern Planning, by John Sewell.The Formation of American Local Governments: Private Values in Public Institutions, by Nancy Burns.The New Geography of European Migrations, edited by Russell King.Methodology for Land and Housing Market Analysis, edited by Gareth Jones and Peter M. Ward.Drought Follows the Plow, edited by Michael H. Glantz.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1995.tb01417.x
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  • 20
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    ON THE INTERPRETATION OF FIXED INPUT COEFFICIENTS UNDER AGGREGATION (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: A fixed input coefficient is traditionally interpreted as the additional input from one sector that is required for an additional unit of output in another sector. It is shown that this ratio of increments is, in general, not fixed under aggregation. A tight upper and lower bound for its variation are derived. A necessary and sufficient condition for the ratio to be fixed is obtained. As a consequence, adopting the common assumption of fixed input coefficients implies that additional assumptions at any subaggregate level are required. Similar results are given for the Leontief inverse, whose typical element is usually interpreted as the additional output in one sector that is required for an additional unit of final demand in another sector.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1995.tb01256.x
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  • 21
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    EVOLUTION OF URBAN SYSTEMS IN THE PARETO PLANE (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Distributions of city sizes are usually characterized by their Pareto index. This, however, turns out to be a rather restrictive view, for the Pareto distribution is known to become singular whenever the Pareto index becomes smaller than one, a case which is fairly frequent in empirical distributions. We show that the introduction of finite Pareto distributions in which city sizes are bounded from above solves a number of difficulties encountered by the rank-size rule and by the unbounded Pareto distribution. Combined with the use of finite Pareto distributions, the green-belt model that has been introduced previously is reexamined. It implies definite constraints for the long-run evolution of urban systems; it is in the cases of countries experiencing a process of fast urbanization that these constraints are of greatest significance. The implications of the model are confronted with empirical evidence concerning the evolution of urban systems in major industrialized countries during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1995.tb01259.x
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  • 22
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    EDITORS’NOTE (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1995.tb01396.x
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  • 23
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    INDUSTRIAL CENTERS AND REGIONAL GROWTH IN THE PRESENCE OF LOCAL INPUTS (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . A large proportion of regional production takes place in nontraded goods and services. In addition, significant productivity increases can be observed in some segments of this sector. Starting from these two empirical observations we construct a model of growth in a two-region setting with factor mobility. The growth process is based on endogenous technological change in the nontraded input sector, whose output serves as an input in the production of one of the two final goods, the so-called industrial good. We consider two extreme cases, one with locally limited, the other with interregional knowledge spillovers. Conditions are established under which interior solutions with production of local inputs and steady-state growth in both regions result, and others under which we find a core-periphery pattern with growth concentrated in one region only. The stability of the equilibria is discussed by considering the transition processes. Finally, it is shown that catching-up as well as leapfrogging may occur, if new technologies become available.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1995.tb01397.x
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    TIME, HEDONIC MIGRATION, AND HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTION (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . A hedonic migration model is developed where regional amenities are viewed as influencing household production within the framework of the new demand theory. The inputs to household production are goods, time and housing. It is shown that economic growth in the economy as a whole will increase the relative attractiveness of regions that are relatively time-saving, in the sense that they have a lower time elasticity of household production. Hence, migration will flow into time saving regions and housing costs in those regions will rise as real GDP grows.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1995.tb01402.x
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    BOOKS RECErVED (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1995.tb01408.x
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  • 26
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    WORKER DISPLACEMENT AND JOB-SEARCH: A REGIONAL ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL IMPEDIMENTS TO REEMPLOYMENT (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . This study investigates the human, and in turn the regional, consequences of industrial restructuring in the United States. Our methodology presumes that labor market outcomes of displaced workers can provide considerable information on the structural properties of local labor markets, and subsequently upon the capacity of such areas/regions to reemploy additional workers. The examination follows two steps. In the first, a multivariate model of reemployment likelihood is developed and subsequently estimated. Separate equations are obtained for various resons of the country, a disaggregation that permits one to identify how postdisplacement reemployment, and its determinants, vary systematically across space. In the second step, the above estimates are decomposed into two elements, one of which is reflective of regional structural conditions. Based upon this methodology and estimates obtained in the first step, regions of the country are compared as to magnitude of their structural economic problems, and thus as to their capacity to gainfully reemploy additional workers displaced by plant closure or relocation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1995.tb01293.x
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    THE EFFECTS OF TAXES, EXPENDITURES, AND PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE ON METROPOLITAN AREA EMPLOYMENT (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . Data for 28 metropolitan areas over a 15-year period are used to determine the impacts of government spending, taxes, and public infrastructure on total employment and disaggregated employment. After carefully controlling for the government budget constraint we find that taxes are negatively related to total employment and education spending is positively related to total employment. Nevertheless, we find that it is difficult for metropolitan areas to influence the composition of their employment with government tax and expenditure policies. Moreover, at current levels of public infrastructure, marginal changes in infrastructure have no strong effect on employment.
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    COMPARATIVE REGIONAL POLICY IMPACT ANALYSIS: EX POST EVALUATION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF THE EUROPEAN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT FUND (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . This paper addresses the issue of ex post impact analysis of regional policies in the European Community. The analysis is both methodological and applied in nature. After a concise overview of existing impact assessment methods, a two-step approach by means of an exploratory frequency method and an explanatory rational expectations-based model is proposed in order to provide an empirical framework for cross-regional comparative evaluation of the performance of the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). The seope and applicability of the method is illustrated by means of a case study for Dutch regions.
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    BOOKS RECEIVED (1995)
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS ON STATE- LEVEL MANUFACTURING CAPITAL FORMATION (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: We quantify the effect of environmental regulations on regional capital formation in the manufacturing sector. Our model integrates environmental regulations into a choice-theoretic model derived from Tobin's q theory of investment. It is postulated that more stringent environmental regulations raise the firm's cost of production both directly and indirectly, thus reducing the firm's q value and lowering the rate of capital formation. The empirical results indicate that the effect of environmental regulations on net capital formation is modest. We do find that environmental regulations affect regions differently. More stringent environmental regulations will improve the relative position of manufacturers in the North-east, South Atlantic and West. Over one-fourth of the dollar losses in manufacturing capacity would occur in five states: Texas, California, Pennsylvania, Ohio and Michigan.
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    THE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF URBAN AREAS: TESTING FOR THE APPROPRIATENESS OF THE PARETO DISTRIBUTION USING A GENERALIZED BOX-COX TRANSFORMATION FUNCTION (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: A widely held opinion among urban economists and geographers is that the Pareto distribution is an accurate representation of the urban size distribution of many countries around the world. This paper focuses attention on the appropriateness of the procedures used in the literature in arriving at this conclusion. We employed the generalized Box-Cox transformation function, which permits estimation of many functional forms for testing the Pareto distribution as special cases. The results obtained are illuminating albeit somewhat surprising. Except for one country the Pareto distribution is overwhelmingly rejected in favor of the general Box-Cox function. In more than 30 percent of all countries this form collapses to a reciprocal function. Moreover, as far as the overall goodness of fit is concerned, our results show that the General Box-Cox function is superior to the Pareto form.
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    THE MARKET VALUE OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENTS IN ALTERNATIVE FISCAL REGIMES (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Land price differentials have long been used as a proxy for the value of environmental improvements in cost/benefit analysis. Both the empirical and theoretical literatures have largely ignored two important facts, however: Taxes financing local improvements are often distortionary, and amenities which influence property values in turn impact the fiscal budget, and hence the tax rate and final economic burden. Put another way, the economic cost of an improvement is endogenous to both the amenity level and the revenue structure. Extending the story in this direction for a system of open or closed spatial cities, the paper finds land rent measures to be a biased measure of the willingness to pay for amenities financed by either head taxes (benefit taxes), property taxes (excise taxes), or highway tolls (user fees). These results are used to correct the conventional specification of empirical property value regression models, which traditionally account for neither tax revenue effects nor the excess burden of distortionary taxation.
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    BOOK REVIEWS (1995)
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book review in this Article: Urban Change and Renewal: The Paradox of Place, edited by Philip Garrahan and Paul Stewart. Frontiers of the Roman Empire: A Social and Economic Study, by C. R. Whittaker. New Visions for Metropolitan America, by Anthony Downs. Technopolis: High-technology Industry and Regional Development in Southern California, by Allen J. Scott. Spatial Development in Indonesia, edited by Tschango John Kim, Gerrit Knaap, and Iwan J. his. Going Private: The International Experience with Transport Privatization, by Jose A. Gomez-Ibanez and John R. Meyer. A Billion Trips a Day: Tradition and Transition in European Travel Patterns, edited by Ilan Salomon, Piet Bovy, and Jean-Pierre Orfeuil. Crisis on the Rio Grande: Poverty, Unemployment, and Economic Development on the Texas-Mexico Border, by Dianne Betts and Daniel J. Slottje, with Jesus Vargas Garcia.
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    LONG-TERM FORECASTING OF NONCOINTEGRATED AND COINTEGRATED REGIONAL AND NATIONAL MODELS (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . Johansen's (1988) multivariate test for cointegration is first applied to four models involving quarterly state data and five variables, along with a national model based on Friedman and Kuttner's (1992) model of money demand, which uses three variables. Each regional model consists of frequently used national and state series, for which theory suggests the possible cointegration of several series pairs. Beginning with all five series, however, one state model is found to be cointegrated over each of 20 successive estimation intervals. The money demand model and one state model are not cointegrated over the same intervals. In the cointegrated case, five-year experimental forecasts show that error correction mechanism (ECM) and Bayesian ECM models outperform all other approaches. More importantly, forecasting performance improves further by respecifying the ECM model based on three cointegrated series pairs rather than the five-component cointegrating vector. For the two noncointegrated systems, the first-difference model suggested by the cointegration/ error correction literature is far superior to VAR in levels over both shortand long-term horizons.
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    A CONTEXTUAL THEORY OF RETAIL CENTRAL PLACES ON A LINEAR MARKET (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . This paper presents an initial version of a new theory of central places for retailing activities. Confined to a linear market and using the Contextual Theory of Demand to model consumer behavior, the model extends the economic theory of central places (Eaton and Lipsey, 1982). In its present form, the model specifies four parameters that control the spatial relationship between the locations of households and the equilibrium locations of central places: expenditure shares in consumption, transportation cost functions, storage costs by commodity, and capital costs of retailers. The locational equilibria of the model are optima when all costs are considered.
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    DEVELOPMENT POLICIES, URBAN UNEMPLOYMENT AND DEFORESTATION: THE ROLE OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND TAX POLICY IN A TWO-SECTOR MODEL (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . We model an economy of a developing country that produces an exportable manufactured good in an urban sector and a nontradable rural good. Manufacturing faces a fixed wage, which encourages urban unemployment. Changes in cultivated area in the rural sector involve deforestation or reforestation at frontiers. Government taxes to pay for urban infrastructure that assists the manufacturing sector. Increases in urban infrastructure may relieve or exacerbate frontier deforestation but expands manufacturing employment and reduces urban unemployment. Rural transportation improvements exacerbate frontier deforestation but expand employment in the urban manufacturing sector. A larger population, ceteris paribus, widens the rural-urban wage gap and exacerbates deforestation, but may cause manufacturing employment to expand or contract.
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    BOOK NOTES (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    UNDERSTANDING SPATIAL INERTIA: CENTER OF GRAVITY, POPULATION DENSITIES, THE WEBER PROBLEM, AND GRAVITY POTENTIAL (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . In this paper we attempt to clarify the theoretical links between the concepts of “center of gravity” and “point of maximum population density” which describe the present, and the concepts of “minimum of the comprehensive Weber problem” and “maximum comprehensive gravity potential” which guide the future. Critical values of the characteristic parameters of the relevant functions are estimated. Implications for the understanding of spatial inertia are discussed.
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    BOOK REVIEWS (1995)
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    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book Review in this article:Does Economic Space Matter? Essays in Honour of Melvin L. Greenhut, edited by Hiroshi Ohta and Jacques-Franqois Thisse.Lean and Mean: The Changing Landscape of Corporate Power in the Age of Flexibility, by Bennett Harrison.Manufacturing on the Move, by Robert W. Crandall.Japanese Auto Transplants in the Heartland Corporatism and Community, by Robert Perrucci.Feminism and Geography: The Limits of Geographical Knowledge, by Gillian Rose.Securing Peace in the Middle East: Project on Economic Transition, edited by Stanley Fischer, Leonard J. Hausman, Anna D. Karasik, and Thomas C. Schelling.Environmental Degradation and Desertification in Ghana: A Study of the Upper West Region, by Kwasi Nsiah-Gyabaah.The Geographical Analysis of Population with Applications to Planning and Business, by David Plane and Peter Rogerson.Regional Networks, Border Regions and European Integration, edited by Riccardo Cappellin and Peter W.J. Batey.The Atlantic Provinces in Confederation, edited by Ernest R. Forbes and D. A. Muise.Valuing Nature: The Decline and Preservation of Old Growth Forests, by Douglas E. Booth.
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    OBNOXIOUS FACILITY LOCATION IN THE INTERIOR OF A PLANAR NETWORK (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . The problem of locating a point that is as far as possible from arcs and nodes of a network is investigated. Each arc or node may have a different multiplicative factor (weight) for its distance. A graphical solution approach, as well as a computational algorithm, is presented.
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    CAPITALIZATION OF URBAN TRAVEL IMPROVEMENTS INTO RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL REAL ESTATE: SIMULATIONS WITH A UNIFIED MODEL OF HOUSING, TRAVEL MODE AND SHOPPING CHOICES (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . An equilibrium model of multimodal travel time improvements is developed and calibrated for the New York Metropolitan Area. The model employs a unified treatment of housing type, residential location and commuting mode choices with shopping (destination, frequency and mode) choices. Benefits of halving subway headways are reflected in consumer surplus and capitalized into producer surplus, with the latter divided between housing and commercial real estate. Sensitivity tests and simulations on other modes are also presented. Unlike the subway mode, across-the-board travel time improvements for bus, auto and commuter rail reduce central area housing rents, but auto improvements yield higher total benefits and increases in commercial rents.
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    ON THE BIAS OF MULTIPLIER ESTIMATES (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . This paper considers the bias of the matrix of multipliers when the underlying data are random. The traditional approach is to specify the stochastic nature of the input coefficients directly. It is shown that this approach implies a transactions table which is biased in a most unbalanced way. Next the practitioner's point of view, i.e., taking the transactions table as the source of random errors, is adopted. One of the results states that, within each row of the multiplier matrix, either the biases are zero, or positive biases are canceled out by negative biases in the sense that their weighted average is zero. The conditions are based on the idea that information on aggregates is more exact than information on their details. The usual asumptions of independence and unbiasedness of the individual errors are avoided. The results are shown to have a direct interpretation in connection with the RAS-updating procedure.
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    A STRUCTURAL DECOMPOSITION OF REGIONAL ECONOMIC INSTABILITY: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . Many rural regions are characterized by unstable economies. Studies that investigate economic instability in these regions, however, tend to examine the effects rather than causes of its occurrence. Efforts to diminish instability can only be successful if they address its sources. Using an input-output model, a conceptual decomposition of the variance of gross output is used as a means of identifying supply and demand sources of instability. This framework can be used for empirical investigations into the causes of economic instability, and for the design of stabilization policies. Data limitations, however, may preclude some applications of the technique.
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    ALLOCATIVE EFFICIENCY OF RURAL NEVADA WATER SYSTEMS: A HEDONIC SHADOW COST FUNCTION APPROACH (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . The efficiency of the water utility firms in rural Nevada and their input optimization are examined in this study. The empirical methodology incorporates a hedonic specification of the nonminimum globally concave cost function in estimating the effect of the regulatory environment and the quality of water services on the optimum utilization of inputs. Allocative distortions are introduced through shadow prices and are specified as functions of regressors which make distortion factors firmand input-specific. The results show that 76 percent of the water utilities of rural Nevada in the sample overutilize energy relative to labor. The impact of allocative distortions on each firm's cost is also computed.
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    THE URBAN ENTERPRISE ZONE (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper provides an analytical framework of urban enterprise zones in a context of regional development. The direct and indirect impacts of urban enterprise zones on regional economies such as job creation, urban unemployment, agricultural wage and changes in the regional economic structure are analyzed by incorporating the intermediate goods sector. The study suggests that the establishment of urban enterprise zones is a beneficial and effective policy instrument which can be used in promoting urban renewal and regional economic growth.
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    FLEXIBLE FORM METHODS FOR MEASURING RENT GRADIENTS (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: We develop and demonstrate an empirical methodology for measuring rent gradients in the presence of consumers that have varying tastes for distance to the city center. We derive easily calculated measures of rent gradients, own price elasticities, and income elasticities. We demonstrate the ease of calculation of these functions, even in the presence of consumers who have nonidentical preferences. We also demonstrate how to test for bias in rent gradient estimation that arises from assuming identical preference functions.
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    A NOTE ON REAL WAGE RIGIDITY AND STATE UNEMPLOYMENT RATES (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    Notes: This paper extends the research of Hyclak and Johnes (1989) in analyzing the relationship between the rigidity in real wages and state unemployment rates. It presents evidence contrary to the empirical findings of Hyclak and Johnes in that measures of real wage rigidity are not robust over time in explaining changes in state unemployment rates. Moreover, an alternative proxy accounting for divergent growth patterns across states does not significantly affect changes in state unemployment rates.
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    BOOKS RECEIVED (1995)
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    SCALE ECONOMIES, REGIONAL EXTERNALITIES, AND THE POSSIBILITY OF UNEVEN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    Notes: . This paper presents a model of regional development which attempts to explain differing patterns of growth in two regions. The model is an extension of Krugman's model of uneven development, but it incorporates not only scale economies within each region but also regional externalities across the regions. Depending on relative magnitudes of net scale economies of the two regions, the model entails different regional development patterns: uneven development, stable or joint development, or a mix of the two. The novel feature of the present model is that different regional development patterns can be explained within the same analytical framework.
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    ADDITIVE-RATIO MEASURES OF INTERACTMTY IN INPUT-OUTPUT SYSTEMS (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    Notes: . A general axiomatic framework is developed for analyzing alternative measures of interactivity between the sectors of a given activity system (such as the industrial sectors of an economy). Within this overall framework, we analyze an ordinal class of additive-ratio measures which has been applied to a wide variety of systems, including both economic and ecological systems of activities. Our main result is to show that such measures can be characterized by four interactivity axioms. In addition, a wide variety of alternative measures are compared to additive-ratio measures in terms of this axiom system.
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    LOGNORMAL EXTRAPOLATION AND INCOME ESTIMATION FOR POOR BLACK FAMILIES (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    Notes: . In studies of urban and state income distribution, the estimation of percentile incomes within intervals reported by the Bureau of the Census has often been done under the assumption that incomes are uniformly distributed. This paper shows that income may be significantly underestimated if the assumption is applied to lower-level percentiles in the black family income distribution. Consequently, conclusions about the level and determinants of the relative income of poor black families may be misleading.
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    Catalysts for Change: Concepts and Principles for Enabling Innovation by W. B. Rouse, John Wiley and Sons, 1993, £45.50, ISBN 0 471 59196 3 (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 25 (1995), S. 0 
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    Topics: Economics
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    The future labour market for R&D Manpower in The Netherlands (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 25 (1995), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: An adequate supply of qualified research and development (R&D) personnel is an important precondition for a government policy that aims for a strongly knowledge-intensive economic growth. As in many other OECD countries, there is great concern in The Netherlands about meeting this crucial condition in the next decades. This article tries to show to what extent this current concern is justified. For that purpose, forecasts of future supply and demand for research manpower in the science and engineering fields (including agriculture and health) have been produced, extending to the year 2010. Sensitivity analyses show that the fore-casts are not very sensitive to alternative assumptions on economic growth, investments, replacement demand and labour supply.From a methodological point of view the forecasting approach differs from the more traditional manpower forecasting. Firstly, the demand for R&D personnel is split up into an increase in total employment for R&D manpower (expansion demand) on the one hand, and, on the other hand, the need for replacements for researchers who retire, die or switch to other occupations (replacement demand). Expansion and replacement demand are considered in three sectors of R&D work: universities, research institutes and private enterprises. Expansion demand and replacement demand together determine the job openings for newcomers. These job openings are confronted with the supply of new R&D manpower, which is largely determined by the output of the educational system. The confrontation of demand and supply forecasts shows that, in general, severe shortages of R & D manpower will result if there are not adequate manpower policy adjustment. The article closes with a discussion of the policy implications of the expected disequilibria in the market for R & D manpower.
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    In this issue (1995)
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    Book Reviews (1995)
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: New Technology-Based Firms in the 1990's In Search of Management: Culture, Chaos and Control in Managerial Work
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    Occupational roles and expectations of research scientists and research managers in scientific research institutions (1995)
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    Notes: Publicly funded research institutes in most countries have been pressed by economic and political pressures through the 1990s to become more financially independent, to be more accountable and to adopt more businesslike principles and practices. In this context the occupational roles and career options for scientists and research managers in these organisations have undergone considerable change. As the research cultures of these institutions take on a more commercial perspective, new and critical career path choices for both researchers and the organisations themselves have emerged. This article focuses on the changing occupational roles of research scientists and research managers in the Australian CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation), one of the world's largest multidisciplinary research organisations. Two critical occupational pathways are discussed: one between science and science management and another between science management and commercial management. Key points where the pathways diverge are identified and linked to broader issues of organisational culture and human resource management. The authors argue that research institutes such as the Australian CSIRO require a ‘multicultural’ management approach that horizontally integrates the industrial, scientific and commercial domains of the organisations’ research cultures.
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    Professionalism and excellence in R&D Organized by IBC Technical Services, 5 and 6 December 1994, The Cafe Royal, London W1. (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Specifying the structure which integrates a firm's skills with market needs (1995)
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: We provide a method for specifying the structure which integrates the human capabilities available to a firm and the needs of the market. The method uses ‘a layered configuration of actors and the objects they share, together with the associations between these actors and objects. This perspective allows the construction of models which detail the organizational interconnections which support the firm's long term program of human resource development and technological change. We define the method and illustrate its application to the construction of visual representations of structure using a case study. We then examine the applicability of the method to the setting of strategy and the improvement of the skill base of technology based firms.
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    Winning in High-Tech Markets: The Role of General Management by J. G. Morone, Harvard Business School Press, 1993, 277 pp plus indices, £25.95, ISBN 0 87584 325 5 (1995)
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    Engineering Management: Managing Effectively in Technology-Based Organizations by H. J. Thamhain, John Wiley & Sons 1993, 565 pp plus indices £29.90 hardback, ISBN 0 471 82801 7 (1995)
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    The relative importance of new product success determinants—perception versus reality (1995)
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    QFD—linking the customer to the product development process as a part of the TQM concept (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: LKAB is one of the world's leading sup-pliers of advanced iron ore products. Its most important markets are the blast furnace based steelworks of Europe. As a result of customers’ demands for ever-better products, LKAB has begun to apply Quality Function Deployment (QFD) to its product development pro-grammes. QFD, originally developed in Japan, is a technique which utilises a series of matrices to translate customers’ requirements into technical specifications that the producer can use. So far the methodology has mainly been used in the manufacturing industry, with very few applications in process industry.When launching its QFD project, LKAB began by making strenuous efforts to acquire credible and relevant customer data. Experience after one year's work has been encouraging; the QFD technique has proved to be an effective instrument for feeding customers’ requirements into the product development process. In addition, it serves as a guide to setting priorities for research projects. The technique promises to become an established tool in the cornpany's Total Quality Management programme.
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    Report of the 1994 R&D Management Prize Committee (1995)
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    The design of an integrated group decision support system for technology assessment (1995)
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Responding to the challenges of the marketplace compels firms to employ new production methods to improve product quality and delivery reliability, to reduce costs, and above all, to achieve greater flexibility. This paper outlines the system design of a group decision support system, developed to guide management through the process of new technology evaluation and adoption. The advantages of the proposed architecture include the opportunity to integrate a variety of independently developed components, the localisation of components (which leads to simplified maintenance) and the flexibility in the future for expanding and modifying the system.
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    An analysis of entry and persistence among scientists in an emerging field of science: the case of neural networks (1995)
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    Notes: This paper examines the factors that influence scientists in their choice and persistence in an area of research, and compares the experience of scientists who enter a field early with those scientists who follow in their footsteps once the field becomes widely accepted. Evidence is presented from an international survey of more than seven-hundred scientists working in the field of neural networks. After controlling for cohort and experience effects, the results suggest that early entrants as a group are indeed different in both their motivations to enter and their persistence to remain in the field. In general, compared with scientists who enter late, early entrants are significantly less influenced by the social dynamics of the research community.
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    Thinking about the technology future (1995)
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    The project-oriented engineer: A dilemma for human resource management (1995)
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    Virtually Connected Creativity (1995)
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    Career paths, technological obsolescence and skill formation: R&D staff in Britain and Japan (1995)
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    Notes: This paper examines how scientists and engineers working in industrial R&D cope with the pressures of business and technological change and develop their careers. The data is drawn from a survey of nearly 1000 R&D staff working in large industrial corporations in Britain and Japan. Cross national comparisons are used to explore similarities and differences in coping strategies and in the human resource management challenges for companies. Particular attention is given to the problems of potential mismatch between RBD staff career orientations and available career opportunities.
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    R&D project team climate and team performance in Korea: A multidimensional approach (1995)
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    Notes: This study examined the relationship between R&D team climate and team performance in a developing context, Korea. Given the fragmented results of existing studies in advanced countries, which explored largely the effects of individual dimensions of team climate on team performance, this study focused on the interaction effects among multiple dimensions of team climate. The interaction effects can produce seemingly contradictory or paradoxical bivariate associations between each climate dimension and team performance.Both bivariate and multivariate analyses, using data from 80 R&D project teams in both government-sponsored research institutes and private R&D centres in Korea, revealed the following results.1. Four dimensions of R&D team climate—autonomy, cohesiveness, change orientation, work pressure—were not positively associated with team performance. Rather, autonomy was found to have a significant negative relationship.2. Interaction effects of each team climate dimension were partially borne out. When the change orientation or work pressure of a team was high, autonomy had a positive impact on team performance. Otherwise, autonomous team climate deteriorated performance of the team. However, interaction effects between cohesiveness and change orientation or work pressure were not found significant.3. There appeared three clusters of R&D teams with similar climate characteristics. Teams with high autonomy but a low change orientation exhibited a lower level of performance than the other two clusters—one with low autonomy but high change orientation and work pressure, and the other with a medium level of autonomy and change orientation.The results implied that a holistic team climate, as well as an individual aspect of climate, had a significant impact on team performance. A configuration approach considering interaction effects among various climate aspects would be beneficial for the development of high performing R&D teams.
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    In This Issue (1995)
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    An analysis of entry and persistence among scientists in an emerging field of Science: The case of Neural Networks (1995)
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    Notes: The title of Table 4 on page 336 should read: “Ancova of factors that might influence respondents' decision to leave the field”.The covariaties listed in the footer to Table 4 should read: “graduation cohort, experience at present”.
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    Morphological analysis in agricultural R&D: A technologist's approach to the definition and economic evaluation of technologies (1995)
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    Notes: The research scientist, the planner, and the R&D manager require a methodology that can compose a wide range of technological options within a realistic production system context and subject these options to a comprehensive, multi-parameter economic analysis. A technologically-oriented approach to the generation and ex-ante assessment of technologies is developed for this purpose in an agricultural R&D context. The approach is based on morphological analysis, in which a production process is defined as a series of tasks each of which can be accomplished by one or more alternative techniques. The model is customized for any specific production system using information provided by technology experts. This information is received in the language of the technologist, structured in a way that promotes an holistic view of the system, and processed to answer the needs of the economic evaluator. The model has been well received by technologists in the analysis of about a dozen diverse R&D projects.
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    Public money and Mangement (1995)
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    Order Form (1995)
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Subscription Rates, Volume 15, 1995Individuals σ32.50 UK/Europe, $61.00 N America., σ39.50 Rest of WorldInstitutions σ120.00 UK/Europe, $212.00 N America', σ137.00 Rest of World
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    R&D networking in a pharmaceutical company: Some implications for human resource management (1995)
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    Notes: A case-study of the R&D networking activities of Glaxo Group Research was carried out between June and November 1993. Different types of networking situation were identified using a simple 2times2 matrix –- the ‘networking uncertainty map’. This paper describes the background to Glaxo's R&D networking activities, introduces and illustrates the uncertainty map and then suggests the implications of each type of network. There are implications in general for R&D management and more specifically for the management of human resources in R&D. Managers might easily apply the uncertainty map to their own R&D networking situations.
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    “Using IT effectively IN R&D Management”: Lausanne, Switzerland: 23−25 September 1996 (1995)
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    Lessons in product innovation: A case study of biotechnology firms (1995)
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    Notes: Firms that are able more quickly than others to add value through product development will be the winners in technology-based industries. This paper examines value-added progress by contrasting four agricultural biotechnology firms that have managed to create value with one that failed to do so. Lessons were induced for new firms struggling to develop products in emerging industries such as biotechnology. The following findings emerged from manager interviews and secondary data.In contrast to the ‘progressive’ firms, the failed firm neglected to develop a clear product-market focus, complementary skills outside its core technology, and relationships with universities and government. These contrasts seemed to stem from differences in the financing arrangements and the level of organizational politics. The failed firm received a generous one-time funding and had a relatively high level of politics, whereas the funding of the progressive companies was tied to performance milestones and little politicking took place. The reasons for organizational politics are discussed.
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    Inventive efficiency: How the U.S. compares with Japan (1995)
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    Notes: This study argues that inventive (R&D) efficiency may be an important factor in the competition for global market shares and goods and services. The authors compare R&D efficiency for 14 industrial groups in the United States and Japan using multiple indices of inventive efficiency. Findings show interesting differences in inventive efficiency across industrial groups and between the United States and Japan. United States food, textile, chemical, rubber, metals, fabricated metals, and other miscellaneous manufacturing industries appear to be relatively more efficient in inventive efficiency than their Japanese counterparts. In contrast, Japanese paper, petroleum, machinery, and scientific equipment industries display greater inventive efficiency than their United States counterparts. The electrical equipment, transportation, and stone industries in the two countries appear to be equally efficient. The implications of these differences are discussed.
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    Quality and R&D (1995)
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    Notes: This R&D Management Conference will be held on the campus of the University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands. The university is located in the picturesque countryside of Holland near the German border. The theme of the conference emphasizes the various links between R&D and quality. There is evidence that the quality of the R&D process has a significant impact on the quality, costs, timeliness and flexibility of other business processes, and products. Furthermore, Total Quality strategies and instruments could be useful in the management and organization of the R&D function. This conference is intended to act as a forum for academics and managers to exchange ideas and to develop new theories and techniques in this area.
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    Firm management of scientific information: Some predictors and implications of openness versus secrecy (1995)
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    Notes: This paper presents a model that seeks to understand and explain R&D performance differences in research-intensive companies. The primary theoretical model builds on the well-established theory of science as a public good but augments it with a game-theoretic argument for individual firm choices of scientific information openness or secrecy. The first research question we address is how a firm's scientific information openness, as measured by its research publications, impacts the firm's stock of technical knowledge. Additionally, we explore two predictor variables of scientific information openness: research lab and top management team demographics. The possible economic effects and other managerial implications of this model are also discussed.
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    Process Innovation –- Reengineering Work Through Information Technology, By Thomas H. Davenport, Harvard Business School Press, 1993, p. 326, Price £29.95 ISBN 0 87584 366 2 (1995)
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    New Technologies and Global Restructuring: The Third World at a Crossroads by Claes Brundenius and Bo Göransson (eds) Taylor Graham, London 1993. Editors’ Introduction and 12 chapters each with own references; no index or unified bibliography; 274 pages inc. graphs, tables and figures. ISBN 0 947568 58 1 (paperback) £30.00 (1995)
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    In this issue (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 25 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.1995.tb00916.x
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    Beyond Partnership: Strategies for Innovation and Lean Supply by Richard Lamming. Prentice Hall, Hemel Hemstead, 1993, ISBN: 0 13 143785 2, 299 pp (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 25 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.1995.tb01353.x
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    The impact of EC R&D programmes on corporate R&D practice in Europe: a knowledge-base approach (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 25 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper examines the role of additionality in the impact of EC R&D pro-grammes on firms. It comes from a study of the Impact of the EC Framework Pro-gramme on European Industry, which was sponsored by the Support Programme for Evaluation Activities in Research (SPEAR) of the EC. The argument is that there is an interaction between ie use of additional R&D resources, the organization of the R&D process, and the exploitation of R&D results. The analysis of the R&D process takes place within a framework based on the concept of the knowledge-base of the firm. A number of case studies are discussed and conclusions are drawn as to the impact of the EC Framework Pro-gramme on European firms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.1995.tb00918.x
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    Successful integration of R&D functions after acquisitions: An exploratory empirical study (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 25 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Do the ‘grand’ strategic context characteristics of an acquisition (e.g., business relatedness of buyer and target) deter-mine the integration success of R&D functions after a takeover? Are acquisition management interventions (i.e., the way in which the integration process is man-aged) the key levers shaping integration success of R&D functions after a change in corporate ownership? Little non-anecdotal empirical data are available to answer these questions. Therefore, they were addressed with a sample of 92 acquisitions between German firms in 1988. Overall, use of management interventions which were designed to promote learning opportunities and reduce uncertainty for acquired employees (e.g., small group meetings to exchange information) but also degree of centralization of strategic R&D decisions in the hands of the acquirer were significantly positively related to integration level of R&D functions of both firms after an acquisition. With the exception of relative size of acquiree, strategic acquisition context characteristics were not directly related to R&D integration success. These characteristics may not be as important in shaping R&D integration success as management practitioners and scholars have thought.
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  • 88
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    In this Issue (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 25 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.1995.tb00895.x
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  • 89
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    Incentives for employed inventors: an empirical analysis with special emphasis on the German Law for Employee's Inventions (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 25 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper evaluates the use of incentive systems in R&D to stimulate the motivation potential of R&D personnel. Special emphasis is given to the German Employee's Inventions Act, enacted in 1957 which is applicable to all enterprises under German law and provides guidelines for a mandatory compensation of employed inventors. The law's major content, its advantages and disadvantages are presented and discussed in detail. It is shown that the general consensus in industry is unfavourable to the German Act. A significant time lack between the invention and it's compensation, the lack of transparency of the compensation guidelines, the calculation of an adequate compensation level, and a high administrative effort of calculating the compensation are only some of the drawbacks of this law. The consequences of these problems are the encouragement of secrecy among R&D professionals and the negative impact on their individual motivation potential. We also report on an experiment that measures the individual preferences of R&D personnel for different incentive variables. The method of conjoint measurement is applied to this area, it's technique is described and assessed. It is found that different segments of respondents with different preferences exist. The empirical findings also indicate the need to increase the flexibility of existing incentive systems in German industry.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.1995.tb00912.x
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    Book Reviews (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 25 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Technological Collaboration in Industry; strutegy, policy and internationalization in innovation Corporate Venturing: Creating New Businesses within the Firm Handbook of Innovation Management Technology and enterprise in a historical perspective Intellectual Property for Engineers The Ernst & Young Business Plan Guide crnagement as a New Technology Mass Customization: The New Frontier in Business Competition
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.1995.tb00915.x
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    Planning for dominance: a strategic perspective on the emergence of a dominant design (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 25 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Researchers in technology and innovation, organization research, and product standardization in economics have noted that innovations may become the dominant designs in their product classes for reasons that may have little to do with design. The emergence process for dominant designs has typically been viewed as a black box process involving a sophisticated interaction of technological and non-technological factors. This paper shifts the discussion to a strategic perspective. It argues that firms can frame the emergence process and can systematically manage elements of it in the pursuit of competitive advantage from innovation. An analytical framework is developed and discussed, with particular emphasis on the roles of certain external conditions, non-technological forces, and complementary assets, as well as the implications for R&D strategists and for future research. Four distinctive examples illustrate different aspects of the framework's utility.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.1995.tb00896.x
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    Success factors for collaborative product development: a study of suppliers of information and communication technology (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 25 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: It is apparent that more and more organizations are embarking on collaborative ventures to develop products. This is particularly evident in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) sectors, so much so that part of the ‘received wisdom’ of ICT companies is that collaboration is the preferred route for product development. The benefits of collaboration have been well documented and are linked to the complexity and costliness of product development and the need for inputs from wide and varied areas of expertise as well as shorter lead times for product development. But the risks and costs of collsborative product development have been less well defined. In this paper, it is argued that the alleged rewards of collaboration may not be experienced in practice and that collaboration can lengthen the product development process, add to the cost of product development and prove difficult to control. However, management practice can facilitate the effective outcome of collaborative product development and the critical factors affecting the likelihood of successful management practice are presented here.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.1995.tb00898.x
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    Strategies for best practice in research and technology institutes: an overview of a benchmarking exercise (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 25 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Many technology institutes have been criticised for their dislocation from, or lack of relevance to, industry. This paper provides an overview of a major benchmaking study which analyzed in depth the most successful technology institutes from eight nations (four in Europe and four in East Asia). Institutes selected for study met a criterion which included a combination of dynamism, relevance to industry, contribution to the national science and technology infrastructure, independent fund-raising capability, innovative organizational structures, and effective management. The paper examines the activities engaged in by the eight institutes, the principal challenges they face, and identifies the main success factors underlying their achievements. The paper attempts to illustrate practical, best practice strategies by showing how leading technology institutes have successfully contributed to their national system of innovation. To this end, success factors have been categorized into those factors which are under the direct control of the institutes (internal), which are outside of their influence (external), and those which can be affected to a lesser or greater extent.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.1995.tb00897.x
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    Work with and implementation of new concepts for management of product development—experiences for the Swedish Manufacturing Industry (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 25 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Extensive organizational changes in the management of product development work of industrial companies are currently taking place. Speediness (time-based competition) and/or ‘high’ quality (total quality) are emphasized and for this purpose concepts such as simultaneous, concurrent or integrated product development have been introduced. This paper describes a study of the importance of these concepts in 29 large Swedish manufacturing companies and how these companies deal with the implementation of the new product development concepts. In addition, three in-depth studies have been carried out to enable a more detailed study to be made of the effects of the product development work on time and quality variables.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.1995.tb00899.x
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    R&D project selection and scheduling for organizations facing product obsolescence (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 25 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Research and development is very crucial in an organization that faces rapid product obsolescence. Our thesis is that R&D project scheduling and resource planning should be born out of the optimum product launch plan which, in turn, should be in adherence to the growth rate targeted by the organization. Such an approach would ensure that the R&D activities of the organization are in tune with the Organization's goals. The absence of such coordinated R&D planning would hamper the productivity and profitability of the organization. This paper attempts to develop a methodology and model that would enable the streamlining of R&D project schedule. A real life case application has also been illustrated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.1995.tb00900.x
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    U.S. federal government R&D and commercialization: you can't get there from here (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 25 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.1995.tb00901.x
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    Book Reviews (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 25 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Globalization, Technology and Competition: The Fusion of Computers and Telecommunications in the 1990s Globalization, Technology and Competition: The Fusion of Computers and Telecommuni- cations in the 1990s High-Tech for Industrial Development: Lessons from the Brazilian Experience in Electronics and Automation Science and Technology Management Bibliography Intelligent Enterprise: A Knowledge and Service Based Paradigm for Industry
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.1995.tb00903.x
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    The role of HRM in supporting innovation strategies: recommendations on how R&D managers should be treated from an HRM perspective (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 25 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In recent years, consultants and academics have encouraged managers to use Human Resource Management (HRM) practices to help implement their competitive strategies. In particular, there has been enthusiasm for tailoring HRM practices to fit innovation strategies since achieving a competitive advantage based on technological superiority is very much associated with the quality of the firm's human resources. Unfortunately, there is little empirical research that examines how HRM can best support innovation strategies, and even less that evaluates the effectiveness of HRM practices in encouraging innovation in various functional settings, such as R&D departments. This research is an attempt to bridge this gap. Data were gathered from 115 divisions (SBUs) in 89 Fortune 500 companies in the US, and analyzed to identify which HRM practices used with R&D managers were most strongly associated with innovation and SBU performance. This article, which also includes descriptive data on how R&D managers are selected, compensated and evaluated, concludes with the authors’ recommendations on how R&D managers should be treated from an HRM perspective.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.1995.tb00902.x
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    Desperately seeking capitalism: Solidarity and Polish industrial relations in the 1990s (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Industrial relations journal 26 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2338
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This article examines the contradictory and complex role played by Solidarity in the transformation of Poland since 1989. The organisational and ideological development of Solidarity is traced from 1980 through to 1994 in an attempt to explain an approach best described as ‘desperately seeking Polish capitalism’.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2338.1995.tb00746.x
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    East German labour market in transition: segmentation and increasing disparity (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Industrial relations journal 26 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2338
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The employment system of the former GDR–like that of other socialist countries–could be seen as an aggregation of ‘internal labour markets’ with long term employment, internal promotion and little external mobility. Consequently the rapid integration of the East German economy into the western market economy has led to structural problems of the labour market which combined with and intensified the general effects of the sharp decrease in the demand for labour.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2338.1995.tb00720.x
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