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  • GEOPHYSICS  (668)
  • 1985-1989  (668)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1987  (668)
  • 1
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    Investigating the role of the land surface in explaining the interannual variation of the net radiation balance over the Northwest Sahara and sub-Sahara (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: How much of the interannual variation in the satellite derived radiation balance can be purely attributed to changes taking place at the land surface, was examined. The role of surface latent heating was examined in relation to its control of the precipitation pattern from one year to the next.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Investigating the Role of the Land Surface in Explaining the Interannual Variation of the Net Radiation Balance over the Western Sahara and Sub-Sahara; 5 p
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  • 2
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    Simultaneous field measurements of biogenic emissions of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Seasonal and diurnal emissions of NO and N2O from agricultural sites in Jamestown, Virginia and Boulder, Colorado are estimated in terms of soil temperature; percent moisture; and exchangeable nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium concentrations. The techniques and procedures used to analyze the soil parameters are described. The spatial and temporal variability of the NO and N2O emissions is studied. A correlation between NO fluxes in the Virginia sample and nitrate concentration, temperature, and percent moisture is detected, and NO fluxes for the Colorado site correspond with temperature and moisture. It is observed that the N2O emissions are only present when percent moisture approaches or exceeds the field capacity of the soil. The data suggest that NO is produced primarily by nitrification in aerobic soils, and N2O is formed by denitrification in anaerobic soils.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 965-976
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  • 3
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    Ozone isotope measurements in the stratosphere (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Mass spectrometer measurements of ozone made during two balloon flights included its heavy isotopes at mass 49 and 50. Both flights were flown during the day and during summer from Palestine, TX. At float altitudes above 42 km the enrichments in heavy ozone were 41 percent and 23 percent, respectively. The enrichment appears to be mass independent since, at high altitudes, both 49 and 50 show the same enhancement. During the descent the enrichment in heavy ozone decreased, faster during the first flight than during the second, reaching values between 15 and 20 percent above 30 km. Near and below this altitude another increase is observed. During a night flight, previously reported, an enhancement in heavy ozone of over 40 percent at 32 km was found, decreasing both toward higher and lower altitudes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 14; 80-83
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  • 4
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    Geomagnetic equatorial anomaly in zonal plasma flow (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The observation of a geomagnetic signature in the zonal eastward plasma flow, which is a striking feature of the equatorial ionosphere in the evening quadrant is reported. These observations were derived fronm (E x B)/B-squared measurements made with the cylindrical double-floating-probe experiment carried on the Dynamics Explorer 2 satellite. The signature consists of a crest-trough-crest effect in the latitude dependence of the eastward plasma flow with the crests at + or - 8 dip latitude and the trough nearly centered at the dip equator at all geographic longitudes. This phenomenon can be readily interpreted in terms of the altitude dependence of the F region dynamo electric field, and it is related to dip equator signatures in the plasma density and the magnetic declination which have been reported earlier.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 311-315
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  • 5
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    Average plasma and magnetic field variations in the distant magnetotail associated with near-earth substorm effects (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 71-81
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  • 6
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    On the generation of field-aligned plasma flow at the boundary of the plasma sheet (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A possible cause of the large plasma flow velocities parallel to the magnetic field (which were observed in spacecraft experiments) near the boundary of the plasma sheet in the earth's magnetotail is considered in the framework of a magnetohydrodynamic model. It is shown for steady-state configurations that high parallel flow velocities can be expected to exist on field lines connecting to a region of weak magnetic field. The physical mechanism causing large values of the parallel velocity component can be visualized as a strong imbalance of perpendicular mass flux into and out of magnetic flux tubes passing through regions where the magnetic field is weak and inhomogeneous. The value of the parallel velocity component is evaluated, and it is found that it can substantially exceed the perpendicular velocity (by as much as a factor of 40). The results are applied to the earth's magnetotail; it is found that this mechanism is able to explain the parallel flow velocities near the boundary of the plasma sheet in the range of several hundreds of km/s.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 95-107
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  • 7
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    Enhancements of energetic ions associated with travelling compression regions in the deep geomagnetic tail (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This paper presents a representative example of an enhancement in energetic ion flux associated with the International Sun-Earth Explorer 3 (ISEE 3) spacecraft's encounter with a traveling compression region (TCR). Data from the energetic particle anisotropy spectrometer (EPAS) instrument on ISEE 3 are studied, along with magnetic field data from the vector helium magnetometer. It is concluded that the ion enhancements seen are spatial in nature, thus supporting the idea that TCRs are the lobe signatures of plasmoids moving along the magnetotail, away from earth.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 64-70
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  • 8
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    Ozone reference models for CIRA (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The data bases and computational techniques used in recent models of the O3 distribution in the earth atmosphere are described, summarizing the results of ongoing efforts to define an O3 reference model for incorporation into CIRA. Consideration is given to the analysis of data from satellite instruments (Nimbus 7 LIMS, TOMS, and SBUV; SME UVS and IR; and AE-2 SAGE) to construct models of total column O3 and vertical O3 structure. The satellite-based model predictions are then compared with balloon, rocket, and umkehr measurements in extensive graphs: good agreement is demonstrated both among the satellite data sets and between satellite and nonsatellite data sets.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 7; 10, 1
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  • 9
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    Effects of El Chichon on stratospheric aerosols late 1982 to early 1984 (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Stratospheric aerosols collected over the western U.S. from late 1982 to early 1984 show the strong effects of El Chichon's eruption. Although mineral particles disappeared during this period, large acid droplets were still common. Because these have never been seen in prevolcanic, background-level collections, they apparently result from increased droplet growth made possible by the unusual abundance of sulfate. Aerosol size distributions show a wide variety of multimodal curves due to mixing of air masses containing aerosols of various ages or histories. Toward the end of the study time there are fewer large aerosols because of gravitational settling and poleward transport. The result is a steady reduction in sulfate, as most aerosol mass is concentrated in a small number of large droplets. Even the later sulfate levels are, however, five times typical prevolcanic background contents. Thus the influence of El Chichon on high-altitude was still considerable 22 months after eruption.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 14761-14
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  • 10
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    Description of the mean behaviour of ionospheric plasma temperatures (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A status report on the empirical modeling of ionospheric electron and ion temperatures is given with special emphasis on the models used in the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI). Electron temperature models have now reached a state where reliable prediction of the mean altitudinal, latitudinal and diurnal variations is possible. These models are largely based on satellite measurements, but comparisons with incoherent scatter radar measurements have shown excellent agreement. Variations with season and magnetic and solar activity seem to be small and are not yet included consistently in these models. Similar to the electron temperature, the ion temperature shows the largest variations with altitude, latitude and local time. But due to the larger mass, these variations are smoother and more steady in the case of the ions and therefore easier to model. Nevertheless, very few ion temperature models exist. The IRI model takes advantage of the observed concurrence of the ion temperature with the neutral temperature at low altitudes and with the electron temperature at high altitudes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 7; 6, 19
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  • 11
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    Progress in modeling the ionospheric peak and topside electron density (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Recent progress made in modeling the electron density profile in the topside ionosphere is reviewed. The results of different F2 peak models are addressed in the light of the data, and the outlook for further progress in this area is discussed. Efforts made toward determining the topside profile shape are reviewed and assessed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 7; 6, 19
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  • 12
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    Plasma instabilities in the terrestrial magnetosphere - A review of recent theoretical research (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This paper reviews recent theoretical research on plasma instabilities in the terrestrial magnetosphere. This paper is organized with respect to particle free energies: electron-ion currents, electron beams, ion beams, electron anisotropies and ion anisotropies are successively considered. For each free energy, the associated instability properties are summarized, and their applications to magnetospheric physics are briefly described. Theory and simulations which have established close correlations with observations are emphasized.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Physica Scripta (ISSN 0281-1847); T18; 179-187
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  • 13
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    Birkeland currents - Recent contributions from satellite magnetic field measurements (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The important role that field-aligned Birkeland currents play in solar terrestrial coupling processes has been known from satellite observations for twenty years. Many satellite have been launched since the last Solar-Terrestrial Symposium with instruments capable of investigating the characteristics of Birkeland currents and their relationship to visible and UV auroral forms, particle precipitation, and convection flow patterns. An important result that has emerged is the close relationship between large-scale Birkeland currents and the orientation of the interplanetary magnetic field. These observations emphasize the fact that Birkeland currents are involved in a wide range of space plasma processes which range from small-scale ionospheric instabilities and irregularities to global scale energy coupling processes between the magnetosphere and solar wind.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Physica Scripta (ISSN 0281-1847); T18; 152-157
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  • 14
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    Advances in magnetospheric physics by numerical simulations - A critical analysis by an outsider (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This is a selective, somewhat editorialized assessment, based on a literature survey, of computer simulation as it exists today in magnetospheric physics. Both large (MHD) and small scale dynamical simulations are described and considered from the perspective of what they are trying to do and with what success. Several specific problem areas where simulations are being carried out are called for commentary: global magnetospheric structure, magnetotail and magnetopause reconnection, Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, hydrodynamic expansion of ionospheric ions, electric double layers, heavy ion heating, and auroral kilometric radiation. It is concluded that simulation is a necessary tool for understanding magnetospheric physics and that significant progress has been made in simulation development. However, results should be evaluated knowing that many factors, some real and physical, others structural, may contribute to such output. A plea is made for greater intercalibration among different simulators working in parallel areas, so that facts can be distinguished from artifacts.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Physica Scripta (ISSN 0281-1847); T18; 203-211
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  • 15
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    Determination of relative site motions in the western United States using Mark III very long baseline interferometry (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Four years of very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) measurements involving fixed and mobile stations in the western U.S. are analyzed using weighted least squares. Baseline solution time series are used to estimate rates of change of the vector baseline between pairs of VLBI stations. Horizontal vector motions are determined for 18 sites with respect to a site in the Mojave desert. Six sites west of and two sites just to the east of the San Andreas fault show northwestward motion closely parallel to the San Andreas fault. Their motions range from 18 to 43 mm/yr and are significant at confidence levels greater than 99 percent. Motions in California relative to interior North American plate sites are used to estimate an integrated contribution from Basin and Range spreading to the total relative Pacific plate motion as 9-10 mm/yr. A maximum relative velocity of 50-51 mm/yr is found between the interior North American sites and the western California sites, in close agreement with the NUVEL-1 plate motion model.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 12741-12
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  • 16
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    Nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium effects in stratospheric NO and implications for infrared remote sensing (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: It is shown that the vibrational state population of stratospheric nitric oxide (NO) could be substantially different from that expected on the basis of LTE. Deviations from LTE may arise because stratospheric NO can be photochemically produced from NO2 with several vibrational quanta. Model calculations suggest that the population of NO(v = 1) could be some 30 percent above that expected from LTE at 30 km, with smaller enhancements above and below. Substantially larger enhancements are predicted for NO(v = 2). This result is shown to have important implications for NO determination by remote sensing of IR emission. Data needed for the quantification of these effects are enumerated.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 26; 4747-475
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  • 17
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    Boreal forests and atmosphere - Biosphere exchange of carbon dioxide (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Two approaches to investigating the role of boreal forests in the global carbon cycle are presented. First, a tracer support model which incorporates the normalized-difference vegetation index obtained from advanced, very high resolution radiometer radiances was used to simulate the annual cycle of CO2 in the atmosphere. Results indicate that the seasonal growth of the combined boreal forests of North America and Eurasia accounts for about 50 percent of the mean seasonal CO2 amplitude recorded at Pt. Barrow, Alaska and about 30 percent of the more globally representative CO2 signal at Mauna Loa, Hawaii. Second, tree-ring width data from four boreal treeline sites in northern Canada were positively correlated with Pt. Barrow CO2 drawdown for the period 1971-1982. These results suggest that large-scale changes in the growth of boreal forests may be contributing to the observed increasing trend in CO2 amplitude. They further suggest that tree-ring data may be applicable as indices for CO2 uptake and remote sensing estimates of photosynthetic activity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 329; 321-323
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  • 18
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    Magnetotail equilibrium theory - The general three-dimensional solution (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The general magnetostatic equilibrium problem for the geomagnetic tail is reduced to the solution of ordinary differential equations and ordinary integrals. The theory allows the integration of the self-consistent magnetotail equilibrium field from the knowledge of four functions of two space variables: the neutral sheet location, the total pressure, the magnetic field strength, and the z component of the magnetic field at the neutral sheet.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 11101-11
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  • 19
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    Characteristics of wavelike fluctuations in Dynamics Explorer neutral composition data (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Wavelike fluctuations in neutral composition data obtained with the neutral atmospheric composition system quadrupole mass spectrometer carried aboard the Dynamics Explorer (DE 2) satellite are at a maximum in the vicinity of the magnetic poles. Typical rms amplitudes near the poles for N2, O, He, and Ar fluctuations in the 400- to 4000-km-wavelength band are found to be 11, 6, 6, and 20 percent, respectively. Amplitudes near the equator are roughly a third of the polar amplitudes, and activity in the 50- to 400-km-wavlength band is roughly 20 percent of the longer-wavelength activity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 11159-11
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  • 20
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    Stratospheric trace gases in the spring 1986 Antarctic atmosphere (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The atmospheric absorption features of over 500 infrared solar spectra recorded at McMurdo Station have been analyzed to determine the vertical column abundances of trace gases crucial to understanding of the 'ozone hole' phenomenon. The techniques used to retrieve the column abundances are described. Results are reported for ozone, nitrogen species, and halogen sinks and reservoirs.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 329; 126-130
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  • 21
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    Nitric acid forecast experiments (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Results of two three-dimensional forecasts of the time evolution of the distribution of HNO3 in the stratosphere are reported. The first is for the February 1979 stratospheric warming, and the second is for a period in March, 1979 when the relative importance of photochemistry and dynamics is thought to be rapidly changing. The zonal mean results of the model calculations are in general qualitative agreement with the LIMS HNO3 observations. However, the calculated three-dimensional fields show significant differences from the observations. The results provide insight into what must be done to form a successful constituent forecast model and provide information on the modeling technique and the self-consistency of the observed dynamical and constituent fields.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Physica Scripta (ISSN 0031-8949); 36; 2, Au
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  • 22
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    Infrared spectroscopic measurements of halogenated sink and reservoir gases in the stratosphere with the ATMOS instrument (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS) instrument recorded 19 sets of interferograms during solar occultations in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres over the course of the Spacelab 3 mission. The resulting IR spectra furnish concentration profiles for over 25 atmospheric species. Attention is presently given to the volume mixing ratio profiles for HCl and HF in the 15-60-km altitude region, retrieved from northern sunsets and southern sunrises. The HF/HCl ratios deduced are in good agreement with model predictions. The total atmospheric chlorine at 50 km is nearly all in the form of HCl.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 9851-985
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  • 23
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    On the prolonged lifetime of the El Chichon sulfuric acid aerosol cloud (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The observed decay of the aerosol mixing ratio following the eruption of El Chichon appears to have been 20-30 percent slower than that following the eruption of Fuego in 1974, even though the sulfuric acid droplets were observed to grow to considerably larger sizes after El Chichon. This suggests the possible presence of a condensation nuclei and sulfuric acid vapor source and continued growth phenomena occurring well after the El Chichon eruption. It is proposed that the source of these nuclei and the associated vapor may be derived from annual evaporation and condensation of aerosol in the high polar regions during stratospheric warming events, with subsequent spreading to lower latitudes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 9825-983
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  • 24
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    Infrared spectroscopic measurements of halogenated source gases in the stratosphere with the ATMOS instrument (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The volume mixing ratios of the six most important halogenated source species (CH3Cl, CF2Cl2, CFCl3, CHF2Cl, CCl4, and CF4) have been retrieved over the 10- to 30-km altitude range from the analysis of 0.01/cm resolution infrared solar occultation spectra recorded near 30 deg N and 47 deg S latitudes with the ATMOS (Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy) instrument, operating from on board Spacelab 3 (April-May 1985). The results reported here, although in satisfactory agreement with recent in situ values obtained from air sampling techniques, are limited in accuracy by the limited absorption representative of most of the species and by uncertainties in the spectroscopic parameters currently available for these gases. They demonstrate, however, the power of the IR remote sensing approach for evaluating on a global scale the total chlorine budget of the atmosphere, and they provide an independent set of simultaneous data acquired for the important source and reservoir halogenated molecular species in the upper atmosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 9836-985
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  • 25
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    Observed beaming of terrestrial myriametric radiation (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Observations by the Dynamics Explorer 1 satellite are discussed which validate the theory that terrestrial myriametric radiation (TMR) is produced by the linear conversion of electrostatic upper hybrid waves to electromagnetic radiation via a radio window. A remote sensing technique based on the theory is used to investigate the location and characteristics of the source region. Finally, the location of the TMR source region is demonstrated by direct measurement.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 328; 391-395
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  • 26
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    Ice measurements by Geosat radar altimetry (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Radar altimetry for ice-covered ocean and land is more complex and variable than open ocean radar altimetry; attention is presently given to Geosat ice-sheet topography for the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets between 72 deg N and 72 deg S which owes its excellent accuracy to the well separated spacing of the orbital tracks and an 18-month geodetic mission duration. A surface elevation map of southern Greenland, produced from 110 days of retracked Geosat data, is presented in color-coded three-dimensional perspective. Comparisons are made between Seasat and Geosat data for ice mass elevations in Greenland.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest (ISSN 0270-5214); 8; 251-254
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  • 27
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    Snow load effect on earth's rotation and gravitational field, 1979-1985 (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A global, monthly snow depth data set has been generated from the Nimbus 7 satellite observations using passive microwave remote-sensing techniques. Seven years of data, 1979-1985, are analyzed to compute the snow load effects on the earth's rotation and low-degree zonal gravitational field. The resultant time series show dominant seasonal cycles. The annual peak-to-peak variation in J2 is found to be 2.3 x 10 to the -10th, that in J3 to be 1.1 x 10 to the -10th, and believed to decrease rapidly for higher degrees. The corresponding change in the length of day is 41 micro-s. The annual wobble excitation is (4.9 marc sec, -109 deg) for the prograde motion component and (4.8 marc sec, -28 deg) for the retrograde motion component. The excitation power of the Chandler wobble due to the snow load is estimated to be about 25 dB less than the power needed to maintain the observed Chandler wobble.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 9415-942
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  • 28
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    Lava flows as kinematic waves (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A recently proposed model for the emplacement of lava flows is reinterpreted as a kinematic wave theory for the depth of the flow. Explicit kinematic wave solutions and their properties are derived for three time-dependent boundary conditions of practical interest. These boundary conditions correspond to effusion rates that decrease, increase, and crest and broadly reflect types of eruption behavior documented in the geologic literature. Particular attention is given to the way source behavior propagates along the flow in relation to the advance of the flow itself.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 9271-927
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  • 29
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    Beat relationships between orbital periodicities in insolation theory (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Variations in insolation are examined in terms of beat relationships. The relations between eccentricity periods, precessional parameters, and obliquity periods are analyzed. Beat periods are calculated and compared with orbital periodicities from Berger's (1978) series expansions. It is noted that the data, which correlate eccentricity, obliquity, and precessional-parameter periods, are applicable to the study of orbital periodicities in time-series analyses of long-term climatic records.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 44; 1875
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  • 30
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    Plasma transport in the auroral return current region (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The classical and anomalous transport properties of a multifluid plasma consisting of H(+), O(+), and electron populations in the presence of auroral field-aligned return currents are investigated, using a multimoment fluid model with anomalous transport coefficients. The macroscopic effects of the electrostatic ion cyclotron (EIC) instability and of an EIC-related anomalous resistivity mechanism which heats the electrons are included in the present version of the model. The responses of the outflowing polar wind plasma to the application of current, with and without instabilities, are exhibited. The simulations show that the electron drift velocity corresponding to a return current of 0.65 micro-A/sq m is above the threshold for EIC waves. Downward electron heat flow competes with upward convection and adiabatic effects to determine the direction of the electron temperature anisotropy. Resistive electron heating lowers the critical drift velocity for marginal EIC stability and leads to enhanced ion heating.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 8673-869
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    The solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere current-voltage relationship (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The global current-voltage relationship for the solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere system (SW-M-I) is investigated, restricting the study to strong southward IMF. The dynamo presently identified is on open field lines, and it operates at close to short circuit and at a fraction of the available power output. Control of the dynamo by ionospheric conductivity is discussed. Implications of the simulation results, including the relationship between open and closed field dynamos, the effect of solar wind conditions, the control of reconnection on the bow, the size of the open field line region, and the effects of increased auroral conductivity, are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 14; 880-883
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  • 32
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    Aerosol optical depth and planetary Albedo in the visible from the Solar Mesosphere Explorer (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The Solar Mesosphere Explorer (SME) satellite has observed the visible sunlight scattered at the earth's limb since early 1982. By using a radiative-transfer model including multiple scattering and albedo effects, observations at 20 deg N latitude have been interpreted in terms of aerosol optical depth. The ratio of aerosol extinction to Rayleigh extinction at 431.8 nm shows a large increase after the eruption of El Chichon. A maximum ratio of 5 at 36 km and larger than 11 at 30 km occurred in the summer of 1982 followed by a decrease through 1983 and 1984. Aspects of the aerosol time evolution appear to be consistent with other observations and model predictions. Quantitative differences exist between inferred SME and lidar extinction coefficients, possibly due to the different wavelengths of the measurements and to the different scattering phase functions used in the two analyses. It is also shown that visible limb radiances provide information on the planetary albedo, which shows an increase from the equator to the poles with a maximum in the winter hemisphere and a minimum in the summer hemisphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 8373-838
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    An equivalent layer magnetization model for Australia based on Magsat data (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An equivalent layer magnetization model for Australia and adjacent oceanic areas is presented. The model is obtained by linear inversion of Magsat anomaly data measured in the altitude range 325-550 km. The anomaly data set has been isolated from the raw data set by use of models of the core field and very long wavelength external fields, and is internally consistent. Certain major structural features of the Australian continent are geographically associated with magnetization anomalies. A first-order difference is seen between the Tasman Zone and the Precambrian cratonic areas: magnetization anomalies are much more subdued in the former, possibly reflecting a shallowing of the Curie isotherm within the crust. A profile of the vertical integral of magnetization is presented for a crustal section extending from the Gawler Block to the southeast coast. It is shown that the magnetization variations are probably due partly, but not wholly, to depth to Curie isotherm variations; gross magnetization variations among at least three distinct crustal units must be involved.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Earth and Planetary Science Letters (ISSN 0012-821X); 83; 1-4,; 167-174
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  • 34
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    Global excitation of wave phenomena in a dissipative multiconstituent medium. III - Response characteristics for different sources in the earth's thermosphere (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A linear trasnfer function model of the earth's thermosphere which includes the electric field momentum source is used to study the differences in the response characteristics for Joule heating and momentum coupling in the thermosphere. It is found that, for Joule/particle heating, the temperature and density perturbations contain a relatively large trapped component which has the property of a low-pass filter, with slow decay after the source is turned off. The decay time is sensitive to the altitude of energy deposition and is significantly reduced as the source peak moves from 125 to 150 km. For electric field momentum coupling, the trapped components in the temperature and density perturbations are relatively small. In the curl field of the velocity, however, the trapped component dominates, but compared with the temperature and density its decay time is much shorter. Outside the source region the form of excitation is of secondary importance for the generation of the various propagating gravity wave modes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 7657-767
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  • 35
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    Atmospheric odd oxygen production due to the photodissociation of ordinary and isotopic molecular oxygen (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Line-by-line calculations are performed to determine the contributions of the Schumann-Runge bands of ordinary and isotopic oxygen to the photodissociation of these molecules at different altitudes. The contributions to the dissociation rates of the satellite lines and of the first and higher vibrational states of the initial molecular states are found to be insignificant. At 70 km, (O-16)(O-18) is found to produce 10 times as much odd oxygen as would be produced if the isotope did not have selective absorption, and 6 percent of the odd oxygen produced is due to this isotope. It is noted that the excess odd oxygen produced is not enough to explain the excess quantity of ozone observed in the atmosphere, which cannot be accounted for in photochemical models. Comparison with previous results is made.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science (ISSN 0032-0633); 35; 769-784
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  • 36
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    Behavior of ionized plasma in the high latitude topside ionosphere - The polar wind (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A numerical model is used to investigate the steady-state behavior of a fully ionized plasma encompassing the geomagnetic field lines from 1500 km to 10 earth radii, and solutions of the 16 moment system of transport equations for the polar wind are obtained. For the present cases studied, results of the 13 and 16 moment simulations are found to be similar, although the temperature anisotropy is quite high. Polar wind studies reveal an electron temperature anisotropy developing around 2500 km, with the collisions keeping the electron temperature isotropic below 2500 km. Good agreement is found between the present polar wind simulations and recent observations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science (ISSN 0032-0633); 35; 703-714
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  • 37
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    Crustal geologic studies with Magsat and surface magnetic data (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The contributions during the last quadrennium are discussed, which involved both Magsat and aeromagnetic data, including new techniques for interpreting this data, specific intended to understand the connection between magnetic anomalies and the magnetic mineralogy of their sources.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics (ISSN 8755-1209); 25; 971-981
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  • 38
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    The time-varying geomagnetic field (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Information (obtained from Magsat and other sources) published by the U.S. authors between 1983 and 1986 on the large-scale geomagnetic field of deep internal origin and its secular variation (SV) is reviewed. Results on the main field modeling, including reference fields, and on the separaton of core and crustal fields are discussed together with the advances made in geomagnetic field theory and applications of novel methods. Consideration is also given to global SV, short-term global SV, and regional CV analyses; nonsecular impulses, featuring the sudden geomagnetic jerk of 1969; and the frozen-flux core approximation, including downward continuation to the core-mantle boundary constraints, westward drift, and estimates of the fluid velocity at the top of the core.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics (ISSN 8755-1209); 25; 929-938
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    The use of atmospheric measurements to constrain model predictions of ozone change from chlorine perturbations (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Atmospheric photochemistry models have been used to predict the sensitivity of the ozone layer to various perturbations. These same models also predict concentrations of chemical species in the present day atmosphere which can be compared to observations. Model results for both present day values and sensitivity to perturbation depend upon input data for reaction rates, photodissociation rates, and boundary conditions. A method of combining the results of a Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis with the existing set of present atmospheric species measurements is developed. The method is used to examine the range of values for the sensitivity of ozone to chlorine perturbations that is possible within the currently accepted ranges for input data. It is found that model runs which predict ozone column losses much greater than 10 percent as a result of present fluorocarbon fluxes produce concentrations and column amounts in the present atmosphere which are inconsistent with the measurements for ClO, HCl, NO, NO2, and HNO3.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 6662-667
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  • 40
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    Measurements of mesospheric water vapor in 1984 and 1985 - Results and implications for middle atmospheric transport (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The detailed results of ground-based mesospheric water vapor measurements obtained by microwave spectroscopy at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) from December 1984 to April 1985 (JPL 1984/85), and an overview of results obtained the previous year from April to June 1984 are presented. The JPL 1984/85 spectral data appeared to contain an instrumental baseline curvature which was bracketed and removed. In general, the JPL 1984/85 results are in good agreement with those of previous measurements. They indicate water vapor mixing ratios between 6 and 8 ppmv at 60 or 65 km and falling off steeply with height above this point to values of less than 2 ppmv at 80 km. In addition, there is a large amount of day-to-day variability indicated in the data. A major result of the study is that it is found that both the observed vertical gradient of water vapor mixing ratio and its seasonal variation are consistent with the hypothesis that vertical transport time scales are smaller, perhaps by an order of magnitude, than values currently used in both one- and two-dimensional photochemical/dynamical models.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 6679-669
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    Distribution of total ozone and stratospheric ozone in the tropics - Implications for the distribution of tropospheric ozone (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Climatologies of total columnar ozone and integrated stratospheric ozone amounts at low latitudes (15 deg N to 15 deg S), derived from satellite observations, are presented. A significant longitudinal variability in total ozone is present, with highest values generally located between 60 deg W and 60 deg E. The integrated stratospheric component of total ozone, on the other hand, does not exhibit a longitudinal preference for high values. Therefore it is hypothesized that the climatological longitudinal distribution of total ozone reflects the variability of the abundance of tropospheric ozone at low latitudes. Furthermore, it is speculated that in situ photochemical production of ozone resulting from biomass burning may be responsible for the observed enhancement of total ozone at these longitudes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 6627-663
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  • 42
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    Geomagnetic response to magnetic clouds (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Results of superimposed epoch analyses of hourly values of the equatorial Dst geomagnetic index and the B(x) component of the interplanetary magnetic field are given for 19 magnetic clouds. Results show statistical associations between magnetic clouds and geomagnetic storms, and between clouds without preceding shocks and gradual commencements. It was found that 75 percent of the clouds had a maximum Dst of less than -30 gammas, and that 95 percent of the clouds had a maximum Dst of less than about -16 gammas. In the main phase and recovery phase of geomagnetic storms, the Dst index simultaneously decreases to a large negative value at the onset of a large sustained southward magnetic field, and recovery starts when the magnetic field becomes northward.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science (ISSN 0032-0633); 35; 329-335
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    Statistical properties of magnetic field fluctuations in the distant plasmasheet (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Short (less than 1 min) and long time (greater than 5 min) variations of the plasmasheet magnetic field have been examined during all intervals when ISEE-3 was at distances x less than -200 earth radii. It is determined that short period magnetic turbulence increases by a factor of about 3 with increasing geomagnetic activity, as indicated by AE. In contrast, long period field variations with North-then-South signatures at plasmasheet entry occur about 2.5 times more frequently than South-then-North signatures. This result, combined with other previous ISEE-3 results, is in agreement with the interpretation that the North-South plasmasheet features are plasmoids propagating tailward. However, a statistical examination of the geomagnetic activity relationship indicates that there does not appear to be any substorm dependence on these North-South events.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science (ISSN 0032-0633); 35; 289-293
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    Distant (200-238 earth radii) magnetotail lobe characteristics during quiet solar wind conditions (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Simultaneous ISEE-3 magnetic field and IMP-8 magnetic field and plasma data have been used to investigate the distant tail lobe average properties under quiet solar wind conditions. Under solar wind pressures of not greater than 5 x 10 to the -10th dynes/sq cm, an average tail lobe strength of 7.1 + or - 1.2 nT, and an average plasma beta of 0.3, are found. Results suggest that under quiet solar wind conditions the distant tail lobes are relatively free from plasma and are usually dominated by the magnetic field pressure.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science (ISSN 0032-0633); 35; 285-288
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  • 45
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    The production of O(1S) from dissociative recombination of O2(+) (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The first theoretical calculations of the rate coefficient alpha for dissociative recombination of O2(+) leading to O(1S) are reported for a wide range of temperatures. The findings are discussed in terms of the potential energy curves for the ground state of O2(+) and for the dissociative 1Sigma(u) state calculated here. Values of alpha for the equilibrium case in which the electron and vibrational temperatures are identical are shown.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 327; 408
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    Plume formation in the D-double prime-layer and the roughness of the core-mantle boundary (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A series of very-high-resolution finite element calculations of plume formation in the D-double prime-layer has been performed for several plausible rheologies and boundary conditions in order to study both the early and later stages of boundary layer development. The results show that plumes are initiated by coalescence of small-scale convective instabilities within the low-viscosity region immediately above the core-mantle boundary (CMB). These instabilities support topographic roughness on the CMB having horizontal scales of 20-50 km and provide a source for scattered P-waves seen as precursors to the phases PKIKP and PKKP. The calculated structure of fully developed plumes emerging from the D-double prime-layer consists of 5-50 cm/yr flow confined to 50-100 km thick vertical conduits. With strongly temperature-dependent viscosity, plumes exhibit time-dependent behavior, including upward propagating solitary conduit waves, which may contribute to episodicity in hotspot volcanism.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 327; 409-413
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    Trace gas measurements from tethered balloon platforms (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Instrumentation and chemical sampling and analysis procedures are described for making measurements of atmospheric carbon disulfide in the concentration range 1-1000 pptv from tethered balloon platforms. Results of a study on the CS2 composition of air downward of a saltwater marsh are reported. A method for obtaining the necessary data for solving the budget equations for surface fluxes, chemical formation rates and chemical destruction rates using data acquired from tethered balloon platforms is presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology (ISSN 0739-0572); 4; 227-232
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    General comparison of ozone vertical profiles obtained by various techniques during the 1983 MAP/GLOBUS campaign (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: As part of the 1983 MAP/GLOBUS campaign, atmospheric ozone profile measurements were made using a large variety of different techniques both from balloon platforms and the ground. It is shown that, for most techniques, the measured height distributions agree to within + or - 5 percent with the exception of the remote visible absorption method. This + or - 5 percent uncertainty is of the order of the individual intersystem accuracy. It is suggested that since the differences with the visible absorption method are in magnitude rather than in form, the absorption cross-section data could be the possible cause for the discrepancy.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science (ISSN 0032-0633); 35; 603-607
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    Ozone measurements of the NASA-JSC U.V. photometer during the MAP/GLOBUS campaign of 1983 (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Results of the NASA-JSC UV photometer from flights on large balloons during the MAP/GLOBUS campaing of September 1983 are reported. Profiles obtained on September 14 and 24 agree within uncertainties above a height of 36 mb (about 22.5 km) indicating a degree of stability in the upper stratosphere. Measurements were made during ascent and descent of the first flight, and ascent of the second flight. Because the vertical descent rate of the first flight was five times lower than the ascent rate, more structure was obtained. Float altitudes of 32 km (8.1 mb) for the first flight and 39 km (3.1 mb) for the second flight were attained. Results from the photometer are compared with Nimbus 7 SBUV observations made at the same time. The profiles agree within 10 percent above the partial pressure peak. Above the ozone mixing ratio peak, the UV photometry values are about 1 ppmV lower for the second flight. The SBUV profile peak is 1-2 km higher in altitude than that of the UV photometer. Peak values agree within about 4 percent.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science (ISSN 0032-0633); 35; 587-593
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    Comparison of in situ stratospheric ozone measurements obtained during the MAP/GLOBUS 1983 campaign (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Data from five types of in situ ozone sensors flown aboard ballons during the MAP/GLOBUS 1983 campaign were found to agree to within 5 percent uncertainty throughout the middle atmosphere. A description of the individual techniques and the error budget is given in addition to explanations for the discrepancies found at higher and lower altitudes. In comparison to UV photometry values, results from two electrochemical techniques were found to be greater in the lower atmosphere and to be lower in the upper atmosphere. In general, olefin chemiluminescence results were within 8 percent of the UV photometry results. Ozone column contents measured by the indigo colorization technique for two altitude regions of about 6 km height were greater than measurements from other techniques by 52 and 17 percent, respectively.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science (ISSN 0032-0633); 35; 563-565
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    Analysis and comparison of ozone maps obtained by TOMS and TOVS during the MAP/GLOBUS 1983 campaign (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The Nimbus 7 TOMS (UV) and NOAA 7 and NOAA 8 TOVS (IR) data have been specially processed for the MAP/GLOBUS campaign (September 1983, over Europe). Comparison of the ozone results shows a general agreement but also some discrepancies due to clouds, emissivity of the surface, and latitude effects. The variability of the ozone field, closely linked to geopotential height field, may have induced a great change in total ozone along the balloon flights, but fortunately trajectories tend to lie parallel to the total ozone contours, so that the total ozone during each flight is nearly constant.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science (ISSN 0032-0633); 35; 539-545
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    Tidal influences on vertical diffusion and diurnal variability of ozone in the mesosphere (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Possible dynamical influences on the diurnal behavior of ozone are investigated. A time dependent one-dimensional photochemical model is developed for this purpose; all model calculations are made at 70 deg N during summer. It is shown that the vertical diffusion can vary as much as 1 order of magnitude within a day as a result of large changes in the zonal wind induced by atmospheric thermal tides. It is found that by introducing a dissipation time scale for turbulence produced by breaking gravity waves, the agreement with Poker Flat echo data is improved. Comparisons of results from photochemical model calculations, where the vertical diffusion is a function of height only, with those in which the vertical diffusion coefficient is changing in time show large differences in the diurnal behavior of ozone between 70 and 90 km. By including the dynamical effect, much better agreement with the Solar Mesosphere Explorers data is obtained. The results are, however, sensitive to the background zonally averaged wind. The influence of including time-varying vertical diffusion coefficient on the OH densities is also large, especially between 80 and 90 km. This suggests that dynamical effects are important in determining the diurnal behavior of the airglow emission from the Meinel bands.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 5609-562
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    Equatorial ozone profiles from the ground to 52 km during the Southern Hemisphere autumn (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The results of an ozone measurement campaign conducted at Natal, Brazil from March 25 to April 15, 1985 are reported. Complete profiles of ozone, pressure, and temperature were obtained from the ground to 52 km, and all of the profiles correspond with site overpasses by ozone instruments on NASA and NOAA satellites. The profiles from this measurement series show reasonable agreement with established satellite climatologies. Stratospheric ozone variability was 2 percent or less during the 3 weeks of the measurement campaign, with stratospheric temperature and pressure variabilities half that amount. Low variability at a single location for this period implies comparable uniformity for ozone profiles over a large area around the measurement site. The auxiliary pressure and temperature profiles presented here allow the use of this data set as a transfer standard between satellite instruments with different fundamental ozone measurements. Finally, the low ozone variability in the stratosphere at Natal during this measurement series should provide an opportunity for high-quality intercomparisons of measured and modeled ozone concentrations in the equatorial stratosphere and lower mesosphere as well as a consistency check among satellite ozone measurements.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 5573-558
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    Numerical simulations of magnetospheric plasmas - Review and quadrennial report to the IUGG (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This article provides a broad survey of U.S. progress during the quadrennium 1983-1986 in the category 'numerical simulations of magnetospheric plasmas'. There has been a substantial increase of activity in this area during this period. Simulations have been instrumental in providing valuable insights into large scale dynamic phenomena, nonlinear effects, and complex kinetic phenomena in a wide variety of subject areas, including shocks and double layers, ionosphere-magnetosphere coupling phenomena, and important microphysical processes such as broadband electrostatic noise. The methodology of computer simulation has also been advanced during this quadrennium. Vlasov algorithms have been improved; hybrid codes in 2 and 3D have been developed and applied to magnetospheric problems; and complex problems have been subjected with increasing frequency to a multipronged attack in which several types of simulation models, each designed to accurately model phenomena within a particular range of temporal or spatial scales, are employed synergistically.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics (ISSN 8755-1209); 25; 599-613
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    Dynamics of the middle atmosphere (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Research performed in the U.S. from October 1982 to May 1986 on the middle-atmosphere dynamics is reviewed. The topics discussed include extratropical large- and medium-scale waves and instabilities, gravity waves, tropical motions, and the general circulation. In addition, consideration is given to the studies of atmosphere constituent transport. A number of studies in the latter area have shed light on the specific seasonal behavior of dynamically controlled important constituents in the stratosphere, such as ozone, water vapor, and aerosols.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics (ISSN 8755-1209); 25; 501-507
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    Tail modeling in a stretched magnetosphere. I - Methods and transformations (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A new method is developed for representing the magnetospheric field B as a distorted dipole field. Because Delta-B = 0 must be maintained, such a distortion may be viewed as a transformation of the vector potential A. The simplest form is a one-dimensional 'stretch transformation' along the x axis, concisely represented by the 'stretch function' f(x), which is also a convenient tool for representing features of the substorm cycle. One-dimensional stretch transformations are extended to spherical, cylindrical, and parabolic coordinates and then to arbitrary coordinates. It is shown that distortion transformations can be viewed as mappings of field lines from one pattern to another; the final result only requires knowledge of the field and not of the potentials. General transformations in Cartesian and arbitrary coordinates are derived, and applications to field modeling, field line motion, MHD modeling, and incompressible fluid dynamics are considered.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 4437-444
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    Comment on 'Heavy ozone in the stratosphere' (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: It is suggested that the factor-of-two difference in ozone formation rate constants derived by Bates (1986) can also be explained by the omission of standard correction factors from the rate expression. Proper accounting for the fact that isotope exchange and recombination reactions share a common energized collision complex (which can decay by dissociation to products isotopically distinct from the original reactants) eliminates the anomalous dependence of the rate constant on the isotopic composition of the reactants and products through their symmetry numbers. In a reply, Bates argues that symmetry effects in association do not lead to enhancement of the total heavy ozone abundance.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 14; 91-93; R
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    Structure of a slow mode shock observed in the plasma sheet boundary layer (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A detailed study of the plasma parameters and magnetic field measured using instrumentation aboard ISEE 2 during the recovery phase of a substorm on Apr. 24, 1979, is presented. The purpose of this study was to determine the nature and structure of the lobe-plasma sheet boundary layer. The analysis shows that the lobeward edge of the boundary is consistent with a freestanding slow mode shock. This shock is followed by a slow compression wave containing a trailing ion cyclotron wave which also stands in the flow. Measurement of the cross-tail current in the shock and the current system within the wave gives a shock thickness and wavelength comparable to but larger than both the upstream ion inertial length and the downstream proton gyroradius. Equality of the shock thickness with the standing ion cyclotron wavelength suggests that the steepness of the front is limited by dispersion rather than current-driven anomalous resistivity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 83-94
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  • 59
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    Tectonic motion in the western United States inferred from very long baseline interferometry measurements, 1980-1986 (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Over six years of mobile very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) baseline measurements between 12 sites in the western U.S. were used to infer their velocities relative to the North American plate. These velocities were found to be generally consistent with those determined from geologic data and contemporaneous satellite laser ranging measurements in the same region. The discrepancy between the largest velocities determined from the VLBI measurements of 40-48 mm/yr and the relative plate velocity of 50-56 mm/yr predicted from plate motion models is found to be consistent with a broadened distribution of interseismic strain from cyclic activity on the San Andreas and subsidiary faults. The VLBI data are best explained by a cumulative rate of strike-slip motion near the plate boundary of approximately 48 mm/yr, although exclusion of competing values of 56 and 41 mm/yr is based upon very few data. The rates of offshore fault slip inferred from this study range from about 15 mm/yr in central California to negligible amounts in the San Francisco region. Finite element calculations of multiple fault strain distributions show good agreement with systematic variations in the distribution of shear strain along the San Andreas system, as revealed by previous geodetic measurements.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 14151-14
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  • 60
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    Background stratospheric aerosol reference model (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Nearly global SAGE I satellite observations in the nonvolcanic period from March 1979 to February 1980 are used to produce a reference background stratospheric aerosol optical model. Zonally average profiles of the 1.0-micron aerosol extinction for the tropics, midlatitudes, and high latitudes for both hemispheres are given in graphical and tabulated form for the different seasons. A third order polynomial fit to the vertical profile data set is used to derive analytic expressions for the seasonal global means and the yearly global mean. The results have application to the simulation of atmospheric radiative transfer and radiance calculations in atmospheric remote sensing.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 7; 9, 19
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    Proposed reference models for ozone (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Ozone reference models are proposed here similar to the Keating and Young (1985) models which were prepared for the new COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere. This paper updates tables provided in the Keating and Young ozone model, giving improved monthly zonal mean total column ozone in 10 deg latitude increments, improved monthly zonal mean ozone volume mixing ratios (ppmv) from 20 to 0.003 mb in 10 deg latitude increments, and conversion tables providing ozone vertical structure in other units. Also, a new table is provided giving ozone vertical structure as a function of altitude (from 25 to 80 km), latitude, and month. The models are based on measurements from six contemporary satellite instruments.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 7; 9, 19
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  • 62
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    About a possible reference model for stratospheric NO2 (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: After a brief review of observations of the global distribution of stratospheric NO2, the possibiliy of combining different data sets to construct a NO2 reference model is discussed. It is shown that difficulties mainly arise from the diversity of techniques and variability of NO2 in the stratosphere. The diurnal variation and possibly a long term trend present special problems.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 7; 9, 19
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  • 63
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    Zonal winds between 25 and 120 km obtained from solar occultation spectra (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Zonal winds between altitudes of 25 and 120 km have been obtained from measurements of the Doppler shifts of lines of atmospheric gases in solar occultation spectra collected with the ATMOS spectrometer flown on Spacelab 3. Wind speeds of about 100 m/s near 100 km and 25 to 50 m/s between 25 and 70 km were observed at latitudes near 30 deg N and 50 deg S. The wind speeds were estimated to + or - 5 m/s and positions of the absorption lines relative to the rest frame of the instrument were simultaneously recovered to 5 x 10 to the -5th/cm.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 14; 1266-126
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  • 64
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    Thermal ion complexities observed within the Spacelab 2 bay (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Examples of prominent thermal ion composition variations characteristic of the Shuttle environment as observed from within the open cargo bay on the Spacelab 2 mission are discussed. Although the prominent ionization source is the inflow of the ambient plasma, water ions of Shuttle origin were present throughout the mission, and there was evidence for a local source of molecular ions NO(+) and/or O(2+) which also exist in the ionosphere. Bursts in the fluxes of these contaminant species were frequently observed coincident with thruster firings, while O(+) depletions or enhancements could occur depending on the scattering geometry. These effects bring into question whether reliable ambient thermal ion measurements can be made from the vicinity of such vehicles. The presence of significant inflows of contaminant ions into the bay within the Shuttle wake also indicates that Shuttle emissions play a significant role in the evolution of its wake structure.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science (ISSN 0032-0633); 35; 1463-146
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  • 65
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    Equipotential transformation of multipole systems to dipole systems (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The vector sum of fields produced by a set of magnetic dipoles with different magnetic moments that are both tilted from the planetary spin axis and offset from the planetary center by different amounts can be used to completely represent a planetary magnetic field in the conventional form of spherical harmonic expansion. The scalar equipotential transformation analytically results in 24 equations that may subsequently be solved for the 24 adjustable parameters in dipole systems with the predetermined main dipole. Attention is given to this method's application to the Jovian magnetic field.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Proceedings, Series A - Mathematical and Physical Sciences (ISSN 0080-4630); 414; 1847,; 359-369
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    The theory of ionospheric focused heating (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Ionospheric modification by high power radio waves and by chemical releases are combined in a theoretical study of ionospheric focused heating. The release of materials which promote electron-ion recombination creates a hole in the bottomside ionosphere. The ionospheric hole focuses high power radio waves from a ground-based transmitter to give a 20 dB or greater enhancement in power density. The intense radio beam excites atomic oxygen by collisions with accelerated electrons. Airglow from the excited oxygen provides a visible trace of the focused beam. The large increase in the intensity of the radio beam stimulates new wave-plasma interactions. Numerical simulations show that the threshold for the two-plasmon decay instability is exceeded. The interaction of the pump electromagnetic wave with the backward plasmon produces a scattered electromagnetic wave at 3/2 the pump frequency. The scattered wave provides a unique signature of the two-plasmon decay process for ground-based detection.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics (ISSN 0021-9169); 49; 1107-111
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  • 67
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    The field-aligned flow approximation for electrons within layers possessing a normal mass flux - A corollary to the deHoffmann-Teller theorem (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: In this paper, an approximate extension of the deHoffmann-Teller (1950) theorem for electrons within layers possessing a normal mass flux is derived. It is shown that the deHoffmann-Teller frame electron bulk velocity is nearly parallel to the magnetic field everywhere through those one-dimensional time-stationary layers which possess a normal mass flux, even though electric field perpendicular to the magnetic field exists throughout such layers. Examples of layers of this class are the fast and slow shocks as well as rotational discontinuities.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 13447-13
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  • 68
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    Molecular line parameters for the atmospheric trace molecule spectroscopy experiment (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: During its first mission in 1985 onboard Spacelab 3, the ATMOS (atmospheric trace molecule spectroscopy) instrument, a high speed Fourier transform spectrometer, produced a large number of high resolution infrared solar absorption spectra recorded in the occultation mode. The analysis and interpretation of these data in terms of composition, chemistry, and dynamics of the earth's upper atmosphere required good knowledge of the molecular line parameters for those species giving rise to the absorptions in the atmospheric spectra. This paper describes the spectroscopic line parameter database compiled for the ATMOS experiment and referenced in other papers describing ATMOS results. With over 400,000 entries, the linelist catalogs parameters of 46 minor and trace species in the 1-10,000/cm region.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 26; 5154-518
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  • 69
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    Solar proton events as tests for the fidelity of middle atmosphere models (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Ozone depletions associated with solar proton events have now been observed in nine events: November 1969, January and September 1971, August 1972, June and August 1979, October 1981, and July and December 1982. Since the proton fluxes during these events are fairly well known from satellite observations, modelers have been able to compare model predictions with observations of ozone behavior during these events to test the validity of atmospheric photochemical models. Ozone decreases initially follow approximately their theoretically predicted behavior below about 45 km (where NOx is thought to cause the ozone decrease), but after about two weeks the observed decrease appears to be larger than the computed decrease. Above 45 km, where HOx is thought to cause the ozone decrease, the picture of model validity is not as clear. The observed ozone decreases between about 45 and 60 km are substantially more than that predicted by present photochemical models while between about 60 and 85 km the observed ozone decrease is approximately equal to that predicted.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Physica Scripta (ISSN 0281-1847); T18; 309-316
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  • 70
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    Electrodynamic effects of thermospheric winds from the NCAR thermospheric general circulation model (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Electrodynamic effects of thermospheric winds simulated with the NCAR thermospheric general circulation model (TGCM) were modeled and compared with observations for equinox solar minimum conditions. Two TGCM wind simulations were used: one driven only by in situ solar UV heating, the other also including lower boundary forcing that mimics the effects of upward propagating semidiurnal tides. It was found that, without tidal forcing, the TGCM winds produce ground magnetic variations that have the general pattern of observed Sq variations, but are only about half as strong. The addition of tidal forcing improved the agreement between calculated and observed magnetic variations and between calculated and observed electric fields.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 12365-12
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    Current to the ionosphere following a lightning stroke (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A simple analytical expression for calculating the total current waveform to the ionosphere after a lightning stroke is derived. The validity of this expression is demonstrated by comparison with a more rigorous computer solution of Maxwell's equations. The analytic model demonstrates that the temporal variation of the current induced in the ionosphere and global circuit and the corresponding return current in the earth depends on the conductivity profile at intervening altitudes in the middle atmosphere. A conclusion is that capacitative coupling may provide tighter coupling between the lower atmosphere and the ionosphere than usually considered, in both directions, which may help to explain observations which seem to indicate that magnetospheric phenomena may in some instances trigger lightning.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 329; 814-816
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  • 72
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    Do slow orbital periodicities appear in the record of earth's magnetic reversals? (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Time-series spectral analysis has been performed on the dates of geomagnetic reversals of the last 20 Myr BP and earlier. Possible evidence is found from the presence of high spectral peaks for two very long periodicities, 0.4 Myr and 1.3 Myr, that may be associated with slow variations of the earth's orbital eccentricity as predicted by Berger. However, statistical significance tests and a number of other arguments do not confirm the two detections.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 14; 1087-109
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  • 73
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    Electrical conductivity of (Mg,Fe)SiO3 Perovskite and a Perovskite-dominated assemblage at lower mantle conditions (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Electrical conductivity measurements of Perovskite and a Perovskite-dominated assemblage synthesized from pyroxene and olivine demonstrate that these high-pressure phases are insulating to pressures of 82 GPa and temperatures of 4500 K. Assuming an anhydrous upper mantle composition, the result provides an upper bound of 0.01 S/m for the electrical conductivity of the lower mantle between depths of 700 and 1900 km. This is 2 to 4 orders of magnitude lower than previous estimates of lower-mantle conductivity derived from studies of geomagnetic secular variations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 14; 1075-107
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  • 74
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    Marine magnetic anomalies - The origin of the stripes (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The results of recent observational and theoretical investigations of lineated magnetic anomalies on the ocean floor are summarized in tables, graphs, and diagrams and analyzed. Topics addressed include early lineation models, inversions of magnetic anomalies to obtain source functions, deep-tow studies of magnetic anomalies, evidence from the long-wavelength component of the magnetic field (including Magsat observations), and direct measurements of the magnetic properties of oceanic rocks. It is concluded that the source of the lineated anomalies must reside in most of the oceanic crust, not just in the pillow lavas of layer 2A.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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    Criteria of interplanetary parameters causing intense magnetic storms (Dst of less than -100 nT) (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An analysis of ISEE-3 field and plasma data shows that 10 intense magnetic storms that occurred in 1979 were caused by long-duration, large-amplitude (13-30 nT) and negative (less than -10 nT) IMF Bz events associated with interplanetary duskward-electric fields of greater than 5 mV/m. The results suggest that these criteria may be used as predictors of intense storms. A study of opposite polarity (northward) Bz events with the same criteria shows that their occurrence is similar both in number and in their relationship to interplanetary disturbances. The amplitudes of the storms were not found to vary with shock strengths.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science (ISSN 0032-0633); 35; 1101-110
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  • 76
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    Analysis of the effects of zonal averaging on reaction rate calculations in two-dimensional atmospheric models (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The usual assumption by which chemical reaction rates are calculated in two-dimensional atmospheric models is by using a product of zonal means of rate coefficients and constituent concentrations rather than the rigorous zonal mean of the corresponding products. This assumption has been tested for the reactions O + NO2 yields NO + O2 and NO + O3 yields NO2 + O2 using mapped limb infrared monitor of the stratosphere data from the Nimbus 7 satellite and found to be quite satisfactory for winter 1979 at 60 deg N in the upper stratosphere. Relative differences between the two-dimensional averaged rate and the more rigorous rate, calculated from the full, longitudinally varying temperatures and mixing ratios, were small (usually below 5 percent) and exceeded 15 percent only during times of strong dynamical activity. At those times or locations where stratospheric circulation is primarily zonal, the two averages agreed to within a few percent.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 11965-11
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  • 77
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    Concentrations of ethane (C2H6) in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere and acetylene (C2H2) in the upper troposphere deduced from Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy/Spacelab 3 spectra (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This paper reports the results of the spectroscopic analysis of C2H6 and C2H2 absorption spectra obtained by the Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS) instrument flown on the Shuttle as part of the Spacelab 3 mission. The spectra were recorded during sunset occultations occurring between 25 deg N and 31 deg N latitudes, yielding volume-mixing ratio profiles of C2H6 in the lower stratosphere and the upper troposphere, and an upper tropospheric profile of C2H2. These results compare well with previous in situ and remote sounding data obtained at similar latitudes and with model calculations. The results demonstrate the feasibility of the ATMOS instrument to sound the lower atmosphere from space.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 11951-11
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  • 78
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    Sensitivity studies and a simple ozone perturbation experiment with a truncated two-dimensional model of the stratosphere (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The 1-1/2-D model of Holton (1986), which is actually a highly truncated two-dimensional model, describes latitudinal variations of tracer mixing ratios in terms of their projections onto second-order Legendre polynomials. The present study extends the work of Holton by including tracers with photochemical production in the stratosphere (O3 and NOy). It also includes latitudinal variations in the photochemical sources and sinks, improving slightly the calculated global mean profiles for the long-lived tracers studied by Holton and improving substantially the latitudinal behavior of ozone. Sensitivity tests of the dynamical parameters in the model are performed, showing that the response of the model to changes in vertical residual meridional winds and horizontal diffusion coefficients is similar to that of a full two-dimensional model. A simple ozone perturbation experiment shows the model's ability to reproduce large-scale latitudinal variations in total ozone column depletions as well as ozone changes in the chemically controlled upper stratosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 11909-11
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    Simultaneous in situ measurements and diurnal variations of NO, NO2, O3, jNO2, CH4, H2O, and CO2 in the 40- to 26-km region using an open path tunable diode laser spectrometer (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Simultaneous in situ measurements of temperature, pressure, and the NO, NO2, O3, jNO2, CH4, H2O, and CO2 concentrations were conducted in the 40- to 26-km region of the stratosphere using the JPL Balloon-borne Laser In Situ Sensor, a tunable diode laser absorption spectrometer. The NO, NO2, CH4, H2O, and CO2 concentration measurements generally show good agreement with previous observations, with a tendency for somewhat lower NO2 amounts. Measured O3 concentrations at 38 km agree well with comparable measurements from in situ UV photometers, but at 28 km they are lower by about 10 percent and agree more closely with the solar backscattered UV data. A decline was found in NO2 during the night over a 5-km altitude range, which implies either lower NO2 postsunset profiles, or an NO2 decay rate that is significantly higher than current model predictions that use N2O5 chemistry.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 11931-11
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    SAGE II aerosol extinction and scattering data from balloon-borne photography (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Earth limb radiance and extinction near sunset have been observed from a balloon-borne gondola nearly simultaneously and on air masses close to those probed by the SAGE II instrumentation on April 22, 1985. The results show the importance of accuracy of the altitude determination on the aerosol measurements. They indicate an important altitude dependence of the stratospheric aerosol granulometry in agreement with SAGE II results.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 7; 3, 19
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  • 81
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    Ozone and the stratosphere (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: It is shown that the stratospheric ozone is effective in absorbing almost all radiation below 300 nm at heights below 300 km. The distribution of global ozone in the troposphere and the lower stratosphere, and the latitudinal variations of the total ozone column over four seasons are considered. The theory of the ozone layer production is discussed together with catalytic reactions for ozone loss and the mechanisms of ozone transport. Special attention is given to the anthropogenic perturbations, such as SST exhaust gases and freon gas from aerosol cans and refrigerators, that may cause an extensive destruction of the stratospheric ozone layer and thus have a profound impact on the world climate and on life.
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    A model of ocean basin crustal magnetization appropriate for satellite elevation anomalies (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A model of ocean basin crustal magnetization measured at satellite altitudes is developed which will serve both as background to which anomalous magnetizations can be contrasted and as a beginning point for studies of tectonic modification of normal ocean crust. The model is based on published data concerned with the petrology and magnetization of the ocean crust and consists of viscous magnetization and induced magnetization estimated for individual crustal layers. Thermal remanent magnetization and chemical remanent magnetization are excluded from the model because seafloor spreading anomalies are too short in wavelength to be resolved at satellite altitudes. The exception to this generalization is found at the oceanic magnetic quiet zones where thermal remanent magnetization and chemical remanent magnetization must be considered along with viscous magnetization and induced magnetization.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 11609-11
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    Crustal deformation in Great California Earthquake cycles (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A model in which coupling is described approximately through a generalized Elsasser model is proposed for computation of the periodic crustal deformation associated with repeated strike-slip earthquakes. The model is found to provide a more realistic physical description of tectonic loading than do simpler kinematic models. Parameters are chosen to model the 1857 and 1906 San Andreas ruptures, and predictions are found to be consistent with data on variations of contemporary surface strain and displacement rates as a function of distance from the 1857 and 1906 rupture traces. Results indicate that the asthenosphere appropriate to describe crustal deformation on the earthquake cycle time scale lies in the lower crust and perhaps the crust-mantle transition zone.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 11533-11
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    Highly relativistic magnetospheric electrons - A role in coupling to the middle atmosphere? (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Twenty-seven-day periodic enhancements of the relativistic electrons are observed in association with concurrently measured solar wind streams, and a numerical transport code is used to investigate the coupling of these high-energy electrons to earth's upper and middle atmosphere. When precipitated, these electrons are found to show a large energy deposition at 40-60 km altitude which is 3-4 orders of magnitude greater than the galactic cosmic ray or solar EUV energy deposition at these altitudes. It is suggested that this electron population could play a role in coupling solar wind and magnetospheric variability to the middle atmosphere through a modulating effect on lower D-region ionization and possibly on upper level ozone chemistry.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 14; 1027-103
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    Hemispheric differences in the morphology of the high latitude ionosphere measured at about 500 km (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Ambient electron density measurements made by the radio frequency capacitance probe on Ariel 4 have been analyzed in order to study the structures present at about 500 km altitude at latitudes poleward of + or - 50 deg Lambda during the 1971 Northern Hemisphere winter (December solstice) and the 1972 Southern Hemisphere winter (June solstice); data obtained on 94 days centered on each solstice have been used. The general morphology of, and the extreme densities within, the midlatitude electron density trough, the polar cap depletions, and the electron density enhancements associated with the cusp-auroral zone were determined statistically. Analyses of data acquired during quiet magnetic conditions show that the Northern and Southern Hemisphere winter ionospheres were significantly different; in particular, the Southern Hemisphere densities were lower than those in the Northern Hemisphere. The maximum electron densities observed in the Northern Hemisphere occurred in a magnetic-local-time range symmetrical about the 02-14 MLT meridian, whereas in the Southern Hemisphere the maxima were symmetrical with respect to the midnight-noon magnetic meridian.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science (ISSN 0032-0633); 35; 821-826
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  • 86
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    NO2/NO partitioning as a test of stratospheric ClO concentrations over Antarctica (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Physical conditions in the 10-20 km region of the Antarctic stratosphere make the (NO2)/(NO) ratio particularly sensitive to high chlorine levels in the form of ClO. According to simple known photochemical relationships between NO2, NO, ClO, and O3, high ClO levels of 1 ppbv over Antarctica must be accompanied by large values of the (NO2)/(NO) ratio. At high ClO abundances, the (NO2)/(NO) ratio is approximately proportional to the ClO concentration. It is proposed that in-situ measurements of the (NO2)/(NO) ratio could be used to test the high chlorine hypothesis.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 14; 704-706
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  • 87
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    TOMS observations of total ozone in the 1986 Antarctic spring (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Total ozone measurements by the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) aboard the Nimbus 7 satellite show the reappearance in 1986 of the extreme springtime Antarctic ozone minimum during September and October.The minimum total ozone amounts descended to 156 Dobson Units; the minimum October average of 185 DU was 27 DU higher than the corresponding average in 1985 and 5 DU less than the 1984 average. This behavior indicates a pause in the downward trend of recent years.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 14; 527-530
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  • 88
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    Modeling of the magnetosphere (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The derivation of the magnetosphere configuration is discussed, with consideration given to both descriptive models, which represent the observed magnetic field B and perhaps the electric field E, and physical models, which also include plasma effects. Consideration is given to global field models, static physical magnetohydrostatic models, slowly variable E, and MHD tail models, and to the type of data used for their derivation. It is emphasized that the current trend in derivation of magnetospheric models is for incorporating more physics( e.g., V x B) to match regions of observed current flow, plasma pressure obeying equilibrium conditions, E linked to interplanetary sources, and time-dependent convective flows.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics (ISSN 8755-1209); 25; 523-527
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  • 89
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    Empirical high-latitude electric field models (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The present analysis of electric field measurements from the Dynamics Explorer 2 satellite, which extends previous empirical models, emcompasses much data from polar crossings entering and exiting the high latitudes in all magnetic local time zones. The goal is to represent the typical distributions of convective electric fields with a minimum number of characteristic patterns. Significant large-scale revisions of the OGO 6 dawn-dusk measurement models are made. The deformations of the two-cell patterns lead to sunward convection in dayside polar regions, while maintaining the integrity of the nightside convection pattern.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 4467-448
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  • 90
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    Geomagnetic field-line resonant harmonics measured by the Viking and AMPTE/CCE magnetic field experiments (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The first simultaneous observations of multiple harmonic, azimuthally polarized, ULF pulsations at two points along a geomagnetic flux tube in space are reported. In March 1986, the elliptically orbiting equatorial AMPTE/CCE satellite was oriented with the apogee near 0830 h MLT, and the orbital plane of the polar-orbiting Viking satellite was at 1000 MLT. The satellites were situated within approximately the same flux tube but with an effective separation of approximately 10 R(e) near L = 8 on the inbound pass of the AMPTE/CCE orbit. Structured harmonic pulsations were observed by the magnetic field experiments on both spacecraft, and they appeared to turn off and on simultaneously at both locations. Both the observations and the relative amplitudes along the magnetic field lines support recent ideas of multiple field-line resonances of Alfven waves.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 14; 427-430
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  • 91
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    Thermal ion perturbations observed in the vicinity of the Space Shuttle (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Thermal ion characteristics in the vicinity of the Space Shuttle, derived from RF spectrometer measurements of the Plasma Diagnostic Package (PDP) flown aboard Spacelab 2, are discussed. During the Reaction Control System firings, short pulses of enhanced ion fluxes of NO(+), O2(+), and H2O(+) were detected in the near wake within and in near proximity to the open payload. During the release of the PDP as a free flying satellite, the spin modulation of the ion fluxes in the ion spectrometer indicated the presence of plasma streams of O(+) and H2O(+) which were separated in direction by as much as 77 deg. It is concluded that the presence of contaminant NO and O2(+) ions makes the near environment of the Shuttle an unsuitable place for obtaining accurate ambient ion concentration measurements.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science (ISSN 0032-0633); 35; 501-513
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  • 92
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    Observations of large-scale Birkeland currents with Viking (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Data from the Viking Magnetic Field Experiment and Hot Plasma Experiment acquired on March 25, 1986 are analyzed. The large-scale region 1 and region 2 Birkeland current systems (with densities of about 0.1 microA/sq m) were readily identified in the morning sector at altitudes of 12,500 to 13,000 km. Embedded in the large-scale region 1 system are small-scale intense currents that are not necessarily aligned in the east-west geomagnetic direction. The major carriers of the large-scale region 1 Birkeland currents appear to be upward-flowing electrons with energies below 10 eV. Embedded within this flux can be spatially limited regions of 'hotter' electron fluxes that carry small-scale currents. The correlation of magnetic and particle observations obtained here supports previous suggestions that the region 1 currents in the morning sector have their source in the boundary layer and that the region 2 currents are associated with the plasma sheet.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 14; 419-422
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  • 93
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    Field-aligned currents associated with substorms in the vicinity of synchronous orbit. I - The July 5, 1979, substorm observed by SCATHA, GOES 3, and GOES 2 (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Magnetic field topology and field-aligned current signatures in the vicinity of synchronous orbit are examined for a substorm on July 5, 1979. Changes from taillike to dipolar field geometry propagate earthward near the midnight meridian during the substorm. The major field-aligned currents producing a negative D perturbation at and around synchronous orbit are downward currents flowing into the auroral ionosphere on L shells greater than the synchronous spacecraft L shell. Although these currents are located initially on higher L shells, they shift toward the lower L shells as the change from taillike to dipolar fields propagates earthward. There may exist upward field-aligned currents located on smaller L shells in the limited longitudinal region near the meridian where mid-latitude D perturbations change their sign.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 2425-243
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  • 94
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    Correlations between ozone and carbon monoxide in the lower stratosphere, folded tropopause, and maritime troposphere (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The variations of ozone and carbon monoxide with respect to the atmospheric flow structure are investigated for two aircraft flights: one in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere over the continental United States on April 20, 1984, and the other in the marine troposphere over the eastern Pacific on April 26, 1984. The high frequency (1 Hz) and precision of the measurements allow detailed analysis of the species distribution down to length scales of the order of 1 km. Correlations between the two species are made on large, medium, and small scales of motion, and the results are interpreted. In general, the correlations are negative with some regions of positive correlation. The interpretation of these results is discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 2121-213
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  • 95
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    Tropopause fold structure determined from airborne lidar and in situ measurements (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Airborne differential absorption lidar and in situ data obtained during the April 20, 1984 flight experiment conducted over Nevada and California are analyzed. The O3 and aerosols profiles and in situ measurements reveal a 2.0-km-deep layer (with high O3 concentrations and enhanced aerosol backscattering) and a correlation of 0.8 between O3 and aerosol backscatter (with both values decreasing about 25 percent along the central axis of the fold). It is observed that the cold boundary of the fold has weaker gradients, larger-scale undulations, and more irregularity than the warm boundary. The potential vorticity distribution along the flight path was derived from radiosonde data. A positive correlation between the O3 mixing ratio and the potential vorticity values in the fold is detected; the average ratio between O3 and potential vorticity is 50.2 ppbv/10 to the -5th sq cm deg per g s.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 2112-212
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  • 96
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    OH measurement near the intertropical convergence zone in the Pacific (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Airborne measurements of OH were made near the Intertropical Convergence Zone in the Pacific, and the averaged results for each data run were compared with those calculated from a photochemical model. The measured OH concentrations were found to vary along the flight path. Possible causes for the observed variations are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 2020-202
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  • 97
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    Airborne intercomparisons of carbon monoxide measurement techniques (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Results from an airborne intercomparison of techniques to measure tropospheric levels of carbon monoxide (CO) are discussed. The intercomparison was conducted as part of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Global Tropospheric Experiment and included a laser differential absorption method and two grab sample/gas chromatograph methods. Measurements were obtained during approximately 90 flight hours, during which the CO mixing ratios ranged from about 60 to 140 ppbv. The level of agreement observed for the ensemble of measurements was well within the overall accuracy stated for each instrument. The correlation observed between the measurements from the respective pairs of instruments ranged from 0.85 to 0.98, with no evidence for the presence of either a constant or proportional bias between any of the instruments.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 2009-201
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  • 98
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    Numerical advection algorithms and their role in atmospheric transport and chemistry models (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: During the last 35 years, well over 100 algorithms for modeling advection processes have been described and tested. This review summarizes the development and improvements that have taken place. The nature of the errors caused by numerical approximation to the advection equation are highlighted. Then the particular devices that have been proposed to remedy these errors are discussed. The extensive literature comparing transport algorithms is reviewed. Although there is no clear cut 'best' algorithm, several conclusions can be made. Spectral and pseudospectral techniques consistently provide the highest degree of accuracy, but expense and difficulties assuring positive mixing ratios are serious drawbacks. Schemes which consider fluid slabs bounded by grid points (volume schemes), rather than the simple specification of constituent values at the grid points, provide accurate positive definite results.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics (ISSN 8755-1209); 25; 71-100
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  • 99
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    Measurement of methane and other light hydrocarbons in the troposphere and lower stratosphere (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The volume mixing ratios of methane, acetylene, ethane, and propane were measured in the troposphere and stratosphere on April 5, 1984, at 33 deg N, over New Mexico, using the technique of grab sampling by evacuated spheres on a balloon platform. Tropospheric volume mixing ratios were CH4, 1.59 ppm; C2H2, 358 ppt (parts per trillion); C2H6, 365 ppt; and C3H8, 1440 ppt. In the stratosphere, acetylene was 60 ppt. For ethane and propane the mixing ratios at 11.6 km were 441 ppt and 84 ppt, respectively.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 3135-313
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  • 100
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    A study of global ozone transport and the role of planetary waves using satellite data (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Global ozone fluxes and flux divergences within the region between 30 and 0.4 mbar are computed for the period from December 1, 1978, to November 30, 1979, using Nimbus 7 solar backscattered ultraviolet ozone profiles and meteorological data derived from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration satellites. The annual cycle of ozone transports in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres is presented and discussed. It is found that planetary scale waves are responsible for initiating the high-latitude ozone buildup in winter. The time of occurrence and the position of the annual maximum ozone are found to be closely related to the planetary wave activity in both hemispheres.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 2081-209
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