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  • Springer  (53,560)
  • 1985-1989  (53,560)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1987  (53,560)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Auf der Insel Negros, Philippinen, wurde ein aus Bambus gebautes Bauernhaus entdeckt, das mindestens 84 Kolonien von stachellosen Bienen beherbergte, und zwar der beiden ArtenTrigona (Tetragonula) fuscobalteata undT. (Tetragonula) sapiens in einem Verhältnis von ungefähr 3∶1. Die Nester waren in Bambussegmenten, je mit einem Rauminhalt von 0,7–3,0 1. Die Neststruktur entspricht generell dem Typus der Unterfamilie. Die Flugröhre ist einfach und nicht besonders lang. Die Röhrenöffnung ist beiT. sapiens länger und enger als beiT. fuscobalteata, obwohlT. sapiens einen breiteren Kopf besitzt. Die Brutzellen sind nicht in Waben angeordnet, sondern bilden traubenförmige Haufen. Sie sind auch nicht von einem Involucrum umgegeben. Es gibt Hinweise, daß stachellosen Bienen in trockenen Gebieten der Philippinen häufiger vorkommen.
    Notes: Summary A bamboo farmhouse on Negros island, Philippines harbored at least 84 colonies ofTrigona (Tetragonula) fuscobalteata andT. (Tetragonula) sapiens in a ratio of about 3∶1. Nests were in bamboo stem cavities of 0.7–3.0 1 volume. In neither species does The nest show specialized features relative to the subfamily. The entrance tube is simple and of medium length. The tube aperture is longer and narrower inT. sapiens thanT. fuscobalteata, although the former species has a greater head-width. Brood-cells are arranged in clusters, not in organized combs, and are not surrounded by an involucrum. p There is some indication that within the Philippines stingless bees are more abundant in drier areas.
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  • 2
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    Insectes sociaux 34 (1987), S. 118-130 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume L'influence de la taille des ouvrières et du comportement coopératif sur l'activité de récolte a été analysé chez 4 fourmis communes de prairie de la zone tempérée nordaméricaine:Lasius neoniger, Formica schaufussi, Myrmica americana, etMonomorium minimum. Les niches de ces espèces se recouvrent au niveau de la taille de leurs proies (arthropodes) et de leur activité temporelle de récolte. Les arthropodes sont ramenés par des fourrageuses solitaires ou par des groupes d'ouvrières qui coopèrent. Les espèces diffèrent par les proportions de proies ramenées suivant l'une ou l'autre méthode. Dans le cas du transport solitaire, la taille des proies est corrélée à celle des fourrageuses, mais cette corrélation disparaît dans le cas du transport coopératif. Enfin, il est discuté les différentes stratégies sociales de fourragement et l'évolution de la taille des ouvrières.
    Notes: Summary The common North Temperate open-field antsLasius neoniger, Formica schaufussi, Myrmica americana, andMonomorium minimum overlap temporally in foraging activity as well as in the sizes of arthropod prey in their diets. Arthropod prey were taken by both individual workers and cooperative worker groups, and species differed in the proportion of prey in the diet retrieved by each method. Although prey size was significantly correlated with worker size for individually retrieved prey, when cooperative foraging was considered worker size did not serve as a consistent predictor of prey choice. Contrasting social strategies of foraging and the evolution of worker body size differences are discussed.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume L'électrophorèse en gel d'amidon de 8 enzymes codées par différents loci a permis de déduire, chez l'Abeille primitivement eusocialeDialictus zephyrus, les génotypes de 31 fondatrices, apparemment solitaires, et de leur couvain de première génération. 13% des sociétés renfermaient une descendance provenant de plus d'une femelle et 23% la descendance soit de plus d'une femelle, soit d'une seule femelle fécondée à deux reprises. Ainsi, un total de 36% des sociétés apparemment fondées par une femelle unique contenaient des descendants de première génération qui ne pouvaient provenir d'une femelle, fécondée une fois pour toutes.
    Notes: Summary Genotypes for 31 apparent, single foundresses and their first generation brood in the primitively eusocial sweat beeDialictus zephyrus were inferred from starch-gel electrophoresis of 8 enzyme coding loci. Thirteen percent of the colonies contained the progeny of more than one female, and an additional twenty-three percent contained the progeny of either more than one female or a single, twice-mated female. Thus a total of thirty-six percent of colonies apparently founded by a single female contained first generation brood which were not the progeny of one, singly-mated female.
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  • 4
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    Insectes sociaux 34 (1987), S. 229-235 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Les ouvriers affamés deCoptotermes formosanus prennent l'initiative des échanges trophallactiques avec les soldats, quel que soit l'état nutritionnel de ceux-ci. Les soldats affamés ne sollicitent pas de nourriture des ouvriers, et ne sont pas nourris par eux quand ces ouvriers sont alimentés préalablement. Les résultats de laboratoire suggèrent que l'échange ouvrier-soldat est un comportement toujours initié par l'ouvrier et indépendant de létat nutrionnel du soldat.
    Notes: Summary Starved workers of the Formosan subterranean termite,Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, initiated trophallactic exchanges with soldiers regardless of soldier nutritional status. Starved soldiers did not solicit food from workers and were not fed when workers had been fed previously. The laboratory results suggest that worker-soldier trophallactic exchange is a worker-initiated behavior and essentially independent of the nutritional state of the soldier.
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  • 5
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    Insectes sociaux 34 (1987), S. 252-260 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Geschlechtsphromone wurden bei sechs japanischenVespa-Arten in Laborversuchen nachgewiesen, wobei sowohl intakte Königinnen wie auch deren Atherextrakte getestet wurden. Eine deutliche interspezifische Wirksamkeit der Pheromone wurde bei allen paarweisen Kombinationen zwischen fünf der sechs sympatrischen rten gefunden, und zwar beiV. analis, V. mandarina, V. tropica, V. simillima xanthoptera undV. crabro.
    Notes: Summary The presence of sex pheromones in six Japanese species of the genusVespa was demonstrated by laboratory assyas using intact queens and their ether extracts. Clear interspecific cross-activities of the pheromones was found for all pairwise combinations between five of the six sympatric species,V. analis, V. mandarinia, V. tropica, V. simillima xanthoptera andV. crabro.
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  • 6
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    Insectes sociaux 34 (1987), S. 136-141 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Afin de déterminer le rôle de l'expérience sociale précoce sur l'ontogenèse de la reconnaissance des cocons par une espèce esclave de fourmi, des expériences de laboratoire ont été réalisées surFormica cunicularia, une espèce communément esclave deFormica sanguinea. Dans un test de choix, des ouvrières adultes deF. cunicularia provenant d'une colonie pure soignèrent uniquement des cocons homospécifiques, tandis qu'elles détruisirent les cocons hétérospécifiques, non familiers (F. sanguinea etF. lugubris). Après quoi, 3 groupes de colonies artificielles ont été constitués avec de jeunes ouvrières deF. cunicularia de même âge, retirées expérimentalement de leurs cocons. Après une période d'entraînement de quinze jours avec des cocons homospécifiques (groupe C), des cocons deF. sanguinea (groupe T), on en l'absence de tout cocon (groupe I), ces ouvrières furent soumises à un test de choix entre des cocons deF. cunicularia et deF. sanguinea. Le choix des ouvrières des groupes C et T fut toujours en faveur des cocons auxquels elles avaient été familiarisées au cours de la période d'entraînement. En outre, la privation des cocons rompit la discrimination des cocons et l'aptitude aux soins des fourmis du groupe I. Sur la base de ces données et de celles que nous avons obtenues récemment sur la reconnaissance des partenaires du nid chez la même espèce, nous pouvons soutenir que l'expérience sociale suivant immédiatement l'éclosion chez l'ouvrière deF. cunicularia peut expliquer son esclavage dans la nature et, par conséquent, l'altruisme interspécifique de cet hôte à l'égard de son parasite.
    Notes: Summary In order to determine the role of early social experience on the ontogeny of cocoon recognition by a slave-ant species, laboratory experiments were carried out inFormica cunicularia, a common slave ofFormica sanguinea. In a choice-test, adultF. cunicularia workers coming from a pure colony tended only the homospecific cocoons, whereas destroyed the heterospecific unfamiliar ones (F. sanguinea andF. lugubris). Subsequently, 3 groups of artificial colonies were set up with callowF. cunicularia workers of the same age experimentally removed from their cocoons. After a 15-day training period with homospecific cocoons (group C),F. sanguinea cocoons (group T), or in absence of any cocoons (group I), these workers were given a choice-test betweenF. cunicularia andF. sanguinea cocoons. The choice of the workers belonging to groups C and T was always directed towards the cocoons with which workers had become familiar during the training period. Moreover, early deprivation of cocoons disrupted the cocoon discrimination and care ability of ants belonging to group I. On the basis of these data and those recently obtained by us on nestmate recognition in the same species, we can assume that social experience immediately following eclosion ofF. cunicularia workers can fully explain their enslavement in nature and, therefore, the interspecific altruism of this host species towards the parasite.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Les populations des nids croissent rapidement dans la phase juvénile, puis deviennent stables à maturité. Les relations entre les paramètres de la population, et les poids de la reine et des meules à champignons, sont approximativement linéaires pour tous les composants, les soldats et les présoldats exceptés. Les relations entre les paramètres des nids et leurs populations sont approximativement linéaires. Par conséquent, on peut estimer les populations des termites à partir des études de ces paramètres et densités de nids.
    Notes: Summary Nest populations grow rapidly while the nest is young, then stabilise to a fairly constant level in maturity. Relationships between population parameters, queen's weight and fungus comb weight are all approximately linear, with the exception of soldier and presoldiers numbers. Relationships between mound parameters and nest population are approximately linear, so that data from surveys of mound size and density can be used to estimate termite populations.
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  • 8
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    Insectes sociaux 34 (1987), S. 194-203 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume La sex-ratio de l'investissement reproductif (SRI) ou la fréquence de l'investissement mâle (IFS) ont été évaluées au niveau de la population et des colonies dans des populations des fourmisL. alienus, L. niger et leurs hybrides. Une plus grande similarité a été notée entre l'IFS correspondant àL. alienus et aux hybrides qu'entre ces derniers et l'IFS deL. niger. Ceci a été étudié en rapport avec la compatibilkités de cette information avec des prédictions reposant sur la caste et le conflit intra- (dans le cas des ouvrières) et inter-castes comme déterminants de IF. Une évaluation de la relation des ouvrières entre elles à l'inteérieur d'une même colonie dans une population de fourmisL. alienus a été significativement supérieure à zéro. Bien qu'étant en accord avec la structure monogyne attribuée à cette espèce les limites de confiance au seuil de 95% du degré de relation pourrait aussi correspondre à un certain degré de polygynie et/ou de fécondation multiple.
    Notes: Summary The sex ratio of investment (SRI) or male investment frequencies (IFs) were estimated at the population and colony level in populations ofL. alienus, L. niger and their hybrids. More simlarity betweenL. alienus IFs and the hybrid IFs than between compatibility of these data with predictions dependent on the caste or intra (in the instance of workers) and inter caste conflict as determinants of the IF. An estimate of intra colonial, worker relatedness in aL. alienus population was significantly greater than zero. Whilst being consistent with the monogynous structure attributed to this species the 95% confidence limits of the relatedness value would also accommodate a degree of polygyny and/or multipe mating.
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  • 9
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    Insectes sociaux 34 (1987), S. 181-193 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume La présence simultanée de plusieurs reines d'abeilles vierges, hors de leurs cellules, est empêchée, dans la période précédant l'essaimage, par un retar de l'émergence de toutes les reines, sauf une. De cette manière le combat entre reines est évité. Les processus responsables de ce retard ont été étudiés. La transmission du «tooting», son produit par la reine vierge hors de la cellule, a été analysée. Des reines prêtes à émerger percent l'extrémité inférieure de leur cellule. Chez des reines isolées cette activité a été interrompue par l'émission du «tooting» enregistré. Par conséquent leur sortie a été retardée de plusieurs heures. En outre, si les cellules royales étaient exposées au «tooting» au sein d'une ruche d'observation, l'émergence des reines était beaucoup plus retardée, parce que, dans ce cas, les ouvrières enferment les reines dans leur cellule. Le rôle des danses vibrantes dans cet enfermement, comportement souvent observé sur des cellules de reines prêtes à sortir, a été recherché, sans pourvoir être prouvé. On a constaté qu'un élément important du comportement des ouvrières au cours de l'enfermement était la fermeture des petits trous percés par la reine dans le bout de la cellule. Les incisions dans les cellules royales étaient refermées à la même vitesse avant et après la période de transmission du «tooting». La fermeture n'est donc pas influencée par le «tooting». On considère que le «tooting» et la fermeture des cellules par des ouvrières ne peuvent pas séparément retarder longuement la sortie des reines. Leur présence combinée est essentielle: le «tooting» inhibe l'activité des reines d'une manière suffisante pour que les ouvrières puissent empêcher leur sortie pendant quelques jours.
    Notes: Summary In honey bees the simultaneous presence of several emerged virgin queens in the period preceding afterswarming, is prevented by a delay of emergence of all queens but one. It this way fighting between queens is avoided. The processes responsible for this delay were studied. The significance of the tooting sounds produced by the emerged virgin queen was examined. Queens ready to emerge cut a cap of their cells. In isolated queens this activity was interrupted by replay of recorded tooting. Consequently their emergence was delayed for several hours. If, however, queen cells in observation hives were exposed to tooting, the emergence of queens was much more delayed, because in this situation worker bees confine the queens in their cells. The confining effect of vibratory dances, a worker behaviour often observed on cells with queens ready to emerge, was explored, but could not be demonstrated. An important element of worker behaviour, effectuating confinement, appeared to be the sealing of cuts made by the enclosed queens in their cell caps. Incisions in queen cells were closed at the same rate before and after a 24 h period of transmission of tooting, so sealing is not influenced by the presence of tooting. It is argued that separately tooting and sealing by workers cannot cause a long term delay of emergence of queens. Their combined presence is essential: tooting inhibits the activity of queens sufficiently to enable the workers to obstruct their emergence for days.
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  • 10
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    Insectes sociaux 34 (1987), S. 143-164 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die AmeisePrenolepis imparis Say ist in Nord-Florida (USA) nur im Winter an der Erdoberfläche aktiv. Das Sammeln von Nahrung beginnt im November und endet im März oder Anfang April; danach verschließen die Arbeiterinnen das Nest bis zum November. Während der Periode des Nahrungssammelns wird die Gaster der Arbeiterinnen enorm dick, so daß das Gewicht dieser Arbeiterinnen sich verdoppelt oder verdreifacht. Die Gewichtszunahme wird durch den stark entwickelten Fettkörper verursacht und nicht durch die Füllung des Kropfes, wie man früher glaubte. Die Kolonie zieht bis Ende August oder Anfang September keine Brut auf, erst dann beginnen sich die Ovarien der Königin zu entwickeln und sie legt Eier. Diese Brut wird wahrscheinlich mit einem Sekret ernährt, für das die Energiespeicher der dicken Arbeiterinnen mobilisiert werden. Wenn die Nester im November wieder geöffnet werden, dann besteht der größte Teil der diesjährigen Brut aus jungen Arbeiterinnen oder Geschlechtstieren. Die Arbeiterinnen des Vorjahrs sind wieder mager, da sie ihre Fettkörperreserven an die Larven verfüttert haben. Diese alten Arbeiterinnen beginnen dann, Nahrung zu sammeln, während die jungen Arbeiterinnen für das nächste Jahr gemästet werden. Die Lebensdauer einer Arbeiterin beträgt also ein oder zwei Jahre oder mehr. Die meisten Nester sind polygyn, alle Königinnen sind fertil, doch legen sie vermutlich unterschiedlich viele Eier. Die Koloniegründung erfolgt wahrscheinlich pleometrotisch. Die Nester befinden sich sehr tief im Boden, sie reichen bis zu einer Tiefe von 2.5 m bis 3.6 m. Die Kammern haben einen waagerechten Boden und eine leicht gewölbte Decke, sie sind durch einen einzigen senkrechten Gang miteinander verbunden. Die Gesamtfläche der Kammern ist mit der Arbeiterinnenzahl korreliert. Die Nester werden vergrößert, indem sowohl neue Kammern gebaut als auch vorhandene Kammern erweitert werden. Wenn Kammern vergrößert werden, dann wird die ursprüngliche Kreisform pseudopodienartig ausgelappt. Es wurden keine Kammern in einer geringeren Tiefe als 60 cm gefunden, die meisten Kammern befanden sich in der unteren Hälfte dieser tiefen Nester, wodurch im größten Teil der Nester das ganze Jahr über eine Temperatur zwischen 16° und 24° C herrscht. Die 9 ausgegrabenen Nester enthielten zwischen 560 und über 10.000 Arbeiterinnen. Mit drei voneinander unabhängigen Bestimmungen der jährlichen Zunahme der Arbeiterinnenzahl wurde das Alter des größten Kolonie auf 7 bis 9 Jahre geschätzt. Die Arbeiterinnen waren in den Nestern spezifisch verteilt. Junge, gemästete Arbeiterinnen wurden in den tieferen Kammern gefunden, während sich die Arbeiterinnen des Vorjahrs, die jetzt Sammlerinnen waren, häufiger in der Nähe der Oberfläche aufhielten. Es wird diskutiert, daß die Lebensweise dieser kryophilen Ameise und speziell das Nahrungssammeln während der kalten Jahreszeit die Konkurrenz mit anderen Ameisen mindert.
    Notes: Summary In north Florida (USA), foraging and above-ground activity of the antPrenolepis imparis Say begins in November and ends in March or early April when the workers seal the nest until the following November. During this winter foraging period, workers' gasters become enormously corpulent through deposition of fat, doubling to tripling worker lean weight. The colony remains reproductively inactive until late August or early September when the queen's ovaries develop and she lays eggs. The single pulse of brood is probably reared on material derived from the corpulent workers. When the workers reopen the nests in November, most of the brood are callow workers or sexuals and all of the previous year's workers are again lean, their nutrient stores having been converted to new workers. The old workers become foragers while the callows become corpulent for the next year. Workers thus live between 1 and 2 (or more) years. Most nests are polygynous, and all queens contribute to the egg pool, though probably not equally. The nests are 2.5 to 3.6 meters deep and consist of horizontal-floored, slightly domed chambers connected by a single vertical tunnel. As the worker population grows, total chamber floor area is increased by adding more chambers and by enlarging chambers, changing their shape from simple, nearly circular to lobed, ‘pseudopodial’ shapes. No chambers were found less than 60 cm below the ground surface, and most were in the bottom half of these deep nests, keeping most of the nest between 16 and 24° C, year-round. Among the 9 colonies sampled, the number of workers varied from 560 to over 10,000. An incipient colony contained 33 nanitic workers and a single queen. Using the annual increase in worker population, the largest colonies were estimated to be 7 to 9 years old. Young, replete workers were found in the deeper chambers, while the previous years' workers (now foragers) were more abundant near the surface. The peculiar life cycle of this winter-active ant is discussed as an avoidance of competition with other ants by foraging during the cold season.
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  • 11
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    Pure and applied geophysics 125 (1987), S. 183-189 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 12
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    Pure and applied geophysics 125 (1987), S. 193-204 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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  • 13
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    Pure and applied geophysics 125 (1987), S. 613-628 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Aegean area ; seismicity rate ; Poisson process ; seismic energy release ; thermal stresses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The most complete and reliable data of strong (M s≥6.5), shallow (h〈70 km) earthquakes which occurred in the inner Aegean seismic zone have been utilized to describe its seismicity time variation during 1800–1986 by two independent statistical models. The first is a sequentially stationary model of seismicity rates which shows that intervals of low seismicity rate, lasting for some 37 years, alternate with high rate intervals of 8–12 years duration. The second model is a statistical model according which seismic energy released within 5-year time windows approximates a harmonic curve within a period of about 50 years. This model is in agreement with the notion that the time series of strong earthquake occurrences in the inner Aegean seismic zone consists of a random (shocks withM s=6.5–6.8) and a nonrandom component (M s≥6.9). Maxima and minima of the harmonic curve coincide with the high and low rate intervals, respectively. A model of regional stationary accumulation of thermal stresses along certain seismic belts and their cyclic relaxation may explain this periodicity.
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  • 14
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    Pure and applied geophysics 125 (1987), S. 679-698 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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  • 15
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    Pure and applied geophysics 125 (1987), S. 629-656 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Earthquake ; friction ; stick-slip ; symmetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Can a simple multi-block-spring model with total symmetry make interesting predictions for fault behaviour? Our model consists of a symmetric, slowly driven, two degree-of-freedom block-spring system with static/dynamic friction. The simple friction law and slow driving rate allow the state of this fourth order system to be described between slip events by a single variable, the difference in the stretch of the driving springs. This stretch difference measures the locked-in stress and is closely related to fault stress inhomogeneity. In general,smoothing is not observed. A spatially homogeneous stress state is found to almost always be unstable, in that the system tends toward an inhomogeneous state after many slip events. The system evolves either to a cycle that alternates between two types of earthquakes, or to a cycle with repeating but identical asymmetric earthquakes. One type of alternating earthquake solution is structurally unstable, which implies a great sensitivity to model perturbations. For this simple model, spatial asymmetry necessarily occurs, despite the symmetry in the model, thus suggesting that spatial structure in seismicity patterns may be a consequence of earthquake dynamics, not just fault heterogeneity.
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  • 16
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    Pure and applied geophysics 125 (1987), S. 657-668 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Self-potential method ; electrical prospecting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract To date, the interpretation of the self-potential anomalies, caused by the polarized spherical ore bodies, has usually been carried out based on the special graph along the profile passing through the extremes of these anomalies. This special graph could be identified only if we have at hand a map of self-potential distribution for which many profiles should be measured needing many man powers and time. To overcome this situation, in actual paper a new method of interpretation for the above mentioned self-potential anomalies is proposed for which sufficiency is provided by only two self-potential graphs along two parallel ordinary profiles oriented fortuitously. The theoretical basis of this new method of interpretation, together with several nomograms making comfortably its use as well as some testing results, were given.
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  • 17
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    Pure and applied geophysics 125 (1987), S. 765-775 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Reoccurrence formulas ; hazard assessment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A modified formula of the cumulative frequency-magnitude relation has been formulated and tested in a previous paper by the authors of this study. Based on the modified relationship, the following reoccurrence formulas have been obtained. 1) For the ‘T-years period’ larger earthquake magnitude,M T $$M_T = \frac{1}{{A_3 }}ln\frac{{A_2 }}{{(1/T) + A_1 }}.$$ 2) For the value of the maximum earthquake magnitude, which is exceeded with probabilityP inT-years period,M PT $$M_{PT} = \frac{{ln(A_2 .T)}}{{A_3 }} - \frac{{ln[A_1 .T - ln(1 - P)]}}{{A_3 }}.$$ 3) For the probability of occurrence of an earthquake of magnitudeM in aT-years period,P MT $$P_{MT} = 1 - \exp [ - T[ - A_1 + A_2 \exp ( - A_3 M)]].$$ The above formulas provide estimates of the probability of reoccurrence of the largest earthquake events which are significantly more realistic than those based on the Gutenberg-Richter relationships; at least for numerous tested earthquake samples from the major area of Greece.
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 30-50 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Hydrozoan ; Photoprotein ; Calcium channels ; Metamorphosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary There are species of hydrozoans, Eutonina victoria, Mitrocomella polydiademata, and Phialidium gregarium whose eggs contain calcium-specific photoproteins. These cytoplasmic photoproteins are synthesized during oogenesis. During the cleavage stages of embryogenesis they are distributed to all of the cells of the developing planula larva. The amount of photoprotein slowly declines during the development of the planula larva, and markedly declines when the planula undergoes metamorphosis to become a polyp. Oocytes, unfertilized eggs, and fertilized eggs prior to the first cleavage do not produce light when treated with KCl. The ability to respond to KCl appears about the time of first cleavage, and is correlated with the appearance of active membrane responses. Both the KCl response and the action potentials will occur in sodium-free sea water, and both are inhibited by calcium channel blockers. These and other experiments suggest that voltage sensitive calcium channels first become active at about the time of first cleavage. These channels also appear on the same schedule in both unfertilized eggs and in enucleated egg fragments, which have been artificially activated with A23187. Developing planulae produce few or no spontaneous light responses before gastrulation. Later the frequency and magnitude of spontaneous light production increases presumably due to an increasing frequency and magnitude of calcium transients. Both the natural trigger of metamorphosis (bacteria) and an artificial trigger (CsCl) cause a conspicuous series of calcium transients. When these transients are inhibited by calcium channel blockers, metamorphosis is also inhibited.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Homoetic ; Mutational analysis ; Transformation ; Distal disc structures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A gene Brista has been identified in chromosome 2R, in the region 60D11-E4, in which mutations cause homoeotic transformation of distal antennal structures to distal leg derivatives, and in which certain alleles also lead to upsets in the formation of distal elements of the legs. This gene is haploinsufficient for the homoeotic phenotype. Several putative null and two hypomorphic alleles have been recovered. The effects of exposure to the non-permissive temperature of a temperature-sensitive allele are cummulative and depend upon the length of the exposure during the period of antennal cell proliferation. It is suggested that this gene contributes to the stability of the state of determination in distal domain of the antennal and leg discs, and its relationship to other genes with similar mutant phenotype is discussed.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Dorsalizing mutant ; Phenotypic rescue ; Poly(A)+ RNA ; Cytoplasm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary spätzle (spz), a maternal effect gene of Drosophila, is involved in the establishment of the dorso-ventral axis during embryogenesis. Eggs from females lacking the spz gene product develop into completely dorsalized embryos, i.e. the ventral and lateral pattern elements fail to develop. Upon injection of either cytoplasm or poly(A)+ RNA from early wild-type embryos, spz embryos develop lateral pattern elements represented by Filzkörper and in the case of injected cytoplasm additional ventral pattern elements represented by ventral setae. Wild-type cytoplasm retains the rescuing activity longer than the poly(A)+ RNA fraction does, and cytoplasm is always more effective in provoking the rescue than poly(A)+ RNA. Mosaic females containing spz germ cells surrounded by spz + tissues were generated by pole cell transplantations; a mutant genotype in the germ cells is sufficient to produce all aspects of the spz mutant phenotype, suggesting that the maternal source of spz gene product is the germ line.
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  • 21
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 273-278 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Mouse embryos ; Lipid analogues ; Stage-specific antigens ; Lectin binding ; Cell polarization
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In two-cell mouse embryos, membrane components detected by a variety of antisera, lectins and lipid analogues and covalent labeling were found to be localized in the poles of the two blastomeres opposite the cleavage furrow. The proportion of polarized blastomeres increased rapidly during the first 4–5 h following first cleavage and then diminished approximately two-fold over the remaining period before second cleavage. Concurrent with this decrease in percent polarization, observed poles were found to be less spatially restricted. This polarization is not the result of a ligand induced capping or a manifestation of differences in surface topography. In light of recent measurements of lateral diffusion, the polarization of membrane components may be significant for the formation of morphogenetic gradients during cleavage.
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  • 22
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 279-285 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Mutant oogenesis ; Time-lapse filming ; Maternal effect ; Pattern formation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Drosophila females homozygous for the mutation dicephalic occasionally produce ovarian follicles with a nurse-cell cluster on each oocyte pole (dic follicles). Most dic follicles contain 15 nurse cells as in the normal follicle, but the total nurse-cell volume is larger in dic follicles; this is in keeping with the increase in DNA content recently described. However, the relative increase in oocyte volume during nurse-cell regression (from stage 10B onward) is not significantly larger in dic than in normal follicles. Time-lapse recordings in vitro show that, as a rule, both nurse cell clusters in a dic follicle export cytoplasm to the oocyte but nurse-cell regression remains incomplete at both poles and the persisting remnants of the nurse cells cause anomalies in chorion shape. The kinematics of cytoplasmic transfer are less aberrant at that oocyte pole which harbours the germinal vesicle. Possible links are discussed between these anomalies of oogenesis and the double-anterior embryonic patterns observed in the majority of developing dic eggs.
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  • 23
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 316-320 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Cytoskeleton ; Oocyte ; Grey crescent ; Microtubules
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Maturing axolotl oocytes which are treated with protein synthesis inhibitors or which are heat-shocked can be induced to reorganize their cytoplasm and to form an early grey crescent. The maturing axolotl oocyte has been used as a model system to study the role of the cytoskeleton in dorsoventral polarization as visualized by grey crescent formation. Results presented here provide evidence for the involvement of microtubules in the formation of the early grey crescent. Whereas inhibitors of microtubule polymerization and antibodies against tubulin both elicit early grey crescent formation, the effect of taxol shows that microtubule polymerization is required at a late stage in this event. The nucleus furnishes important factors required for early grey crescent formation and might play a role in microtubule polymerization.
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  • 24
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 321-327 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Muscle ontogenesis ; Embryonic chick/mouse chimaeras ; Somite exchange ; Premuscular mass transplants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Heteroclass chick/mouse chimaeras were prepared by transplanting somitic presumptive myogenic cells or limb bud myoblasts from donor mouse embryos into chick hosts, to replace (1) previously extirpated brachial somitic mesoderm or (2) experimentally deleted limb premuscular masses. Since mouse and chick cells can be distinguished by differential staining affinities, this parameter was used to verify the viability of the implant and to assess its fate. Our analyses showed that transplanted mouse somitic myogenic stem cells or limb bud myoblasts did not participate in the host brachial musculature, whatever the experimental conditions.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Laminin ; Synthesis ; Amphibian ; Oogenesis ; Early development
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    Notes: Summary In the amphibian Pleurodeles waltlii, lamininrelated polypeptides (amphibian-LN) are present in the extracellular matrix underlying the blastocoel roof of gastrulating embryos. Immunoprecipitation with affinity-purified anti-laminin antibodies demonstrated that amphibian-LN is synthesized in oocytes (from stage III onward), eggs and throughout early development. At the late blastula stage, when experiments were carried out with animal and vegetal halves, there were no regional differences in the pattern of amphibian-LN synthesis. The results obtained with transcription inhibitors suggest that throughout pregastrula stages, amphibian-LN is a translation product of stored maternal mRNA. Finally, having compared amphibian-LN and fibronectin synthesis, it is concluded that both extracellular glycoproteins have a common pattern of synthesis.
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  • 26
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 333-337 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Primordial germ cells ; Dopamine ; Cell shape ; Cell adhesiveness ; Chick embryo
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Dopamine (DA), injected beneath the blastodisc of the chick embryo before the beginning of incubation, induced an approximately 2.5 times increase in the total number of primordial germ cells (PGCs) at the definitive primitive streak stage. It also produced changes in the shape and behaviour of PGCs since more than half of them adhered to one another, forming groups or chains of three or more cells and, in contrast to their characteristic spherical form, most single PGCs displayed a fibroblastic appearance. On the 2nd day of incubation most PGCs remained adherent to each other, which did not hinder them from entering the extra-embryonic blood vessels of the crescent. Ultrastructural analysis showed that PGCs adhered to each other by large areas of cell membrane apposition and specialized adhesive structures, such as tight junctions and desmosomes. PGCs also displayed many lamellipodial and filopodial processes. The effects of DA on PGCs were prevented by either glucose or EDTA. Although it is difficult to account for the effect of glucose, the effect of EDTA suggests that the action of DA may be calcium-dependent.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Juvenile hormone ; Juvenile hormone carrier protein ; Locust embryogenesis ; Serosa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary At the end of blastokinesis, serosal epitheliae of 4- to 5-day-old embryos of Locusta migratoria contain an immunohistologically detectable cytosolic protein (Mr ∼240 kDa) which is related to the juvenile hormone carrier-protein in the haemolymph of the same species and which binds tritiated juvenile hormone 3 (JH3) (Kd∼10−8 M). At this early stage of development the corpora allata of the embryo are not yet fully differentiated and do not synthesize JH3 in organ cultures. The earliest detectable JH3 production by corpora allata in isolated heads is on day 6. On the other hand, serosal epitheliae of 4- to 5-day-old embryos produce JH3 in organ cultures, as has been shown by methylation of (10-3H)-JH3-acid to (10-3H)-JH3, and by incorporation of tritiated CH3 from l-(methyl-3H)-methionine into JH3. Isolated heads and abdomens of the embryos used as donors for the serosal preparations did not show methyl transferase activity responsible for JH3 biosynthesis. The serosal cells represent a hitherto unrecognized source of methyl transferase activity and of JH3 production. Degradation of JH3 to JH3-acid was also observed.
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  • 28
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 367-371 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Vitellogenesis ; Bufo marinus oocyte ; Yolk-platelet membrane ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Oocytes of the toad Bufo marinus have been studied by means of thin section and particularly freeze-fracture electron microscopy to characterize the cytoplasmic membranes around the yolk organelle, and the storage of yolk material in precursors and platelets. This appears to be a previously unknown type of yolk-platelet formation. During yolk-organelle development from the primordial precursor to the bi-partite fully grown yolk platelet, numerous lipoid droplets are attached to the periphery of the platelet, indicating an intense uptake of lipids. As is typical for amphibians, the fully grown yolk platelet has a crystalline internum covered by a dense osmiophilic externum, and the whole organelle is enveloped by a plasma membrane that shows no direct connection or fusion with endocytotic vesicles. The yolk membrane exhibits few intramembraneous particles (IMPs) at the core areas and some more where it borders fields of lipoid droplets. Here the IMPs show a net-like arrangement in the furrows between adjacent droplets.
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  • 29
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 356-366 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Dipteran insect ; Embryogenesis ; Cytoskeleton ; Colchicine ; Cytochalasin B
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Embryos of the paedogenetically reproducing gall midge Heteropeza pygmaea develop floating in the haemocoel of a so-called mother larva. The egg membranes remain permeable and the embryos increase in size during embryonic development by taking up nutrients from the haemolymph. Such embryos can be cultured in vitro, i.e. in haemolymph drops obtained from mother larvae. We tested the effects of several drugs known to interact with cytoskeletal elements on different stages of embryonic development, including cleavage and gastrulation. The drugs were added to the in vitro cultures and the effects were studied with time-lapse cine-micrography. Colchicine and vinblastine blocked cleaving eggs in metaphase stage and arrested yolk globule oscillation. In spite of such a block blastoderms once formed continued development through germ band formation and extension and also increased in size. Cytochalasin B did not affect the stage of cleavage; however, it inhibited gastrulation and subsequent morphogenetic processes and also prevented size increase. We conclude that (1) the functioning of microtubules is needed for yolk globule oscillation during cleavage interphases but not for the gastrulation processes subsequent to blastoderm formation and (2) microfilaments do not play an important role in cleavage, at least not for the orderly succession of the cleavage divisions, but are essential for the morphogenetic movements associated with gastrulation. We suggest that during cleavage a limited stock of microtubules and their precursors is responsible for both transport of chromosomes during mitoses and translocation of organelles during interphase. Yolk oscillation seems to be a secondary effect and of minor or no importance for the normal course of embryonic development.
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 372-375 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Pattern formation ; Morphogenesis ; Drosophila ; Growth ; Imaginal disc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A comparison of the morphogenetic maps of the notum anlage of Drosophila melanogaster derived from the gynandromorph data and mosaics induced by somatic crossing-over during the first instar larval stage revealed that practically no major morphogenetic movements occur in the development of the anlage between the blastoderm and first instar larval stages and the adult stage. By comparing the morphogenetic map derived from gynandromorphs and the fate map derived from data on the transplantation of fragments of the mature wing imaginal disc, it was observed that no major morphogenetic movements occur in the notum anlage between the stages of the allocation of the disc and the mature disc. The results are consistent with the observations of other authors concerning the larval development of eye-antenna, wing and leg discs.
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  • 31
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 414-420 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Larval hemolymph proteins ; Juvenile hormone-20-hydroxyecdysone ; Fat body ; Stage-specific gene expression
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The role of juvenile hormone (JH) and 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE) in the stage-specific expression of the larval hemolymph protein (LHP) genes, Lhp82 and Lhp76, was investigated in the waxmoth, Galleria mellonella, larvae. Northern blot and dot hybridization analyses of total RNA in larvae that were undergoing an extralarval molt, induced either by cold shock or by application of JH to day-0 last instar larvae, showed that the last instar-specific Lhp82 transcripts were not present during this molt cycle. Lhp76 transcripts were, however, present transiently. During the course of an extralarval molt induced by JH in day-3 larvae both the transcripts were present but they were relatively less abundant than in the controls. JH had no effect on the relative abundance of the Lhp transcripts when applied to ligated day-3 or older larvae. By contrast, application of 20-HE either to intact or prothorax-ligated larvae of different developmental stages as well as to fat body in vitro resulted in a rapid decrease in the relative abundance of the Lhp transcripts. The natural decrease in the Lhp transcript levels that occurs in wandering and spinning last instar larvae was blocked in ligated larvae, probably due to deprivation of the source of the endogenous ecdysteroids. These observations suggest that ecdysteroids serve as the natural cue to turn off the Lhp genes at each molt and that JH blocks activation of only the last instar-specific Lhp82 gene.
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  • 32
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 421-433 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Cell surface patterns ; Mutations affecting patterns ; Ciliate development ; Tetrahymena thermophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A single-gene recessive mutation, bcd (broadened cortical domains), of Tetrahymena thermophila is characterized by a variable broadening of the spatial domains within which cortical organelles, including both the contractile vacuole pores (CVP) and oral apparatus (OA), are formed. The phenotype is not temperature-sensitive. During the development of the organelles of the mutant prior to cell division, extra CVPs and extra oral primordia (OP) appear near ciliary rows adjacent to the rows at which these structures normally form. In the later stages of development, some, but not all, of these extra structures are resorbed, or in the case of the oral domain, multiple adjacent OPs may be completely or partially integrated into a single enlarged OA. When multiple OAs persist, one or more of these may display a reversed orientation reminiscent of those encountered in janus mutants. However, unlike janus, bcd cells do not express any sign of a mirror-image global organization. Our results can best be accounted for by postulating that the bcd mutation affects some common determinant of the widths of both CVP and OA domains. Studies are in progress which explore the relationship between this width-determining mechanism(s) and the mechanism(s) determining the location of cortical organelles around the cell circumference.
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  • 33
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 467-471 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Leydig cells ; Ethane dimethanesulphonate ; Destruction ; Regenerative capacity
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A single intraperitoneal injection of ethane dimethanesulphonate (EDS) destroys all Leydig cells in the adult rat testis but 1–2 weeks later new foetal-type Leydig cells begin to regenerate within the interstitial tissue. A further EDS treatment at 4 weeks failed to kill the new population of foetal-type Leydig cells. Between 10–20 weeks, the new Leydig cells exhibited the characteristics of adult-type Leydig cells. These cells responded to another EDS treatment by exhibiting a second phase of complete degeneration followed by regeneration of a foetal-type and subsequently an adult-type cell population. The results indicate that the testis retains the ability to replenish its supply of Leydig cells despite successive phases of total degradation of Leydig cells.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Dorsoventral polarity ; Egg organization ; Spiral cleavage
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    Notes: Summary The egg of the polychaete Chætopterus, like many spiralian embryos, undergoes unequal cleavage during the first two cell divisions following fertilization. The first cleavage gives rise to a large CD blastomere and a smaller AB blastomere. At second cleavage the CD blastomere divides asymmetrically, forming a large D blastomere and a smaller C blastomere while the AB cell divides to give rise to the two smaller blastomeres, A and B, which are virtually identical in size. As in many of the other spiralians which have been studied, the A, B, C, and D blastomeres give rise to characteristic portions of the larval body plan. It has been shown in these related forms that the D blastomere derivatives are necessary for the production of various structures derived from the remaining three quadrants, as well as in organizing the overall symmetry properties of the embryo. If Chætopterus embryos are compressed underneath a coverslip at the appropriate stage of development prior to first cleavage (the “pear stage”) some of the embryos divide to form two equal sized blastomeres. Each of the two cells in equalized embryos appears to develop as a normal CD blastomere often dividing to generate a four-celled embryo with two C and two D blastomeres opposite one another (CDCD embryos). These embryos often grow up to form larvae which have duplicated structures. We investigated the role of the early cleavage program in the production of double larvae by staining individual blastomeres of normal and equalized embryos with Nile blue sulfate. Our results reveal that previous descriptions of the symmetry properties of twinned larvae are incorrect. Twins are not true Janus larvae of the duplicitus cruciata form but are organized along a single axis. The two halves face one another along a plane of mirror symmetry, each one fused to the other at their ventral surface just above a single, common, fused mouth. Furthermore, the median plane of the two fused heads is the same as that of the two trunks. These labeling studies indicate that cells derived from both of the two C blastomeres in compressed embyos contribute to the formation of similar structures in both halves of the double larva. The two C quadrants within the double embryos each can give rise to two eyes, and the plane of mirror symmetry between the two halves of the double embryo as mentioned above corresponds to a plane running through the two C blastomeres in the fourcelled CDCD embryo. These findings indicate that the two D quadrants in these double embryos interact to organize the development of the double embryo in a coordinating manner. Both D quadrants, therefore, appear to be inductively active within the CDCD double embryos. These results are discussed in view of various hypotheses which have been proposed to explain the phenomenon of twinning in spiralians.
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 535-535 
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  • 36
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 531-533 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Porcine ; Prenatal ; Brain ; Acetylcholinesterase
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Pre-natal changes in the physiological development of the porcine conceptus indexed by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and total protein content of the fetal brain and amniotic fluid were determined from 4 to 12 weeks of gestation at intervals of two weeks. Marked brain and body development was observed between four and six weeks of gestation. AChE activity in the amniotic fluid declined non-significantly with gestation length while fetal brain AChE activity increased with advancing gestation. Total protein levels in both the amniotic fluid and fetal brain were relatively steady and no significant changes were observed. Changes in AChE activity of the fetal brain may therefore be related to growth changes in the fetus.
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  • 37
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Mouse embryos ; Cell lineage ; Fluorescent latex microparticles
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have examined the potential of fluorescent latex microparticles for use as a short term cell lineage marker in the mouse preimplantation embryo. Isolated blastomeres and intact embryos rapidly adsorb and subsequently endocytose the particles (0.2 μm diameter) from a monodisperse suspension in normal medium, so that cytoplasmic endocytic organelles, but not the cytosol itself, becomes labelled. Latex fluorescence, either within intact embryos, disaggregated cells or thick resin sections, is stable during UV irradiation. The development of labelled embryos, both in terms of sequential morphological changes and their time of expression, was comparable to controls and resulted in blastocysts with normal cell numbers and capacity for tissue differentiation. Latex fluorescence is preserved within all the progeny of labelled blastomeres over several cell cycles (e.g. from 8-cell stage to 64-cell stage) and is not transmitted to unlabelled cells either by exocytosis or via midbodies. The particles are particularly suitable for labelling exclusively the entire population of outside cells in the intact embryo from the 16-cell stage onwards.
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  • 38
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 12-15 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Gene expression ; Drosophila ; Mitochondria ; Temperature sensitivity
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    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the indirect flight muscles was studied by electron microscopy in the following Notch locus mutants of Drosophila melanogaster reared at 18° C or 29° C for 6 days after eclosion: Ax 16172/Ax16172, Ax28/ Ax28, l(1)Nts1/l(1)Nts1,l(1)Nts1/Y and in wild-type controls. The flies were raised up to eclosion at 25° C or 18° C. It was observed that the l(1)Nts1 flies gradually became flightless within a few days if reared at 29° C as adults, and gross changes in the fine structure of the flight muscles were also observed in flies of this genotype. Peripheral myofilaments of myofibrils were disarranged and the mitochondria diminutive. At 18° C the flight muscles remained normal. In all of the Abruptex (Ax) combinations the flight muscles remained similar to the wild-type controls at both 18° C and 29° C, i.e. they were normal. The results suggest that the Notch gene is active in adult flies in addition to its activity during embryonic, larval and pupal stages, and is directly or indirectly involved in the adult development of the muscle tissue.
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  • 39
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 22-29 
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    Keywords: Repetitive DNA ; cDNA clone bank ; Xenopus laevis ; Embryonic development
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary By screening a cDNA library prepared from polyadenylated nuclear RNA of Xenopus laevis gastrula-stage embryos with total genomic DNA we have identified nine clones belonging to seven different families of repeated DNA. Two of these families exhibit partial sequence homologies and thus probably represent subfamilies of a common origin. The individual families comprise between 0.024% and 1.5% and, in total, about 2% of the X. laevis genome. Six of the clones elements represent dispersed repetitive DNA families; the seventh is mainly organized in a tandem fashion. Transcripts containing one type of repeat do not appear before the blastula stage and then accumulate in the course of development; however, the others can be detected within the unfertilized egg and their amount remains fairly constant throughout embryogenesis.
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  • 40
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    Keywords: F9 cells ; Differentiation ; Retinoic acid ; mRNA ; Cytokeratins
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    Notes: Summary We have identified a cDNA coding for the murine keratin D from a collection of clones representing F9 teratocarcinoma stem cell mRNA sequences. These sequences are synthesized specifically after the addition of retinoic acid and cAMP to the culture medium. The clone is 1,382 nucleotides long and contains the entire information for the active polypeptide, the complete 3′ end and most, if not all, of the 5′ non-coding region. The mRNA is found in hepatocytes, in PYS-2 cells (an endodermal cell line) and in differentiated (retinoic-acid-treated) F9 cells, but not in untreated F9 cells. The length of the mRNA is 1.4 kb, as estimated by Northern blot hybridization. Southern hybridization performed under very stringent conditions detects a single fragment hybridizing strongly with the cloned cDNA, suggesting that the mouse genome contains only one or very few copies of this gene. We present the first complete sequence of a keratin expressed in simple epithelia, i.e. keratin D, and discuss its structural features.
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 113-118 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Helix aspersa ; Gonadal organogenesis ; Germinal line ; Germinal ring
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    Notes: Summary The study of gonadal organogenesis and differentiation by means of light and electron microscopy suggested the following in Helix aspersa: (1) the distal parts of the acini have components of mesodermal origin, whereas the neck and efferent duct comprise ectodermal elements; (2) a segregation of a germinal line occurs early, during the embryonic life; (3) in juvenile and adult animals, male and female cells arise from a germinal ring located at the base of the acinar neck. Apart from developing oocytes, the epithelium lining the distal region of the acini consists of somatic cells (Sertoli and follicle cells).
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 101-112 
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    Keywords: Peripheral nervous system ; Compartments ; Segmentation mutants ; Drosophila
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    Notes: Summary The peripheral nervous system of embryos homozygous for prd, ftz, en and bxd was examined for defects and transformations in the segment-specific pattern of sensilla and peripheral nerves. This analysis permitted me to assign a distinct subset of sensilla to any of the three genetically and morphologically defined compartments s, a and p of each segment. In the wild-type embryonic segments, sensory axons deriving from sensilla of different compartments form a part of the common peripheral nerves. In the composite segments of prd and ftz mutant embryos, subsets of sensilla of two neighbouring segments are combined. Nevertheless, the axons of sensilla of different segmental identity are able to fasciculate and to form afferent nerves, which connect in an apparently normal fashion to the central nervous system. It is concluded that in the Drosophila embryo compartmental and segmental identity of sensory organs has no influence on the trajectories of sensory axons.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Spermatogenesis ; Y chromosome ; Lampbrush loops ; Sex determination ; Maternal effects
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    Notes: Summary The Y chromosome of Drosophila hydei carries information that is necessary for the development of the spermatozoa. In primary spermatocytes Y chromosomal genes become active: five of the male fertility factors form giant lampbrush loops. Our prior work indicated interactions between the Y chromosomal genes and autosomal loci. It is of interest to identify loci regulating the activity of the Y chromosomal genes. We, therefore, screened a total of about 14,000 chromosomes (X, 2, 3 and 4) for mutations that interfere with the expression of the lampbrush loops. Two mutations with substantial effects on the loop morphology were recovered. One of them, a recessive male sterile mutation (ms (3) 5) on chromosome 3, is described in this paper. Its homozygous state results in a complete absence of all Y chromosomal lampbrush loops at 26° C; at 18° C the loops are formed. Temperature shifts with homozygous males indicate that the function early during the spermatogonial stage is crucial for the development of lampbrush loops in the primary spermatocyte. Meiosis is entirely absent in the male, but normal in females. Females homozygous for ms (3) 5 display a maternal effect, which reduces the viability and fertility of homozygous daughters and produces sons with signs of intersexuality. Linkage studies indicated that the effect on the male germ line and the maternal effects cannot be separated and may hence be induced by a single gene.
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  • 44
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    Keywords: Janus duplicitas ; Unequal cleavage ; Cytochalasin B ; Dorsoventral polarity ; Polychaete
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    Notes: Summary Among zygotes of Platynereis dumerilii treated with cytochalasin B (CCB) prior to first cleavage, a wide variety of developmental effects were observed. One effect is a delay in the first cleavage. Treated embryos may skip the first or even more than one cleavage cycle and become multinucleated. Once these eggs start cleaving their cleavage plane takes the same position as in synchronously fertilized controls. Accordingly, the first cleavage in embryos having skipped the first normal cleavage cycle is meridional and equal, but their second cleavage is equatorial as in the third cleavage in controls. None of the embryos that were observed to skip early cleavages showed normal organogenesis, but developed into vesicle-shaped embryos with little cytological differentiation. Another effect of CCB treatment is altered blastomere size in those embryos which begin cleaving in synchrony with controls. While the majority of treated embryos followed a normal cleavage pattern, i.e. they cleaved at the right time and inequally, some of them cleaved equally or almost equally (adequally). Most of these embryos showed cleavage defects in subsequent cleavage cycles and became abnormal vesicle-shaped embryos. However, some of these embryos cleaving on schedule and equally or adequally developed into juvenile worms showing complete duplication of urites and parapodial rows (0.3% of all treated eggs) and are described as Janus duplicitates. This means that the occurrence of duplicitates and geometrically altered first cleavage patterns are correlated phenomena. The character and origin of the duplications and the consequences for dorsoventral polarity are discussed.
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  • 45
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 141-157 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Blastoderm fate-map ; Tail segmentation ; Larval cuticle
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The segmental organisation of the tail region in the embryo of Drosophila melanogaster, which is defined here as the epidermal region posterior to the boundary between abdominal segments A7 and A8, has been investigated by means of ultraviolet (UV) laser fate-mapping and phenotypic analysis of embryonic mutants that alter the segmental pattern of the larval cuticle. Wild-type embryos were irradiated in the presumptive tail region with a UV- laser microbeam of 20 μm diameter at the blastoderm stage. The ensuing defects were scored in the cuticle pattern of the tail region of the first-instar larva, which is described in detail in this paper. The spatial distribution of defect frequencies was used to construct a blastoderm fate-map of the cuticle structures of the larval tail region. The segmental origin of the larval tail structures was inferred from the phenotypic analysis of segmentation and homoeotic mutants, which revealed pattern repetition throughout the embryonic tail region corresponding to four segment anlagen, A8 to A11, and a non-segmental telson. These data enabled the transformation of the blastoderm fate-map of cuticle structures into a map of tail segment anlagen. The tail anlage occupies about 10% of the egg length (EL), bounded by segment A7 anteriorly at 20% EL and by the proctodaeum posteriorly at 10% EL, as measured from the posterior pole. The anlagen of segments A8 and A9 appear to be narrow dorso-ventral strips of blastoderm cells similar to the anlagen of the trunk segments, whereas the anlagen of A10 and A11 are smaller and produce fewer pattern elements. The telson is represented in the cuticle by the tuft which derives from a very dorsal posterior position. The antero-posterior axis of the entire tail anlage appears curved upward posteriorly. Differences in the mode of development between tail and trunk segments are discussed, as are similarities of larval and imaginal tail development in Drosophila. Comparison with tail development in other insects suggests that, during evolution, the transition from semi-long-germ to long-germ development modified the organisation of the tail region without affecting its primary subdivision into metameric units.
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  • 46
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 165-168 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Insect ; Vitellogenin ; Receptor ; Trypan blue ; Suramin
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Trypan blue and suramin inhibit receptor-mediated endocytosis of vitellogenin in Locusta migratoria. Both drugs bind to cationic side chains of the vitellogenin molecule, which are presumably also the binding sites for the specific vitellogenin receptor. Thus binding of vitellogenin to the receptor is prevented in isolated oocytes and in oocyte membrane preparations. Small amounts of trypan blue may unspecifically enter oocytes by “piggy-back” endocytosis. Suramin has a high affinity for vitellogenin and in contrast to trypan blue it does not form insoluble complexes with the protein. Therefore, it may be a useful tool for further analysis of the locust vitellogenin receptor.
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  • 47
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 176-184 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Lectin ; Galactose ; Yolk sac ; Chick embryo
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A lectin with an affinity for β-d-galactoside-containing saccharides is present in the developing yolk sac from the chick embryo at stages from 2 to 7 days of incubation. This activity is present in the area vitellina (less differentiated) and the area vasculosa (more differentiated). In both areas, lectin activity increases significantly during the spreading of the yolk sac up to 5 days of incubation. At all of the stages studied lectin activity was significantly higher in the area vasculosa, as compared to the area vitellina. Lectins were purified by affinity chromatography and examined by SDS-PAGE. Under reducing conditions two components are evident. A more prominent band of subunit molecular weight of 14,200±100 for the area vitellina and 13,700±300 for the area vasculosa and a second band with molecular weight of about 68,000±700 and 68,000±1,200 for the area vitellina and area vasculosa respectively, were observed. The β-d-galactoside-binding lectin appears to be similar if not identical to that of the early chick blastoderm.
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  • 48
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 445-449 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Phorbol ; Carcinogen ; Hydra ; Morphogenesis ; Regeneration
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effects of tumour promoters and carcinogens on bud formation were investigated in an attempt to clarify the primary process of bud formation in hydra. Treatment with 1.0ng/ml 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), phorbol-12,13-didecanoate (PDD) or mezerein added immediately after feeding rapidly and completely inhibited the formation of new buds in Hydra japonica. Treatment with TPA 3–6 h after feeding also suppressed bud formation 24 h later, but suppressed buds appeared 48 h later. Buds suppressed by TPA also formed in the presence of a diluted homogenate of hydra and during starvation. Carcinogens, such as benzo(a)pyrene and 20-methylcholanthrene, did not have an inhibitory effect on bud formation within 2 days. The tumour promoters and carcinogens used in this experiment did not inhibit the regeneration of tentacles. These results indicate that tumour-promoting phorbol esters, but not carcinogens, rapidly suppress the process by which the formation of buds is initiated by hydra, and the effects of these esters depend on the timing of treatment after feeding.
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  • 49
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 464-466 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Chick embryo ; Gastrulation ; Exogeneous cAMP ; Muscarinic receptor ; Cytosolic free Ca2+ ; Intra-cellular cGMP
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    Notes: Summary Exogeneous cyclic AMP (cAMP, 10−8M), when added together with acetylcholine (ACh, 500 μM) to dissociated chick embryo cells, blocked the ACh-stimulated increase in the level of cytosolic free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i). This inhibiting action of exogeneous cAMP is probably mediated by intracellular cyclic GMP (cGMP) and cAMP.
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  • 50
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 450-459 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Neuronal development ; Identified neurons ; Metamorphosis ; Insect ; Holometabola
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    Notes: Summary The fate of ascending projections of thoracic interneurons in the metamorphosing brain of Tenebrio molitor is described. Persistent brain neurons were identified and their fate is described during metamorphosis. The projection sites of ascending elements are invariable throughout metamorphosis both in quantitative and in qualitative terms. Some of these ascending neurons are serotonin-immunoreactive and this set of neurons maintains a constant projection site within the metamorphosing brain. The alterations in the projection sites of these and other ascending neurons in the ventral nerve cord were analysed experimentally. The central projection sites of these persistent ascending neurons are not important for the maintenance of their nerve cord projections throughout metamorphosis. Experimental deletion of ascending neurons which project into the suboesophageal ganglion varies the shape of persistent central neurons.
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  • 51
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 83-92 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Hydrozoan ; Fertilization site formation ; Role of polar bodies
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In hydrozoans the sperm will fuse with the egg only at the site of polar body formation. The primary oocyte and maturing oocytes which have produced the first polar body cannot be fertilized even though maturing oocytes which have produced the first polar body attract sperm. These eggs do not acquire the ability to be fertilized until after second polar body formation. If either first or second polar body formation is inhibited or if first and second polar body formation do not take place in close proximity to each other, the fertilization site is not set up. Under normal circumstances the site of polar body formation takes place at the region on the maturing oocyte surface nearest the site where the germinal vesicle resided in the primary oocyte. When maturing oocytes are centrifuged prior to polar body formation, the site of polar body formation is frequently shifted so that it does not correspond to the site where it would be given off under normal circumstances. Under these conditions the shifted site of polar body formation is the only site where the egg can be fertilized, indicating that the fertilization site is selected during oocyte maturation. Oocyte maturation in these hydrozoans is mediated by a hormone released by the somatic cells of gonophores as a consequence of bringing dark adapted gonophores into the light. The hormone acts directly on the oocyte to induce maturation. The oocyte only has to be exposed to the hormone for the first few minutes of the maturation process in order to complete the process of maturation.
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  • 52
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 93-100 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Neuronal development ; Reorganization ; Nervous system ; Insects
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A set of motor neurons and interneurons in the thoracic nervous system of the meal beetle Tenebrio molitor L. is described that persist during metamorphosis. The motor neurons under discussion innervate the thoracic ventral longitudinal muscles and were identified by retrograde transport of intramuscularly injected horseradish peroxidase. Persisting motor neurons exhibit a complex repetitive pattern that changes only slightly during development. Additionally, the characterization of serotonin-immunoreactive neurons defines a complex set of interneurons that also persist throughout development. The fate of these identified neurons is outlined in detail with special reference to variations in their dendritic arborizations. All motor and interneurons are affected by a similar change in their shape during development. The larval neurons lack the contralateral arborization that is found in the adult beetle and is already distinguishable in the prepupa. Essentially only quantitative changes of the neuronal shape were observed during the pupal instar. No pupa-specific degeneration of certain axo-dendritic structures of these neurons was found. Removal of descending interneurons by sectioning the promesothoracic connectives causes specific degeneration of the dendritic tree of an identified serotonin-immunoreactive interneuron.
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  • 53
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 169-175 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Retinoic acid ; Retinoids ; Vitamin A ; Regeneration ; Ambystoma mexicanum
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    Notes: Summary Regenerating tails and limbs of axolotl larvae (A. mexicanum) were studied for overall growth and for mitosis after the animals received intraperitoneal injections of all-trans retinoic acid. Both processes were depressed to approximately the same extent (60–70%). Some mitosis always survived, even when the treatment was in effect during the entire history of the regenerate. The treatment duration was a major variable in the severity of the effect, whereas the post-amputation age of the regenerate was not. In limb regenerates the epithelial cap and the mesenchymal blastema were affected to roughly the same degree.
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  • 54
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 158-164 
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    Keywords: Polyclad ; Mosaic development ; Spiral cleavage ; Determination ; Symmetry
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary After in vitro fertilization of naked eggs of the polyclad turbellarian, Hoploplana inquilina, both cell separation experiments and deletions of specific blastomeres are possible. With these techniques one can analyze the developmental potential of isolated blastomeres and determine if the embryonic axes have been established at the four-cell stage in this primitive, equally-cleaving spiralian embryo. Two-cell separation experiments with development of both halves resulted in pairs of larvae 1) neither of which had an eye (29%), 2) both of which had one eye (19%), and 3) one of which was eyeless and the other was one-eyed (43%). Deletion of one blastomere at the four-cell stage resulted in 68% one-eyed, 28% two-eyed and 3% eyeless larvae. The one-eyed larvae were asymmetric with respect to eye position with more having right than left eyes. Abnormal or missing ventrolateral lobes occurred with deletion of any of the macromeres at four cells but were significantly more common when A or C rather than B or D was deleted. The experiments support the hypothesis that eye development is a consequence of cytoplasmic localization of both a specific eye precursor and an inducer which segregate independently of cleavage planes, and indicate that the embryonic axes have been determined at the four-cell stage.
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  • 55
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 185-190 
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    Keywords: Cells, cultured ; Embryo ; Endoderm ; Sheep ; Stem cells
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Immunosurgical isolation of inner cell masses (ICMs) from sheep embryos was most efficient at the expanded, zona-intact blastocyst stage (day 7 to 8 post oestrus) before migration of endoderm cells beyond the boundary of the ICM across the blastocoelic surface of the trophectoderm. When cultured under conditions which allow the isolation of embryonal stem (ES) cell lines from mouse ICMs, sheep ICMs attached, spread and developed areas of both ES cell-like and endoderm-like cells. After prolonged culture only endoderm-like cells were evident. The implications for the isolation of ES cell lines from sheep embryos and possible species-specific requirements are discussed.
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  • 56
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 191-201 
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    Keywords: Wing imaginal disc ; Tissue culture ; Metamorphosis ; Drosophila
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    Notes: Summary We have examined the metamorphosis of the wing imaginal disc of Drosophila during culture in vitro in the continuous presence of 20-hydroxy ecdysone (0.1 μg/ ml). We find that the sequence of cellular changes in the wing blade during culture closely match those occurring in situ, involving two periods at which the dorsal and ventral surfaces are joined only by cell processes containing trans-alar microtubule arrays. Good pupal and imaginal cuticle secretion is found in this system.
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  • 57
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    Keywords: Anti-fibronectin ; Neural induction ; Extracellular matrix
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    Notes: Summary Antibodies directed to fibronectin (anti-FN) were injected into the blastocoel of late blastulae of Xenopus laevis. Two animal caps (ectoderm) were isolated, when control embryos reached the early gastrula stage, and were combined with untreated upper blastopore lip in the sandwich method. In two control series fibronectin or Holtfreter solution was injected into the blastocoel. The results of the experiments suggest that neural induction cannot be prevented by binding anti-FN to fibronectin, which covers the blastocoelic side of the ectoderm. The data support the view that extracellular matrix proteins are not themselves responsible for neural induction. However, in comparison with the control series a slight shift of the differentiation pattern in the spinocaudal direction could be observed in the anti-FN series. The possible role of extracellular proteins in the formation of a close juxtaposition of mesodermal and ectodermal target cells as a prerequisite for shortdistance transmission of neural inducers is discussed.
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  • 58
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    Keywords: Drosophila ; Collagen ; Haemocytes ; Basement membranes
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    Notes: Summary We report a direct examination of the expression of one collagen gene (DCg1) during Drosophila melanogaster metamorphosis, based on data from in situ hybridization. The transcripts of this gene, thought to encode a basement membrane type IV collagen, are mainly accumulated during ecdysis in wandering haemocytes. Our results demonstrate that haemocytes contribute to extracellular matrix deposition and seem to perform a fibroblastic function during Drosophila development.
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  • 59
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 210-221 
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    Keywords: Interallelic complementations ; Giant polytene chromosomes ; Oocyte/nurse cell syncytium ; Ovarian tumor genes ; Phenocritical threshold
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    Notes: Summary This paper describes the ovarian pathologies observed when 108 different heteroallelic combinations were made involving 17 independent mutations at the ovarian tumor (otu) locus. Most of the mutant phenotypes can be explained as graded responses by individual germ cells to different levels of functionally active otu gene product (OGP) synthesized by the mutant cells themselves. The lowest and highest levels of OGP appear to be produced by otu 10 and otu 14, respectively. In most heteroallelic ovaries the alleles have additive effects, and hybrid germ cells reach a developmental stage more advanced than the “weaker” homozygote but less advanced than the “stronger” homozygote. However, examples of both positive and negative complementation also have been found, and these suggest that the products encoded by different mutant alleles can combine to form dimers or multimers which may be superior or inferior to the homodimers. In flies homozygous for otu 11 most ovarioles contain tumors, but some germ cells are able to develop further than those in otu 14 homozygotes. This suggests that, while otu 11 produces intermediate levels of OGP, it also produces a second product (which otu 14 cannot make) that is utilized at the period in oogenesis when development in cells homozygous for otu 14 is blocked. When otu 11 is combined with any one of eight specific alleles, it allows oocyte/nurse cell syncytia to differentiate that can complete development and undergo embryogenesis, if fertilized. The endopolyploid nurse cells of these hybrids have giant polytene chromosomes, and the presence of GPCs in functionally active, germ-line derived cells provides an interesting new system for experimental study. Analysis of the characteristic ovarian pathologies produced by flies of different genotypes leads to the conclusion that the products of the otu + gene are utilized during at least six different periods in Drosophila oogenesis.
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  • 60
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 222-230 
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    Keywords: Mesodermal cell lineages ; Cell transplantations ; Embryogenesis ; Drosophila
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    Notes: Summary We describe the results of cell transplantation experiments performed to investigate mesodermal lineages in Drosophila melanogaster, particularly the lineages of the somatic muscles, the visceral muscles and the fat body. Cells to be transplanted were labelled by injecting a mixture of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and fluorescein-dextran (FITC) in wild-type embryos at the syncytial blastoderm stage. For transplantation cells were removed from the ventral furrow, 8–12 min after the start of gastrulation, and individually transplanted into homotopic or heterotopic locations of unlabelled wild-type hosts of the same age. HRP labelling in the resulting cell clones was demonstrated histochemically in the fully developed embryo; histotypes could be distinguished without ambiguity. Mesodermal cells were already found to be committed to mesodermal fates at the time of transplantation. They developed only into mesodermal derivatives and did not integrate in non-mesodermal organs upon heterotopical transplantation. No evidence was found for commitment to any particular mesodermal organ at the time of transplantation. The majority of somatic muscle clones contributed cells to only one segment. However, clones were not infrequently distributed through two or even three segments. Clones of fat body cells were generally restricted to a small region. However, cells of clones of visceral musculature were widely distributed. With respect to the proliferative abilities of transplanted cells the clones were difficult to interpret due to the syncytial character of the somatic musculature and the fact that the organization of the other organs is poorly understood. Evidence from histological observations of developing normal embryos indicates only three mitoses for mesodermal cells. Clones larger than seven cells were not found when embryos were fixed previous to germ-band shortening; larger clones were found in the fat body and visceral musculature after fixing the embryos at the end of organogenesis. Quantitative considerations suggest that a few mesodermal cells might perform more than three mitoses.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Extracellular matrix ; Dermal-epidermal interactions ; Skin ; Hair morphogenesis
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    Notes: Summary The distribution of various extracellular matrix components was studied in frozen sections of embryonic (14–18 days) and early postnatal (birth and 4 days post parturn) dorsal mouse skin using monospecific antibodies and indirect immunofluorescence. Basement membrane zone components — type IV collagen, laminin and heparan sulphate proteoglycan — were found to be uniformly and unchangingly distributed along the dermal-epidermal junction. In contrast, the distribution of interstitial matrix components — types I and III collagen, and fibronectin — was heterogeneous and varied with the stages of hair development. Collagens became sparse and were eventually completely removed from the prospective dermal papilla and from a one-cell-thick sheath of dermal cells around hair buds. They remained absent from the dermal papilla throughout hair organogenesis. Fibronectin was always present around dermal papilla cells and was particularly abundant along the dermal-epidermal junction of hair rudiments, as well as underneath hair buds. In contrast, in interfollicular skin, collagens accumulated in increasing density, while fibronectin became progressively sparser. It thus appears that interstitial collagens and fibronectin are distributed in a manner which is related to hair morphogenesis. In morphogenetically active regions, collagen density is low, while that of fibronectin is high. Conversely, in histologically stabilized zones, collagen is abundant and fibronectin is sparse. This microheterogeneous distribution of interstitial collagens and of fibronectin might thus constitute part of the morphogenetic message that the dermis is known to transmit to the epidermis during the development of skin and of cutaneous appendages.
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  • 62
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 303-315 
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    Keywords: Embryonic chick skin ; Feather ; Morphogenesis ; Glycosaminoglycans ; Histochemistry
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    Notes: Summary The distribution of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) was studied in embryonic chick skin, using alcian blue staining with critical electrolyte concentration and glycanase treatment, immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. Light microscopy revealed an uneven distribution of sulphated and non-sulphated GAGs at all stages of feather development. Along the dermal-epidermal junction and throughout the depth of the dermis, staining was stronger inside the feathers than in the interplumar skin. With increasing MgCl2 concentration, the decrease in stain intensity along the dermal-epidermal junction was stronger in interplumar skin than inside feather structures, indicating that sulphated GAGs are more abundant within feathers than in interplumar skin. The same differential sensitivity to electrolyte concentration was noted in the dermis, except at the feather placode stage, when labelling inside the dermal condensation was virtually wiped out at 0.6 M MgCl2 and higher concentrations, whereas it persisted in the surrounding dermis up to 0.8 M MgCl2, indicating that the dermal condensation contains a larger amount of hyaluronate than non-feather-forming dermis. Enzyme treatment of sections with Streptomyces hyaluronidase as compared with those treated with chondroitinase ABC corroborated these findings. Immunofluorescent detection of heparan sulphate proteoglycan revealed the presence of the antigen along the dermal-epidermal junction at all stages of feather development, with peaks of brightness in discrete spots of feather structures. Electron microscopy revealed the presence of ruthenium red and tannic acid positive material in the dermal-epidermal junctional zone and inside the dermis. The density of marked granules was somewhat higher in intraplumar than in interplumar regions. These observations demonstrate that certain sulphated and non-sulphated GAGs are distributed in a microheterogeneous manner, which appears to be related to the morphogenetic events of feather development. They are discussed in view of the possible role these components might play in dermal-epidermal interactions. They strengthen the notion, already gained from previous studies on the localization of interstitial collagens and fibronectin, that extracellular matrix components play an important structural and informative role in organogenesis.
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  • 63
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    Keywords: Imaginal disc ; Evagination ; Surface peptides ; Radiolabeling ; Hormone depending ; Drosophila
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    Notes: Summary Unevaginated and evaginated Drosophila imaginal discs were surface-labeled with 125I. Relative labeling was greater in eleven peptides and lower in three peptides of evaginated discs compared to unevaginated discs. These results are compared to the effects of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HOE) on metabolic labeling of membrane proteins fractionated from imaginal discs, and on cell surface labeling of a hormone-responsive Drosophila tissue culture line. A group of 35S-methionine labeled membrane fraction peptides whose metabolic labeling is 20-HOE dependent have isoelectric points and apparent molecular weights very similar to those of a group of proteins only labeled in iodinated evaginated discs, supporting the conclusion that these are hormone-dependent, cell surface proteins (Rickoll and Fristrom 1983). Based upon two-dimensional gel electrophoretic and immunological criteria three of the proteins showing increased labeling in evaginated discs are related to three proteins induced by 20-HOE in tissue culture cells. Two different subsets of radiolabeled peptides were observed in the imaginal discs based upon detergent solubility. Some of the proteins which are soluble in NP-40 plus urea but insoluble in NP-40 alone may be localized in the basal lamina of the imaginal discs, a structure which labels heavily with 125I and is lacking in tissue culture cells. In discs, the majority of hormone-dependent changes in radiolabeled peptides were seen in the fraction solubilized by NP-40 and urea with a sulfhydryl reducing agent, while in tissue culture cells, the majority of differences is seen in the fraction solubilized by NP-40 only. We speculate that these proteins may be involved in similar processes, e.g., cell rearrangement, that occur during both disc morphogenesis and 20-HOE induced aggregation in tissue culture cells.
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  • 64
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    Keywords: Mouse embryogenesis ; Cytochalasin ; Phosphoglycerate kinase ; Glucosephosphate isomerase
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    Notes: Summary Mouse embryos at the two cell stage derived from C57BL/6 × C3H/Aa F1-females heterozygous at the X-linked phosphoglycerate kinase locus (Pgk-1) were cultured continuously in the presence of cytochalasin B or D. Further cleavage of the two cell embryos was thus prevented and the embryos became polyploid during culture. The onset of expression of the maternally inherited Pgk-1 gene and of the paternally inherited glucosephosphate isomerase (Gpi-1) gene was determined in these polyploid embryos by cellulose acetate gel electrophoresis of single embryos. In contrast to euploid preimplantation embryos developing normally in utero or in culture without cytochalasins, expression of maternal Pgk-1 was never observed at days 4 and 5 of gestation in polyploid two cell embryos, showing that the Pgk-1 allele on the maternally inherited X chromosome is not activated independently of cytokinesis and morphogenesis. Expression of paternally derived Gpi-1, however, occurred in cleavage blocked embryos von day 5 of development. This may indicate that the activation of two genes which are both expressed during preimplantation development and which both code for glycolytic enzymes, is initiated by different signals.
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 385-387 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Teratomas ; Lens ; Lentoids ; Transdifferentiation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Experimental teratomas derived from renal isografts of early postimplantation rat embryonic shields were analysed histologically for the presence of lentoids and their relationship with other tissues within the tumour. The observations permit the conclusion that in teratomas lentoids originate either from the retinal epithelium or from the ependymal cells of the brain ventricle
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Metamorphosis ; Catecholamines ; Development ; Neurotransmitters ; Hydrozoa
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    Notes: Summary Planula larvae of the marine hydroids Halocordyle disticha and Hydractinia echinata were treated with the catecholamines epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine, as well as with certain of their precursors and agonists. Norepinephrine, l-dopa, dopamine and the dopamine agonist ADTN at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 0.001 mM induced metamorphosis within 24 h in Halocordyle disticha, with no observable morphogenetic abnormalities. Epinephrine, the adrenergic agonists phenylephrine, isoproterenol and methoxyamine, and the catecholamine precursors phenylalanine and tyrosine were found not to induce metamorphosis at the concentrations employed. None of the compounds was effective in inducing metamorphosis in Hydractinia echinata. A model is presented for neural control of metamorphosis in Halocordyle disticha
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 397-400 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Mouse preimplantation embryo ; Decompaction ; Recompaction ; Nocodazole ; Cytochalasin B
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Early (non-compacted) and late (compacted) 8-cell embryos were observed after few hours of culture in vitro. The former embryos underwent compaction and the latter embryos were found decompacted. Cell counting suggested that decompaction preceded fourth cleavage division of any blastomere and lasted until the blastomeres divided. About one third of mouse morulae, which had about twenty cells, were found non-compacted upon obtaining from females. After few hours of culture in vitro these embryos underwent recompaction and cavitation. Increasing the contributions of mitosis-arrested and cytokinesisarrested cells within the morulae by culture with nocodazole and cytochalasin B respectively, did not delay recompaction. The data show that periods of decompaction and recompaction alternate in preimplantation development.
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  • 68
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    Keywords: Intercellular transport mechanisms ; Voltage gradient electrophoresis ; Microtubule-associated discharge ; Insect telotrophic ovariole ; Dysdercus intermedius (Heteroptera)
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    Notes: Summary In the telotrophic ovariole of Dysdercus intermedius the intercellular transport consists of different subsystems. Microinjection of FITC-labeled slowly diffusing proteins with opposite electrical net charges and of mitochondria was used to study the translocation of macromolecules and organelles. a) By intracellular measurements a voltage gradient of about 4 mV between the tropharium as the more negative side and the previtellogenic oocytes could be demonstrated. b) After injection into the tropharium negatively charged proteins migrated according to the electropotential gradient via the trophic cords into the oocytes. Positively charged proteins, however, were retained in the tropharium. c) After injection into previtellogenic oocytes both negatively and positively charged proteins moved into the trophic cords. Thus, the effectiveness of the electropotential gradient on the distribution of charged proteins is more pronounced from the tropharium side. d) Mitochondria microinjected into the trophic core were probably aligned along microtubules and translocated towards the trophic cords. — These results suggest that in the telotrophic bug ovariole a number of intercellular transport subsystems contribute to provide previtellogenic oocytes with nurse cells products. An electrophoretic transport mechanism for soluble proteins acting especially within the tropharium and a microtubule-associated transport for mitochondria could be evidenced.
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  • 69
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    Keywords: Spinal cord explant cultures ; Innervation ; Sensory connections ; Topography of afferent terminals
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    Notes: Summary Cultured spinal cord explants in which little spontaneous bioelectric activity was present showed, when monitored using sensory ganglion-evoked monosynaptic action potentials, diffuse innervation by ingrowing afferent fibers at 3–4 weeks in vitro. In contrast, highly active cultures of the same age showed a strong tendency for functional sensory connections to be made within the dorsal half of the cord. Regional specificity was present in mature cultures (4–5 weeks in vitro), however, even when their spontaneous activity level was low. The results support earlier results using tetrodotoxin, and make it appear likely that centrally generated neuronal discharges can influence the topography of afferent terminals within the developing spinal cord.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Mitochondria transport ; Ovarian trophic cord ; Insect telotrophic ovariole ; Dysdercus intermedius ; AVEC-DIC microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The motile behaviour of mitochondria in the ovarian trophic cord of the red cotton bug, Dysdercus intermedius, was observed optically using video-enhanced differential interference contrast (AVEC-DIC) microscopy. The motion of 258 video-recorded mitochondria was analysed of which 10%–30% were found to move during the observation periods. Of the moving mitochondria 76% travelled towards the oocyte with an average velocity of 3.37 μm/ min, and 24% towards the tropharium with 2.84 μm/min. The movement was found to be basically of the saltatory type I as known from nerve axons characterized by the absence of directional reversal. In some cases short periods of interrupted motion of type II, i.e. with local oscillations, were observed. Individual mitochondria often showed velocity variations during the excursions. The hemipteran trophic cords are known to contain numerous parallel microtubules. As the observed type of mitochondrial motility resembles axonal transport, a modified transport hypothesis is presented for the microtubule-based motility of organelles in the nurse strands of telotrophic insect ovarioles.
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 460-463 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Frog embryos ; Cytochalasin H ; Cellular disaggregation ; Abnormal development ; Reversibility of CH action
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cytochalasin H (CH) brought about cellular disaggregation resulting into arrest of development in the embryos of the frog, Microhyla ornata. The effects were dependent on the dose of CH, duration of the treatment as well as on developmental stage of the embryo at the beginning of the treatment. The embryos were protected to some extent if the vitelline membranes were left intact. The reversibility of CH-action, after transfer of treated embryos to CH-free medium, was dependent on the extent of cellular disaggregation brought about by CH and on the presence or absence of an intact vitelline membrane.
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 486-491 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Neural development ; Identified neurons ; Insects ; Metamorphosis
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ventral nerve cord of holometabolous insects is reorganized during metamorphosis. Certain elements, however, persist from the larval to the adult stage. A group of dorsal unpaired median neurons and a set of thoracic serotonin-immunoreactive interneurons are shown to be persistent elements in the ventral nerve cord of Tenebrio molitor. These persistent neurons retain their “bauplan” even after deprivation of the sensory neurons projecting onto them. These persistent neurons might provide a network into which newly developing sensory neurons fit during reorganization of the nervous tissue.
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 473-485 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Proliferation ; Neuroblasts
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The pattern of neuroblast divisions was studied in thoracic and abdominal neuromeres of wild-type Drosophila melanogaster embryos stained with a monoclonal antibody directed against a chromatin-associated antigen. Since fixed material was used, our conclusions are based upon the statistical evaluation of a large number of accurately staged embryos, covering the stages between the formation of the cephalic furrow up to shortened germ band. Our observations point to a rather stereotypic pattern of proliferation, consisting of several parasynchronous cycles of division. The data suggest that all SI neuroblasts divide at least eight times, all SII neuroblasts six or seven times and all SIII neuroblasts at least five times. This conclusion is based on the mapping of mitotic neuroblasts and is supported by the progressive reduction of the neuroblast volume and by the results of cell countings performed on embryos of increasing age. No conclusive evidence was obtained concerning the fate of the neuroblasts after their last mitosis, i.e. it cannot be decided whether the neuroblasts degenerate or become incorporated as inconspicuous cells in the larval ventral cord. The duration of the cycles of division of the neuroblasts was found to be 40–50 min each, while in the case of ganglion mother cells about 100 min are required to complete one cell cycle.
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 511-521 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Segmentation defects, ether-induced ; Drosophila ; Phenocopies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Drosophila embryos, exposed to ether between 1 and 4 h after oviposition, develop defects ranging from the complete lack of segmentation to isolated gaps in single segments. Between these extremes are varying extents of incomplete and abnormal segmentation. On the basis of both their temporal and spatial characteristics, five major phenotype classes may be distinguished: headless — unsegmented or incompletely segmented anteriorly; gap — interruptions of segmentation not obviously periodic; alternating segment gaps — interruptions with double segment periodicities; fused segments; and short segments — truncations with single segment periodicities. Many defects resemble known mutant phenotypes. The disturbances in segmentation are predominantly global and frequently accompanied by alterations in segment specification, such that the segments obtained show no resemblance to the normal homologues. These features, together with the distinctive spatiotemporal characteristics of the defects, all point to segmentation as a dynamic process. The regular spacing of the segments and the fact that the entire range of defects is inducible by ether are further consistent with the hypothesis that at least part of the segmentation process may consist of physicochemical reactions coordinated over the whole body. The relationship between our data and data from genetic and other analyses are briefly discussed.
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 522-526 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Meliponinae ; caste development ; corpora allata activity ; in vitro juvenile hormone synthesis
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In social insects the expression of caste-specific characters is controlled by juvenile hormone (JH) during definite sensitive periods in preimaginal development. For a number of stingless bee species the existence of such a JH-sensitive period has already been demonstrated. Queen development can be induced by topical JH applications during the cocoon spinning phase of the last larval instar. Neither JH titers nor rates of JH synthesis were known so far for this subfamily of eusocial bees distinguished by a pronounced caste dimorphism. As the pantropically distributed stingless bees with approximately 400 recent species are the largest group of social bees, JH synthesis was studied in one of the species that can be kept under laboratory conditions. An in vitro radiochemical assay was used to measure stage- and caste-specific activities of the corpora allata (CA). For the first time in a eusocial hymenopteran species it was demonstrated how the endocrine system is reacting to trophogenic stimuli capable to induce caste differentiation during larval development. Generally JH synthesis in queen CA was found to be 30–80% higher than in workers during the penultimate and last larval instar, but a strong and distinct caste-specific modulation of JH synthesis was only observed right before the onset of a JH-sensitive period in the cocoon spinning phase of the fifth instar.
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 527-530 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Insulin ; Diapause termination ; Pieris brassicae
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Due to its close structural homology with the 4K prothoracicotropic hormone isolated from Bombyx mori, we tested the ability of vertebrate insulin to break pupal diapause in a Lepidopteran, Pieris brassicae. Injection of 5μg of bovine insulin in diapausing pupae led to diapause termination and synchronous adult eclosion; the effect of insulin was dose-dependent. Bovine insulin-A chain and B chain injected separately failed to show any biological activity suggesting that the intact structure of the molecule is required. Bovine insulin also promoted adult development of decapitated diapausing animals. We show that insulin triggers a reactivation of the neuroendocrine system leading to a neosynthesis of ecdysone beginning 6 days after treatment. This neosynthesis also occurred in beheaded animals suggesting that insulin stimulates the prothoracic glands without acting via the brain.
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    Insectes sociaux 34 (1987), S. 261-273 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Des analyses multivaritées sur des ouvrières de la fourmi voyageuse de l'ancien monde du genreAenictus, ont permis d'étudier la structure taxonomique ressortant des données morphologiques accumulées. Les résultats ont été comparés aux regroupements subgénériques et spécifiques suggérés par des études taxonomiques antérieures ainsi qu'aux appartenances géogrpahiques connues des espéces étudiées. LesAenictus d'Afrique forment un sous-groupe phénétique distinct comme le font des espèces asiatiques précédemment rangées dans le sous-genreTyphlatta. d'autres expéces espèces asiatiques montrent une affiité soit pour les espèces africaines, soit pour le groupeTyphlatta. Parmi les cinq groupements d'espèces identifiés par une étude taxonomique antérieure, les groupements«currax», «laeviceps» et «wroughtoni» apparaissent clairement comme distincts. L'effet de ces résultats sur la classification sous-générique du genre dépendra d'autres analyses de caractères.
    Notes: Summary Multivariate analyses of workers of the Old World army ant genusAenictus were used to investigte taxonomic structure inherent in the morphological data gathered. Results were compared to subgenric and species groupings suggested in earlier taxonomic studies and to the known geographic ranges of the included species. AfricanAenictus form a distinct phenetic subgroup as do Asian species previously assigned to the subgenusTyphlatta. Other Asian species show an affinit for either the African species or theTyphlatta group. Of the five species groupings identified in an earlier taxonomic work, the“currax”, “laeviceps”, and “wroughtoni” groups are clearly revealed to be phenetically distinctive. How these results will affect the classification of the genus, especially at the subgeneric level, depends on further character analysis.
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    Insectes sociaux 34 (1987), S. 274-279 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Les résultats permettent d'estimer à 20.0 (s=1.36) le nombre de xo-hétéroallèles deMelipona compressipes fasciculata, ce qui ne diffère pas significativement d'Apis mellifera (18.9). on dit remarquer le fait que les équivalents létaux estimés pourApis mellifera (1.29 à 1.36) ne diffèrent pas de ceux trouvés pour les Meliponides (1.08 à 1.14). Ces données semblent démontrer quecette ressemblance est due aux pressions évolutives similaires provenant de la détermination du sexe et de la vie eusociale s'exerçant sur les pramètres génétiques des populations de ces abeilles avec un grandNe.
    Notes: Summary Data are produced that allows estimating the number of xo-heteroalleles ofMelipona compressipes fasciculata as being equal to 20.0 (s=1.36) which does not differ significantly fromApis mellifera (n=18.9). Emphasis is given to the fact that the lethal equivalents estimate forApis mellifera (1.29 to 1.36) also does not differ from the one found for meliponids (1.08 to 1.14). These equations are supposed to be due to similar evolutionary pressures that sex determination and eusocial life exercise upon the genetic parameters of the populations of these bee species with largeNe.
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    Insectes sociaux 34 (1987), S. 291-297 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Aus Eiern aus reifenN. exitiosus Freilandkolonien, die im Labor von kleinen Gruppen aus Arbeitern und Soldaten aufgezogen wurden, welche zwei Monate früher aus einer anderen Feldkolonie isoliert worden waren, entwickelten sich nicht nur Arbeiter, sondern auch Nymphen. Die Rate der entstandenen Nymphen war von der Geberkolonie und nicht von den Haltungsbedingungen im Labor abhängig. Dies ist ein Hinweis dafür, dass die nach der ersten Larvalhäutung in Erscheinung tretende Kastenausprägung bereits im Ei veranlagt wird, wahrscheinlich unter mütterlichem Einfluss.
    Notes: Summary Eggs removed from mature field-colonies ofNasutitermes exitiosus and reared in the laboratory by small groups of workers and soldiers, isolated from another field-colony two months before, developed not only into workers but also into nymphs. The incidence of nymphal development depended on the donor-colony, not on laboratory culture conditions, indicating that the outcome of the first larval moult is determined before the egg is laid, presumably by maternal influence.
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    Insectes sociaux 34 (1987), S. 308-308 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Vererbung eines Gruppenmerkmales, der Alarmierungsreaktion von Arbeiterinnen (Apis mellifera L.) wurde in einem quantitativen Stoffwechseltest überprüft. In einer diallelen Testkreuzung von selektierten Königinnen und Drohnen konnten genetische Varianzkomponenten sowie maternale Effekte geschätzt werden. Experimente, in denen Eier von fremden Pflegevölkern zu Imagines aufgezogen wurden, zeigten, dass die Stockumwelt während der Larval-und Pupalentwicklung keinen Einfluss auf das spätere Alarmverhalten der Arbeiterinnen nimmt.
    Notes: Summary The inheritance of a group character, the alarm behaviour of honey bee workers (Apis mellifera L.), was analyzed using a metabolic bio-assay. In a diallel test cross of preselected queens and drones, genetic variance and maternal effects on this behaviour were estimated. Crossfostering experiments showed that the hive environment during larval and pupal development has only minor effects on alarm behaviour.
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    Insectes sociaux 34 (1987), S. 280-290 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Maennchen vonFormica exsecta aus zwei Alpentaelern gehoeren zwei verschiedenen Groessenklassen an, Micraner und Macraner genannt. Es wurden Nester mit beiden Groessenklassen, aber auch solche mit nur je einer gefunden. Um zu untersuchen, ob beide Maennchenklassen haploid oder eine diploid war, wurden die Chromosomezahlen in maennlichen Vorpuppen ermittelt und der relative DNA-Wert von einzelnen Gehirnzellen adulter Maennchen bestimmt. Die ueberwiegende Anzahl aller Metaphaseplatten in Gehirnen von Maennchen beider Groessenklassen zeigte die haploide Chromosomenzahl. Der Rest der Metaphasen hatte 2n oder 4n Chromosomensaetze. Arbeiterinnen enthielten ueberwiegend diploide und daneben einige tetraploide Chromosomensaetze im Gehirn. Ein Unterschied zwischen Micranern und Macranern war der Prozentsatz Zellen, die mehr als n Chromosomen hatten. In Macranern waren 90 oder mehr Prozent der Zellen haploid, waehrend in Micranern prozentual weniger haploide Zellen gefunden wurden. Dagegen enthielten nur Micraner Chromosomensaetze mit mehr als 2n. Die DNA-Messungen ergaben aehnliche Resultate. Beide Maennchentypen zeigten den gleichen niedrigen DNA-Wert, niedriger als der der Arbeiterinnen. Uebereinstimmend mit den Chromosomenzaehlungen hatten die Macraner nur eine Klasse hoeherer DNA-Werte. In Macranern wurde zusaetzlich eine Klasse DNA-Werte gefunden, die niedriger, war, als die, welche die n Chromosomenzahl repraesentiert. Diese Werte stammen vermutlich von degenerierenden Kernen. Beide Maennchentypen enthalten Spermien. Die vorliegenden Daten lassen den Schluss zu, dass beiF. exsecta die Maennchengroessenklassen nicht auf einen Haploidie-Diploidie-Mechanismus zurueckzufuehren sind. Einen Unterschied zwischen Micranern und Macranern ergab jedoch die Haeufigkeit endomitotischer Zyklen im Gehirn, also Verdoppellung der Chromosomenzahl ohne anschliessende Zellteilung. In den Gehirnen von Macranern wurden nur Zellen gefunden, die maximal einen endomitotischen Zyklus durchlaufen hatten. Micraner dagegen enthielten Mitosen mit einem vierfachen Choromosomensatz, entstanden durch zwei aufeinander folgende endomitotische Zyklen.
    Notes: Summary Males ofFormica exsecta from two alpine valleys were found to belong to two significantly different size classes, called micraner and macraner. Nests contained either one or the other or both male types. Tot test whether both male types were haploid or one was diploid, chromosome numbers in brain cells from prepupae were counted and the relative DNA value of single nuclei from adult brains was determined. Most of the metaphase plates in brains from micraner as well as from macraner turned out to be haploid. The rest of the metaphases showed a 2n or 4n chromosome set. Workers had diploid brain cells together with some 4n cells. A difference between micraner and macraner was the percentage of cells with more than n chromosomes. All macraner had 90% or more haploid cells in their brain while the percentage of haploid cells in micraner could be much lower, as low as 59%. Only micraner showed chromosome numbers higher than 2n. DNA measurements gave principally the same result. Both male types exhibited the same low DNA value, lower than worker brain cells. In agreement with the chromosome countings, macraner had only one class of cells with a higher DNA value. In addition to the DNA values which are thought to represent the chromosome numbers n and 2n, lower values were found in macraner which are interpreted as degenerating nuclei. Both male types contained sperm. The presented results show that inF. exsecta differences in male size are not induced by a haploid-diploid mechanism. All males were haploid. However, the frequency of endomitotic cycles, the doubling of the chromosome number without subsequent cell division, was lower in macraner than in micraner.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 125 (1987), S. 1-18 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Apparent magnitude ; heterogeneous catalog ; magnitude errors ; frequency-magnitude law
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The paper studies the effect of magnitude errors on heterogeneous catalogs, by applying the apparent magnitude theory (seeTinti andMulargia, 1985a), which proves to be the most natural and rigorous approach to the problem. Heterogeneities in seismic catalogs are due to a number of various sources and affect both instrumental as well as noninstrumental earthquake compilations. The most frequent basis of heterogeneity is certainly that the recent instrumental records are to be combined with the historic and prehistoric event listings to secure a time coverage, considerably longer than the recurrence time of the major earthquakes. Therefore the case which attracts the greatest attention in the present analysis is that of a catalog consisting of a subset of higher quality data, generallyS 1, spanning the interval ΔT 1 (the instrumental catalog), and of a second subset of more uncertain magnitude determination, generallyS 2, covering a vastly longer interval ΔT 2 (the historic and/or the geologic catalog). The magnitude threshold of the subcatalogS 1 is supposedly smaller than that ofS 2, which, as we will see, is one of the major causes of discrepancy between the apparent magnitude and the true magnitude distributions. We will further suppose that true magnitude occurrences conform to theGutenberg-Richter (GR) law, because the assumption simplified the analysis without reducing the relevancy of our findings. The main results are: 1) the apparent occurrence rate λ exceeds the true occurrence rate ρ from a certain magnitude onward, saym GR; 2) the apparent occurrence rate λ shows two distinct GR regimes separated by an intermediate transition region. The offset between the two regimes is the essential outcome ofS 1 being heterogeneous with respect toS 2. The most important consequences of this study are that: 1) it provides a basis to infer the parameters of the true magnitude distribution, by correcting the bias deriving from heterogeneous magnitude errors; 2) it demonstrates that the double GR decay, that several authors have taken as the incontestable proof of the failure of the GR law and of the experimental evidence of the characteristic earthquake theory, is instead perfectly consistent with a GR-type seismicity.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 125 (1987), S. 131-145 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Total ozone ; periodicities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Using the periodicities obtained by a Maximum Entropy Spectral Analysis (MESA) of the Arosa total ozone data (CC′) series for 1932–1971, the values predicted for 1972 onwards were compared with the observed values of the (AD) series. A change of level was noticed, with the observed (AD) values lower by about 7 D.U. Also, the matching was poor in 1980, 1981, 1982. In the monthly values, the most prominent periodicity was the annual wave, comprising some 80% variance. In the 12 month running averages, the annual wave was eliminated and the most prominent periodicity wasT=3.7 years, encompassing roundly 20% variance. This and other periodicities atT=4.7, 5.4, 6.2, 10 and 16 years were all statistically significant at a 3.5δa priori i.e., 2δa posteriori level. However, the predictions from these were unsatisfactory, probably because some of these periodicities may betransient i.e., changing amplitudes and/or phases with time. Thus, no meaningful prediction seem possible for Arosa total ozone.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 125 (1987), S. 41-65 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Polynomial smoothing ; magnetometer arrays ; quiet-time magnetic variations ; sq
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Both magnetospheric and solid Earth geophysicists often employ two-dimensional arrays of recording variometers to reconstruct the spatial distribution of transient magnetic field variations at the Earth's surface. These discrete data are typically interpolated over a dense grid and the results, for example, are contoured. Few studies, however, have explored the efficacy of employing various polynomial forms for interpolating the same data set, nor have they examined how regional polynomial forms relate to magnetic variation sources on a global scale. The present study addresses some of these concerns. We quantify the characteristics of various smoothed models (i.e., low-order polynomial trend surfaces) for the same data set from a subglobal network of magnetic variometers. Using a relatively quiet interval of undisturbed diurnal variation, we characterize the spatial distribution of the three individual magnetic vector components at a single instant of time—or for what we call a ‘time slice’. We then explore how our model functions are affected by the presence or absence of various site data, i.e., what is the ‘information content’ of a particular site in our array and how important is it to constraining the final smooth model function that we derive? Finally, we explore how such local model functions are affected by including data from outside the array by studying the relation between our local polynomial forms and the global source fields from which they derive.
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  • 86
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    Pure and applied geophysics 125 (1987), S. 67-90 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Secular variation ; geomagnetic field ; Egypt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The palaeo-intensities (F a) of the geomagnetic field in Egypt at some ages are determined by archaeomagnetic measurements and found to be:F a=36.2 μT at 3100 B.C., Fa=46.8 μT at 3000 B.C.,F a=36.5 μT at 2780 B.C., 49.0 μT at 2500 B.C., 36.4 μT at 2200 B.C., 57.5 μT at 1990 B.C., 62.1 μT atca 1400 B.C., 61.5 μT at 1400 B.C., 69.9 μT at 600 B.C., 59.3 μT at 550 B.C., 79.9 μT at 460 B.C., 73.7 μT at 450 B.C., 69.7 μT at 320 B.C., 56.2 μT at A.D. 50, 64.9 μT, at A.D. 400, 54.4 μT at A.D. 300, 57.5 μT at A.D. 700 and 43.0 μT at A.D. 1975. The palaeo-inclinations (I a) at some ages are found to be:I a=24.2° at 420 B.C., 44° at A.D. 50, 60.7° at A.D. 703 and 42° at A.D. 1795. The measured values ofF a are affected by the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility of the samples by 13% to 20% of the expected correct value. The suitable correction of this effect is by multiplyingF ⊥ by 1/((1+0.2(θ/90)) andF ∥ by 1/((1–0.13 (θ/90)), whereF ⊥ andF ∥ are the resultant values ofF a if the laboratory field is perpendicular or parallel to the wall of the sample during the Thelliers' experiments, respectively, and θ is the angle between the direction of natural remnant magnetization of the sample and the direction of the laboratory field. The results of this paper, together with the previous results for Egypt and the neighbourhoods, lead to the production of the secular variation curve of the geomagnetic field in Egypt for the last 5000 years. The intensity of the field shows a periodicity of about 400 years with multiples.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Aircraft measurements ; temperature structure parameter ; cloud-air ; clear-air ; active monsoon ; weak monsoon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract High resolution aicraft observations of temperature were made in cloud-air and clear-air at different heights in the lower atmosphere over the Deccan Plateu, India, during the summer monsoon season (June–September) of 1976. Temperature fluctuations in the horizontal at each flight level were utilised for computing the temperature structure parameter (C T 2 ) at that level for studying the hieght dependence ofC T 2 . The results were found to be in agreement with those obtained by other investigators. Also, the height variations ofC T 2 in cloud-air and clear-air during active and weak monsoon conditions are studied. Marked differences were noticed in the behaviour ofC T 2 during active and weak monsoon conditions.
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  • 88
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    Pure and applied geophysics 125 (1987), S. 319-340 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Daily variation ; upper mantle ; lateral heterogeneities ; conductivity ; magnetotelluric
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We use telluric and magnetic data of the diurnal variation recorded in Europe, Australia and North America to study the magnetotelluric tensor in the 6h–24h period range. We use associate directions and we eliminate the effects of deviation of telluric currents. We thus obtain for each observatory reliable phases and apparent resistivity values representative of the neighbouring stratified substratum. It appears that the values obtained in the four European observatories (Saint-Maur, France; Ebro, Spain; Toledo, Spain; Nagycenk, Hungary) give similar results and that these results are different from those obtained either in Tucson (USA) or in Watheroo (Australia). Using Bostick transform we interpret these phase and apparent resistivity values in terms of conductivity of the upper mantle. We discuss then the conductivity heterogeneities in terms of change either in temperature, or partial melting or percentage of fluids of the upper mantle: at depths of about 300 km, the upper mantle appears to be 100 °C hotter under Australia than under Europe; the probable presence of fluids at depths about 100 km in the southwestern North America upper mantle appears to be responsible for the high observed conductivities. All these conductivity values are coherent with tomography results from Woodhouse and Dziewonsky: high (low) conductivities are cohernet with low (high)seismic wave velocities.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Global magnetic variational sounding ; apparent resistance ; inverse problem ; planetary geoelectric profile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An analysis of published papers containing magnetovariation sounding data (MVS) is carried out. A catalogue of the most trustworthy MVS parameters' values covering periods from 6 hours up to 11 years is compiled. With the help of averaged data of the magnetovariation sounding a planetary geoelectric profile is constructed meeting the requirements of up-to-date understanding of the physical processes in the Earth.
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  • 90
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    Pure and applied geophysics 125 (1987), S. 465-482 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Magnetotelluric ; heat-flow ; upper mantle conductivity ; Chinese continent
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Based on the data from more than 200 MTS sites distributed within different areas of the Chinese continent, general characteristics of upper mantle conductivity have been described. At least two conductive layers have been found in the upper mantle of some areas. The first is thin with a resistivity of a modicum to few tens Ωm; the second one is thicker with a resistivity of one to Ωm. Nearly 300 heat-flow values indicate that there exists an exponential correspondent relationship between a depth of the upper mantle conductive layer with a thickness and an average value of heat flow. Based on the above results, the top depth map of this upper mantle conductive layer has been outlined for parts of the Chinese continent. This conductive layer is basically consistent with the low velocity zone in the upper mantle, and Cenozoic tectonism and current seismicity are significantly related to the variation of depth of the conductive layer in the upper mantle. The possible origins of the conductive layers in the upper mantle have been discussed here.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Probabilistic earthquake prediction ; Aegean area
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Repeat times of large shocks are obtained for 17 seismic fracture zones of the Aegean and surrounding area, from times of historic and present century earthquakes. The mean standard deviation of the repeat times is approximately 50% of any one observation. A probabilistic approach is then used to forecast the likelihood of large future earthquakes in each fracture zone, using as input the time of the last large shock, the average repeat time and its standard deviation. Shallow and intermediate depth earthquakes are examined separately. The calculated probabilities are high for the entire Hellenic arc, both for shallow and intermediate depth seismicity, for the area of Leucas island (Ionian), of Lesbos island (Aegean), for Patraikos-west Corinthiakos Gulfs, for Evoikos Gulf as well as for southern Bulgaria. The probability estimates based on the most recent large earthquakes, involve a number of basic physical assumptions and we would think that they provide a semi-stochastic approach to the problem of earthquake prediction in Greece.
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  • 92
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    Pure and applied geophysics 125 (1987), S. 717-751 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Scattering ; mode conversion ; seismic waves ; stratigraphy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We demonstrate how multiples, generated at the interfaces of plane parallel beds, modify the propagation characteristics of an originally coherent seismic wave. For waves propagating at an angle to the bedding plane we find that theSV andP-waves couple so that neither is a pure mode. TheSH-wave, while modified in its propagation characteristics by multiples, remains a pure mode. The coupling ofSV-multiples into the quasi-P-mode appears weaker than the coupling ofP-wave multiples into the quasi-SV mode; at least this is so for the two simple cases of (a) density fluctuations only and (b) correlatedV p andV s fluctuations which conserve Poisson's ratio. We also find that the coupling is sensitive to both the angle of propagation and frequency. In addition there is a cut-off angle forP-wave multiples influencing the quasi-SV mode. Propagation angles larger than the cut-off permit theP-multiples to modify the phase of the quasi-SV mode, but not its effective attenuation. No such cut-off effect is found for SV-multiples influencing the quasi-P mode, whose angle-dependent and frequency-dependent phase distortion and effective attenuation are influenced both byP-wave multiples andSV-multiples. In view of the mathematical complexity of the expressions describing the phase, and effective attenuation of modes when allowance is made forP-andS-wave multiples, we strongly advocate numerical coding of the major mathematical formulae. By so doing a systematic study can be undertaken of the frequency and offset dependence of seismic waves as a function of seismic source input and power spectral behavior of the fluctuations in density and elastic constants of beds. It is our opinion that the full mathematical expressions are too involved to permit an analytic, systematic investigation to be given of the phase and attenuation of seismic waves with any degree of sophistication or generality.
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  • 93
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    Pure and applied geophysics 125 (1987), S. 167-181 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Trace gases ; diurnal variation ; environments ; urban ; nonurban ; background pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Observations of trace gases (SO2, NH3, NO2 and O3) were made during the period 1981 to 1984 at 6 different locations representative of urban industrial, urban, nonurban, thermal power plant and marine environment. Diurnal variations of the trace gases were studied in an urban environment. Except in the urban industrial environment, the concentration of NH3 was found in the range of background values. Also, the average concentrations of NO2 and O3 at the different environments were in the order of background values. However, the concentrations of SO2 were substantially higher by about 7 times, in urban industrial and thermal power plant environments. The diurnal variations of SO2, NH3 and NO2 showed anitphase relationship with surface temperature at the urban environment station which is relatively free of industrial pollution. Discussion is centred on trace gas variations in different environments in India together with the values reported for various countries in the world.
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  • 94
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    Pure and applied geophysics 125 (1987), S. 813-834 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Tilt ; Western Canada
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Pairs of short baselength mercury-level tiltmeters mounted on shallow piers coupled to sedimentary rocks have been used to monitor ground tilting at three inland locations in western Canada. Noise levels have been estimated over large Nyquist intervals to evaluate site conditions and for comparison with results observed in crystalline rocks at other locations. The results show that tilt noise patterns are similar for different locations, and that noise levels are higher for unconsolidated sediments. Tidal estimates for the principal lunar semidiurnal constituentM 2 were obtained from the least noisy sections of the tilt series. Uncertainties in the estimated amplitudes for the record lengths considered range from 4 to 20% depending on location and azimuth. Comparison of the observedM 2 tide with those predicted for an elastic Earth loaded by two different ocean configurations (Schwiderski or Parke) shows better agreement with the Schwiderski marine tidal model. Differences between observaton and theory suggest a strain-induced perturbation source.
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  • 95
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    Pure and applied geophysics 125 (1987), S. 845-852 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Solar quiet daily variation ; magnetospheric currents ; focal latitude
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The average latitude of theSq(X) focus along the longitude 75°E has been estimated using the Tsyganenko model (Tsyganenko, 1981) of the external magnetic field for storm time conditions of the magnetosphere. It is observed that the shift of the focal latitudes, due to magnetospheric currents, is only about 1 to 2° even during strong storms. It is also shown that the shift is asymmetric about the equator and longitude dependent. The day to day changes in observed focal position are much larger and the magnetospheric currents cannot, therefore, be regarded as a dominant mechanism of focal movement.
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  • 96
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    Pure and applied geophysics 125 (1987), S. 919-950 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Volcanic seismicity ; tremor ; T waves ; Pacific Ocean basin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We present a review of the principal methods used for the seismic detection and identification of active underwater volcanism, based on our experience in French Polynesia. In particular, we descrobe the 5-year activity in the Tahiti-Mehetia area, during which more than 32000 earthquakes were detected by the Polynesian network. We discuss the use of the following three types of seismic waves: conventional (mostly body waves), seismic tremor, andT waves propagated in the low-velocity acoustic channel of the ocean. For each of these waves, we discuss the principal characteristics of the signals, their spectral content, the type of information they provide on the activity of the volcano, and the various limitations faced by their use in detection or monitoring of underwater volcanic edifices. We present a review of the principal swarms monitored by the Polynesian network, and discuss their characterization as either volcanic or tectonic.
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  • 97
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    Insectes sociaux 34 (1987), S. 229-229 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Les ouvriers affamés deCoptotermes formosanus prennent l'initiative des échanges trophallactiques avec les soldats, quel que soit l'état nutritionnel de ceux-ci. Les soldats affamés ne sollicitent pas de nourriture des ouvriers, et ne sont pas nourris par eux quand ces ouvriers sont alimentés préalablement. Les résltats de laboratoire suggèrent que l'échange ouvrier-soldat est un comportement toujours initié par l'ouvrier et indépendant de l'état nutrionnel du soldat.
    Notes: Summary Starved workers of the Formosan subterranean termite,Coptotermes formosanus shiraki, initated trophallactic exchanges with soldiers regardless of soldier nutritional status. Starved soldiers did not solicit food from workers and were not fed when workers had been fed previously. The laboratory results suggest that worker-soldier trophallacticexchange is a worker-initiated behavior and essentially independent of the nutritional state of the soldier.
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    Insectes sociaux 34 (1987), S. 108-117 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Des femelles inséminées de la fourmi champignonnisteAtta texana (Buckley) peuvent coopérer au cours de la fondation de la colonie. Au laboratoire, des efforts coopératifs aboutissent directement au maintien de grandes colonies polygynes, ce qui est un patron peu répandu chez les fourmis. Bien que des femelles isolées élevèrent avec succès une progéniture d'ouvrières et initièrent la culture du champignon, les femelles groupées produisirent davantage d'ouvrières et de jardin à champignon. Les plus grandes femelles isolées et les femelles groupées ont eu un taux de survie plus élevé avant l'éclosion des ouvrières, au laboratoire. Les femelles groupées, comme les femelles isolées, perdent environ 30 % de leur poids initial avant l'apparition des premières ouvrières. Les femelles en perdent encore 25 à 30% dans les cinq mois suivants, ce qui suggère que l'investissement continuel des fondatrices peut être critique pour la survie de la colonie après l'éclosion des ouvrières. Les femelles d'A. texana sont parmi les plus petites dans le genre, et je suggère que la polygynie primaire est adaptativement associée à la petite taille des femelles dans cette espèce.
    Notes: Summary Inseminated females of the leafcutting antAtta texana (Buckley) may cooperate during colony foundation. Cooperative efforts in the laboratory lead directly to large stable polygynous colonies, which is an uncommon pattern in ants. Although single females successfully reared worker offspring and started fungus cultures, grouped ants produced more workers and larger fungus cultures. Larger females and grouped ants had a higher survival rate before workers emerged in the laboratory. Grouped and single females both lost about 30% of their initial weight before the first workers appeared. The females lost an additional 25–35 % over the next five months, suggesting that continuing investment by foundress females may be critical to colony survival after workers emerge. Females ofA. texana are among the smallest known in the genus, and I suggest that primary polygyny is adaptively associated with small female size in this species.
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    Insectes sociaux 34 (1987), S. 142-142 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    Insectes sociaux 34 (1987), S. 236-251 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Topographische Orientierung zweier Ameisen-Arten wird verglichen. Zur Orientierung während des Tages verwenden die hauptsächlich nachts-aktive Art,Camponotus pennsylvanicus, und die hauptsächlich tags-aktive Art,Formica subsericae, verschiedene Eigenschaften der Umwelt. Untersuchungen im Freiland zeigen, dass beide Arten Himmels-und Grezstein-Orientierung besitzen. Obwohl beide Arten auf visuelle Eigenschaften bzw. Duftspuren reagieren, spielen beiF. subsericea die ersterwähnten eine wichtigere Rolle; und beiC. pennsylvanicus ist es umgekehrt. Diese Orientierungsunterschiede werden mit Bezug auf die Verhaltensökologie der beiden Arten diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The topographic orientation of two species of ants is compared. Differential cue emphasis exists in diurnal orientation between the primarily nocturnalCamponotus pennsylvanicus and the mainly diurnalFormica subsericea. Field experiments demonstrated that both species use celestial and landmark cues for orientation. Although both species use visual cues and odor trails, forF. subsericea the former serve a more important role and vice versa forC. pennsylvanicus. The importance of these orientational differences is discussed in relation to the behavioral ecology of each species.
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