ALBERT

Description: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230891291_The_Orbital_Theory_of_Pleistocene_Climate_Support_frim_a_Revised_Chronology_of_the_Marine_d18O_Record

Description: Summary Holocene sediments of the North Lagoon, Bermuda, were studied with shallow seismic reflection profiles (200 km CSP-survey, UNIBOOM-system) and vibration coring (40 sediment cores, pneumatic vibration corer, Meischner et al., 1981). Seismic Stratigraphy Four seismic sequences are distinguishable by seismic stratigraphy. All seismic sequences correspond to depositional sequences built up during high sea levels in interglacial times. The seismic sequences are separated by unconformities which are often strongly reflective and correspond to emersion planes during glacial phases. The upper sequence (sequence 4) is related to Holocene sediments. The pre-Holocene bedrock is divided into three different seismic sequences (Kuhn et al., 1981): Sequence 1: oldest Pleistocene sequence (pre-Sangamon sea-level highstands), upper boundary with levelled relief (lower boundary not discernible), composed of strongly cemented carbonate sediments, forms the bedrock below Three Hill Shoals Sequence 2: Sangamon (125 ky sea-level highstand), distinct surface morphology, forms the bedrock of a large area below Holocene sediments, Holocene reefs grew up on elevations of the sequence 2 surface, the Holocene reef rim was developed on an elevated rim of sequence 2 Sequence 3: youngest Pleistocene sequence (Sangamon, 105 and 85 ky sealevel highstands lower than recent), deposited mainly in depressions of the bedrock deeper than -15 m below recent Mean Sea Level, levelling the older relief, peat sedimentation in places The distribution of recent reef areas and lagoonal basins is strongly controlled by pre-Holocene topography and geology of the bedrock. During the Holocene approx. 1050 x 106 m3 of carbonate sediments were deposited in the North Lagoon (290 km2) and approx. 1350 x 106 m3 in the reef rim area (170 km2). Sedimentology There are no larger oscillations of the Holocene sea level identifiable in the sedimentological record. The pre-Holocene topography was gradually drowned during the Holocene sea-level rise. At first, the depositional depressions were separated and landlocked. Fresh water peat marshes, fresh water ponds, marine ponds and bays were formed. With rising sea level, the land barriers were more and more eroded, drowned and lost their influence on the back-barrier sedimentation area. Autochthonous and allochthonous peat, lime gyttja and carbonate mud are a typical transgressive back-barrier sediment sequence. After destruction of the barrier, the depositional milieu changed from restricted marine to normal marine, open lagoonal. Sea-grass sediments and nearly mud-free carbonate sand were deposited in shallow water in an exposed environment. Hydrodynamic energy decreases with increasing water depth in the lagoonal basin. A more densely growing reef rim and intralagoonal reef growth added to the protection of the deeper lagoonal floors. Fine-grained sediments were deposited in this environment. They are distributed over a large area of the North Lagoon and form the top of the transgressive lagoonal sediment sequence. Holocene reefs mainly developed on rises of the pre-Holocene surface. In the early Holocene, solid reef build-ups were able to keep up with the rapid rise of sea level. Sand pockets in the reefs were left behind and filled up mainly in the later Holocene. The percentage of fine-grained sediments, produced and resuspended in the reef rim and deposited in the near lagoonal back-reef zone, increased during the Holocene. Two models of Holocene sedimentation in a depression and on an elevation of the pre-Holocene surface illustrate the dependence of vertical facies gradation on pre-Holocene topography. Trends of the mostly polymodal grain-size distributions of the Holocene sediments are a coarsening-upward in the back-barrier and a fining-upward in the lagoonal sediment sequences. Change in the composition of the molluscan fauna in the Holocene sediments (particle size 〉 2000 µm) is an Indication for fades changes. Gastropods are abundant in the basal backbarrier sediments. Bivalves are rare and their diversity 1s low. Sea-grass sediments contain Codakia orbicularis and Astraea phoebia shells. In the sheltered lagoonal environment shell fragments 〉 2000 µm become rare, common species are Gouldia cerina, Pitar fulminata and Finella sp. (approx. 1000 µm). Fine-grained reef-rim derived sediments differ from lagoonal sediments by a higher percentage of Homotrema rubrum fragments and Alcyonaria spicules.

Description: ANDERSON, J.A.R., A checklist of the trees of Sarawak, 364 pp. (1983, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Cawangan Sarawak, for Forest Department, Kuching, Sarawak). Cloth Mal$ 15.00. When Dr. Anderson retired from the Forest Department in 1973 he left the manuscript of this checklist for publication. Unfortunately publication was delayed for 10 years. It contains data on over 2500 arboreous plant species. The text consists mainly of two parts: the first is a list of vernacular names with their scientific equivalents, the second is a list of plant names alphabetically arranged by family. Each species is concisely annotated with its vernacular name(s), maximum diameter, ecology, frequency, soils, etc. Species names have been coded: the first two figures are for the family, the next two for the genus and the last two for the species. A list is given of the trees of the peat-swamp forests of which Anderson was a great expert. A small draw-back is that the literature of the last ten years has not been included. Nevertheless this is a most helpful book. — C.G.G.J. van Steenis.

Description: Small evergreen trees, shrubs or lianas; two genera ( Cansjera and Opilia) are known to be root-parasites. Leaves distichous, simple, usually extremely variable in form and size, entire, exstipulate, pinnately veined; dried leaves mostly finely tubercled by cystoliths located in the mesophyll. Inflorescences axillary or cauliflorous, panicle-like, racemose, umbellate (in Africa) or spicate; bracts narrowly ovate or scale-like, in Opilia peltate, often early caducous. Flowers small, (3—) 4—5) (—6)-merous, mainly bisexual, sometimes unisexual and plants then dioecious ( Gjellerupia, Melientha, and Agonandra) or gynodioecious (Champereia). Perianth with valvate, free or sometimes partly united tepals (in ♀ flowers of Gjellerupia wanting). Stamens as many as and opposite to the tepals (in ♀ flowers only small staminodes); anthers introrse, 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Disk intrastaminal, lobed (lobes alternating with the stamens), annular, or cupular. Ovary superior, 1-celled; style short or none, stigma entire or shallowly lobed. Ovule 1, pendulous from the apex of a central placenta, anatropous, unitegmic and tenuinucellar. Fruit drupaceous, pericarp rather thin, mesocarp ± fleshy-juicy, endocarp woody or crustaceous. Seed large, conform to the drupe, without testa; hilum basal, often in a funnel-shaped cavity. Embryo terete, embedded in rich, oily endosperm, nearly as long as the seed or shorter, with 3—4 linear cotyledons, radicle often very short. Distribution. There are 9 genera with about 30 spp., widespread in the tropics. Rhopalopilia is restricted to Africa and Madagascar, Agonandra to South and Central America. In Malesia: 7 genera, 5 of these only known from the eastern Old World (1 endemic: Gjellerupia in New Guinea); Opilia and Urobotrya occur also in tropical Africa.

Description: Monoecious, medium-sized to very large trees (rarely shrubby in very exposed situations). Either four independent cotyledons or two fused pairs (which may be retained in the seed after germination). The growing point of foliage shoots quite distinct between the two genera, being just a few highly reduced leaves in Araucaria and a highly organized bud formed of overlapping scales in Agathis. The leaves vary from scales or needles to broad leathery forms with many parallel veins sometimes on the same plant at different stages of growth. Pollen produced in cylindrical cones from one to as much as twenty cm long with numerous pedunculate spirally placed microsporophylls each with several to many pendent elongated pollen sacs attached to the lower side of an enlarged shieldlike apex which also projects apically more or less overlapping the adjacent microsporophylls. Pollen cones solitary, terminal or lateral, on branches separate from those bearing seed cones, subtended by a cluster of more or less modified leaves in the form of scales, deciduous when mature. Pollen globular, without ‘wings’. Seeds produced in large, well-formed cones which disintegrate when mature, dispensing the seeds in most cases with the help of wing-like structures; the seed cone terminal on a robust shoot or peduncle with more or less modified leaves that change in a brief transition zone at the base of the cone into cone bracts, formed of numerous spirally-placed bract complexes, usually maturing in the second year. Individual seed cone bract leathery or woody and fused with the fertile scale which bears one large inverted seed on its upper surface. Distribution. The 40 species in two genera are well represented in Malesia (13 spp.) and extend eastward and southward into Fiji, New Caledonia (18 spp.), Australia, and New Zealand, with 2 spp. also in the cooler parts of South America, giving the family a distinct Antarctic relationship. Only one species of Araucaria (in South America) occurs completely outside of the tropics, while the majority of the species in the family belong in the lowland tropics and others grow in the tropical highlands.

Description: Many botanists must have wondered why as yet no volume of Flora Malesiana was dedicated to the outstanding botanist Carl Ludwig Blume, undisputed pioneer in planning the compilation of a ‘Flora Malesiana’. The writing of this Dedication would have been greatly facilitated if a full biography of BLUME had been existent, but none is available; there is not even a bibliography of his works. Only recently, in 1979, two biographical attempts were made, by J. MACLEAN and by A. DEN OUDEN, but only for the period 1820-1832; together with other biographical and obituary notes they are here assembled in Appendix B. I have also compiled a bibliography: Appendix A.²

Description: Erect or straggling herbs, shrubs or trees, sometimes monoecious or dioecious, the herbs sometimes rhizomatous; branches sometimes jointed at the nodes, sometimes without vessels ( Sarcandra). Leaves simple, decussate or sometimes whorled in fours, serrate, crenate or dentate, the teeth often thickened at the apex, penninerved, usually petiolate; petioles more or less connected at the base at least by a transverse line or connate into a distinct sheath; in Ascarina often alternating with leafless internodes which have the petiolar sheath; stipules minute to fairly conspicuous, subulate, borne on the petiole bases or sheath, occasionally pectinate. Flowers much reduced, without perianth, fully unisexual or essentially bisexual with the reduced anther-bearing organ adnate to the side of the ovary; arranged in spicate, paniculate, or capitate axillary or terminal inflorescences. — Male flowers bracteate or not, apparently consisting of 1—5 stamens, or in Hedyosmum consisting of numerous anthers in a cone-like structure; if 3 then the whole forming a fused 3-lobed organ sometimes enveloping the female flower by its edges, the central anther with 2 or aborted loculi and the laterals with single loculi, simply lobed or with connectives slightly to considerably produced so that the whole organ is 3-fingered; if with only 2 anther locelli then these on either side of a thickened filament plus connective. — Female flowers naked or enclosed by a cupular bract, the perianth adnate to the ovary, often minutely or shortly dentate at the apex and the ovary thus inferior; ovary 1-locular; stigma sessile or style short; truncate, 2-lipped, depressed or subcapitate (or horseshoe-shaped in one species), rarely linear or clavate. Ovule solitary, orthotropous, pendulous, bitegmic and crassinucellate. Drupes fleshy, small, ovoid or globose, sometimes more or less 3-sided in Hedyosmum, free or united into a mass by the bracts; endocarp hardened and crustaceous. Seeds subglobose, exarillate, with copious fleshy or oily endosperm and minute embryo, the cotyledons divaricate or scarcely formed. Distribution. Four genera with about 80 species. Since VESTER’S (1940) small-scale map the family (Ascarina) has been found in Madagascar. It is mainly tropical but Ascarina extends south to North Island of New Zealand (fig. 6) and Chloranthus and Sarcandra extend north to Japan, China, Korea and the eastern U.S.S.R. (Ussuri).

Description: Trees or shrubs (or rarely suffrutices outside Malesia). Leaves simple, alternate, often coriaceous, glabrous or with an indumentum on undersurface, margin entire; petioles often with 2 lateral glands. Stipules 2, minute and caducous to large and persistent, usually linear-lanceolate. Inflorescence racemose, paniculate or cymose; flowers bracteate and usually bibracteolate; bracts and bracteoles small and caducous or larger and enclosing flower or groups of flowers and persistent. Flowers actinomorphic to zygomorphic, hermaphrodite or rarely polygamous, markedly perigynous. Receptacle campanulate to cylindrical or rarely flattened cupuliforum, often gibbous at base; calyx lobes 5, imbricate, often unequal, erect or reflexed. Petals 5 (absent in some Neotropical species), inserted on margin of disk, commonly unequal, imbricate, deciduous, rarely clawed. Stamens indefinite, 2—60 (to 300 in Neotropics), inserted on margin of the disk, in a complete circle or unilateral, all fertile or some without anthers and often reduced to small tooth-like staminodes; filaments filiform, free or ligulately connate, short and included to long and far exserted; anthers small, 2-locular, longitudinally dehiscent, glabrous or rarely pubescent. Ovary basically of three carpels but usually with only one developed, the other two aborted or vestigial, variously attached to (the base, middle or mouth of) receptacle, usually sessile or with short gynophore, pubescent or villous; ovary unilocular with two ovules or bilocular with one ovule in each locule. Ovules erect, with micropyle at base (epitropous). Style filiform, basally attached; stigma 3-lobed or truncate. Fruit a fleshy or dry drupe of varied size, interior often densely hairy; endocarp much varied, thick or thin, fibrous or bony, often with a special mechanism for seedling escape. Seed erect, exalbuminous, the testa membraneous; cotyledons amygdaloid, plano-convex, fleshy, sometimes ruminate. Germination hypogeal with the first leaves opposite or alternate or epigeal with opposite first leaves. An extensive review of the generic limits of the family has been published: G.T. PRANCE & F. WHITE, The genera of Chrysobalanaceae: a study in practical and theoretical taxonomy and its relevance to evolutionary biology, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London 320 (1988) 1—184. This contains full details of taxonomic history, morphology, anatomy, pollen, ecology and distribution of the family. A condensed version of these subjects is given here. Details of the Neotropical members of the family are given in: G.T. PRANCE, Chrysobalanaceae, Flora Neotropica 9 (1972) 1—410. The African members of the family were treated in: F. WHITE, The taxonomy, ecology and chorology of African Chrysobalanaceae (excluding Acioa), Bull. Jard. Bot. Nat. Belg. 46 (1976) 265—350.

Description: Perennial herbs, more commonly woody at the base, undershrubs or shrubs, erect, scrambling or scandent, sometimes high lianas. Rhizome not rarely tuberous. Branches often slightly swollen and jointed at nodes. Hairs simple, uni- or multicellular, short ones often with a hooked apex. Leaves simple, spiral or alternate, petioled (without an abscission zone), exstipulate; midrib usually prominent beneath, elevated or flat above; nervation commonly palmate, or pinnate, nerves often obliquely extending towards the margin. Flowers bisexual, actinomorphic or zygomorphic, solitary, fasciculate, or in axillary or cauligerous, racemose, paniculate or cymose inflorescences, usually only one or two flowers open at a time; bracts present and often persistent; pedicel often hardly distinct from the ovary. Calyx petaloid, gamosepalous, 3- (or 6-) lobed or 1-lipped; lobes valvate or induplicate. Petals (in Mal.) absent. Disk (?) 0, rarely present (e.g. a few Thottea spp.). Stamens 6 (4 or 5 in some extra-Mal. Aristolochia spp.) or 6—c. 36 (—46), in 1 whorl or in 2 (3 or 4) whorls (Thottea); filaments free or slightly mutually united at the base, and/or almost completely adnate to the style column to form a gynostemium; anthers free (Thottea) or dorsally united with the style column (Aristolochia), each consisting of 2 thecae with 4 pollen sacs, extrorse, rarely introrse (extra-Mal. spp.), dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary inferior (rarely half-inferior in extra-Mal. genera), 4—6-carpellate, 4—6-celled, syncarpous (or ± apocarpous in extra-Mal. Saruma); placentae parietal (distinct when young, then intruding and connivent axially, thus often seemingly axile); ovules usually many, anatropous, in 1 or 2 vertical rows in each locule of the ovary, horizontal or pendulous; style-column 3—many-lobed, sometimes some of the lobes redivided; stigmas or stigmatic tissue apical, lateral, or on the surface of style lobes. Fruits capsular or siliquiform (follicular or cocci in extra- Mal. genera), 4—6-celled; dehiscing apically towards the base (basipetal, e.g. Thottea) or basally towards the apex (acropetal, e.g. most Aristolochia); septicidal, rarely septifragal (some extra-Mai. Aristolochia) or bursting irregularly (extra-Mal. Asarum); rarely indehiscent (W. African Pararistolochia). Seeds many in each locule (1-seeded in extra-Mal. Euglypha), often coated with remains of placental tissue (membranous when dry), horizontal or pendulous, variously shaped; ovate, deltoid or triangular, flat, convex-concave, or longitudinally curved, or oblong (and triangular in cross-section), rugose, finely verrucose, or smooth, immarginate (Thottea; Aristolochia, p.p.) or winged (Aristolochia, p.p.); albumen fleshy, copious; embryo minute, cotyledons two, distinct. Distribution. There are 7 genera, Aristolochia worldwide, Asarum over the northern hemisphere, Thottea in continental Southeast Asia and Malesia, Pararistolochia in tropical Africa, and 3 monotypic genera, viz. Saruma in China, Holostylis and Euglypha in South America. As to number of species, Aristolochia is by far the largest with some 300 spp., largely concentrated in the New World, especially in Central and South America, in Malesia with 28 spp.; Asarum (incl Hexastylis and Heterotropa) with possibly some 70 spp. in northern temperate regions, Thottea with 26 spp., of which 22 in Malesia, and Pararistolochia with 12 spp. in West Africa.

Description: Type material of Tulasnella cystidiophora Höhn. & Litsch. has been studied. The species is characterized by often moniliform gloeocystidia and clamp-less hyphae (at least in the subhymenium).

Description: A new species, Alstonia undulifolia Kochummen & Wong, is described from the Malay Peninsula. Two sections of the genus occur in the Malay Peninsula, Alstonia sect. Monuraspermum Mon. and Alstonia sect. Alstonia, the latter being the correct name for what was previously known as sect. Pala (Adr. Juss.) Benth. Various characteristics, including growth architecture, are examined for their usefulness in distinguishing these two sections of the genus. In comparing A. angustiloba Miq. and A. pneumatophora Berger, both of which have not been properly differentiated by characteristics of the reproductive organs, A. pneumatophora var. petiolata Mon. is reduced to synonymy under A. angustiloba. A key to the seven species of Alstonia native to the Malay Peninsula is provided.

Description: Revision of the Malesian species of the genus Steganthera, which centres in New Guinea; precursor to treatment in Flora Malesiana. There are 16 species accepted; 5 are described as new, 12 names are reduced, 3 are excluded and 9 are imperfectly known.

Description: In a recent thesis B.S. Fey (Zürich) has developed a new theory about the origin of the cupule in Fagaceae. He has concluded that the appendages (spines, lamellae, etc.) on the outside of the cupule are regularly arranged and that they reflect a condensation (concrescence) of a dichasial flower system, so that cupule and fruit(s) form together the representation of one ancestral inflorescence; the cupular appendages would then largely represent the bracts of the ancestral inflorescence. This stands in contrast with former opinions, in which the cupule was interpreted as of separate vegetative origin from the nut(s) which was (were) the remain (s) of the inflorescence.

Description: Recent studies in Sabah and Sarawak have demonstrated the presence of an undescribed species of Podocarpus.

Description: Pholidota kinabaluensis is transferred to the new monotypic genus Entomophobia. Coelogyne phaiostele, C. ridleyana, and Pholidota triloba are identical and transferred to the new genus Geesinkorchis, that also comprises the new species G. alaticallosa. The monotypic genus Sigmatochilus is reduced to Chelonistele, in which C. dentifera and C. lurida var. grandiflora are described as new. Chelonistele crassifolia is regarded as a variety of C. sulphurea.

Description: The genera Hunteria and Lepiniopsis of the family Apocynaceae are in Malesia represented by one species each. Distribution and ecology are cited in full.

Description: Five new species of Rafflesia (Rafflesiaceae) are described, while attention is drawn to a sixth, possibly also new one. A key to all recognized species is given.

Description: The morphology and leaf anatomy of Myxopyrum is described and a key to the species is given. Of the 15 species previously described four species and two subspecies are recognised: M. nervosum Bl. (synonyms M. horsfieldii, M. zippelii) with one subspecies coriaceum (Bl.) Kiew (synonym M. ellipticum), M. ovatum Hill (synonyms M. macrolobum, M. cordatum, M. philippinensis), M. pierrei Gagnep. (synonym M. hainanense) and M. smilacifolium Bl. (synonym M. serrulatum) with one subspecies confertum (Kerr) Kiew. Myxopyrum enerve Steen. is Chionanthus enerve (Steen.) Kiew. Descriptions for the extra-Malesian species, M. smilacifolium, is given.

Description: In subgenus Malachobatus twenty Malesian species are recognized, one of them ( Rubus moluccanus L.) with four varieties. Synonymy, descriptions, habitat notes, etc. are given. New names: R. moluccanus L. var. discolor (Bl.) Kalkm. and var. angulosus Kalkm. A key is given to the Malesian species.

Description: In Southeast Asia (excluding India) 44 taxa are recognized, 39 species, of which four are newly described ( I. kerrii, I. luzoniensis, I. emmae, and one unnamed species A, which will be treated by Nguyen Van Thuan, Paris), four subspecies, one of which is new (I. sootepensis subsp. acutifolia) and three are new combinations ( (I. suffruticosa subsp. guatemalensis, I. trifoliata subsp. unifoliata, I. trita subsp. scabra) ), and one variety which is a new combination I. spicata var. siamensis). A key, descriptions and full synonymy are given as well as 4 distribution maps and 5 figures.

Description: Five halacarid species, found in the mesopsammal of Caribbean Islands, are described, viz. Halacarellus tropicalis n. sp., Copidognathus grandiosus n. sp., Agaue arubaensis n. sp., Scaptognathus ornatus n. sp., and Limnohalacarus cultellatus Viets, 1940. H. tropicalis is the first member of the genus Halacarellus reported from tropical beaches.

Description: Seven springs in the Middle Atlas and five in the Rif have been studied. These show a great diversity of crenal habitats: water temperature ranges from 8.7° to 21°C, and the flow from 1 l/s to 1,800 l/s. Based on hydrologic and thermic characteristics, a spring typology is provided. The invertebrate community consists of 60 species, among which 4, found in the Rif, are new to science: Protonemura sp. (Plecoptera), Obuchovia sp. (Diptera, Simuliidae), Rhyacophila fonticola n. sp., and Philopotamus ketama n. sp. (Trichoptera). The new Trichoptera are both described. Two rare endemic species (the planarian Acromyadenium maroccanum and the coleopteran Elmis atlantis) have been found in a cold-water spring in the Middle Atlas; two black-fly species ( Cnetha carthusiensis and Simulium lamachei), new to North Africa, have been collected in a cold-water spring in the Rif. The cold-water spring community shows a high rate of endemism. Seven endemic cold-stenothermous species constitute a most characteristic crenon fauna in northern Morocco. The fauna of warmer springs (18° ≤ temp. ≤ 21°C) contains potamophilous and thermophilous species, a few of them belonging to the Ethiopian fauna. A comparative study of spring and rhithric communities of Morocco shows that, in the Middle Atlas and the Rif, cold-water springs became refugia for cold-stenothermous, west-palaearctic species; in the past, these species occupied a larger territory which has been reduced after recent climatic and hydrologic changes.

Description: Rates of food uptake were measured for individually reared larvae of the spider crab Hyas araneus L. feeding on freshly hatched Artemia nauplii at constant 12 degree C. Feeding rates (FR) of crab larvae were given as number of nauplii and amounts of dry weight, carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and energy (estimated from C) consumed per day. In both zoeal stages FR increased during postmoult and intermoult, remained high during early and intermediate premoult, and decreased again during late premoult. No clear pattern was found in the course of daily FR of the megalopa. Gross growth efficiencies (K sub(1)) showed a dramatic decrease from postmoult to early premoult (〉 60 to 〈 20%) in both zoeal stages. Daily consumption expressed as % body weight also decreased significantly in these instars. Average daily FR were highest in the zoea II, lowest in the megalopa, and intermediate in the zoea I. Since development of the megalopa took the longest time, the total amount of food consumed by this instar was equal to consumption in both zoeal stages combined.

Description: Duration of development in the larval and early juvenile stages H. coarctatus was studied in relation to temperature, and compared at extreme (18 and 6 °C) than at intermediate (9 to 15 °C) temperatures. The results were used to estimate the duration of development from hatching to the third crab stage in the field. Settling and metamorphosis was predicted to occur mainly during June. Biomass increased exponentially during larval development. Juvenile growth was also exponential and was maximum at 9 degree C, and minimum at 18 and 6 °C.

Description: Statistically significant differences were found in development duration of Hyas araneus L. larvae hatching on different days from the same egg batch. Larvae from different females show a decreasing trend in development time the later they hatch during the season. This trend was found in all larval instars; it was particularly apparent in the megalopa. Development durations in the 2 zoeal stages are positively correlated with each other, i.e. individuals developing slower than the average in the first larval instar tend to delay moulting also in the second instar. There are negative correlations between larval development time in all stages and the size of juvenile crabs, i.e. weak individuals tend to develop more slowly and to become smaller juveniles than the average. These larvae show lower accumulation rates of biomass already during the first zoeal stage. Larval development rates (at 12 °C) were not clearly affected by the temperature prevailing during previous embryonic development, but embryos incubated at higher temperatures tended to become smaller crabs.

Description: Exuvial losses in relation to late premoult matter and energy, and in relation to growth achieved during each instar, were studied in laboratory-reared larvae and early juveniles of the decapod H. araneus (L.). Changes of composition during development were measured in the complete body and in the exuvia from hatching through the second crab stage. Rates of exuvial loss increased during development in all parameters measured. They were generally highest in inorganic carbon and lowest in N. six to 7% of late premolte energy was lost by moulting zoeae, i.e. 9 to 13% of the energy produced during these stages. The megalopa lost 13%, and juveniles 19 to 20% of their LPRM energy ( similar to 29 to 41% of growth). During complete larval development of H. araneus a total of 18% of produced energy was lost at ecdysis. The same amount had been reported in the literature for larval development of 3 other decapod species.

Description: The influence of continuous and differential transitory starvation on the moult cycle and morphogenesis of H. araneus L. larvae was studied in laboratory experiments. Larvae starved from hatching (zoea I) or from moulting to later instars (zoea II, megalopa) develop, independently of food supply, to Stage C (intermoult). Postmoult Stages (A and B) and parts of intermoult are completed by utilizing internal body reserves under such conditions but cuticle formation is terminated at an advanced but incomplete stage within intermoult. In the zoea-II instar there is morphogenesis in appendages (pereiopod and pleopod buds) during continuous starvation. This supports the hypothesis that moult cycle and morphogenesis may be partly independent processes which are normally synchronized.

Description: The wood anatomy of all tribes of the Urticaceae, a family of herbs, shrublets, and sometimes shrubs, trees or lianas, has been studied and described in detail. Special attention is given to the interpretation of the characters in terms of taxonomy and phylogeny. A classification, in part deviating from the existing morphological classification, is presented. Finally, the relationship within the Urticaceae, as well as the relationships with the Ulmaceae and Moraceae (including Cecropiaceae) are discussed.

Description: Gottschea Nees ex Mont. 1843 has been published without generic description. It is valid there by indirect reference to Jungermannia sect. Nemorosae [subsect.] Aligerae Reinw. et al. 1824 only. The type of both is J. aligera Nees et Blume (Art. 22.4). Schistochilaster H. Miller 1970 is a nomenclatural synonym and Paraschistochila Schust. 1963 and Tegulifolium Hässel 1973 are taxonomic ones. 18 new combinations are proposed under Gottschea.

Description: The wood anatomy of the tribe Ficeae, comprising one genus, Ficus, is described. Considering the large number of species, the genus is remarkably homogeneous. It is characterised by abundant axial parenchyma in regular apotracheal concentric bands and narrow vasicentric rings, and by relatively wide vessels. On the basis of these characters. Ficus can easily be recognised within the family. No correlation between wood anatomy and subgeneric classification as proposed by recent taxonomists could be established, and relationships between character variation and geographical and ecological distribution were hardly found.

Description: Please notify the Editor of the FMBulletin of any change in address which he will be glad to communicate here if of interest to the readers. Ms. J. J. Afriastini (BO) will spend half a year at the Rijksherbarium to study herbarium technique.

Description: Herbs, sometimes subshrubs. Leaves spirally arranged, basal ones often in a rosette, exstipulate, petiolate to sessile and amplexicaul, entire to variously divided. Inflorescences terminal or sometimes axillary racemes, in flower mostly condensed and often corymbose, in fruit elongate, usually ebracteate. Flowers bisexual, actinomorphic or slightly zygomorphic, hypogynous, cyclic, tetramerous, heterochlamydous. Sepals 4, free, usually equal, spathulate to clawed, imbricate or contorted. Stamens 6, tetradynamous (rarely 4 or 2), episepalous usually free; anthers usually 2-thecous opening lengthwise. Nectarial glands variously arranged at the filament bases. Ovary superior, sessile or stipitate, of seemingly two united carpels, secondarily divided into two locules by a thin membranous septum (sometimes transversely locular by intrusions from the fruit wall); placentation parietal, ovules usually many, anatropous or campylotropous; stigma bifid or connate. Fruit a bivalved dehiscent siliqua or silicula (see key), sometimes a nutlet, lomentaceous or otherwise constricted. Seeds virtually devoid of endosperm, with cotyledons incumbent, accumbent or variously folded. Distribution. A cosmopolitan family with about 380 genera and more than 3000 species, especially diversified in the Mediterranean and the Irano-Turanian regions as well as in parts of Southern Africa, North America and montane South America. The family is comparatively sparse in the tropics, mainly confined to montane and arid areas.

Description: As was done in the preceding volumes, it seemed useful to correct some errors which have crept into the text of volumes 4—10 as well as to add some additional data, new records and references to new species which came to our knowledge and are worth recording. Volume and page number are separated by a colon. Page numbers provided with either a or b denote the left and right columns of a page respectively.

Description: Evergreen shrubs or trees, rarely lianes. Leaves decussate, or rarely in whorls of three, exstipulate, simple, entire or dentate, with spherical oil cells in the lamina, bearing simple or stellate hairs or glabrous. Inflorescence terminal or axillary (when in axils of reduced bracts appearing supra-axillary), sometimes cauliflorous, cymose, paniculate, fasciculate or pleiochasial. Flowers unisexual or bisexual, actinomorphic or very rarely (extra-Mal.) oblique, receptacle usually well developed (perigynous), rarely reduced (hypogynous), ± globose or urceolate to widely campanulate; tepals usually inconspicuous, sometimes larger and petaloid, rarely distinct sepals and petals (extra-Mal.), decussate, radial or spiral. — Male flowers with few to many stamens arranged in whorls or sometimes spirally or disposed irregularly; filaments usually strap-shaped, short, occasionally with 2 basal lobes; anthers 2—4 sporangiate, the loculi sometimes confluent above (or rarely below) opening by slits or valves. — Female flowers with or without staminodes; carpels few to many (rarely extra-Mal., only one), sessile or stipitate, free or immersed in the receptacle, outer carpels of female flowers sometimes sterile; ovule solitary, erect or pendulous, crassinucellar, bitegmic or (extra-Mal.) unitegmic. Fruits of separate drupes or achenes, sometimes plumose, frequently enclosed in the persistent receptacle or exposed by various modes of splitting of the receptacle; endosperm copious, oily; embryo straight, cotyledons appressed or divergent, sometimes with serrate margins. Distribution. About 33 genera with an estimated 320 species, mainly in the warmer parts of the southern hemisphere. There is a concentration of genera in Malesia (11 genera with 86 spp.) with extensions south and east into Australia and the SW. Pacific; further concentrations occur in the islands of the western Indian Ocean and in South America. The family is represented in Africa only by two small aberrant genera and occurs on the Eurasian mainland only in the Malay Peninsula, the Nicobar Islands and Peninsular Thailand.

Description: In spite of generalized impressions sometimes advanced about the decline and decrease of the Gymnosperms through the enormous development of the Angiosperms in the Cretaceous and their rapidly accelerated development in the Tertiary, it must be realized that this impression is confusing as far as Coniferales are concerned. It is of course a truism that the Gymnosperms are completely outnumbered in genera and species by the Angiosperms, the latter occupying terrain earlier beset by Gymnosperms. It must be realized, however, that possibly the almost entirely woody Gymnosperms did never have the potential for producing such immense numbers of genera and species as now found among the Angiosperms. This statement is also valid for the Coniferales.

Description: The pine family is one of the most characteristic families of the holarctic realm of which family a few genera reach the margins of the tropics in highlands, but only Pinus extends into tropical lowlands including Malesia.

Description: Trees or shrubs, glabrous or with an indumentum of single hairs. Leaves spirally arranged, simple, entire or 2—10-lobed, penninerved, evergreen or deciduous; stipules present, at first enclosing and protecting the innovations, later caducous and leaving an annular scar around the node. Flowers terminal or pseudoaxillary on a short shoot in the axils of the leaves, bisexual, rarely unisexual, pedunculate. Peduncle bearing 1 or more caducous spathaceous bracts which leave annular scars. Perianth spiral or spirocyclic, simple or differentiated in calyx and corolla, perianth members 6 or more, free, imbricate. Stamens numerous, free, spirally arranged; filaments short or more or less elongated; anthers linear, 2-locular, dehiscing introrsely, latrorsely or rarely extrorsely; connective usually more or less produced into an appendage. Gynoecium sessile or stipitate (a gynophore present); carpels numerous to few (rarely one), spirally arranged (except in Pachylarnax), free or sometimes concrescent; ovules 2 or more, biseriate on the ventral suture. Fruit apocarpous, sometimes syncarpous; fruiting carpels opening along the dorsal and/or ventral suture, or circumscissile, rarely indehiscent. Seed(s) 1 or more in each fruiting carpel, large, in dehiscent carpels hanging from the elongated spiral vessels of the funiculus, with arilloid testa, rarely, when fruit indehiscent adherent to the endocarp; endosperm copious, oily; embryo minute. Distribution. Seven genera in temperate and tropical SE. and E. Asia and from North America southward through the West Indies and Central America to S. Brazil.

Description: Until recently this small family was only known to occur in New Zealand and New Caledonia, but in 1982 I have shown that it occurs in New Guinea and in 1984 that it is also represented in East Australia. Its phytographic history is complicated through the former confusion about the systematic affinity. Wittsteinia was described by F. VON MUELLER (1861) as probably belonging to Ericaceae (or Pyrolaceae). Periomphale was described by BAILLON (1888) and has been affiliated to Caprifoliaceae or Gesneriaceae. In the ‘Pflanzenfamilien’ it was ranged among incertae sedis (Nachtr., 1897). GILG & SCHLECHTER (1906) described two other genera from New Caledonia which have appeared not to be different from Periomphale.

Description: Dioecious woody or sometimes herbaceous climbers, rarely erect shrubs or trees (Cocculus sp. in Mal.); tubers sometimes present ( Stephania spp.); sometimes producing exudate or rarely latex ( Fibraurea; Tinomiscium). Wood often with concentric rings or arcs of vascular bundles separated radially by interfascicular rays, or vascular bundles in one ring; wood sometimes yellow. Young shoots often tendrilliform. Young stems usually drying longitudinally striate. Stipules absent. Leaves spiral, simple (rarely trifoliolate extra-Mal.), often palmatinerved at base and sometimes peltate, or penninerved, margin usually entire, sometimes broadly crenate (rarely dentate extra-Mal.), sometimes deeply 3—5-lobed; petiole often swollen at base, sometimes also at apex, sometimes leaving a raised discoid scar on the stem. Inflorescences axillary or on defoliate branches or cauliflorous; solitary or fasciculate, various in form, often cymes, thyrses or pseudoracemes, branching of cymes rarely umbelliform (Stephania spp.), flowers rarely in a disciform capitulum ( Stephania spp.); female usually fewerflowered than male, female rarely with accrescent bracts ( Cissampelos spp.). Flowers small, usually green, yellow or white, actinomorphic or female sometimes zygomorphic. Sepals usually in 1—2(—4) whorls of 3, or 1 whorl of 4, the outer whorl(s) smallest, imbricate but the innermost whorl sometimes valvate and sometimes ± connate, sepals rarely spirally arranged (Hypserpa); in female sometimes reduced to 1 or 2. Petals mostly 3—6 in 1 or 2 whorls or 0, free or sometimes ± connate, usually smaller than the sepals, rarely larger (Sarcopetalum), the lateral edges or lobes often inflexed and sometimes clasping the opposite stamen, often glandular within; in female sometimes reduced to 1 or 2. Stamens mostly 3 or 6, sometimes 9 or up to c. 40, often free and opposite a petal, or variously connate, sometimes forming a peltate synandrium, connective sometimes adaxially or abaxially thickened, rarely terminally prolonged [Macrococculus); anthers introrse to extrorse with dehiscence longitudinal to transverse. Staminodes sometimes present in female, usually subulate. Carpels free, usually 3 or 6, sometimes 1 or to 12 (to c. 30 in extra-Mal. Tiliacora), sometimes borne on a short gynophore; style terminal when present; stigma often sessile, reflexed and lobed or divided. Pistillodes 0 in male. Ovules 2 reducing to 1 in development, attached ventrally. Fruits of 1—6 (—10) drupes sometimes borne on an enlarged ± globose, discoid or columnar carpophore which is rarely shortly branched ( Anamirta, Tiliacora). Drupes sometimes narrowed at base into a stipe, style-scar terminal, ventral or close to base; exocarp membranous to coriaceous, mesocarp fleshy; endocarp usually bony, rarely papyraceous to crustaceous (Pycnarrhena spp.), rugose, tuberculate, spiny, ridged or variously ornamented on at least the dorsal surface, sometimes smooth or surface fibrous, usually with a condyle, i.e. a ventral sometimes hollow intrusion into the seedcavity around which the seed is curved, or a ventral groove, cavity or chamber; the condyle when hollow often 2-chambered and with 2 lateral or ventral apertures, or condyle septiform or lamelliform, then sometimes centrally perforate. Seed often horseshoe-shaped or subannular, sometimes straight and ± broadly ellipsoidal or deeply cup-shaped; endosperm present or absent, sometimes ruminate. Embryo usually either elongate and with semiterete or flattened contiguous cotyledons or flat and very thin with divaricate foliaceous cotyledons, sometimes broadly ellipsoidal with thick contiguous cotyledons, rarely cotyledons much folded (Arcangelisia); radicle very small. Distribution. The family is almost entirely tropical, the exceptions being Menispermum, a northern temperate genus with 2 disjunct species in North America and Northern Asia, and a few species of Cocculus which extend into North America and temperate Asia.

Description: Herbs (sometimes saprophytic), shrubs, lianas or trees. Stipules absent but stem sometimes provided with a pair of glands at the nodes. Leaves simple, entire, usually spirally arranged, sometimes alternate, (semi)decussate or verticillate, sometimes scale-like or absent. Inflorescence usually raceme-like and unbranched, (supra- or extra-)axillary and/or terminal, sometimes thyrsoid or fasciculate, rarely flowers solitary. Bracts present; bracteoles basal, rarely ( Salomonia, Epirixanthes) absent. Flowers bisexual, more or less zygomorphous, rarely actinomorphous. Sepals 5, free and quincuncial, or the lower (abaxial) 2 connate, sometimes all connate, subequal or the lateral ones larger and then often wing-like (alae) and petaloid. Petals 3 or 5, free or variously united, occasionally also with the calyx, usually adnate to the base of the staminal tube or the filaments, subequal or more often unequal with the lower petal often keellike and frequently pouched, lobed, or crested. Stamens 2—10, usually 8, filaments usually more or less connate except between the upper stamens, often adnate to the petals; anthers basifixed, tetra- or bi-, rarely trisporangiate, 1- or 2-locular, opening by a single and often oblique pore or by a longitudinal introrse slit. Ovary superior, usually 2-locular but occasionally 1-, 3-, 5-, 7- or 8-locular, sessile or sometimes stipitate; style simple but often variously dilated or lobed at apex, usually articulate with the ovary and nearly always deciduous in fruits. Ovules 1 per cell and subapical, or (in Xanthophyllum) 4—more in a 1-locular, bicarpellate ovary with 2 parietal placentas, anatropous, bitegmic and crassinucellate. Fruit various, a berry, capsule, samara or drupe. Distribution. About 15 genera and over 1000 species, widespread in temperate and tropical regions of the world, especially well-developed in South America and South Africa. In Malesia 6 genera, of which Polygala and Securidaca (not in Australia) are cosmopolitan, Xanthophyllum and Salomonia Indo-Australian, Epirixanthes Indo-Malayan. The sixth genus is Eriandra which belongs to the tropical American tribe Moutabeae, of which 3 genera are known in South America; Eriandra occurs in New Guinea and the Solomon Islands and represents a marked example of disjunct, tropical trans-Pacific affinities.

Description: The taxonomic position and rank of the only genus Sphenostemon has a chequered history. In the course of time it has, under various names, been attributed to the Aquifoliaceae (by BAILLON, as Sphenostemon, 1875), to the Icacinaceae (as a species of Phlebocalymna, by F. VON MUELLER, 1875), to the Guttiferae (as Nouhuysia, by LAUTERBACH, 1912), and to the Trimeniaceae (by GIBBS, as Idenburgia, 1917). BAILEY & SWAMY (1953) and BAILEY (1956) examined the anatomy and concluded that the genus could not belong to either Guttiferae or Trimeniaceae cq. Monimiaceae, but they gave no clear alternative. When I summarised the complete generic synonymy (1955), I found it likely to retain Sphenostemon in Aquifoliaceae.

Description: The systematic place of the tropical lowland rain-forest tree Ctenolophon OLIVER has a chequered history. Originally it was referred to affinity with Olacaceae (OLIVER, 1873; MASTERS, 1875; ENGLER, 1889; BAILLON, 1892) or Icacinaceae (BECCARI, 1877). HALLIER ƒ. (1912, 1918) held another view and arranged the genus in the Celastrales, deriving this group from Linaceae. HUTCHINSON (1959, 1973) referred the genus to the Malvales.

Description: Families and higher taxa have been entered under their name. Names of families which have been revised in volumes 4-10 have been entered and are printed in bold type, so that as far as this is concerned this index is complete for all preceding volumes as well.

Description: The affinity of Taxaceae has been much debated, with many authors favouring a separate order, Taxales, for it, a position with which I tend to agree. Further questions are raised concerning the grouping of other families with Taxaceae, as against the other conifer families, based on the lack of seed cones, fleshiness of the mature fruit, or lack of a fertile seed scale. Cephalotaxaceae (not in Malesia) has a reduced seed cone structurally organized quite differently from other conifers and vegetatively strongly resembling Taxaceae, so I would group these two together. All other conifer families show seed structures easily derivable from a compound cone with ovules produced on the upper face of a fertile scale which grows in the axil of a bract. Although Taxaceae, perhaps joined by Cephalotaxaceae, can be set apart from the conifers proper, all can agree that taxads and conifers are more closely related to one another than to any other recognized group. Distribution . Of the five genera recognized for the Taxaceae, only Taxus reaches Malesia. Four are distinctly Holarctic in distribution, including Taxus, which is much the most widespread and reaches into tropical highlands. The fifth, monotypic Austrotaxus, appears on the other side of Malesia in New Caledonia, a distinct fragment of Gondwanaland, obviously a most curious relict on the southern hemisphere (FLORIN, Acta Horti Berg. 20 (4), 1963, 260, f. 61: map).

Description: During a study of some Tulasnella species from the Bourdot herbarium (PC), I examined a specimen collected by Galzin in 1909 and identified by Bourdot as Tulasnella vernicosa. Since many species of Tulasnella in dry state are invisible to the naked eye, I had to make sections of several parts of the wood surface, but could not detect the typical Tulasnella basidia with strongly inflated sterigmata. Instead of a Tulasnella, I found some clampless hyphae, strongly urniform basidia with short, subulate sterigmata, and basidiospores of a very unusual shape: they were distinctly forked or two-lobed, with two diverging parts. A study of the literature showed this to be a North American species of Galzinia, viz. G. geminispora Olive. This species seems to be very rare in North America (or at least seldom found and reported) and is new to Europe. Because of the unusual shape of the spores, it seems worthwhile to draw attention to this remarkable taxon which, unfortunately, can only be found by chance.

Description: Sporotrichum aranearum Cavara is redescribed from living cultures and found to have two kinds of conidiogenesis: phialidic and polyblastic. The latter type which is most conspicuous in this fungus, fits the genus Engyodontium de Hoog. This genus is considered to be a link between Verticillium and Aphanocladium and its generic diagnosis is extended to include both progressive and retrogressive formation of new conidiiferous pegs. Sporothrix (Tritirachium) rectidentatum (Matsushima) de Hoog and Cephalosporium aranearum Petch, in which some polyblastic conidiogenous cells with narrow denticles were also found, are transferred to Engyodontium. For the latter species the new name E. arachnophilum is proposed. The genus now comprises six species, including E. geniculatum, sp. nov. In addition, Acremonium obclavatum W. Gams is described as a new species for isolates that match the description formerly given by Gams for Verticillium tenuipes.