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  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (1,388)
  • 2010-2014
  • 1980-1984  (1,388)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1984  (560)
  • 1981  (828)
Collection
Years
  • 2010-2014
  • 1980-1984  (1,388)
  • 1925-1929
Year
  • 1
    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: Isolated knobs that are erosional remnants of central volcanoes or of folded rocks occur in several areas of the Altiplano are visible on both optical and images. The optically visible streaks occur in the immediate lee of the knobs, whereas the radar visible streaks occur in the zone downwind between the knobs. Aerial reconnaissance and field studies showed that the optically visible streaks consist of a series of small ( 100 m wide) barchan and barchanoid dunes, intradune sand sheets, and sand hummocks (large shrub coppice dunes) up to 15 m across and 5 m high. On LANDSAT images these features are poorly resolved but combine to form a bright streak. On the radar image, this area also appears brighter than the zone of the radar dark streak; evidently, the dunes and hummocks serve as radar reflectors. The radar dark streak consists of a relatively flat, smooth sand sheet which lacks organized aerolian bedforms, other than occasional ripples. Wind velocity profiles show a greater U value in the optically bright streak zone than in the radar dark streak.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geology Program, 1983; p 271-272
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: The diversity of proposed origins for large Martian outflow channels results from the differing interpretations given to the landforms associated with the outflow channels. In an attempt to help limit the possible mechanisms of channel erosion, detailed studies of three of the channel features were done; the streamlined islands, longitudinal grooves and scour marks. This examination involved a comparison of the martian streamlined islands with various streamlined landforms on Earth including those found in the Channel Scabland in large rivers, glacial drumlins, and desert yardangs. The comparisons included statistical analyses of the landform lengths versus widths and positions of maximum width, and an examination of the degree of shape agreement with the geometric lemniscate which was in turn demonstrated to correspond closely with true airfoil shapes. The analyses showed that the shapes of the martian islands correspond closely to the streamlined islands in rivers and the Channel Scabland land. Drumlins show a much smaller correlation. Erosional rock islands formed by glaciers are very much different in shape.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geol. Programs; p 200-202
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  • 3
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    Publication Date: 2006-06-04
    Description: Operation of the microwave instrument as a two frequency scatterometer, a synthetic aperture radar, and a passive microwave radiometer is planned. Operation of the instrument in each of its three modes is discussed and the antenna system described.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 3 p
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: In order to understand better the polygenetic evolution of landforms on the martian surface, field studies were conducted in and around the Kharga Depression, Egypt. The Kharga region, on the eastern edge of Egypt's Western Desert, was subject to erosion under mostly hyperarid climatic conditions, punctuated by brief pluvial episodes of lesser aridity, since early Pleistocene time. The region contains numerous landforms analogous to features on the martian surface: yardangs carved in layered surficial deposits and in bedrock, invasive dune trains, wind-modified channels and interfluves, and depressions bounded by steep scarps. Like many of the topographic depresions on Mars, the Kharga Depression was invaded by crescentic dunes. In Egypt, stratigraphic relations between dunes, yardangs, mass-wasting debris, and wind-eroded flash-flood deposits record shifts in the relative effectiveness of wind, water, and mass-wasting processes as a function of climate change.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geology Program, 1983; p 225-227
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: LANDSAT data acquired over an agricultural area along with ground enumeration of the same area are used to obtain crop acreage estimates which are better (as measured in terms of bias and variance) than can be obtained from either data source alone. Two basic approaches considered within the AgRISTARS program are a stratified crop acreage estimator and a regression estimator. A statement of the problem was mathematically formulated and some theorems were proved which relate to the variance of the two estimators. For a particular set of data, the regression and stratified estimators are compared in terms of certain easily computed parameters.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Houston Univ. The 1981 NASA ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program, Vol. 2; 17 p
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: Sand bars and islands within braided rivers have characteristic rhomboid or diamond shapes, often becoming very complex in form as the density of islands increases. Similar forms are observed in the martian outflow channels where the islands occur in groups. This contrasts with the more isolated martian islands which have airfoil shapes, as do isolated streamlined islands in rivers and in the Channeled Scabland. These observations indicate that the bar and island forms are controlled by the density of the islands, with increasing island interaction and flow modification as the density increases. As a continuation of previous flume experiments on the shapes of isolated islands, a new series of experiments investigate the modifications produced by a progressive increase in island density, finally leading to a true braided system.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geol. Programs; p 198-199
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  • 7
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Sample images obtained with the Shuttle Imaging Radar A (SIR-A) are presented, along with design and performance features of the SIR-A, Seasat and Landsat images of the same scenes for comparison purposes. The SIR-A functions at the L-band 25 cm at a frequency of 1278 GHz with a spectral bandwidth of 6 MHz. The images were taken at an angle of 47 deg and furnished a resolution of 40 m from an altitude of 259 km. The images covered a ground swath 50 km wide. The images are provided to assist in the development of effective techniques for interpreting radar imagery. The SIR-A instrument is a precursor of another imaging device which will be flown around Venus. The images provided include sections of France, Sardinia and Algeria.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photo Interpretation (ISSN 0031-8523); 23; 4-17
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A computer-implemented classification has been derived from Landsat-4 Thematic Mapper data acquired over Baldwin County, Alabama on January 15, 1983. One set of spectral signatures was developed from the data by utilizing a 3x3 pixel sliding window approach. An analysis of the classification produced from this technique identified forested areas. Additional information regarding only the forested areas. Additional information regarding only the forested areas was extracted by employing a pixel-by-pixel signature development program which derived spectral statistics only for pixels within the forested land covers. The spectral statistics from both approaches were integrated and the data classified. This classification was evaluated by comparing the spectral classes produced from the data against corresponding ground verification polygons. This iterative data analysis technique resulted in an overall classification accuracy of 88.4 percent correct for slash pine, young pine, loblolly pine, natural pine, and mixed hardwood-pine. An accuracy assessment matrix has been produced for the classification.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Among the topics discussed are NASA's land remote sensing plans for the 1980s, the evolution of Landsat 4 and the performance of its sensors, the Landsat 4 thematic mapper image processing system radiometric and geometric characteristics, data quality, image data radiometric analysis and spectral/stratigraphic analysis, and thematic mapper agricultural, forest resource and geological applications. Also covered are geologic applications of side-looking airborne radar, digital image processing, the large format camera, the RADARSAT program, the SPOT 1 system's program status, distribution plans, and simulation program, Space Shuttle multispectral linear array studies of the optical and biological properties of terrestrial land cover, orbital surveys of solar-stimulated luminescence, the Space Shuttle imaging radar research facility, and Space Shuttle-based polar ice sounding altimetry.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 10
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Oil and gas deposits in the Alaskan Arctic are estimated to contain up to 40 percent of the remaining undiscovered crude oil and oil-equivalent natural gas within U.S. jurisdiction. Most (65 to 70 percent) of these estimated reserves are believed to occuur offshore beneath the shallow, ice-covered seas of the Alaskan continental shelf. Offshore recovery operations for such areas are far from routine, with the primary problems associated with the presence of ice. Some problems that must be resolved if efficient, cost-effective, environmentally safe, year-round offshore production is to be achieved include the accurate estimation of ice forces on offshore structures, the proper placement of pipelines beneath ice-produced gouges in the sea floor, and the cleanup of oil spills in pack ice areas.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 225; 371-378
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The present investigation has the objective to develop a simple 'user's' model for simulating the measured radar backscattering coefficients from vegetation-covered fields in conjunction with the data obtained by Jackson et al. (1980, 1982). The theoretical work reported by Fung and Eom (1981) provides the basis for the model. Certain modifications are related to a consideration of the effect of a vegetation canopy. The first part of the model is concerned with a description of scatter from rough bare soil, while the second part takes into account the effect of a vegetation cover. It is shown that the measured angular distribution of the backscattering coefficient of vegetation-covered fields can be satisfactory reproduced by using the developed model.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 15; 119-133
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The atmospheric effect on the upward radiance of sunlight scattered from the earth-atmosphere system is strongly influenced by the contrasts between fields and their sizes. In this paper, the radiances above finite fields are computed to simulate radiances measured by a satellite. A simulation case including 11 agricultural fields and four natural fields (water, soil, savanah, and forest) is used to test the effect of field size, background reflectance, and optical thickness of the atmosphere on the classification accuracy. For a given atmospheric turbidity, the atmospheric effect on classification of surface features may be much stronger for nonuniform surfaces than for uniform surfaces. Therefore, the classification accuracy of agricultural fields and urban areas is dependent not only on the optical characteristics of the atmosphere, but also on the size of the surface elements to be classified and their contrasts. It is concluded that new atmospheric correction methods, which take into account the finite size of the fields, are needed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 15; 95-118
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The presence of positive serial correlation (autocorrelation) in remotely sensed data results in an underestimate of the variance-covariance matrix when calculated using contiguous pixels. This underestimate produces an inflation in F statistics. For a set of Thematic Mapper Simulator data (TMS), used to test the ability to discriminate a known geobotanical anomaly from its background, the inflation in F statistics related to serial correlation is between 7 and 70 times. This means that significance tests of means of the spectal bands initially appear to suggest that the anomalous site is very different in spectral reflectance and emittance from its background sites. However, this difference often disappears and is always dramatically reduced when compared to frequency distributions of test statistics produced by the comparison of simulated training sets possessing equal means, but which are composed of autocorrelated observations.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 5; 315-332
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The validity of using data from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) of the satellites NOAA-6 and NOAA-7 for land cover mapping is assessed by making comparisons with much higher resolution LANDSAT multi-spectral scanner (MSS) data. Near synchronous data for both systems are analysed for test sites in the Imperial Valley, California, the Nile Delta, and southern Italy. The results strongly indicate that despite the very coarse resolution of the AVHRR data compared with conventional MSS data they are sufficiently strongly correlated to suggest that the former have significant potential for land cover mapping, especially at small scales and for large areas. Hence the outstanding benefits of AVHRR data, namely their high temporal frequency, relative cheapness and low data volumes for image processing, may readily be taken advantage of for such tasks.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 5; 497-504
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The radiometric measurements over bare field and fields covered with grass, soybean, corn, and alfalfa were made with 1.4- and 5-GHz microwave radiometers during August-October 1978. The measured results are compared with radiative transfer theory treating the vegetated fields as a two-layer random medium. It is found that the presence of a vegetation cover generally gives a higher brightness temperature T sub B than that expected from a bare soil. The amount of this T sub B excess increases with increase in the vegetation biomass and in the frequency of the observed radiation. The results of radiative transfer calculations, which include a parameter characterizing ground surface roughness, generally match well with the experimental data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-22; 143-150
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The technique for inverting a vegetation canopy reflectance model described earlier (Goel and Strebel, 1983) is investigated further. The novel concept of an 'angle transform' is introduced. This concept allows the formation of functions of reflectances at different view zenith and azimuth angles, which are either sensitive or insensitive to a certain agronomic parameter. A proper combination of these functions can allow determination of all the important agronomic and spectral parameters from measured canopy reflectance data. The technique is demonstrated using Suits' (1972) model for homogeneous canopies. It is shown that leaf area index, leaf reflectance and transmittance, and average leaf angle all can be determined from the canopy reflectance at a set of selected view zenith and azimuth angles. A sensitivity analysis of the calculated values to the errors in the data is also carried out. Guidelines are formulated for the number and types of observations required to obtain the values of a particular canopy variable to within a given degree of accuracy for a given level of error in the measurement of canopy reflectance.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 14; 77-111
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  • 17
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Glacial landforms in the drumlin drift belt of Ireland and the Alaska Range can be identified and mapped from Seasat synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) images. Drumlins cover 60 percent of the Ireland scene. The width/length ratio of individual drumlins can be measured on the SAR images, allowing regional differences in drumlin shape to be mapped. This cannot be done with corresponding Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS) images because of lower spatial resolution and because of shadowing effects that vary seasonally. The Alaska scene shows the extent and nature of morphological features such as medial and lateral moraines, stagnant ice, and fluted ground moraine in glaciated valleys. Perception of these features on corresponding Landsat MSS images is limited by seasonal diffrences in solar illumination. Because SAR is not affected by such differences or by cloud cover, it is particularly well suited for monitoring glacial movement. The disadvantage of distorted high-relief features on Seasat SAR images can be reduced in future SAR systems by modifying the radar illumination geometry.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Quaternary Research (ISSN 0033-5894); 22; 314-327
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An evaluation of Thematic Mapper Simulator (TMS) data for the geobotanical discrimination of rock types based on vegetative cover characteristics is addressed in this research. A methodology for accomplishing this evaluation utilizing univariate and multivariate techniques is presented. TMS data acquired with a Daedalus DEI-1260 multispectral scanner were integrated with vegetation and geologic information for subsequent statistical analyses, which included a chi-square test, an analysis of variance, stepwise discriminant analysis, and Duncan's multiple range test. Results indicate that ultramafic rock types are spectrally separable from nonultramafics based on vegetative cover through the use of statistical analyses.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-22; 525-530
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An assessment is made of the information content of Thematic Mapper Simulator (TMS) data for the case of a forested region, in order to determine the sensitivity of such data to forest crown closure and tree size class. Principal components analysis and Monte Carlo simulation indicated that channels 4, 7, 5 and 3 were optimal for four-channel forest structure analysis. As the number of channels supplied to the Monte Carlo feature selection routine increased, classification accuracy increased. The greatest sensitivity to the forest structural parameters, which included succession within clearcuts as well as crown closure and size class, was obtained from the 7-channel TMS data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-22; 482-489
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An historical account is given of the development of technology for the processing of satellite-acquired multispectral data aimed at the identification of the type, condition, and ontogenic stages of agricultural areas. During 1972 and 1973, research established the feasibility of automating digital classification for the processing of large volumes of Landsat MSS data. This capability was successfully demonstrated during the Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment, which estimated wheat crop production on a global basis. This achievement in turn led to the Agriculture and Resources Inventory Surveys Through Aerospace Remote Sensing, which investigated other portions of the electromagnetic spectrum and expanded the study of key commercial crops in important agricultural areas.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-22; 473-482
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The present model for the temporal behavior of agricultural greenness is applied to the extraction of Landsat-derived profile features, distinguishing small from large grain crops. An additional feature derivable from the temporal behavior of the ratio of greenness to brightness is noted which aids in the separation of crops from other vegetation. A limited training set of 20 pure pixels/class, obtained from ground data, is subjected to the Ho-Kashyap (1965) linear classifier. The initial correct classification value for pure pixels of about 85 percent drops to 75 percent for all Landsat pixels.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 5; 783-797
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The utility of Landsat MSS classification methods in the case of small, highly urbanized hydrological basins containing complex land-use patterns is limited, and is plagued by misclassifications due to the spectral response similarity of many dissimilar surfaces. Landsat MSS data for the Conley Creek basin near Atlanta, Georgia, have been compared to thematic mapper simulator (TMS) data obtained on the same day by aircraft. The TMS data were able to alleviate many of the recurring patterns associated with MSS data, through bandwidth optimization, an increase of the number of spectral bands to seven, and an improvement of ground resolution to 30 m. The TMS is thereby able to detect small water bodies, powerline rights-of-way, and even individual buildings.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 5; 761-770
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An attempt has been made to relate hand-held radiometer measurements, and airborne multispectral scanner readings, with both different wheat stand densities and grain yield. Aircraft overflights were conducted during the tillering, stem extension and heading period stages of growth, while hand-held radiometer readings were taken throughout the growing season. The near-IR/red ratio was used in the analysis, which indicated that both the aircraft and the ground measurements made possible a differentiation and evaluation of wheat stand densities at an early enough growth stage to serve as the basis of management decisions. The aircraft data also corroborated the hand-held radiometer measurements with respect to yield prediction. Winterkill was readily evaluated.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 5; 771-781
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Ratios of intensities of near-infrared spectral bands, measured in reflectance, quantitatively predict the iron content of granitic rocks. Such data from the 1.60- and 1.05-micron bands of the Shuttle multispectral infrared radiometer have been used to study granitic rocks along orbits crossing Baja California, Mexico, and the Eastern Desert of Egypt. Both regions are arid and relatively to essentially free of vegetation, and there is no indication in the spectra that surface chemical alteration masks the true composition of the unweathered rock. Predicted values of iron are consistent with known compositional types of most of the rocks along the orbital paths. Results demonstrate that the near-infrared method used is a powerful technique to average the variability of these rocks on the scales of meters to kilometers.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 89; 9439-944
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A statistical correlation technique is applied to the retrieval of vertical moisture profiles from downlooking radiometric measurements of atmospheric radiation at microwave wavelengths. Only an optimum subset of available radiometer channels is selected for estimating water vapor at specific pressure levels. To test its validity the algorithm was applied, in a numerical experiment, to 50 independent tropical radiosondes over a sea surface. It was also used to retrieve continuous sequences of atmospheric moisture profiles from a set of data obtained with a 4-channel microwave radiometer carried aboard an aircraft over a land surface.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA IGARSS 84. Remote Sensing: From Res. towards Operational Use, Vol. 1; p 449-451
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The SEASAT altimeter (ALT), scatterometer (SASS), and scanning microwave multichannel radiometer (SMMR) measured sea surface wind speed. During the satellite lifetime from June to October 1978, the Austral winter, the highest wind speeds were recorded in the Southern Ocean. Three-month, monthly, and three-day surface wind speed fields deduced from the three Seasat wind speed sensors are compared. The monthly and three-day fields show a pronounced mesoscale (1000 km) variability in wind speed. At all space and time scales analyzed, differences of 40% are found in the magnitude of the wind speed features, with the ALT consistently yielding the lowest wind speed and the SMMR the highest.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA IGARSS 84. Remote Sensing: From Res. towards Operational Use, Vol. 1; p 403-409
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Passive microwave measurements of the Bering Sea were made with the NASA CV-990 airborne laboratory during February. Microwave data were obtained with imaging and dual-polarized, fixed-beam radiometers in a range of frequencies from 10 to 183 GHz. The high resolution imagery at 92 GHz provides a particularly good description of the marginal ice zone delineating regions of open water, ice compactness, and ice-edge structure. Analysis of the fixed-beam data shows that spectral differences increase with a decrease in ice thickness. Polarization at 18 and 37 GHz distinguishes among new, young, and first-year sea ice types.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA IGARSS 84. Remote Sensing: From Res. towards Operational Use, Vol. 1; p 379-384
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Data acquired with the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) on board the Nimbus-7 Satellite for a six-week period in Fram Strait were analyzed with a procedure for calculating sea ice concentration, multiyear fraction, and ice temperature. Calculations were compared with independent observations made on the surface and from aircraft to check the validity of the calculations based on SMMR data. The calculation of multiyear fraction, which was known to be invalid near the melting point of sea ice, is discussed. The indication of multiyear ice is found to disappear a number of times, presumably corresponding to freeze/thaw cycles which occurred in this time period.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA IGARSS 84. Remote Sensing: From Res. towards Operational Use, Vol. 1; p 373-378
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Soil moisture budgets at the Earth's surface were investigated based on soil and atmospheric temperature variations. A number of data sets were plotted and statistically analyzed in order to accentuate the existence and the characteristics of mesoscale soil temperature extrema variations and their relations to other parameters. The correlations between diurnal temperature extrema for air and soil in drought and non-drought periods appear to follow different characteristic patterns, allowing an inference of soil moisture content from temperature data. The recovery of temperature extrema after a precipitation event also follows a characteristic power curve rise between two limiting values which is an indicator of evaporation rates. If these indicators are applied universally to regional temperature data, soil moisture content or drought conditions can be inferred directly from temperature measurements.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Res. Activities of the Geodyn. Branch; 6 p
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The spaceborne gravity gradiometer is a potential sensor for mapping the fine structure of the Earth's gravity field. Error analyses were performed to investigate the accuracy of the determination of the Earth's gravity field from a gravity field satellite mission. The orbital height of the spacecraft is the dominating parameter as far as gravity field resolution and accuracies are concerned.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Res. Activities of the Geodyn. Branch; 6 p
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  • 31
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The capability of spaceborne altimetry to record the level, or monitor changes in the level, of inland seas was assessed. SEASAT altimetry data from Lake Baikal in Siberia; the Caspian, Black, and Aral Seas in the southern Soviet Union; the Great Salt Lake in the United States; lakes and reservoirs in northwestern and central China; and snow cover in northwestern India and on the Tibetan Plateau were examined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Res. Activities of the Geodyn. Branch; 6 p
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  • 32
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A simple interactive biosphere is presented based on an electrical analog of turbulent transport processes that produce heat and moisture fluxes between land and the atmosphere. A network of resistances that effect temperature or vapor pressure fluxes are identified and entered into the quasi steady state equations. A set of solutions that depict a realistic diurnal cycle is included.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 285-291
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Changes in leaf spectra caused by mineralization under different conditions of preservation are measured using a three-band portable radiometer which simulates three Thematic Mapper bands 3, 4, and 5. Daily spectral measurements of white oak (Quercus alba) leaves did not distinguish among the fresh, bottled, and bagged vegetation in the spectral bands 3 and 5 for up to four days after collection. The reflected energy of the preserved vegetation increased thereafter, reportedly due to the loss of chlorophyll and dehydration. It is concluded that the measurement procedure is sufficiently sensitive as to discern documented patterns of variation in reflectance measurements.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0099-1112); 50; 1737-174
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An airborne multispectral scanner, operating in the same spectral channels as the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM), was used in a region east of Denver, CO, for a simulation test performed in the framework of using TM to discriminate the level I and level II classes. It is noted that at the 30-m spatial resolution of the Thematic Mapper Simulator (TMS) the overall discrimination for such classes as commercial/industrial land, rangeland, irrigated sod, irrigated alfalfa, and irrigated pasture was superior to that of the Landsat Multispectral Scanner, primarily due to four added spectral bands. For residential and other spectrally heterogeneous classes, however, the higher resolution of TMS resulted in increased variability within the class and a larger spectral overlap.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0099-1112); 50; 1713-172
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The Earth Resources Observation System (EROS) Program was established by the U.S. Department of the Interior in 1966 under the administration of the Geological Survey. It is primarily concerned with the application of remote sensing techniques for the management of natural resources. The retrieval system employed to search the EROS database is called INORAC (Inquiry, Ordering, and Accounting). A description is given of the types of images identified in EROS, taking into account Landsat imagery, Skylab images, Gemini/Apollo photography, and NASA aerial photography. Attention is given to retrieval commands, geographic coordinate searching, refinement techniques, various online functions, and questions regarding the access to the EROS Main Image File.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Database (ISSN 0162-4105); 7; 35-52
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The sensitivity of thermal inertia (TI) calculations to errors in the measurement or parameterization of a number of environmental factors is considered here. The factors include effects of radiative transfer in the atmosphere, surface albedo and emissivity, variations in surface turbulent heat flux density, cloud cover, vegetative cover, and topography. The error analysis is based upon data from the Heat Capacity Mapping Mission (HCMM) satellite for July 1978 at three separate test sites in the deserts of the western United States. Results show that typical errors in atmospheric radiative transfer, cloud cover, and vegetative cover can individually cause root-mean-square (RMS) errors of about 10 percent (with atmospheric effects sometimes as large as 30-40 percent) in HCMM-derived thermal inertia images of 20,000-200,000 pixels.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 16; 211-232
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Alluvial fans have been mapped in Death Valley, California using NASA's 8-12 micron six-channel airborne Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS). Both composition and relative age differences were recognized. Age unit boundries are generally consistent with those obtained by conventional mapping. Composition was verified by field investigation and comparison with existing geologic maps. Bedrock and its young derived fan gravels have similar emissivities. The original composition of the fans is modified by differential erosion and weathering, permitting relative age mapping with TIMS.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 11; 1153-115
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Emissivity and reflectivity in the thermal infrared spectral region (8-13 microns) may be used to discriminate among rocks and minerals. Although considerable success has been achieved in remote sensing classification of rock types based on emissivity measurements made with NASA's Thermal Infreared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS), classification based on reflectivity offers several advantages: much narrower bandwidths are used, higher signal to noise ratios are possible, and measurements are little affected by surface temperature. As a demonstration, an airborne CO2 laser instrument was flown along the margin of Death Valley, California. Measurements of spectral reflectance collected with this device were compared with emissivity measurements made with the TIMS. Data from either instrument provided the means for recognizing boundaries between geologic units including different rock types and fan surfaces of different ages.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 11; 1149-115
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Correlations between spectral indices and vegetation parameters in south-central New Mexico were used to determine the utility of Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) spectral indices in arid rangeland monitoring. In addition, spectral index change for 1976-1980 was calculated from retrospective MSS data and compared with qualitative ground truth in order to evaluate vegetation change detection by means of spectral indices. Brightness index change consistently differentiated between cover increase and decrease, but index change appears to have been offset from true cover change; this may at least partly be attributed to the failure of the methods used to standardize MSS scenes for differences in sensor response. Green vegetation indices, by contrast to brightness indices, failed to consistently differentiate between cover increase and decrease.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-22; 512-519
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The NOAA-7 polar orbiting sun-synchronous operational satellite carries the 5-channel advanced very high-resolution radiometer which acquires data globally at a spatial resolution of 4 km on a daily basis. These data provide a means for frequently monitoring global vegetation at continental scales. Techniques for compositing and cloud screening a green leaf density vegetation index product for Africa are presented for 9 sequential days beginning August 16, 1982 and are compared with a semi-operational vegetation index product produced by NOAA.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-22; 496-502
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The spectral reflectance characteristics of vegetation have been studied with the objective to learn how to extract useful information about the state of surface vegetation from space-borne observing systems, with emphasis on agricultural applications. Results of simulation studies based on high-resolution airborne spectrometer data indicate that changes in biomass, plant pigment, and leaf water content can be independently tracked by monitoring the reflective properties of vegetation with an appropriate selection of bands.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 42
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The effects of azimuthal view angle on the radiometric temperature of wheat canopies at various stages of development are investigated. Measurements of plant height, total leaf area index, green leaf area index and Feeks growth stage together with infrared radiometric temperature measurements at 12 azimuth intervals with respect to solar azimuth and at different solar zenith angles were obtained for four wheat canopies at various heights. Results reveal a difference on the order of 2 C between the temperatures measured at azimuths of 0 and 180 deg under calm wind conditions, which is attributed to the time-dependent transfer of heat between canopy component surfaces. The azimuthal dependence must thus be taken into account in the determination of radiometric temperatures.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Applied Optics; 20; Apr. 1
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The relation of reflectance to backscatter and absorption parameters is investigated for waters more turbid than those of previous investigations. Experimental data are examined for river waters in which beam attenuation values range from 8.9 to 18.9 per m at 550 nm. Attenuation, absorption, backscatter, and irradiance reflectance spectral properties are presented for wavelengths between 450 and 800 nm. Comparisons of reflectance with backscatter to absorption ratio and backscatter with absorption plus backscatter ratio indicate that data for turbid waters do not fit linear or polynomial models which are presently available in the literature.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Applied Optics; 20; Feb. 1
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  • 44
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Several general guidelines should be kept in mind when considering the selection of field sites for teaching remote sensing fundamentals. Proximity and vantage point are two very practical considerations. Only through viewing a broad enough area to place the site in context can one make efficient use of a site. The effects of inclement weather when selecting sites should be considered. If field work is to be an effective tool to illustrate remote sensing principles, the following criteria are critical: (1) the site must represent the range of class interest; (2) the site must have a theme or add something no other site offers; (3) there should be intrasite variation within the theme; (4) ground resolution and spectral signature distinction should be illustrated; and (5) the sites should not be ordered sequentially.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Field Study for Remote Sensing; p 29-33
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Especially designed field studies are needed in remote sensing technology transfer courses regardless of the field work provided by the students'/trainees' major disciplines because the remote sensing discipline has unique emphases and needs. Modification of existng schedules to include field work provides the equivalent of extending the duration of the program with the added benefit of enhancing learning achievements per actual program day. The process of surface truth field instruction, levels of student capabilities and stages in the development of surface truth field studies are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Field Study for Remote Sensing; p 9-15
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  • 46
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Collection of ground information and supportive materials are absolutely necessary to verify and substantiate data extracted by the interpretation process regardless of sensor type and scale. Field observation and notes, the use of topographic and thematic maps, crop calendars, and climate records are just four examples of supportive materials which often are used in conjunction with remotely sensed materials. Illustration of this integrated multisensor approach is provided by four examples from the March, 1978 Santa Maria LANDSAT C Conference and Workshop. Four distinctive window sites were selected to demonstrate the usefulness of remotely sensed materials to solve geographic problems.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Field Study for Remote Sensing; p 45-59
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  • 47
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The plan is presented for a two day workshop held to provide educational and training experience in the reading, interpretation, and application of LANDSAT and correlated larger scale imagery, digital printout maps, and other collateral material for a large number of participants with widely diverse levels of expertise, backgrounds, and occupations in government, industry, and education. The need for using surface truth field studies with correlated aerial imagery in solving real world problems was demonstrated.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Field Study for Remote Sensing; p 5-7
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  • 48
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The feasibility of enhancing LANDSAT products to provide the greatest usability low cost data possible can be determined through government sponsorship and finance of one or more task forces composed of a critical number of experts in multiple disciplines from many industries and academia. The synergism of multiple minds addressing singular problems without the creation of permanent or perpetual structures must yield output in the form of implementable specifications, even if presented as alternatives. Changes are needed within the spacecraft in order to account for Sun angle changes. The use of pointing accuracy to make geometric corrections (and possible radiometric corrections, is needed more than onboard data reduction and information extraction, which assume a proper knowledge of application and reduce potential utilization. Multilinear arrays need to be investigated and methods for sensor calibration and for determining the effects of atmospheric inversion, as well as the best way to back out the modulation transfer function must be determined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Field Study for Remote Sensing; p 1-3
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The capabilities of the multispectral scanner and thematic mapper aboard LANDSAT-D are reviewed in terms of spectral, spatial, and radiometric resolution. The applications made possible by increased sensor sensitivity are discussed. Communication relay systems and the ground segment are also described.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 217-230
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  • 50
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The potential of radar imagery from space altitudes is discussed and the advantages of radar over passive sensor systems are outlined. Specific reference is made to the SEASAT synthetic aperture radar. Possible applications include oil spill monitoring, snow and ice reconnaissance, mineral exploration, and monitoring phenomena in the urban environment.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 209-215
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  • 51
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A synopsis of a forum addressing the use of LANDSAT data in forestry is given. Broad inventory studies, clear-cut monitoring, and insect and disease detection were among the subject areas discussed. Concerns regarding the vailability of data, cloud cover, resolution and classification accuracy, and product format were expressed by foresters.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 167-168
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The use of LANDSAT multispectral scanner data from several different dates to classify ground cover in Rhode Island is discussed. The advantage of using several dates is that seasonal data can be incorporated in the classification. In order to circumvent the problem of increased computer computation time, the dimensionality of the input data is reduced by the 'principal components method'. This technique and its implementation are described along with regisration, classification, and verification tasks.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 163-166
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A preliminary dynamic model of beaver spatial distribution and population growth was developed. The feasibility of locating beaver ponds on LANDSAT digital tapes, and of using this information to provide initial conditions of beaver spatial distribution for the model, and to validate model predictions is discussed. The techniques used to identify beaver ponds on LANDSAT are described.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 155-162
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  • 54
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The use of remote sensors and multispectral analysis techniques in solving environmental and resource management problems in the coastal zone is illustrated. The specific applications discussed include the analysis of coastal vegetation and productivity, remote sensing of estuarine fronts and their effects on oil dispersion, drift and dispersion of ocean-dumped wastes, and multispectral analysis of water pollutants and suspended sediment concentration.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 139-154
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  • 55
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The objectives of the remote sensing center at the University of Massachusetts are described. These include research, facilities development, applications, education, and regional cooperation.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 137-138
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  • 56
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The implementation of the Office of Remote Sensing of Earth Resources (ORSER) software package from Pennsylvania State University onto the University of Vermont's IBM model 3031 computer is discussed. This version of ORSER was found to be much more user-friendly than remote access to the Penn State ORSER package.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 135
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  • 57
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A brief history of the Minnesota Land Management Information Center is given and the present operational status and plans for future development are described. The incorporation of LANDSAT data into the system, hardware and software capabilities, and funding are addressed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 129-133
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  • 58
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Efforts to classify the water quality characteristics of lakes using LANDSAT imagery are reported. Image processing and registration techniques are described. A lake classification scheme which involves the assignment of a trophic class number was used in the data analysis. The resulting values were compared to the corresponding rank assignment derived from field measurements.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 123-125
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The applications of forest clearcut maps derived from LANDSAT data are dicussed. Such maps provide harvest location information useful in general management and indicate the stage of regrowth which helps determine timber stand improvement practices. The clearcut maps are also used in fire control planning and in determining wildlife habitats.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 119-122
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  • 60
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The use of LANDSAT in providing forest data on a county basis was investigated. Image interpretation and classification techniques and their accuracy are addressed. LANDSAT data was also used to detect and delineate defoliation caused by tent caterpillars.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 111-113
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The development and use of signature packages which provide a forest type map and which identify clearcut areas is discussed. The type map divides the forest land into three categories: softwood, mixed wood, and hardwood. The user defines each of these categories and adjusts the signature package to fit his needs. Success in identifying clearcuts and their stage of regrowth was demonstrated in New Hampshire where clearcuts range in size from 5 to 100 acres with between 30 and 40 acres being the most common.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 115-118
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  • 62
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A model for the effective interaction of user, technical and consultant groups in incorporating remote sensing into applied research conducted by local, regional, and state agencies is outlined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 105-109
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  • 63
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Low altitude black and white aerial photography is the prinicipal remote sensing tool for geologic investigations in West Virginia, although side looking radar and color infrared photography are also used. The first land use/cover map for the state was produced in color infrared and is being digitized. Linear features in Cabell and Wayne Counties, as revealed by LANDSAT, were evaluated to test the possible correlations with rock fractures and gas production from shales. A LANDSAT linear features map (1:250,000) was prepared for the entire state, also. Presently investigations are being made to understand karst and to predict areas that should not be used for development. Aerial photography and field mapping is being conducted to detect the location and causes of landslides.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 99-104
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The approach used to obtain reliable countywide forest resource data, including statistics and a forest cover distribution map from LANDSAT data is described. Comparison of results of the LANDSAT anlysis and U.S. Forestry Survey data is presented in a table. Pine, oak/pine, and oak/hickory accounted for 22.3%, 32.6% and 45.2% respectively of the total forest area in the LANDSAT analysis, compared to 22.8%, 30.1%. and 47.1% in the Forest Survey. The corresponding figures for each forest type differ at most 2.5% for the mixed forest. The total county area in forest land measured using LANDSAT was underestimated by 1,409 acres, a 2.2% error based on the Forest Survey statistics. However, the estimate of 61,242 acres fell well within the known 4% uncertainty of the estimate for the Forest Survey figures (62,651 acres + or - 2,544 acres).
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 91-97
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: To support the deer range improvement project in Michigan, the capability of LANDSAT data in assessing deer habitat in terms of areas and mixes of species and age classes of vegetation is being examined to determine whether such data could substitute for traditional cover type information sources. A second goal of the demonstration project is to determine whether LANDSAT data can be used to supplement and improve the information normally used for making deer habitat management decisions, either by providing vegetative cover for private land or by providing information about the interspersion and juxtaposition of valuable vegetative cover types. The procedure to be used for evaluating in LANDSAT data of the Lake County test site is described.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 87-89
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  • 66
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The lack of adequate, current data on land and water surface conditions in New Jersey led to the search for better data collections and analysis techniques. Four-channel MSS data of Cape May County and access to the OSER computer interpretation system were provided by NASA. The spectral resolution of the data was tested and a surface cover map was produced by going through the steps of supervised classification. Topics covered include classification; change detection and improvement of spectral and spatial resolution; merging LANDSAT and map data; and potential applications for New Jersey.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 77-85
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: In an effort to locate sources of natural gas in Ohio, the fractures and lineaments in Black Devonian shale were measured by: (1) field mapping of joints, swarms, and fractures; (2) stereophotointerpretation of geomorphic lineaments with precise photoquads; and (3) by interpreting the linear features on LANDSAT images. All results were compiled and graphically represented on 1:250,000 scale maps. The geologic setting of Lawrence County was defined and a field fracture map was generated and plotted as rose patterns at the exposure site. All maps were compared, contrasted, and correlated by superimposing each over the other as a transparency. The LANDSAT lineaments had significant correlation with the limits of oil and gas producing fields. These limits included termination of field production as well as extensions to other fields. The lineaments represent real rock fractures with zones of increased permeability in the near surface bedrock.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 69-73
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  • 68
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Approximately 70% of Minnesota's irrigation is with center pivot distribution systems whose diagnostic appearance on remotely sensed imagery is a circular pattern which can be readily identified on LANDSAT MSS band imagery. Fields irrigated with traveling guns, laterals, booms, or cornering systems either result in angular field patterns or obscure the circular patterns normally visible on imagery. The IDMS system at Goddard was used to develop a LANDSAT digital classification of the Sherburne County area, which located fields regardless of shape, and was not dependent of visual interpretation. Ground truth collection and classification attempts are described in an effort to inventory all wells in the area.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 63-68
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Maryland Automated Geographic Information System is described as well as the development of a general land cover classification with level 2 separation for vegetation categories for a 95,000-acre study area in Howard and Anne Arundel Counties. An accuracy analysis was performed on two subsections of the entire study area. The 1:24,000 scale land use map and the high in altitude infrared photography were determined to the best source of ground truth for the analysis. Results show that (1) delineation of deciduous and coniferous forested areas from LANDSAT data compared well with results from infrared photography; (2) general classification of agricultural areas showed acceptable results; (3) delineation of residential areas had the highest error rates (difference in interpretation and cover type assignment methods was a primary factor); and (4) LANDSAT-derived land cover data is to be used as an ancillary data source in a Maryland statewide land cover inventory.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 45-53
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The states encompassed by the Western Regional Applications Program (WRAP) include Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. The features of the western United States which both help and hinder the use of LANDSAT are discussed as well as their effects on the institutional approaches used for resources management in these states. Operational alternatives and some of the representative LANDSAT projects that WRAP is engaged in are presented.
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    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 31-37
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The goals of the Eastern Regional Remote Sensing Applications Program are to establish capability for using LANDSAT technology in state institutions and organizations in an operational mode, and to assist in handling new data, introducing new techniques as they become available, and in building and nurturing the technology within the states. Techniques for application development are supported and workshops and demonstrations are provided to pass information on to users. Major areas of project interest are forest inventory, water inventory, and water clarity, and land cover change detection. Another activity is in adopting software, modifying it to work on users' computers, and in identifying hardware that can be used and tied to user computer systems. Involvement of universities as resources for state and local governments is another element of the program.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 39-42
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The approach to the transfer of satellite remote sensing technology used at the National Space Technology Laboratories'/Earth Resources Laboratory represents an effective program for the assigned area and is composed of demonstrations; a comprehensive in-house training program; user awareness activities (brochures, slide sets, and documentation); university short courses to stimulate university capabilities; and a technical awareness effort aimed at providing the states with consultation in the areas of hardware/software systems and advice on specific applications. Particular focus is on the transfer of LANDSAT technology in the context of geobased information system development, as well as on how the states approach the problem of institutionalizing the capabilities. The status of demonstration projects and of the state LANDSAT geographic information systems is examined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space flight Center Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 25-29
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  • 73
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Council of State Planning Agencies, in consultation with the National Governor's Association and NASA, initiated the Earth Resources Data Project to encourage the appropriate application of cost-effective science and technology to state natural resources issues and problems. This project was established to provide a focal point for identifying those issues associated with state use of remote sensing and related technology. One project goal is to elevate to the consciousness of state policy and program officials new technologies, such as LANDSAT, by association with major issues to which policy officials are attuned. The project assists the coordination between the states and NASA and promotes communication on those issues. A related project objective is to encourage technical assistance opportunities for states that will promote better use of remote sensing and natural resources data in state programs.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 19-24
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  • 74
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A university project to develop land cover classification capabilities is discussed. Specific objectives were to: (1) demonstrate the feasibility of using LANDSAT data for resource management; (2) establish projects and meet state needs for specific resource information; and (3) assist state personnel in obtaining technical expertise in the processing and analysis of LANDSAT data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 2d Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 387-393
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  • 75
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The data needs questionnaire is an element in the project design study for the Michigan Resource Inventory Act and is aimed at gathering information on what inventory information is required by land use planners throughout the state. Analysis of questionnaire responses is discussed. Some information on current use categories was tabulated. The respondents selected a broad range of categories at all levels of detail. Those most frequently indicated were urban categories.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 2d Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 377-386
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  • 76
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The University of Vermont's remote sensing applications program is described. System capabilities include digital image processing and conventional photographic interpretation. Its expressed purpose is the identification of practical applications of remotely sensed data and its encouraged use in Earth resource management.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 2d Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 373-376
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  • 77
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The testing of LANDSAT applicability to urban and agricultural land use analysis at the substate level is described. It is concluded that the LANDSAT system has a place in Vermont and places like it, but that the present operation is inadequate and the need for technology transfer and excellent communication between the producers and users is fundamental to the future of the system and for the realization of benefit from the investment.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 2d Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 367-371
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The establishment of a limited spatial data base for the U.S. eastern seaboard vicinity is discussed along with the demonstration of computer assisted analysis techniques for investigating spatial patterns and relationships among ship survey data and remotely sensed sea surface temperature. Ship survey variables included concentrations of two zooplankton, two icthyoplankton, and two fish species, in addition to physical data of depth to bottom and surface and bottom water temperatures. Continuous spatial distributions of these data were created by both weighted nearest neighbor and iterative smoothing interpolation techniques. Maps of surface water temperature were created by digitizing GOES satellite images. All mapped data were spatially registered by conversion of latitude and longitude coordinates to rotated Lambert conic conformal rectilinear coordinates and stored in grid format of approximately one hundred square kilometers per cell. The analysis of these data include the generation of statistical summaries and maps describing the joint occurrence among variables.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 2d Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 353-365
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  • 79
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The problems involved in satellite remote sensing of coastal zones are examined. The differences between remote sensing of terrestrial regions and remote sensing of open ocean areas are reviewed. The associate ranges of time and spatial scales and spectral and radiometric resolution are considered. It is concluded that, in general remote sensing of the coastal region is more appropriately performed with aircraft.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 2d Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 337-344
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  • 80
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: In order to comply with the Federal Clean Water Act and, in so doing, develop a procedure to periodically update the classification, the State of Vermont evaluated the ability of LANDSAT to detect general water quality and specific water quality parameters in Vermont lakes. Unsupervised and supervised classifications as well as regression analyses were used to examine LANDSAT data from Lake Champlain and from four small nearby lakes. Unsupervised and supervised classifications were found to be of somewhat limited value. Regression analyses revealed a good correlation between depth-integrated total phosphorus concentrations and LANDSAT band 4 data (r2= 0.92) and between Secchi disk transparencies and LANDSAT band 4 data (r2 - 0.85). No correlation was found between depth-integrated chlorophyll-a samples and LANDSAT data. Vermont is expanding this LANDSAT evaluation to include the remaining lakes in the state greater than twenty acres and steps are being taken to incorporate LANDSAT into the state's ongoing water quality monitoring programs.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 2d Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 345-351
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The usefulness of LANDSAT in classifying land cover and in identifying and classifying land use change was investigated using an urbanizing area as the study area. The question of what was the best technique for classification was the primary focus of the study. The many computer-assisted techniques available to analyze LANDSAT data were evaluated. Techniques of statistical training (polygons from CRT, unsupervised clustering, polygons from digitizer and binary masks) were tested with minimum distance to the mean, maximum likelihood and canonical analysis with minimum distance to the mean classifiers. The twelve output images were compared to photointerpreted samples, ground verified samples and a current land use data base. Results indicate that for a reconnaissance inventory, the unsupervised training with canonical analysis-minimum distance classifier is the most efficient. If more detailed ground truth and ground verification is available, the polygons from the digitizer training with the canonical analysis minimum distance is more accurate.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 2d Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 325-336
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A brief history of events which led to the formal implementation of LANDSAT technology in Virginia is outlined. The concept of the Commonwealth Data Base (CDB) is explained as it is perceived by the users and the systems development task force. Furthermore, the CDB organization which was established to implement the CDB concept in Virginia is covered.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 2d Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 311-315
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  • 83
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Problems involved in establishing a LANDSAT image processing capability are discussed. Cost estimates and tradeoffs, association with geographic information systems, and hardware and software requirements are addressed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 2d Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 307-310
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  • 84
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The projects, faculty, and computer resources involved in remote sensing research at the University of Massachusetts are discussed. Field instrumentation and technology transfers from other disciplines are also described.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 2d Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 303-305
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The integration of LANDSAT data was achieved through the development of a flexible, compatible analysis tool and using an existing data base to select the usable data from a LANDSAT analysis. The software package allows manipulation of grid cell data plus the flexibility to allow the user to include FORTRAN statements for special functions. Using this combination of capabilities the user can classify a LANDSAT image and then selectivity merge the results with other data that may exist for the study area.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 2d Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 283-302
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Analytical procedures common to most computer-oriented geographic information systems are composed of fundamental map processing operations. A conceptual framework for such procedures is developed and basic operations common to a broad range of applications are described. Among the major classes of primitive operations identified are those associated with: reclassifying map categories as a function of the initial classification, the shape, the position, or the size of the spatial configuration associated with each category; overlaying maps on a point-by-point, a category-wide, or a map-wide basis; measuring distance; establishing visual or optimal path connectivity; and characterizing cartographic neighborhoods based on the thematic or spatial attributes of the data values within each neighborhood. By organizing such operations in a coherent manner, the basis for a generalized cartographic modeling structure can be developed which accommodates a variety of needs in a common, flexible and intuitive manner. The use of each is limited only by the general thematic and spatial nature of the data to which it is applied.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 2d Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 269-281
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  • 87
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A wetlands monitoring study was initiated as part of Delaware's LANDSAT applications demonstration project. Classifications of digital data are conducted in an effort to determine the location and acreage of wetlands loss or gain, species conversion, and application for the inventory and typing of freshwater wetlands. A multi-seasonal approach is employed to compare data from two different years. Unsupervised classifications were conducted for two of the four dates examined. Initial results indicate the multi-seasonal approach allows much better separation of wetland types for both tidal and non-tidal wetlands than either season alone. Change detection is possible but generally misses the small acreages now impacted by man.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 2d Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 259-267
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An irrigation ground water use inventory in Sherburne County, Minnesota, was attempted by indirectly locating irrigation wells by determining the location of irrigated lands. Digital classification of LANDSAT MSS imagery was employed using the IDIMS at Goddard Space Flight Center. Single-date classification proved moderately successful after accurate ground truth data were obtained. A combination of supervised and unsupervised classification was used. Multitemporal analysis using August 10 and May 21, 1978 imagery was also attempted. This unsupervised classification proved most successful in identifying crops and irrigated fields.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: 2d Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 237-242
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A cooperative program between the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources and the University of Wisconsin-Madison resulted in the assessment of the trophic condition of approximately 3,000 significant inland lakes in Wisconsin. The feasibility of using both photographic and digital representations of LANDSAT multispectral scanner data for lake classification was investigated. The result was the development of a nearly automated system which, with minimal human interaction, locates and extracts the lake data, then corrects the data for atmospheric effects, and finally classifies all the significant lakes in the state as to trophic condition.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 2d Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 219-236
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Additions to the ORSER remote sensing data processing package are described. The ORSER package consists of about 35 individual programs that are grouped into preprocessing, data analysis, and display subsystems. Additional data formats and data management, data transformation, and geometric correlation programs were supplemented to the preprocessing subsystem. Enhancements to the data analysis techniques include a maximum likelihood classifier (MAXCLASS) and a new version of the STATS program which makes delineation of training areas easier and allows for detection of outlier points. Ongoing developments are also described.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 2nd Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 201-210
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  • 91
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The use of LANDSAT for water resources applications in U.S. state demonstration projects is reviewed. The most common single application undertaken between 1976 and 1981 was found to be water condition assessment. The majority of projects, however, fell into the general category of watershed hydrology. Some of the states are attempting to use LANDSAT data in an operational mode for water quality assessment. Two of these state projects from Vermont and Wisconsin are described in brief. The basic information requirements of Section 314 of the U.S. Pollution Control Act are given with the type of input LANDSAT data could potentially provide toward those requirements. Surveys were performed to determine: (1) how its states were responding in 1980 to 1981 to the federal and state water quality laws; and (2) the status of LANDSAT analysis capabilities of each state.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: 2d Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 211-218
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: LANDSAT data from July 1973 and June 1978 for the Patuxent River Watershed of Maryland were processed in an effort to devise an economical method of monitoring the reclamation of sand and gravel pits. ASTEP-II and IDIMS software were utilized to derive signatures for sand and gravel pits and other land use/land cover types. Both unsupervised and supervised classifications of the two data sets were produced. Resultant statistics and color output products were compared in order to determine the extent of reclamation and expansion of sand and gravel pits over the five-year time span and to check the locations of more recent sand and gravel pits. Preliminary results indicate that, for a selected northern sub-acre, signatures derived for sand and gravel pits were nearly 90 percent accurate.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: 2nd Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 191-200
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Strip and contour mining techniques are reviewed as well as some studies conducted to determine the applicability of LANDSAT and associated digital image processing techniques to the surficial problems associated with mining operations. A nontraditional unsupervised classification approach to multispectral data is considered which renders increased classification separability in land cover analysis of surface mined areas. The approach also reduces the dimensionality of the data and requires only minimal analytical skills in digital data processing.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: 2nd Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 167-190
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Because of the size of the Pocomoke River Basin, the inaccessibility of certain areas, and study time constraints, several remote sensing techniques were used to collect base information on the river corridor, (a 23.2 km channel) and on a 1.2 km wooded floodplain. This information provided an adequate understanding of the environment and its resources, thus enabling effective management options to be designed. The remote sensing techniques used for assessment included manual analysis of high altitude color-infrared photography, computer-assisted analysis of LANDSAT-2 imagery, and the application of airborne oceanographic Lidar for topographic mapping. Results show that each techniques was valuable in providing the needed base data necessary for resource planning.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 2nd Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 157-166
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  • 95
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The utility of LANDSAT data in monitoring largescale land clearance and drainage activities in a forest/wetland environment in northern Minnesota was investigated. LANDSAT tapes from 1973, 1978 and 1980 were used in a multitemporal unsupervised land cover classification of the 9 x 15 mile site. Results show quite clearly and in a cost-effective manner, where the greatest activity occurred. It was also possible to integrate the LANDSAT data with other data available through the Land Management Information Center's geographic information system.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 2nd Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 139-146
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: One of many potential applications of the thematic mapper (TM) is surface mine monitoring. To assess this potential, data acquired by an aircraft multispectral scanner over Pennsylvania surface mines were preprocessed to simulate the anticipated spectral, spatial, and radiometric characteristics of TM data. False color imagery and thematic maps were derived from the simulated data and compared to imagery and maps derived from LANDSAT multispectral scanner subsystems data. On the basis of this comparison, TM data should definitely increase the detail and accuracy of remotely acquired surface mine information and may enable the remote determination of compliance with reclamation regulations.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: 2nd Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 129-138
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  • 97
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The utility of lineaments identified on LANDSAT imagery as an exploration tool in the search for hydrocarbons within three Appalachian test sites were assessed. The optimum LANDSAT imagery enhancement technique for displaying lineaments was identified. The LANDSAT lineament data were analyzed and results were correlated with oil and gas field information for each of three tests sites. Good correlations were found for several states. Successful techniques can be incorporated into a broader exploration model.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: 2nd Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 125-128
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The New York State Adirondack Park Agency is using LANDSAT imagery to provide current, consistent parkwide data on forest cover, forest change and other land cover characteristics for the Adirondack Park, an area of 9,375 sq. miles (24,280 sq km). Boundaries of the study area were digitized and the data were enhanced and geographically rectified. A classification scheme was devised which emphasized the basic land cover types of the Park: hardwoods, spruce-fir, pine, wet conifer, brushland, grassland, agricultural areas, exposed earth, urban areas, and water bodies. Cover type classifications for disturbed forest land were also chosen: cut hardwoods, regenerating hardwoods, and cut spruce fir. Field verification of 1978 classification revealed an accurate differentiation of forest types within types and between nonforested/forested areas. The classification accurately detects forest land disturbances; however, it is not always descriptive of the level of disturbance.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 2nd Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 121-123
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Land cover information derived from LANDSAT is being utilized by Piedmont Planning District Commission located in the State of Virginia. Progress to date is reported on a level one land cover classification map being produced with nine categories. The nine categories of classification are defined. The computer compatible tape selection is presented. Two unsupervised classifications were done, with 50 and 70 classes respectively. Twenty-eight spectral classes were developed using the supervised technique, employing actual ground truth training sites. The accuracy of the unsupervised classifications are estimated through comparison with local county statistics and with an actual pixel count of LANDSAT information compared to ground truth.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 2nd Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 109-120
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The New Jersey Heritage program surveyed available mapping information on landcover and vegetative communities and found that most commonly used sources, such as local land use maps and aerial photographs, were useful for individual sites, but either varied in their classifications or could not be used over extensive areas. A demonstration project using LANDSAT satellite information for the Great Egg Harbor/Tuckahoe watersheds was initiated with the goals of application (providing an inventory of vegetative communities and land use) flexibility (providing a method of collecting data which can be updated or modified in the future); and efficiency (allowing for an acceptable cost level by having staff undertake the project and avoid the more costly methods from air photo interpretation or on-site surveying. The classification procedure used is described and the spatial distributions of the 10 landcover classes determined are listed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 2nd Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 101-108
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