ALBERT

Description: The sedimentation regime off Northwest Africa is shaped by: (1) structur~al factors. which result in generallv low relief on land. shelf widths between 40 and more than 120 km. and av-erage sfope inclinations between 10 30' and 30; (2) land climates. which contral the delivery of terrigenous particles to the margin: (3) water movements including boundary currents and upwelling; and (4) the post- Pleistocene sea level rise. This chapter combines published and new results arising from research into the sedimentation processes off Northwest Africa. and emphasizes particularly the activities of the Kiel marine geological group during the past few years. Reviews of cruise activities and results were given in Closs et al. (1969) (Meteor cruise 8. 1967. off Morocco) . Seibold (1972) (Meteor cmise 25 . 1971. off Sahara to Central Senegal). Seibold and Hinz (1976) (Meteor cmise 39,1975 . and Valdivia cruise 10. 1975, from Morocco to South Senegal), and Waiden et al. (1974) (Meteor cmise 30, 1973, off Sierra Leone). Some of these cmises were used for pre- or post-site surveys for the Deep-Sea Drilling Project, or to add undisturbed Quaternary cores to the Glomar Challenger cores (leg 41, ] 975; Lancelot, et al .• 1978); leg 47 A, Arthur er al .• 1979; Lutze et al., 1979). We have concentrated our geological investigations on a number of standard profiles from the shelf to the upper continental rise as given in Figure 1. The manuscript was finished May 1979.

Description: Nineteen species of Stereocaulon are treated from the northern Andes, mainly from Colombia. Descriptions and keys are given, with notes on the north-Andean distribution and ecology. Seven species are new for the Colombian flora, viz. St. atlanticum, St. claviceps, St. corticatulum (chem. strain with atranorin and perlatolic acid), St. delisei, St. microcarpum, St. pachycephalum and St. pomiferum. St. crambidiocephalum is reported for the first time from Costa Rica, as is St. didymicum from Venezuela, and St. delisei is reported for the first time from the New World (Colombia and Costa Rica). St. cornutum Müll. Arg. is reduced to synonymy under St. pityrizans Nyl.

Description: Gradstein et al. (1982) propose to conserve four generic names of Lejeuneaceae: Lopholejeunea (Spruce) Schiffn., Acrolejeunea (Spruce) Schiffn., Trachylejeunea (Spruce) Schiffn. and Taxilejeunea (Spruce) Schiffn., each of which was introduced as a subgeneric name in Lejeunea by Spruce (1884), and subsequently raised to generic rank by Schiffner in his treatment of the Hepaticae in Engler-Prantl (preprint 1893) [see proposals to conserve 675-678 see p. 746]. Although Spruce (l.c.) used for his Lejeunea species a binary nomenclature by combining subgeneric names with specific epithets, it is clear (e.g. text, index) that the binomina are meant as Lejeunea combinations and they are considered as such by most authors (see Gradstein et al. for further details). Before 1893, however, the Sprucean subgeneric names were used in various papers by F. Stephani in a “seeming” generic rank; indeed Stephani now and then referred to them as “genus.” A chronological survey of a number of relevant papers by Stephani, mainly those published in Hedwigia, was given by Bonner et al. (1961), in conjunction with a brief discussion of the subject of this paper. These authors were the first to realize that on the basis of Art. 42 ICBN some generic names in Lejeuneaceae, e.g. Taxilejeunea and Trachylejeunea, can be considered as validly published by Stephani in Hedwigia 28, 1889. Later on Grolle (1979) demonstrated valid publication of monotypic new Lejeuneaceae genera by Stephani in the Bot. Gaz. 15, 1890, e.g. Lopho-Lejeunea and Acro-Lejeunea. For an evaluation of the status of Lopho- Lejeunea Steph., Acro-Lejeunea Steph., Trachylejeunea Steph. and Taxilejeunea Steph., one might consider these names against the background of the entire context of Stephani’s work on Lejeuneaceae until 1893. As the survey of Stephani’s papers in Bonner et al. is rather incomplete, and as there are several points of divergence in opinion, a new analysis of Stephani’s relevant papers (before Sep 1893) is presented below.

Description: During 1981 the Botanical Survey of India had again collections made. We list them in the same manner as on pages 3559-3560. In Andaman & Nicobar Is.: Great Nicobar, 300 specimens. In Andhra Pradesh: Anantagiri, Endrika Hills, Ganganaju-medugula, Paderu, 1590. In Arunachal Pradesh: Ganganagar, Hapoli, Naharlagan, Namdapha Biosphere Reserve of Tirap Distr., Tamer Road, Tiruli of Subansiri Distr., Ziro, 1054. In West Bengal: areas of Jalpaiguri, Bankura and Midnapur Districts, places of Bangaon, Tantulia and Basirhat of 24-Parganas Districts, Jaldapara Reserve, Totopara, &c., 2240. In Gujrat: Lalpur and vicinity, 1090. In Karnataka: vicinity of S. Karnataka River-Mulla Periyar and catchment areas, 500. In Kerala: Alleppey, Anathode, Cannanore, Devicolam, Kakki, Kasargod, Kokharjam, Munnar Peermade, Muzhiyar, Pachakanam, Pamba Dam areas, Peruvanzuzhi, Ponnambala Medu, Sabarigiri, 4150. In Madhya Pradesh; areas of Panna Distr., 800. In Maharashtra: Bhimsankar, Janar, Purandar, 985. In Meghalaya: Cherrapunjee, Nongapoh, Sunnapahar of Khasi Hills, Jowai, Jorain of Saintea Hills, Tura of Garo Hills Distr., 3500. In Nagaland: areas of Mekokchung, Tuensang, Wokha, Zunbebato Districts, 500. In Rajasthan: Jaisalmer and areas of Barmer Distr., 1000. In Sikkim: Burtuk Busty, Chakung, Changu, Chuten, Enchy Monastery, below Honuman Top, Jorethang, Lower Bustak, Ranipal, Reumtek, Sang Ratepani, Sinchey, Singtham East, Soren, Suntale forests, Tadong, 4800. In Tamil-Nadu: Kannayakumari, Sethur Hills, Srivilliputhur R.F., 2090. In Uttar Pradesh: Agra-Khal, Ballaieri, Chamoli Chakrata, Dudhwa Nat. Park, Govana, Khan-Khaliadha, Mussoorie, Pam Vali-Kantha, Panwali, Parbagi, Rajkhark, Saharshradhara, 2500.

Description: The entries have been split into five categories: a) Algae — b) Fungi & Lichens — c) Bryophytes — d) Pteridophytes — e) Spermatophytes & General subjects. — Books have been marked with an asterisk. The SEM-observation of plant material normally requires dehydrated, dry specimens coated with carbon or metal. Unfortunately, the standard drying methods (including the critical-point-drying-technique) often cause shrinking and deformation of the specimen surface; therefore, SEMstudies on plant ontogeny are rather difficult, material- and time-consuming. Experiments using deep-frozen specimens have been carried out in England and in the USA, but have proved not satisfying.

Description: Apocynaceae wanted — pickled. Mary E. Fallen, Systematische Botanik, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland, who has done considerable morphological work on development of the reproductive organs in Apocynaceae, has been frustrated in her many efforts to obtain suitable material of Lepinia and Lepiniopsis. Ample information on both can be found in Pacific Plant Areas 3, Blumea Suppl. 5 (1966) 112-113, with map and description. The very oddly shaped fruit of Lepinia (W. Pacific) has been depicted in Blumea 11 (1962) 302, Van Steenis’s paper on the Land Bridge Theory. The one of Lepiniopsis (E. Malesia) seems to be buoyant. Also material of Anechites (Central America) is needed; it may be closely related to Condylocarpon. Any stages of flowers can be used, from tiny green buds at initiation up through anthesis, as well as fruiting stages. They should be pickled in FAA. Expenses of handling and postage will gladly be refunded. Vials with the liquid can be provided. Thanks on her behalf!

Description: Twelve species are recognized of which five (P. womersleyi, P. brassii, P. hooglandii, P. schoddei. and P. clemensae) are described as new. Nine species are reduced to synonymy (P. warburgii, P. puberula, P. myriantha, P. paniculata, P. parvifolia, P. acuminata, P. habbamensis, P. pulchra and P. dallmannensis). All twelve species occur in New Guinea, only one (P. arfakiana) extending westwards into Sulawesi. P. incana, P. gracilis and P. hypargyrea may also occur in Queensland in addition to the three species already described from Australia.

Description: Two gynoecial primordia are initiated as discrete units but soon get interconnected by the occurrence of interprimordial growth between them. A rim of meristematic tissue thus produced gives rise to the ovary wall by zonal growth. The residual floral apex grows parallel to the gynoecial primordia in the form of a septum. The two placental ridges arise from the inner lateral walls of the ovary, grow into the ovarian cavity, and ultimately fuse with the axial septum. The anterio- posterior region of the ovary wall also grows into the ovarian cavity to form a false septum which divides each locule into two. The Labiatae show a placentation which is neither true axile nor true parietal but an intermediate condition between the two, as the septum grows like in a typical axile placentation and the placentae like in typical parietal placentation. The gynobase in Labiatae is considered to be carpellary in nature.

Description: Two new genera and nineteen new species of Dicotyledons from Papua New Guinea collected and described by A. Gilli (1980) have been examined by specialists. These families are Begoniaceae, Cruciferae, Elaeocarpaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Hypericaceae, Leguminosae, Rosaceae, Rubiaceae, Saxifragaceae, and Sterculiaceae. Both new genera are reduced: Melachone to Amaracarpus (Rub.), Disaster to Commersonia (Sterc.). Supposed new generic records to Malesia proved erroneous: a new Thelygonum belongs to Nertera (Rub.), and a Trochiscus to Nasturtium (Cruc.); the Viburnum from Papua is a Psychotria (Rub.). All species are reduced to those already known. It is advocated as undesirable to describe novelties from odd tropical plant collections.

Description: The genus Badusa is transferred from the Cinchoneae to the Condamineae subtribe Portlandiinae: it is closely related to Morierina. A new species B. palawanensis is described from Palawan, and a new subspecies from Biak, B. corymbifera ssp. biakensis.

Description: Sericolea is a genus endemic to New Guinea. The relevant literature is surveyed. Descriptions are given of all species and keys provided to the 15 species and all infraspecific taxa accepted. Two species are described as new: S. coodei and S. microphylla. A new subspecies of S. brassii A. C. Sm. is recognized: ssp. carrii. S. arfakensis Gibbs, S. gracilis (Laut.) Schltr., and S. novoguineensis Gibbs reduced by Coode in a recent paper are reinstated and S. glabra Schltr.. also reduced by Coode, is recognized as a variety of S. micans Schltr. Three new varieties are distinguished in S. gaultheria (F. v. M.) Schltr. and one in S. novoguineensis Gibbs.

Description: The present study deals with the taxonomy of a family of the brown algal order Sphacelariales in Europe. The taxonomy of this order is much influenced by the works of Sauvageau as published between 1900 and 1914. A short survey of the work on Spacelariales by him and his phycological predecessors is given in the introduction. The order Sphacelariales is described and its nomenclatural history is given. Other paragraphs deal with distribution, morphology and the used descriptive terminology, ecology, variability and culture studies, reproduction and life-history, systematic position and classification. In the notes on morphology the history of the descriptive terminology is incorporated, as well as discussions on the correct use of this terminology. Most technical terms are also included in the glossary, located near the end of this book. In the sections on ‘Form range and cultures’ and on ‘Reproduction and life-history’ the methods used for unialgal cultures and methods for chromosome counts are discussed. Also a review of life-histories in Sphacelariales is incorporated, as well as a discussion on the criteria used for the distinction of taxa and the delimination of the order. A key to the families concludes the treatment of the order. The family Sphacelariaceae, which is the largest and most cosmopolitan family of the order, is treated in a similar way. The two genera in this family, the monotypic genus Sphacella and the complex genus Sphacelaria, which contains four subgenera, seven sections and 16 species in Europe, are also treated in comparable paragraphs. Keys to the taxa and to ecological growth-forms (ecads) are given. In the paragraph on relationship of genera, subgenera, sections and species, several approaches for the construction of a classification are mentioned. The phyletic-cladistic approach, based upon methods developed by Hennig (1950), is discussed in detail. One conclusion is that the genus Choristocarpus cannot be considered to belong to a monophyletic group together with the Sphacelariaceae. Further it can be concluded that the Sphacelariaceae all belong to one group with a monophyletic origin. The monotypic genera Battersia, Disphacella and Chaetopteris have to be included into the genus Sphacelaria. Sphacella, however, is maintained as a monotypic genus. For nomenclatural reasons Sphacelaria reticulata (formerly Disphacella reticulata) must be chosen as type-species of the genus Sphacelaria. The descriptions of family, genera and sections are usually short, but the descriptions of the species are comprehensive and contain a formal description and a list of dimensions. The paragraphs on distribution start with summaries of coastal regions where the species occur. Each summary is followed by an extract of the list of collections and relevant references. Distribution maps are added. Full lists of collections and references for all species are published separately. Important taxonomic conclusions occur in Sphacelaria reticulata (was Disphacella reticulata (Lyngb.) Sauv.), in S. radicans (ecad libera found in the Baltic), in S. nana (= S. britannica Sauv.) which include S. saxatilis and which is different from S. rigidula (= S. furcigera Kütz.), in S. plumigera (unattached growthform = ecad pinnata, found in the Baltic), in S. mirabilis (was Battersia mirabilis Reinke ex Batt.), in S. fusca (different from S. rigidula), in S. cirrosa (includes S. bipinnata (Kütz.) Sauv. and S. hystrix Suhr ex Reinke which are incorporated amongst the five different ecads of the species) and in S. sympodiocarpa (which cannot be incorporated into one of the described subgenera). Most details of morphology are depicted.

Description: Laboratory-reared larvae of the spider crab, H. araneus L., were studied with regard to their fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), hydrogen (H), and energy content (J; estimated from C). FW remains fairly constant in each larval stage, regardless of feeding or starving conditions. This is due to regular changes in water content as opposed to those in organic constituents. There is a considerable gain (by a factor of 2 to 3) within each of these two instars. In the magalopa also a high amount of C, N, H, and energy is accumulated, but most of this gain is lost again during the last third of its stage duration. In all larval stages, weight-specific energy (J/mg DW) follows rather a cyclic pattern with decreases before and after molts, and increases during intermolt periods. It shows a decreasing trend during larval development. During starvation, biomass declines in an exponential pattern. Larvae of all stages die, when ca. 40 to 60% of their living substance and energy is lost.

Description: Filtration rate (F) and ingestion rate (I) were measured in the rotifer B. plicatilis feeding on the flagellate Dunaliella spec. and on yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae ). 60-min experiments in rotating bottles servedas a standard for testing methodological effects on levels of F and I. A lack of rotation reduced F values by 40%, and a rise in temperature from 18 degree to 23.5 degree C increased them by 42%. Ingestion rates increased significantly up to a particle (yeast) concentration of ca. 600-800 cells/µl; then they remained constant, whereas filtration rates decreased beyond this threshold. Elemental analyses ofrotifers and their food suggest that B. plicatilis can ingest up to 0.6 mJ or ca. 14% of its own body carbon within 15 min. The long term average was estimated as 3.4 m/ind or ca. 75% of body carbon/d.

Description: The well-known and widespread lichen species Cladonia furcata (Huds.) Schrad. is usually very constant in its chemistry: fumarprotocetraric acid is its main secondary metabolite, sometimes accompanied by atranorin. Recently a new chemical strain, characterised by the presence of psoromic acid instead of fumarprotocetraric acid or atranorin, was found in Portugal by the first two authors during phytosociological investigations of heath vegetations. The plants are preserved in the herbarium of the Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Utrecht (U), leg. Barendregt & v.d. Dries nr. 1-2 (U). Morphologically the plants with psoromic acid represent the slender form of C. furcata. which is the predominant form in lowland western Europe (fig. 1). The podetia are c. 3 cm long and up to 0.8 mm wide, branching regularly but not very densily dichotomously, and olivaceous green to brownish in colour. Their habit varies from creeping and loosely tufted to erect and densily tufted. Squamules are present only occasionally, on the lower parts of the podetia, and are roundish with a crenulated margin, up to c. 1.2 mm wide.

Description: This book is designed as a practical guide for the identification of fossil and extant woods with the aid of a marginally perforated card key, based on the ones devised by Clarke and perfected in the well-known Hardwood and Softwood keys published by the Princes Risborough Laboratory in 1961 and 1948 (1966) respectively. Using the cards originally prepared for Metcalfe and Chalk’s Anatomy of the Dicotyledons, the Princes Risborough cards, and numerous additions to these sets, the authors have gained considerable experience with this time-honoured identification method. A microfiche of these cards can be purchased separately from the Botanical Museum of Harvard University. Besides general chapters and appendices on for instance wood structure and variability, and how to prepare wood for microscopic examination and how to use the key cards, the main body of the book consists of a richly illustrated catalogue of diagnostic characters to be used in wood identification. It is in this section that the book shows most of its weaknesses. This is because of numerous mistakes in the choice of illustrations or misleading legends to the latter. For instance: fig. 3c (p. 24) is said to show abrupt latewood in Larix laricina, but the earlywood-latewood transition zone is not included in the photomicrograph; on p. 68 the vessels of Nyssa are said to be predominantly in multiples of four or more but the photograph illustrates vessel pairs alternating with fibres (i.e., vessel multiples in a distinct radial pattern; the latter feature is illustrated on p. 69 with examples showing no sign of such a pattern at all!); the tangential vessel arrangement of fig. 4b, p. 70 is in fact oblique; Myrica is incorrectly credited with ephedroid perforations on p. 73; Sphenostemon pictured with the most beautiful example of scalariform intervessel pits is said to show spiral thickenings instead (p. 74); long and slender pit canals are mistaken for plasmodesmata on p. 83; essentially similar fibre-tracheids in Eucryphia are classified as belonging to two fibre types (p. 87); fibres of Sleumerodendron are mistaken for vascular tracheids and crystals in the Dicotyledons are illustrated with an example from Gnetum (p. 124). The quality of many of the photomicrographs leaves much to be desired.

Description: Acanthaceae. At C, Dr. Bertel Hansen took an interest in the family, and began by going through the many papers by C.E.B. Bremekamp. Annonaceae. Mr. Paul Kessler, Botanik, Universität, Box 3049, Kaiserslautern, W. Germany, has undertaken work on Orophea.

Description: Caudex erect, short-creeping or long-creeping, rarely scandent; vascular structure in all cases a radially symmetrical dictyostele; scales usually thin, not peltate, in almost all cases bearing both marginal and superficial Unicellular hairs which are either acicular or glandular. Vascular strands at base of stipe 2, linear in section (rarely with an additional pair of small ones), uniting upwards to a U-shape; a linear aerophore with stomata continuous along each side of stipe and rachis. Fronds usually pinnate with crenate or lobed pinnae, in a few cases simple or bipinnate, never with basiscopically enlarged basal pinnae; apical lamina usually triangular and lobed, grading into upper pinnae, in some cases pinna-like; lower pinnae in many cases gradually much reduced or with abrupt transition to a series of small rudiments; a small aerophore, sometimes swollen or elongate, present at the base of each pinna; a translucent membrane present in the base of each sinus between adjacent pinna-lobes; venation in each pinna consisting a costa bearing costules, each costule bearing pinnately-arranged veins in a pinna-lobe; veins free in deeply lobed pinnae, or basal veins in adjacent lobes anastomosing to form an excurrent vein, which may be joined by other veins, terminating at the base of a sinus-membrane, successive veins Passing to the sides of the sinus-membrane where this is elongate. Indument: scales always present at base of stipe, gradually smaller upwards, uunute (often consisting of a single row of cells) on the distal parts of fronds, often nearly all caducous; adaxial surface of rachis and costae a'ways bearing antrorsely curved acicular unicellular hairs, in a few cases a'so septate acicular hairs; abaxial surface of rachis and costae usually bearing a different indument consisting of more slender unicellular acicular and/or glandular hairs or sessile glands of various forms (forked hairs in Ampelopteris only); surface of lamina between veins either quite glabrous or more often with a distinctive complement of hairs and glands different adaxially and abaxially. Sori borne on abaxial surface of veins, orbicular or sometimes elongate, indusiate or not; indusia reniform, glabrous or bearing hairs and/or glands, in some cases very small, athyrioid in some species of Coryphopteris; sporangia sometimes bearing glands or short acicular hairs (setae) near annulus, often with a hair of distinctive form on the sporangium-stalk; spores in almost all cases monolete, with perispore of varied form, in Trigonospora trilete. Gametophyte in all cases symmetrical-cordate, with unicellular chlorophyllous hairs on all parts, these hairs with ± swollen rounded tips which become wax-encrusted; in most cases, usually as a late development, unicellular acicular hairs, comparable with those on the sporophyte, may occur; other types of hair may be distinctive of some genera. Distribution. Throughout the tropics, especially in wetter areas; species few in temperate regions (5 in Europe), almost 1000 in all. The majority are terrestrial ferns of forest, but a few (especially in Christella few and Macrothelypteris) occur in open places only, and a (Cyclosorus, Thelypteris) in open swamps; some are adapted to grow on rocks by streams; very few are scandent; a few are casually epiphytic.

Description: An introduction is given to the taxonomy of Entoloma subgenus Leptonia, followed by a revision of its section Leptonia. Eleven species are recognized, fully described and illustrated, of which three are new, viz.: Entoloma carbonicola, E. tjallingiorum and E. allochroum.

Description: The genera Microlaena R. Br., Petriella Zotov, and Tetrarrhena R. Br. are included in Ehrharta Thunb. (Gramineae-Ehrharteae), which necessitates four new combinations in the latter. In Malesia Ehrharta is represented by two taxa originally included in Microlaena: E. diplax F. v. Muel. var. giulianettii (Stapf) L. P. M. Willemse (M. giulianettii Stapf) and E. stipoides Labill. var. stipoides [M. stipoides (Labill.) R. Br. var. stipoides]. Descriptions of and notes on these taxa are given.

Description: In Malesia and Taiwan there are 6 species of Agrostis Linné (Gramineae). Agrostis rigidula Steud. has 8 varieties, 5 in Malesia and 4 (incl. one Malesian) in Taiwan. Agrostis clavata Trin. is native in Taiwan and once found in New Guinea. Agrostis gigantea Roth must be called A. stolonifera Linné var. ramosa (S. F. Gray) Veldk. and is partly native, partly introduced in Malesia. Agrostis hirta Veldk. is a new species from New Guinea. New combinations for varieties are proposed in A. rigidula and the Indian A. pilosula Trin.

Description: A new species of glassfish (Ambassidae) belonging to the genus Parambassis is described from 20 specimens collected in the Idenburg (Mamberamo) River of north-western New Guinea (Irian Jaya). Parambassis altipinnis n.sp. is distinguished by a combination of features which include a relatively tall dorsal fin, a high lateral-line scale count, and a lack of dark pigmentation.

Description: 13 new species and two new subspecies of Lunatipula Edwards are described. The new taxa are: Tipula (Lunatipula) mallorca from Mallorca, T. (L.) bimacula minos from Crete, T. (L.) simova from Thasos, T. (L.) artemis asiaeminoris, T. (L.) christophi, T. (L.) franzressli, T. (L.) horsti, T. (L.) huberti, T. (L.) neutra, T. (L.) ornithogona, and T. (L.) renate, T. (L.) trapeza T. (L.) ulrike from Turkey, and T. (L.) kinzelbachi and T. (L.) leeuweni from Syria. Also presented are the females of T. (L.) sciurus Theischinger and T. (L.) sigma Theischinger. Information on the geographical variation of some species is supplied. New records of a few very little known species are given. All but 2 holotypes, and some paratypes are lodged at Zoölogisch Museum Amsterdam (ZMA), 2 holotypes at Zoologische Staatssammlung München (ZSM), the other specimens in the collection of the author (GT).

Description: Dentectus barbarmatus, a new genus and species of mailed catfish of the subfamily Loricariinae, tribe Loricariini, is described from tributaries of the northern margin of the Orinoco River in Venezuela. Morphometric and meristic data of several specimens are presented and illustrations are given. The relationships of the new genus with other genera of the tribe are discussed. It is assigned to the subtribe Planiloricariina, together with Pseudohemiodon Bleeker, 1862, Rhadinoloricaria Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1974, Crossoloricaria Isbrücker, 1979, and Planiloricaria Isbrücker, 1971.

Description: De las Islas Galápagos se conoce más de 200 especies de briófitas (el número total de los musgos y de las hepáticas es de mas o menos igual). Más que 2/3 partes de las especies occurren en la selva y matorrales perennifolias y húmedas limitadas a las zonas altas de algunas islas. Una proporción elevada (65-70%) de la brioflora trata de especies de una distribución amplia y neotropical o ampliamente tropical, que probablemente han llegado cón los vientos predominantes orientales del continente sudamericano. Generalmente las briófitas de las Islas Galápagos tienen una dispersión excelente, al contrario de otros grupos de organismos. Mas o menos 85% de las hepáticas produce esperes y/o gemmae y aproximadamente 40% de las especies son bisexuales. Además es interesante anotar que taxa sin diásporas están limitados hacia una sola isla, y que taxa con formación de diásporas tienen una distribución más ámplia según las condiciones ecológicas favorables. Una proporción bastante elevada (20%) de los musgos pertenece al elemento “oceánico-Caribe" probablemente llegado con los vientos alisios desde las costas de Centro-América o directamente de las Antillas via el Istmo de Panamá Este grupo de especies se encuentra en las Islas Galápagos en alturas más bajas, con preferencia cerca de la costa. Unas pocas especies templadas y disyuntas están presentes en las pampas frias y secas de Isabela arriba de 1200 m. Además taxa cosmopolitos y ciertos taxa endémicos son común en las pampas. La proporción de los taxa endémicos es más elevada entre las hepáticas (16%) que entre los musgos (6%). Taxa endémicos occurren con preferencia en las regiones abiertas y secas en las Islas Galápagos, probablemente debido a que este medio ambiente para selección natural y evolución existía ya hace más tiempo, como es corroborado por evidencia palaeobotánica. Se trata de caracterizar y comparar la brioflora de Galápagos, aunque las listas de recopilación para briofloras regionales del trópico hacen falta en una forma tremenda. En comparación con la brioflora del continente sudaméricano la de las Islas Galápagos es un poco pobre en especies; faltan marcadamente taxa de la selva húmeda tropical y de selva nublada. La proporción bastante elevada de hepáticas talosas del orden Marchantiales caracteriza la brioflora de las Islas Galápagos como mas o menos mesofítica y subtropical, a pesar de la presencia elevada de Lejeuneaceae.

Description: The 42 recognized species of Coussapoa are listed with their synonyms and distribution. Eleven new species are described: C. argentea Akkermans & Berg, C. arachnoidea. Akkermans & Berg, C. batavorum Akkermans & Berg, C. cupularis Akkermans & Berg, C. echinata Akkermans & Berg, C. floccosa Akkermans & Berg, C. longepedunculata Akkermans & Berg, C. macerrima Akkermans & Berg, C. napoënsis Akkermans & Berg, C. pachyphylla Akkermans & Berg, and C. scabra Akkermans & Berg. Some new combinations are made. Keys to the species of 8 regions are presented.

Description: The Lejeuneaceae are the largest family of the Hepaticae with over 1500 species in about 90 currently accepted genera (Gradstein, 1980). Much has already been written on the nomenclatural and taxonomic problems associated with the generic names in this family. A brief review of the problems is given, introductory to the proposals presented here. Current generic concepts in Lejeuneaceae are essentially based on Richard Spruce’s treatment of the group in his “Hepaticae of the Amazon and of the Andes of Peru and Ecuador” (Spruce, 1884). Spruce recognized, besides the monotypic Myriocolea Spruce, one single genus, Lejeunea, for several hundreds of species of Lejeuneaceae known at that time. This muchembracing genus was subdivided by Spruce into 37 subgenera. Each of the subgenera received a name in which the generic name “Lejeunea” was hyphenated with an appropriate, descriptive prefix: e.g. Acro-Lejeunea, Cerato-Lejeunea, Hygro-Lejeunea, Sticto-Lejeunea.

Description: Four new species of Dorstenia are described: D. panamensis C.C. Berg, D. boliviana C.C. Berg, D. peruviana C.C. Berg, and D. belizensis C.C. Berg. A list of and a key to the 21 Dorstenia species distinguished in north-western tropical America are presented, together with synonyms and distributions.

Description: Ms. Wanda Ave, a student of biology at Leiden with interest in ethnobotany, prepared 30 maps with text for Pacific Plant Areas, then studied rattan species of Malaya, where she went in March 1982 to work on smallscale utilization of rattan by indigenous tribes. Dr. M.M.J. van Balgooy, duly elected in the democratic manner, took over as Head of the Tropical Department at L, from Dr. W. Vink who felt that he had served his time.

Description: Beccari, Odoardo (1843-1920) H.E. Moore Jr, Odoardo Beccari (1843-1920). Principes 25 (1981) 29-35, portr. His trips and bibliography on palms. Everist, S.L. (1913-1981) On 21 October, 1981, Dr. Selwyn L. Everist, past director of the Queensland Herbarium, died in hospital in Brisbane, after a period of intermittent ill health. He commenced work at the Herbarium in 1930 and graduated from Queensland University with a B.Sc. in 1936. Following the retirement of Mr. W.D. Francis in 1954, he became Government Botanist, a position which was later changed to Director, Botany Branch and the Queensland Herbarium, Department of Primary Industries. He retired in 1976 (see Flora Malesiana Bulletin 30, 2745-2746). He was awarded an honorary Ph.D. on the basis of written work. Dr. Everist will be best remembered for his work in the field of economic botany. He published numerous articles on weeds and poisonous plants and his book Poisonous Plants of Australia will remain the definitive text in its field for many decades. He received a copy of the second edition of his book just one day before he died. The considerable addition of material following the first edition is testimony to his activity in ’retirement’. He was a good herbarium administrator, though he most enjoyed working in the field. He was always willing to provide assistance to herbarium botanists throughout Australia and overseas and he was very supportive of the Flora Malesiana project.— R.W. Johnson.

Description: The SEM-observation of plant material normally requires dehydrated, dry specimens coated with carbon or metal. Unfortunately, the standard drying methods (including the critical-point-drying-technique) often cause shrinking and deformation of the specimen surface; therefore, SEMstudies on plant ontogeny are rather difficult, material- and time-consuming. Experiments using deep-frozen specimens have been carried out in England and in the USA, but have proved not satisfying. Recently, a new preparation technique working with shock-frozen specimens has been developed by ALDRIAN at the Technical University of Graz (Austria). This technique, originally devoted to checking the water content of concrete, was tested and applied to living plant material by the present communicators. As a test object the Malayan gesneriad Monophyllaea horsfieldii was chosen. Studying in special the inflorescence and calyx development, the results proved by far superior to those obtained by conventional SEM-preparation methods. As it appears this technique can be successfully employed in ontogenetical and morphological studies of any kind working with living material.

Description: In October 1981, the Sijthoff-Noordhoff firm which published the Flora Malesiana was taken over by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Box 566, The Hague, The Netherlands*. Publication is continued in the same form, but the transition caused some delay in the schedule. Flora Malesiana Series ii (Pteridophyta) Volume 1 Part 5 thus was issued on 1 March 1982. The posted price is Dfl. 170 abroad (in the Netherlands, Value Added Tax is to be paid). This price includes the binding of this volume, which is now completed. This Part 5, containing pages (1)—(20) and 331-599, gives the Dedication and the revision of the Thelypteridaceae, both by R.E. Holttum. The Dedication, p. (6)-(20), incl. portr., is to Carl Christensen. Rather than biographical — many such references give F.A. Stafleu & R.S. Cowan, Taxonomic Literature, 2nd ed. (1976) 501 — it is a history of pteridology in a nutshell, with notes on strengths and weaknesses of various authors, exemplified in Gleicheniaceae, Grammitidaceae, Lomariopsis/ Stenochlaena, and Pleocnemia. ”We now have reached the stage at which most Malesian species can be allocated to definite natural groups which may have generic rank; most genera can also be associated in groups which appear to be natural; but it is often not yet clear how groups of genera are inter-related.” The Thelypteridaceae itself was one of the most difficult groups the author could chose. It here contains 440 species in 22 genera, with many new taxa and transfers, particularly from Dryopteris, a key genus to which Christensen devoted a monumental study. All Old World genera are treated Haplodictyum is sunk into Pronephrium). The publication of this Part brings the score for Series ii to:

Description: A new systematic arrangement of the Basidiomycetes is presented. The first fifty pages are devoted to special characters found in Basidiomycetes, and to a discussion of previous classifications. The major part of the book (c. 300 pp.) gives descriptions of the recognized orders and families as well as illustrations of important characters (53 pp, both line drawings and SEM fotos). The division Basidiomycota is divided into two classes, the Heterobasidiomycetes and the Homobasidiomycetes. Within the Homobasidiomycetes a large number of orders and families has been recognized, while the taxonomic entities ‘Gastromycetes’ and ‘Aphyllophorales’ are no longer maintained. In a phylogenetic scheme the supposed relationships of the orders are indicated. The Auriculariales and Cantharellales represent, according to the author, the most primitive orders of the Hetero- and Homobasidiomycetes respectively.

Description: Bij milieu-inventarisaties zoals die door verschillende Provinciale Waterstaten worden uitgevoerd, worden verschillende methodieken toegepast. Eén aspect is het onderzoek naar de samenstelling van de makrofauna. Provinciale Waterstaat van Noord-Holland monstert hiervoor twee keer per jaar, één keer in het voor jaar (maart) en één keer in juli-augustus. Het tijdstip van de tweede monstername is voornamelijk bepaald door het tijdstip waarop de sloten geschoond worden. Hierbij wordt uitgegaan van de veronderstelling, dat door het schonen de samenstelling van de makrofauna-gemeenschap ernstig verstoord wordt. Bewijs voor deze veronderstelling is er echter niet. Incidenteel (dus niet hierop gericht) onderzoek door studenten en medewerkers van het ITZ heeft enige twijfel aan de juistheid van deze veronderstelling en het hierop gebaseerde tijdstip van monstername doen ontstaan. Enerzijds lijkt de verstoring tengevolge van het schonen nogal mee te vallen en anderzijds blijkt uit de thans bekende gegevens dat in de nazomer en in het begin van de herfst enkele groepen van organismen tot ontwikkeling komen, die in de zomer niet aanwezig zijn. Dit onderzoek wil nagaan of de veronderstelling, dat door het schonen de samenstelling van de makrofauna ernstig verstoord wordt, wel juist is. Wanner dit niet het geval blijkt, dan zou, om een zo volledig mogelijk beeld van de makrofaunasamenstelling te krijgen, de tweede monstername niet in de zomer (vóór de schoning) maar in het vroege na jaar plaats moeten vinden.

Description: In the spring of 1980, from the end of March till in July, I visited the eastern part of the Spanish province of Oviedo and the adjacent part of the province of Leon. The main subject of investigation during this period was the species Rana temporaria (Veenstra 1981). I tried to find out where this species could be found and while doing so I determined the occurrence of more species of amphibians. Totally twelve species of amphibians could be observed. Characteristics of their reproduction sites are listed and worked out below.

Description: A survey is presented of the Dutch sciomyzid flies. From data of diverse collections it can be concluded that at least fifty species occur in the Netherlands. Six of them are new for the Dutch sciomyzid fauna: Pelidnoptera fumipennis, Pherbellia czernyi, Pherbina intermedia, Psacadina zernyi, Dichetophora finlandica and Limnia paludicola. The main biological features, especially of the larvae, are summarized. Most common in Holland are the air-breathing, free-living overt predators of non-operculate snails, but also parasitoids of terrestrial snails can be found. Some remarks are made on further research, among others in relation to the possible value of the sciomyzid larvae as biological control agents of those snails, which transmit diseases. Met dank aan Pjotr Oosterbroek en Ben Brugge voor hun hulp bij dit onderzoek.

Description: The present work comprises the first revision of all species of Xanthophyllum; 93 species (22 new) have been distinguished with 5 subspecies (1 new) and 2 varieties (both new). Seven subgenera are proposed (4 new) of which one has been divided into 2 sections and 2 subsections. Keys to all taxa have been included. In the General Part the (sub)generic and (sub)sectional characters are discussed separately in order to find arguments regarding the direction of the evolution of those characters in the ‘Hennigian’ way of reasoning. From this it has been concluded that the Polygalaceae are derived from the Malpighiaceae- Vochysiaceae-Trigoniaceae-complex and secondly that Xanthophyllum belongs to a derived tribe of the Polygalaceae (and not to a separate family Xanthophyllaceae). The lack of information on the genomes of the species appeared to be a serious problem in the reconstruction of the evolution within Xanthophyllum: one subgenus with ‘gigas’-characters may represent an old allopolyploid hybrid; it is suggested that hybridization may have been important in the evolution of the genus. Although only two species, endemic to N. Queensland, do not occur in Malesia-Southeast Asia, it is shown that Australia must have been the centre of origin of the genus. The fact that Wallace’s Line is still respected by all species is regarded as an indication that West Malesia is a secondary centre of speciation.

Description: This catalogue resulted from our attempts (since 1963) to accommodate and modernize the labelling of type-material of Recent fishes in the collections of the Zoölogisch Museum Amsterdam (ZMA), now named Institute of Taxonomie Zoology, University of Amsterdam. We traced 6625 type-specimens of 714 nominal species or subspecies, 228 of which are primary type-specimens (holotype, lectotype, or neotype); moreover, the collection contains one or more syntypes of 222 nominal (sub-) species. A few syntypes are presently indicated as future lectotype in the collection, awaiting publication by various specialists. Such specimens are not distinguished in this catalogue. It is possible that lectotype designations for some species have been validly published, which have escaped our attention. Certain records in the literature of single syntypes as “the holotype” cannot be considered designation of the lectotype. For example, Menon’s (1977: 88-89) “holotype” of Cynoglossus heterolepis is still one of the syntypes (now in the British Museum (Natural History), London).

Description: Black-footed Penguins, Spheniscus demersus, have been living in an open air enclosure in Artiszoo since 1961. Their numbers varied from 7 to 103 in the period under study extending from 1961 to 1982. The information used in this survey is derived from records made by the zoo keepers and from a study of the behaviour of the penguins that was performed in 1979-1980. The pair bond between breeding birds appears to be very strong, the only bird that ever disassociated itself returned to her first partner after one year. However, the penguins seem to find a new partner in a very short time if they happen to forfeit their first partner. The couples have a strong tendency to breed each season in the same burrow. The occasional shifting to other burrows seems not to be related to the fate of the first clutch. The partners stayed together in nearly all cases in which breeding birds changed burrows. A burrow seems to get new owners only when the previous couple vacates it. This has had the consequence that, in some years, young couples could not install themselves because there was a lack of nesting places. The clutch size is two and the number of clutches per season is one or two, three is less common. The birds are probably encouraged to lay a second or third clutch when the previous one fails visibly in an early stage. The frequency of laying second and third clutches might decrease if the penguins in Artiszoo were allowed to revert to their natural cycle of guarding their young for 80 days instead of the enforced period of only 42 days. The breeding season runs from August to May and has two peak periods of egg-laying, one in August/September and one, less extreme, in December. The timing of breeding varied from year to year, in some years the first egg-production peak appeared in July/August and in others it appeared only in October. The penguins in Artiszoo start breeding for the first time when they are two years or older, just like the penguins in South Africa. Since 1965 the population growth has been caused entirely by the reproductive qualities of 19 birds and their descendants. The hatching success of eggs decreased spectacularly in the years after 1971 when the number of available adults exceeded the figure 25, and since that time relatively more eggs disappeared or were found to be broken. This study shows that the decline of the hatching success is caused both by a lack of nesting places and the increase of the number of penguins living in the enclosure.

Description: Dendrocryphaea latifolia sp.nov. from the Páramo de Chisacá, Colombia is described and illustrated. It is allied to D. cuspidata from austral South America but differs from that species in the broader leaves, globose capsules and the basally smooth exostome teeth. A key to the four species of Dendrocryphaea and a conspectus of the genus are provided. D. ramosissima is reduced to synonymy under D. lechleri. Dendrocryphaea is a rheophytic genus with antipodal distribution. Its discovery in the high Andes of Colombia extends to 34 the number of genera of bryophytes with similar antipodal affinities known from the páramos of the northern sector of the Andean cordillera, The nature and origin of these distribution patterns is discussed. In the case of Dendrocryphaea wind and birds may have played a role in the transport of spores and the establishment of its present distribution.

Description: Commercially available tree altimeters are expensive and heavy, and my personal experience with these instruments is thus minimal. During my last expedition I only used it now and then in the base camp to correct my ’feeling for estimation’. I have little doubt that colleagues will recognize these feelings. After my return I regretted this attitude to some extent and tried to design a cheap and light alternative device. It is drawn on the next page, and easy to construct: Make a copy of the drawing. Photocopies are generally not exact enough, causing differences to 5 m in this scheme, due to barrel- and cushionshaped distortion by the lens. I advise to copy the drawing by hand on transparent paper. Glue this copy (preferably with epoxy-resin to make it waterproof) on hardboard (plexiglass, thin aluminium). Fix a water-level parallel to the horizontal line (which indicates c. 1.70 m eye-level!). Attach a transparent ruler with a thin but distinct straight line. This ruler is attached with a (nylon) bolt and nut (the latter fixed with cyano-acrylate, e.g. Loctite) in order to move the ruler to reach the necessary angle and to keep it in a fixed position easily. It needs some training to keep the righthand eye on the water-level (a small mirror may help here), the accuracy is sufficient when one sees the air-bubble moving or trembling. A much more severe factor causing inaccuracy is the impossibility to estimate in larger trees where the actual summit is hidden behind the crown. When impossible to locate, one can use the rule of thumb, that the actual summit is behind a point about halfway the base and the edge of the crown. An attached string of e.g. 20 metres facilitates to fix the horizontal distance. From the scale it is evident that one should not try to measure a 50 m tall tree from 20 m distance, 40 m is more accurate. The exactness of the device is mainly dependent on the length of the ruler, 25-30 cm is needed. Before fixing the water-level definitively, one should gauge its position by means of a tree or other vertical object (flagpole) of known height.

Description: Rattans as an example. — ’Minor’ are called all forest products other than timber. Rattan is one of the best-known. In Malaya, according to Dransfield in his book of 1979, there are 104 species; 54 of them are utilized for cane. In addition, 4 are sought for their edible fruits, 5 for their leaves (as thatch and for cigarette paper), 4 for their ’dragon blood’ (jernang, used for varnish, red dye, and medicine), 4 have still other uses. This means that over 2/3 of the Malayan rattans are useful to some extent. At present, we can say that ’great’ use is made of 12 species, that is more than 1 in 8. Of all species, the stock is in the primary rain forest. For Indonesia, M.H. Simatupang presented a paper The processing of rotan, a minor forest product from the tropical rain forest, to the 8th World Forestry Congress (1978) summarized on page 3222. The total yield was 59,600 tons a year, of which 7000 tons from plantations. The value of rattan in the world trade is enormous: Dransfield (in The biological aspects of rare plant conservation, edited by H. Synge, 1981) adopts an estimate of US$ 1.2 billion, end value, and adds: ”Rattan is in fact the most important forest product after timber in southeast Asia. From a social point of view it is the most attractive forest product, tending to benefit local villagers much more directly than timber operations. Traditionally the exhausting and unpleasant task of rattan pulling is carried out during slack agricultural periods (such as after harvest and before sowing the rice crop) and is also greatly influenced by the current price of rubber; when rubber prices have slumped, rattan pulling has become a more attractive source of income” (p. 180). Dransfield (ibidem, p. 181) credits Borneo with c. 151 species, Malaya with 104, Sumatra with 77, Thailand plus Indo-China with 62, the Philippines with 60, New Guinea with 52, Celebes with 28, Java with 26; his Short Guide to Rattans of 1974 gives 9 for the Moluccas and 2 for the Lesser Sunda Islands. If similar percentages as in Malaya are useful, one can form an impression.

Description: A new, short-stemmed genus with two species is described in the Stemonaceae. It has regular, 5- merous flowers, obviously the first among the Monocots. The four genera of the family are discussed and their characters contrasted. The fruit and seed of Stichoneuron are for the first time described. Attention is called for the peculiar aril in the four genera. It is concluded that the family is a natural one, in vegetative characters and seed structure, and should not be split up. A new family description is given and an artificial key to the genera. Some observations on anatomical features were checked or established, especially concerning the crystals, by Dr. P. Baas. A concise account of the palynology of the four genera is given by Dr. J. Muller. Besides the new type species, Pentastemona sumatrana. , there is one new combination for the second species, P. egregia (basionym Cryptocoryne egregia Schott).

Description: The leaf anatomy of the recently discovered Neotropical species Trigonobalanus excelsa is described and compared with that of the Old World species T. doichangensis and T. verticillata. Trigonobalanus excelsa appears to be very similar in its leaf anatomy to T. verticillata from Borneo and Sumatra.

Description: A new species of erechthitoid Senecio is described, Senecio brassii Belcher, and a key to the four species of erechthitoid Senecio recognised in the East Indies is given.

Description: Revision of the genus which centres in the Philippines; precursor to treatment in Flora Malesiana. There is a key to the species but no descriptions. Six species are accepted, 2 names are reduced for the first time, 1 name is excluded, 1 is imperfectly known. Difference with the allied genus Steganthera is discussed.

Description: A catalogue of French localities of the material of the families Pamphagidae, Pyrgomorphidae, Catantopidae and Acrididae preserved in the collections of the Museum nationale d’Histoire naturelle of Paris and the Instituut voor Taxonomische Zoölogie at Amsterdam. Change of status: Chorthippus erythropus Faber – Ch. parallellus erythropus Faber. First records for France: see summary in French. Species to be excluded from the French list: see summary in French.

Description: Descriptions of the following species: Pseudolimnophila (P.) ebullata sp.n. from Sicily, Prionolabis astans sp.n. from Italy, Gonomyia (G.) theowaldi sp.n. from Corsica and Sardinia, Idiocera (I. ) antilopina sp.n. from Sicily, Idioaera (I.) hasta sp.n. from Bulgaria and Dicranomyia (D.) patricia sp.n. from Tunisia. The type material is deposited in the Instituut voor Taxonomische Zoölogie (Zoölogisch Museum), Amsterdam (the Netherlands), the Moravian Museum, Brno, and in coll. J. Starý, Olomouc (both Czechoslovakia).

Description: The purpose of this study was: To make an attempt at finding a stratification of the snowpack in order to help remove ambiguities in dating the snowlayers by standard methods. To verify the depth at which the transition between firn and ice occurs. Clearly the first goal was missed, the structural information in a temperate firn being strongly smoothed out in time. Interesting details like horizontal ice lenses and layers of "cold snow" however, were revealed. In spite of strong variations of density, gravimetric density PG and ice density PI, computed from point density, are identical for the firn pack between Z = 2.0 m and 6.0 m. p(ice) = 0.522±0.034· 103 kg m- 3. The ice density of 0.8 . 103 kg m-3, the assumed transition between firn and ice, was found to occur at a depth of Z= 19 m. Even at this level, rather important variations in density may be localized. Between Z= 19 m and 21 m, the ice density varies from 0.774.103 to 0.860 . 103 kg m- 3.

Description: From 1974 to 1982 repeated tracer tests using fluorescent dyes were carried out in the highly glaciated drainage basin of Vernagtbach. These tests enabled the quantitative determination of the runoff in the forefield of the Vernagtferner, the calculation of travel times of the stream water and estimations of the relative contributions to the entire runoff originating from individual streams. In addition, tracer tests were carried out in the firn area of the glacier resulting in data concerning the storage and travel time of meltwater inside the glacier.

Description: In 1979 a core drilling project was carried out on Vernagtferner in the Oetztal Alps (Austria). This report describes the field work of the drilling project, the recovered core material and the occurrence of water in the boreholes and compiles the succeding investigation program.

Description: Fission product (90Sr_ 90y, I37CS, total beta) and 2tOPb_210pO activities were measured in core samples from the temperate vernagtferner (3150 m altitude, Oetztal Alps, Austria). The results show that the investigated fission products are transported with water resulting from melting processes, and are sorbed on dust or dirt horizons. These products are, therefore, not suited for dating temperate glaciers. 210Pb is also transported with water and displaced from its original deposition. However, despite large fluctuations, the specific activity of 210Pb decreases with depth, and can be used to estimate accumulation rates and the age of the ice. The average annual accumulation rate amounts to about 80 cm water equivalent, and the deepest sample (81 m i. e. "" 65 m w. e.) was deposited in the beginning of this century. These results agree with data obtained from other observations on this glacier and show that the 210Pb_method is suitable to date temperate glaciers, if the ice cores cover a time interval of about 100 years (i. e. "" 4 half-lives of 210Pb). The surface activity of 210Pb was found to be 5 ± I dpm per kg of ice in agreement with other locations in the Alps and with measurements of fresh snow.

Description: Natural gamma logging was executed in borehole I on the Vernagtferner (Oetztal Alps, Austria) down to a depth of 60 m below surface. The radioactivity profile reflects the atmospheric injection history. Above a borehole depth of 28 m the log is enriched in bomb produced 137CS along with 4°K and elements of the uranium series. The highest gamma level, which originates from 1963 precipitation with high fallout load, is found in a depth of 18.5 m.

Description: In March, 1979, core drillings were made on Vernagtferner (Oetztal Alps, Austria). The entire core I (81 m) was divided into 2.5 cm sections, from which 2H and 180 measurements were made. The measurements on core II (45 m) were made only along selected sections. A summary is given of the changes which occur in the deuterium excess d due to evaporation or melting in a snow cover. The resulting oscillations in excess d values are then used for dating the ice in core I. These oscillations in excess d resolve the yearly firn and ice layers better than the corresponding oscillations in the 2H or 180 content. An age of between 75 and 83 years, and a corresponding average yearly accumulation rate of between 0.85 and 0.77 m water equivalent was calculated for the core. Although a comparison of the isotope contents in core J with temperature data from Vent (Oetztal) yields a discrepancy of four years, the rise in temperature in the second half of the 1940's is clearly reflected by a corresponding rise in isotope content along the core. The results of these isotope analyses are also compared to results from an earlier core drilling on the Vernagtferner, as well as from a core drilling on the cold Grenzgletscher, Switzerland.

Description: In March 1979, on Vernagtferner (Oetztal Alps, Austria) two cores, I (81 m) and II (45 m), had been drilled the 3H content of which was measured. The cores show clearly the increase of the 3H content in the deposited precipitation due to the nuclear weapon tests which were performed mainly in the time between 1953 and 1962. However, it is difficult to correlate the 3H profiles of core I and II for the layers below 15 m. From the results of core lone can calculate a mean net accumulation rate of 0.7 m water equivalent per year during the time period 1952-1977, the corresponding value of core II being about 0.9 m w. e. per year. The 3H content of former precipitation and of core I is in agreement. Comparing the 3H content of core I with that of a core drilled in 1976 on Vernagtferner one finds general agreement but the concentration peaks do not very well coincide. Traces of up to 10 TV were measured in samples of ice of core I which were taken randomly from depths below. These are supposed to originate from young meltwater penetrating into the glacier.

Description: The long historical record and extensive modern observations for the Vernagtferner make the glacier a prime object for modelling of its present state and past fluctuations. Historically, the glacier appears to have passed through two radically different phases, characterized by cyclic surging and by shrinkage back into higher accumulation-favorable regions, respectively. A unified computer simulation of this bimodal behavior on a highly complex bedrock topography remains beyond the power of existing glacier models. However, the essentials of the two phases have been reproduced. It appears that the surging mode of flow could operate only as long as the glacier remained large enough to create substantial basal melting through the combination of high base stresses and rapid flow rates. The velocity and thickness profiles observed during the retreat phase are shown to be well simulated by a deformational flow model including parameterizations of the most essential three-dimensional features. The great retreat of the glacier since 1848 appears to have resulted from a climatic mass balance decrease over its entire surface of order 0.2 rna - I superimposed on an enlarged post-surge ablation region. This interpretation holds the potential for future readvance, and perhaps an eventual return to the surging mode, foreshadowed by the recent general thickening of the Vernagtferner.

Description: The occurrence of permafrost in the region of the Hochebenkar rock glaciers has been mapped in detail. For this purpose basal temperatures of the winter snow cover were measured at over 250 sites (BTS-method), 11 refraction-seismic profiles were taken in frozen and unfrozen unconsolidated sediments and 12 springs were investigated in terms of their summer temperature variations. The combination of seismic refraction and the BTS-method allows rapid and reliable mapping of alpine permafrost, and at the same time enables differences in active-layer thickness to be established. The results of the observations confirm the ideas developed in the Swiss Alps in recent years about the relationships between permafrost and rock glaciers: rock glaciers are creep phenomena of discontinuous alpine permafrost.

Description: Subglacially precipitated calcites, formed since 1860, are exposed by the retreating of the Tsanfleuron glacier in the Swiss Alps. They have been sampled together with different types of ice and water, for their isotopic composition. The isotopic study suggests that the initial water, from which calcium carbonate is precipitated by partial freezing, is produced by melting of the basal ice layer, not of glacier ice. Because of the wide range of isotopic composition of basal ice, some doubts are expressed on the possibility given by such subglacially precipitated calcites to determine the isotopic composition of Pleistocene ice sheets and to correct the paleotemperature scale.

Description: Im Berichtsjahr wurden 17 Gletscherberichte mit insgesamt 215 Seiten und 351 Fotos abgegeben, aus denen der vorliegende Sammelbericht zusammengestellt wurde. Mit den gegenüber dem Vorjahr stark vermehrten Fotos (plus 121 Stück) wird die außergewöhnliche Ausaperung des Jahres 1982 sehr gut dokumentiert. Das Beobachtungsnetz ist um 6 Gletscher erweitert worden.