ALBERT

Notes: This paper is concerned with a new technique (the terrestrial/photogrammetric (TP) technique) for the detection and compensation of systematic height errors in block aerial triangulation. The technique improves the height accuracy of such triangulation by reducing the original bridging distance, using new bands of corrected photogrammetric tie points as height control together with the original bands of the terrestrial (or ground) height control. A number of photogrammetric blocks with different characteristics and configurations have been tested in a comprehensive manner. The tests show that the TP technique gives consistent results over a wide range of circumstances and that it is a most effective, simple and inexpensive method for the compensation of systematic errors.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméCet article relate une technique nouvelle permettant de détecter et de compenser les erreurs altimétriques systématiques dans l'aérotriangulation par blocs: la technique terrestre/photogrammétrique (TP). Cette technique améliore la précision altimétrique de l'aérotriangulation en réduisant la distance de l'aérocheminement original, grâce à l'utilisation d'un canevas de points d'appuis altimétriques composés de points de liaison photogrammétriques corrigés, en supplément du canevas original de points d'appui altimétriques déterminés sur le terrain.On a essayé de manière approfondie un grand nombre de blocs dotés de caractéristiques et de configurations diverses. Les essais montrent que la technique TP fournit des résultats fiables dans un large éventail de circonstances et que c'est une méthode de compensation des erreurs systématiques efficace, simple et peu coûteuse.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungIm Artikel wird ein neues Verfahren behandelt (das terrestrisch-photogrammetrische Verfahren (TP)), das zur Aufdeckung und Kompensation system-atischer Höhenfehler in der Block triangulation dient. Es wird die Höhengenauigkeit durch Verkürzung der ursprünglichen Überbrückungsdistanz verbessert, indem neue Streifen korrigierter Verbindungspunkte als Höhenpasspunkte zusammen mit den ursprünglichen Reihen der terrestrischen Höhenpasspunkte verwendet werden. Eine Anzahl photogrammetrischer Blöcke unterschiedlicher Figur und Charakteristik wurde umfassend getestet. Die Tests zeigen, dass die TP-Methode konstante Ergebnisse für einen grossen Bereich van Möglichkeiten ergibt und dass es ein höchst effektives, einfaches und billiges Verfahren zur Eliminierung systematischer Fehler ist.

Notes: During June and July 1981, synthetic aperture radar imagery was acquired of selected sites in ten European countries as part of the European SAR 580 campaign. Evaluation of this imagery in the UK will be carried out by 18 approved experiments (out of 56 for Europe) when the processed data becomes available to investigators. To assist the evaluation process, a review is given of some recent research on applications of imaging radar in agricultural and urban areas. Research is described which considered the effects of terrain parameters and radar parameters on crop classification accuracy. The relative merits of a quantitative or a qualitative approach in classification of radar data are considered. Combined use of radar and Landsat data achieves a marked improvement in classification accuracy. The development of spatial filtering techniques may assist in the problem in urban areas resulting from the dependence of image tone on the relative alignment of ground features and radar look direction.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméPendant les mois dejuin et juillet 1981, on a, dans le cadre de la campagne européenne SAR 580, recueilli des données de radar imageur à synthèse d'ouverture sur des sites choisis dans une dizaine de pays d'Europe. Ces données seront évaluées au Royaume-Uni au moyen de 18 expériences ayant été acceptées (sur un total de 56 menées en Europe); ce travail commencera dès que les données une fois traitées seront distribuées aux chercheurs. Pour accompagner cette procédure d'evaluation, on fournit une analyse de quelques recherches récentes sur les applications de l'imagerie radar aux zones agricoles et urbaines.L'une de ces recherches prenait en compte les effets des paramètres liés au terrain sur l'exactitude de la classification des cultures. Les mérites réciproques des approches quantitatives et qualitatives dans la classification des données radar sont également examinés.Le recours à une combinaison de données radar et Landsat permet d'améliorer de manière significative l'exactitude de la classification. La mise en oeuvre des techniques de filtrage spatial peut aider à réduire, dans les zones urbaines, les conséquences néfastes sur la tonalité de l'image, d'objets au sol en alignement relatif avec la direction d'observation du radar.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungIm Juni und Juli 1981 erfolgten Radaraufnahmen mittels synthetischer Apertur von ausgewählten Gebieten in 10 europäischen Ländern als Teil der Europäischen SAR 580 Kampagne. Die Analyse dieser Aufzeichnungen wird im Vereinigten Königreich durch 18 (aus insgesamt 56 für Europa) bestätigte Experimente erfolgen, nachdem die Daten zur Verfügung stehen. Um den Analysenprozess zu unterstützen, wird ein Überblick über kürzliche Forschungen zu Radaraufzeichnungen in landwirtschaftlichen und städtischen Gebieten gegeben. Es werden auch Forschungen beschrieben, bei denen die Einflüsse von Geländeparametern auf die Genauigkeit der Ernteklassifizierung untersucht wurden. Der relative Wert eines quantitativen oder qualitativen Versuchs zur Klassifizierung von Radardaten wird abgeschätzt. Eine Kombination von Radarund Landsat-Daten ergibt eine merkliche Verbesserung bei Klassifizierungsgenauigkeit. Die Entwicklung von Verfahren der räumlichen Filterung kann von Wert bei städtischen Gebieten sein, weil es eine Abhängigkeit des Grauwertes von der relativen Ausdehnung von Geländecharakteristika und der Richtung der Radaraufnahme gibt.

Notes: Some aspects of the XYZBLC suite of programs for aerial triangulation are described. The Ordnance Survey Bute block of photography at a scale of 1: 24000 is computed by independent models using XYZBLC. Three of the strips in the block are treated as a test block and are computed with different configurations of control. Conclusions are drawn with regard to the usefulness of height control doublets and other dense control configurations.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Quelques aspects de l'ensemble XYZBLC de logiciels d'aérotriangulation sont décrits. Le bloc Bute de l'Ordnance Survey, composé de photographies à l'échelle du 1: 24000, a été calculé par modèles indépendants avec les logiciels XYZBLC. On a considéré trois des bandes du bloc comme formant un bloc d'essai et on les a calculées avec diverses combinaisons de canevas de points d'appui. On en tire des conclusions quant à l'utilité des doublets de points d'appui altimétriques et de diverses autres configurations denses de canevas d'appui. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Beschreibung einiger Aspekte des XYZBLC-Programmsystems zur Aero-triangulation. Ein Block des Ordnance Survey im Bildmassstab 1: 24000 wurde damit nach der Methode der unabhängigen Modelle berechnet. Drei der Streifen des Blocks wurden als Testblock behandelt und mit verschiedenen Passpunktanordnungen berechnet. Es werden Schlussfolgerungen in bezug auf die Nützlichkeit von Zwillingspunkten zur Höhenorientierung und andere dichte Passpunktanordnungen gezogen.

Notes: The wide availability of reconnaissance frame photography, together with the advantage of high image resolution that such photography provides and the extreme flight conditions under which it can be taken, means that it is of great interest to photogrammetrists. However, the geometry of the image is invariably distorted due to the mode of operation of the camera. In this paper, the effects of the focal plane shutter and apparent image motion compensation on the geometry of the photographs are considered.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméLe fait que la photographic de reconnaissance soil très répandue, conjointe-ment aux avantages que présente la grande résolution des images fournies par ces systèmes et les conditions extrêmes de vol dans lesquelles on peut les prendre, milite pour une prise en compte de lew intérêt par les photogrammètres. Toutefois la géométrie de ces images est systématiquement déformée par suite du mode de fonctionnement de la chambre. On traite dans cet article des effets de l'obturateur focal et de la compensation du filé de l'image sur la géométrie des photographies.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDie grosse Verbreitung von Erkundungsfotos zusammen mit der grossen Auflösung solcher Fotos und den extremen Bedingungen unter denen sie auf-genommen wurden, lassen diese auch für den Photogrammeter interessant erscheinen. Die Geometrie dieser Bilder ist jedoch infolge der speziellen Kamera-funktion verzerrt. Im Artikel werden die Einflüsse des Schlitzverschlusses und des Bildwanderungsausgleichs auf die Bildgeometrie untersucht.

Notes: Book Reviewed in this article:AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY. By G. S. Kumar.MANUAL OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY (Fourth Edition). Editor-in-Chief: C. C. Slama.

Notes: The algorithm presented assumes a preliminary determination of the elements of inner orientation and bases its mathematical model on the collinearity condition, from which projective equations are derived. Linearisation of condition equations is based on Taylor's expansion, whilst the subsequent solution follows iteration cycles. The method aims to derive composite corrections to image coordinates, with the aid of test field data.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméL'auteur présente un algorithme oú l'on suppose déterminés au préalable les éléments d'orientation interne. La modélisation mathématique s'appuie sur les conditions de co-linéarité et sur les équations qui en résultent en projection. On linéarise les équations de conditions en utilisant un développement en série de Taylor, et l'on obtient la solution correspondante par itération. La méthode vise à apporter des corrections aux coordonnées images en utilisant les données d'un polygone d'essai.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBei dem dargestellten Algorithmus wird die vorläufige Bestimmung der Elemente der inneren Orientierung angenommen, und das mathematische Modell basiert aufder Kollinearitätsgleichung, woraus perspektive Gleichungen abgeleitet werden. Die Linearisierung der Bedingungsgleichungen erfolgt durch Anwendung der Taylor-Reihe, was für die folgenden Berechnungen einen iterativen Prozess bedingt. Mit der Methode wird angestrebt, Bildkoordinaten mit Hilfe von Testfelddaten zu verbessern.

Notes: There is a growing interest in the potential of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) for mapping and for gathering intelligence for map revision. This paper first gives a simple guide to the characteristics of SAR and then describes a study carried out to investigate the geometric properties of the imagery and the information content which is of interest for topographic mapping and the production of large scale plans. The conclusions cautiously indicate a potential although better quality images are required and more information must be known about the optimum conditions which should obtain when the data are recorded.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn assiste à un intérét croissant envers le radar à ouverture synthétique (SAR) et ses possibilityés pour la cartographie et pour la collecte de renseignements utiles à la révision. Ce texte commence par donner un simple rappel des caractéristiques de ces radars pour décrire ensuite une étude effectuée sur le contenu informatif et les proprietyés géométriques de l'imagerie radar, qui intèresse la cartographie topographique et la confection de plans à grande échelle.Les conclusions font prudemment état d'une potentialité mais soulignent qu'il faudrait disposer d'images de meilleure qualityé et avoir davantage d'informations sur les conditions optimales à respecter lors de l'enregistrement des données.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungEs besteht zunehmendes Interesse an den Möglichkeiten von Radaraufnahmen mittels synthetischer Apertur (SAR) zur Kartenherstellung und Erfassung von Daten zur Laufendhaltung. Zunächst wird im Artikel eine einfache Einführung in die SAR-Charakteristika gegeben. Dann erfolgt eine Beschreibung eines Versuches zur Untersuchung der geometrischen Eigenschaften und des Informationsgehalts, der von Interesse für die Herstellung topographischer und grossmassstäbiger Karten ist. Vorsichtige Schlussfolgerungen ergeben Möglichkeiten zur Verwendung solcher Informationen, wobeijedoch eine bessere Bildqualität zu fordern ist. Auch müssen noch mehr Kenntnisse über die optimalen Bedingungen bezüglich der Datenregistrierung bestehen.

Notes: Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS) and return beam vidicon (RBV) image data in both analogue and digital formats were used to assess the performance of the MSS and RBV sensor systems, and to determine their potential for recording information associated with topographic or land use maps of selected Chinese study areas (Beijing, Tianjin and the Huang He elbow). MSS images permitted the detection of 40 per cent to 50 per cent of the features identified on maps of 1: 250000 scale and larger, whereas the higher resolution Landsat 3 RBV images provided 10 per cent to 20 per cent additional information. Completeness of information extracted from a colour cathode ray tube display exceeded that obtained from analogue single band black and white MSS images by only 5 per cent to 10 per cent. Only through major improvements in spatial resolution will it be possible to compile maps at scales of 1: 250000 and larger from satellite data. Significantly, it appears that instantaneous field of view values of 5 m to 10 m will be required to produce image data of sufficient resolution for topographic mapping or detailed thematic studies of the Asian environment.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé On a utilisé les données de l'imagerie spatiale provenant du scanneur multispectral (MSS) et du tube vidicon à retour de faisceau (RBV) de Landsat, à la fois sous forme analogique et numérique, pour évaluer la performance des systèmes de capteurs MSS et RBV, et pour déterminer leur aptitude à contenir l'information figurant dans les cartes topographiques et les cartes d'occupation du sol, sur des polygones d'essais sélectionnés en Chine (Pekin, Tianjin, et le coude du Huan He). Les images MSS ont permis de détecter 40 à 50 pour cent des détails figurant sur les cartes à une échelle supérieure ou égale à 1: 250000, tandis que les images RBV à meilleure résolution de Landsat C fournissaient 10 à 20 pour cent d'informations supplémentaires. Le volume des informations extraites sur un écran cathodique de visualisation en couleurs n'a dépassé le volume obtenu à partir d'images d'une seule bande MSS en noir et blanc que de 5 à 10 pour cent seulement. Il semble que ce ne soit que par des améliorations importantes dans la résolution spatiale que l'on pourra tirer des données de satellites des cartes à des échelles supérieures ou égales à 1: 250000. Il apparait de manière significative qu'un champ instantané de prise de vues de 5 à 10 m (pixel) sera nécessaire pour obtenir des images ayant une résolution suffisante pour la cartographie topographique ou pour des études thématiques détaillées sur l'environnement asiatique.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Verwendung von Landsat-aufzeichnungen, die mit Hilfe des multispektralen Scanners (MSS) und des Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) aufgenommen wurden und sowohl in analoger als auch digitaler Form vorlagen. um die Leistungsfähigkeit dieser Aufnahmesysteme zu ermitteln und die Möglichkeiten zur Gewinnung von Informationen zur Herstellung von topographischen oder Landnutzungskarten in ausgewählten chinesischen Versuchsgebieten (Beijing, Tianjin undder Huang He Bogen). MSS-Bilder gestatteten die Erkennung von 40 bis 50% der auf Karten im Massstab 1: 250 000 oder grösser identifizierten Objekte, während die RBV-Bilder von Landsat 3, die eine grössere Auflösung hatten, 10 bis 20% zusätzliche Informationen lieferten.Die Vollständigkeit der Information, die von einem Farbdisplay erhalten wurde, überstieg die von analogen einkanaligen schwarzweissen MSS-Bildern erhaltenen nur um 5 bis 10%. Nur durch wesentliche Verbesserungen der Objektauflösung wird es möglich sein, Karten 1: 250000 und grösser nach Satellitendaten herzustellen. Es wird offensichtlich eine Objecktauflösung von 5 bis 10m gefordert, um Bilddaten genügender Auflösung für die Herstellung topographischer Karten oder thematischer Studien des asiatischen Raums zu erzeugen.

Notes: . When a streptomycin-bleached mutant of Euglena gracilis strain Z was cultured in the dark at 33, 26, or 15°C, the content of paramylon was higher at lower growing temperature while that of wax esters was higher at higher temperature. Transfer of the cells grown at 33°C–15°C decreased the wax ester content while increasing the paramylon content; transfer in the reverse direction caused reverse changes. On incubation with labeled acetate, the cells grown at 33°C showed more distribution of radioactivity in wax esters than the cells grown at lower temperatures. Apparently the two energy-reserve substances have different physiological functions.

Notes: The sessiline peritrich Ellobiophrya conviva n. sp. is described from marine ectoprocts of the genus Bugula, the first report of an ellobiophryid on bryozoan hosts. The new species is distinguished from others of its genus by its different body proportions, size, host, and structure of the clasping holdfast (for which the new name cinctum is chosen). Ellobiophrya conviva has been found only on B. neritina and B. turrita and shows a marked seasonal cycle of abundance. The family Ellobiophryidae Chatton & Lwoff is revised on the basis of new information provided by E. conviva, with the single species of the genus Clausophrya removed to Ellobiophrya as E. oblida Naidenova & Zaika n. comb. The genus Caliperia Laird remains unchanged. The two genera of the revised family are distinguished from one another by differences in the structure of the cinctum. Hypotheses are advanced to explain the morphogenesis of the cinctum and the evolution of ellobiophryids from other peritrichs.

Notes: The spatial and seasonal distribution of Paramecium bursaria in two small Indiana ponds was studied using a sampling grid. Very small (5.0 ml) samples were taken so that the individual microhabitats could be studied. The results were evaluated in comparison to the data collected for the P. aurelia complex collected in the same manner and at the same sites. It was found that P. bursaria exist in a clumped distribution, but that the distribution was not very different from random. Paramecium bursaria also exist at the surface and at the mud-water interface. Temperature does not seem to play a statistically significant role in determining population size. The breeding system of P. bursaria is optimized for an outbreeding population of low density. In comparison, the species of the P. aurelia complex exist in a very clumped distribution, are found only at the mud-water interface, and are inbreeders. The evolutionary strategies of the two types of paramecia are discussed.

Notes: L'étude du caractère planctonique de différentes spores d'Actinomyxidies montre une complexité croissante dans leur adaptation au milieu aquatique. Au contact de l'eau, les trois cellules épéisporales de chaque spore se transforment en flotteurs de forme différente suivant les espèces. Ces flotteurs peuvent s'unir entre eux en un style équivelent à un quatrième flotteur ou associer diversement les huit spores issues d'un měme pansporocyste. C'est le cas dans le genre Synactinomyxon dont la diagnose est modifiée pour inclure une deuxième espèce S. Iongicauda n. sp. Un type nouveau est décrit chez lequel la preéence d'ancres à l'extrémité des cellules épisporales permet de maintenir efficacement réunies plusieurs dizaines de spores émises simultanément. Nous avons observé dans les genres Aurantiactinomyxon, Synactinomyxon, Echinactinomyxon l'emission du sporoplasme. II est libére en entier et capable de se déplacer dans l'eau pendant plus d'une heure grǎce à des mouvements amoeboïdes. Chez Aurantiactinomyxon eiseniellae les études ultrastructurales montrent que l'enveloppe du pansporocyste, d'une part, les épispores et les capsules polaires d'autre part sont réalisées à partir de cellules distinctes et profondément modifiées. Quant au sporoplasme, autrefois décrit comme un plasmode avec de nombreuses paires de noyaux, il contient, en fait, des ensembles identiques dont chacun est constitué de l'union d'un noyau satellite et d'une cellule uninucléée.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ABSTRACTThe study of the planktonic character of different Actinomyxidia spores reveals increasingly complex adaptations to an aquatic environment. On contact with water, the three episporal cells of each spore transform into floats, the forms of which differ according to species. These floats can join together so that a fourth type of float is formed, or they can unite in various ways the eight spores originating from the same pansporocyst. This is the case in the genus Synactinomyxon whose diagnosis is modified to include a second species S. Iongicauda n. sp. A new type is described in which the presence of anchors at the extremities of the episporal cells permits several dozen spores that have been emitted simultaneously to be kept together. We have observed the emission of the sporoplasm in the genera Aurantiactinomyxon, Synactinomyxon, and Echinactinomyxon. It is freed completely and for more than an hour is capable of changing its position in the water by amoeboid movements. In the case of Aurantiactinomyxon eiseniellae, ultrastructural studies show that the pansporocyst envelope on the one hand, and the epispores and polar capsules on the other hand, are formed from separate but profoundly modified cells. The sporoplasm, however, sometimes described as a plasmodium with numerous pairs of nuclei, contains, in fact, identical complexes, each consisting of a uninucleate cell united with a satellite nucleus.

Notes: Paramecia detect and accumulate in or disperse from some chemicals. Cells do this by changing frequency of turning and speed of swimming. There are at least two mechanisms by which cells respond: one dependent on ability to turn, one dependent on speed modulation. There are also two classes of chemicals: those that require the cells' ability to turn in order to cause accumulation and dispersal (type I), and those that apparently require only speed modulation (type II). Attractants of type I cause qualitatively similar changes in behavior to repellents of type II and the converse; therefore, assays are needed to distinguish between these two classes of chemicals, despite qualitatively similar behavior of some attractants and repellents. We examined two assays of paramecium chemoresponse, T-maze assay and well test, to understand how the T-maze distinguishes between attractants of type I and repellents of type II and why the well test does not.

Notes: The morphology of spore germination in Didymium nigripes was studied using scanning electron microscopy and Nomarski phase optics. First, the outer spore wall splits, revealing a fibrillar inner wall. Remnants of the inner wall continue to cover the newly emerged amoeba. A single nucleus and a prominent vacuole are visible throughout germination. Germination is more rapid in glucose-peptone-yeast extract than in phosphate buffer. Germination is completely inhibited at 4°C, and is very slow at 18°C. Germination is most rapid at 26°C; at 21°C or 32°C it is slightly slower. Germination is reversibly inhibited by 20 μ/ml cycloheximide, but not by 200 μ/ml 5-fluoro uracil or 200 μ/ml proflavin. It is completely inhibited by 10-3 M Na azide.

Notes: Crithidia fasciculata (Anopheles, Culex, and Nöller strains), C. hutneri, C. luciliae thermophila, and Herpetomonas samuelpessoai were grown in a defined medium with different values of osmolarity at different temperatures. C. fasciculata (all strains) grew best between 300 to 500 mOsm; H. samuelpessoai, 400–500 mOsm; and C. hutneri and C. luciliae thermophila, 500–800 mOsm. At higher temperatures better growth was obtained at the upper osmolarities.

Notes: Crypthecodinium cohnii, a small marine heterotrophic homothallic dinoflagellate, has diversified into a complex of morphologically very similar breeding groups (biological species or sibling species), some of which have become widely dispersed. Membership of two clones in the same sibling species is shown by their sexual compatibility as determined by genetic complementation in zygotes formed from motility mutants derived from the two stocks. Membership in different sibling species may be inferrec when motility mutants of one strain do not complement those of another. Fifty-six clones representing seaweed enrichments from *** geographic sites have been found to belong to 28 sibling species; 35 clones are members of seven wide-ranging biological species, and 21 are single representatives of 21 other breeding groups within the ranges of the others. Of 174 clonal isolates in our possession, 168 conform in size and shape to C. cohnii. Six others which have smaller cells and only one-fifth the standard DNA and chromosome number belong, we believe, to another species. The C. cohnii complex provides a unique opportunity for the study of evolutionary divergence and geographical dispersion of a dinoflagellate.

Notes: Until recently, pansporoblastic microsporidia that produce a variable and large number of sporoblasts from a sporont have been included in a single genus, namely Pleistophora Gurley, 1893. Ultrastructural studies have been used to determine whether the resemblance of these species is fundamental or superficial. The results indicated that the multisporous pansporoblastic forms belong to at least three genera and, thus, that Pleistophora is a “composite genus.” The term pansporoblast was originally used for stages in myxosporidian development. The term sporophorous vesicle adopted from Gurley is suggested for the spore-containing vesicle in the Microspora. Three species were studied: Pleistophora typicalis, the type-species; Pleistophora culicis, for which a new genus Vavraia has already been proposed; and Pleistophora simulii. P. typicalis and V. culicis have isolated nuclei throughout their development, and the sporophorous vesicle wall enveloping the sporoblasts is derived from amorphous secretions laid down during merogony external to the plasmalemma. Pleistophora and Vavraia are differentiated principally in terms of the structure of the sporophorous vesicle wall and mode of division of the sporogonial plasmodium. The nuclei of young sporonts of P. simulii are in diplokaryon arrangement and undergo meiosis to give haploid nuclei in the sporoblasts. The sporophorous vesicle wall is membranoid and is laid down external to the plasmalemma at the onset of sporogony. A new genus, Polydispyrenia n. g., is suggested for this species, the affinities of which are closer to the dimorphic species of microsporidia than to Pleistophora or Vavraia. The terms “merontogenetic sporophorous vesicle” and “sporontogenetic sporophorous vesicle” are used to distinguish between the two groups.

Notes: Plasmodium berghei infection was more severe in pregnant than in nonpregnant mice. Infection initiated on gestation day 7 resulted in rapidly increasing parasitemia and deaths of all pregnant mice within 12 days, while some nonpregnant mice survived until day 21 postinfection. When mice were infected on gestation day 12 or 14, a proportion of mice died before parturition; but some animals survived to deliver living pups. Reduced birthweights and increased spleen weight to body weight ratios were seen in pups from infected mice as compared with pups from uninfected animals. Histopathological abnormalities of placentae from infected animals included degeneration of the normal labyrinthine architecture and thickening of the trophobast separating maternal and fetal blood vessels.

Notes: Tetrahymena pyriformis strain WH-14 secreted large quantities of intracellular proteases into its culture medium during growth. Extracellular enzymes were purified to homogeneity from cell-free medium by ammonium sulfate precipitation, CM-Sephadex column chromatography, gel filtration, and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. The DEAE-cellulose eluates were separated into four peaks (P-I, P-II, P-III, and P-IV), each of which exhibited a different specific activity toward azocasein and α-N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-ρ-nitroanilide (Bz-Arg-Nan). These four forms of the protease showed similarity in amino acid composition, molecular weight (21,000–24,000), and antigenic reactivity. They had pH optima at neutral range. P-I showed the highest specificity to azocasein whereas P-IV was most effective toward the synthetic substrates. The Km values for hydrolysis of Bz-Arg-Nan were 2.4, 1.6, 1.3, and 1.4 mM for P-I, P-II. P-III, and P-IV, respectively, and the corresponding Kcat/Km values were 5.0, 9.4, 28.5, and 114.3 S-1.M-1. These properties of secreted proteases were compared with those of intracellular proteases purified by the same procedure except for the initial Triton X-100 extraction. There were similarities in specific activity toward two substrates, molecular weight, Km, pH optima, and antigenic reactivity between the proteases from two sources, providing evidence that the intracellular proteases may be secreted into the extracellular medium without modification.

Notes: The separation of extracellular protozoan parasites from host cells based on a difference in surface charge has been described. However, with Trypanosoma cruzi no method exists for the isolation of pure parasite stages from heterogeneous mixtures. Studies on the electrophoresis of mixed stage populations confirm significant surface charge density differences exist among epimastigotes, trypomastigotes, and amastigotes. In ascending order of electronegativity, amastigotes have the lowest charge density, try-pomastigotes next, followed by epimastigotes. A technique has been developed for the separation of purified populations of parasites based on these charge differences using a continuous free-flow electrophoresis apparatus. The separated populations are morphologically intact and maintain their infectivity to mice. This separation method is applicable for preparative and analytical isolation of pure stages of T. cruzi for biochemical and immunological studies.

Notes: Cellular levels of protein and two acid hydrolases, acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) and acid proteinase, were followed during cyst differentiation, arbitrarily divided into five stages, in the ciliate Histriculus muscorum Kahl. Extracellular enzyme activities were also measured. Protein content decreased gradually during cyst differentiation. In mature cysts the protein content was ca. 60% that of stationary phase organisms. The activities of both acid hydrolases remained unchanged during stage 1 and then decreased gradually; acid proteinase decreased more rapidly. Both enzymes remained slightly active in the mature cysts. The acid proteinase activity of stage 1 was reduced by cycloheximide treatment at time zero, whereas the enzyme was no longer sensitive to the inhibitor when treated at 1.5 h (late stage 1) after the first wash with encysting medium. Acid phosphatase activity was insensitive to the inhibitor. Extracellular release of acid phosphatase increased linearly at least until stage 5, although the extracellular release of acid proteinase was not detected. Cycloheximide blocked the extracellular release of acid phosphatase after stage 1. These results suggest that de novo synthesis of acid proteinase occurs during stage 1 and that lysosomes may play an important role during early stages of cyst differentiation.

Notes: Precursors of 2-aminobutanoic acid (2-ABA), found in the incubation medium of mixed rumen ciliate protozoa, were examined with washed or starved bacteria-free ciliates. Threonine and methionine strongly stimulated the formation of 2-ABA. Formation of 2-ABA by direct conversion of threonine and dethiomethylation of methionine was confirmed by radiotracer experiments with [U-14C]L-threonine and [carboxyl-14C] and [methyl-14C]L-methionine.

Notes: The effects of irreversible inhibition of protein synthesis by pactamycin in either infective forms of Trypanosoma cruzi or mammalian host cells on cellular invasion by this human pathogen were investigated. Treatment of bloodstream forms of T. cruzi with pactamycin markedly reduced their ability to bind either fibroblast-like cells of monkey origin or myoblasts of rat origin. The number of amastigote forms that could be established intracellularly was also significantly decreased with respect to control values obtained when mock-treated (medium alone) trypomastigotes were incubated with the cells. Pactamycin treatment also reduced the infectivity of T. cruzi trypomastigotes for mice as evidenced by both significantly reduced parasitemia levels and mortality rates when compared with those of control mice infected with mock-treated parasites. Inhibition of protein synthesis in the host cells neither prevented cell infection by untreated trypomastigotes nor altered the percentages of infected cells or the magnitude of the infection in vitro. These results indicate that protein synthesis is a requirement for cell invasion by T. cruzi and that the parasite can establish itself and replicate within cells relying on its own protein synthesis ability.

Notes: One hundred eighty-eight stocks of Paramecium primaurelia, P. biaurelia, P. tetraurelia, and P. octaurelia were grown axenically and tested for five esterases, visualized by starch gel electrophoresis, in a search for variant stocks. The five esterases can be distinguished on the bases of their substrate specificity, sensitivity to an inhibitor, and response to different growth conditions. This paper addresses the nature of the electrophoretic change in mobility of the variant stocks in order that species relationships can be more accurately assessed. Crosses carried out in all four species show that single genes determine the differences in mobility between variant and common subtypes. Extracts of variant stocks that gave similar patterns were run against each other, tested for their sensitivity to the inhibitor, and the pattern was compared to that found in extracts of stocks with variant and common subtypes in other species. The majority of the variants in P. primaurelia, P. tetraurelia, and P. octaurelia show an electrophoretic mobility characteristic of a common subtype, or a variant, in another species. The same proportion of variant subtypes as common subtypes have mobilities similar to esterase subtypes found in other species. Of the four species examined in this paper, P. tetraurelia and P. octaurelia appear to be most closely related on the basis of shared esterase subtypes. In P. biaurelia the mobilities of most of the variants are unique, as are the common esterase subtypes in this species. P. biaurelia stands out as having the greatest number of esterase subtypes, with very few of them homologous to subtypes found in other species. This observation supports the idea of greater diversification of stocks within P. biaurelia than for the other three species.

Notes: Glycogen phosphorylase and synthase activities were detected in the sonic lysate of rumen ciliates of the genus Entodinium. The ciliate phosphorylase had the following properties. The pH optimum was narrow and centered at pH 5.9. The activity was maximum at 30°C; above 40°C a rapid inactivation occurred. The Km value for glucose-1-phosphate (G-1-P) and for glycogen was 15 mM and 0.069% (w/v), respectively. NaF and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid had no stimulative effect on the enzyme activity, though adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate and theophylline activated it. NaHSO3 inhibited the enzyme activity at a concentration of 1 mM. The inhibition of glucose was noncompetitive for G-1-P. Glycolytic intermediates and nucleotides had a minor effect on phosphorylase activity. Glycogen synthase existed in two forms, glucose-6-phosphate dependent and independent forms: the proportion of the latter form increased with the decrease of reserve polysaccharide levels in the ciliates. Correlations between glycolytic enzyme activities included phosphorylase and synthase activities and reserve polysaccharide contents in the ciliates were determined, and a possible regulatory mechanism of polysaccharide synthesis and degradation was discussed.

Notes: The structure of the major protein of the pellicular membrane of Leishmania tropica was investigated. This protein is composed of two polypeptides, of ca. 50,000 d molecular weight, that were found to cross-react immunologically with the α and β subunits of pig brain tubulin. The polypeptides and pig brain tubulin subunits were partially digested with S. aureus V8 protease, and the peptides obtained analysed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A comparison of the patterns showed that the β subunits of Leishmania and pig tubulin have very similar primary structures, while the α subunits have evolved divergently. These experiments demonstrate that the major polypeptides found in the pellicular membrane of L. tropica are α and β subunits of tubulin. Immuno-electron microscopy indicates that the tubulin is located in the microtubules associated with the pellicular membrane of Leishmania. Arrays of microtubules were prepared by nonionic detergent treatment of the cells and observed by electron microscopy after negative staining. Optical diffraction reveals a 5 nm spacing between protofilaments in the microtubule and a 4 nm axial periodicity corresponding to the tubulin subunits. The pitch of the shallow left-hand three-start helix is 12°. A distance of 47 nm separates each microtubule from the next. These data show that the dimensions and supramolecular organization of the tubulin subunits in the microtubules are identical in the pellicular membrane of L. tropica and in mammalian brain.

Notes: Haemogregarina bigemina is redescribed from the blood of the marine fish Blennius pholis, and stages presumed to be those of the haemogregarine are recorded from the hematophagous praniza larva of the isopod Gnathia maxillaris. At College Rocks, Aberystwyth, Wales, the main study area, a high incidence of infection occurred in B. pholis. No exoerythrocytic stages were observed in these fish, nor was sexual dimorphism of the gametocyte evident. As in an earlier study, ecological evidence favored transmission by G. maxillaris rather than by leeches. Gametocytes, syzygy, oocysts, sporoblasts, and sporozoites were identified in the anterior hindgut of the isopod. The stages observed in G. maxillaris are compared with those of other haemogregarines described from the digestive tract of leeches. Mention is made of an intraleucocytic haemogregarine of another fish, Crenilabrus melops.

Notes: The nomenclature of three genera in the family Haemogregarinidae (Haemogregarina, Karyolysus, and Hepatozoon) has been reviewed and the following new names are introduced to replace homonyms or for previously unnamed species: Haemogregarina carlosi n. nom., in the erythrocytes of the lizard Lacerta ocellata; Haemogregarina tincae n. nom., in the stomach and intestine of the tench Tinca tinca; Hepatozoon insectivorae n. sp., in the leucocytes of the shrews Sorex araneus and Crocidura leucodon; Hepatozoon krampitzi n. sp., in the leucocytes of the vole Microtus oeconomus; Hepatozoon peromysci n. sp., in the leucocytes of the deermice Peromyscus boylii and P. truei gilberti; and Hepatozoon pallida (Pessoa et al., 1971) n. comb., in the erythrocytes of the snake Thamnodynastes pallidus nattereri.

Notes: Transmission and scanning electron microscopy of specimens of Paramecium multimicronucleatum treated with the Rio-Hortega silver-impregnation method as modified by Fernández-Galiano demonstrate that considerable deposition of silver occurs around the kinetosomes, especially at the level of the basal plate and also at the proximal end of the kinetosome. In addition, silver is heavily deposited within the kinetodesmal fibers, in the fibrous matrix that surrounds the postciliary and transverse microtubules, in the connective structures observed between the two kinetosomes of a pair and between the kinetodesmal fiber and the anterior kinetosome, and in the trichocysts. Differences and similarities in sites of deposit when other methods of silver impregnation are employed are discussed and the particular value of the present technique in studies of ciliate systematics and phytogeny is stressed.

Notes: . Various ions and treatments known to alter the availability of free Ca2+ were examined with respect to their effects on the cytopharyngeal pouch, a large prey receptacle found in the potentially carnivorous macrostomal form of Tetrahymena vorax. Addition of Ca2+, Ba2+, or Sr2+ induced the pouch to separate from the region of the cytostome, forming a large empty vacuole. Na+, alone, had no effect, but lowered the concentration of Ca2+ required to produce maximum vacuolar formation in populations of cells. Vacuolar induction was also initiated by the cation ionophore A23187 or by subjecting macrostomal cells to an electric current. In the presence of divalent cation chelators EDTA and EGTA, the cytopharyngeal pouch collapsed and was resorbed. Taken together, these results suggest that Ca2+ plays an important role during phagocytosis in this cell type.

Notes: Oocysts of Eimeria morainensis n. sp. are described from the golden-mantled ground squirrel, Spermophilus lateralis. in Northern Colorado. The oocysts of E. morainensis are double-walled and subspherical, 20.3 × 19.8 (18.7–26.2 × 17.5–21.2) μm; and the sporocysts are ellipsoid, 12.1 × 6.9 (8.7–13.7 × 6.2–8.7) μm. Oocyst residuum and micropyle are absent, but a polar granule is present. Sporocyst residuum and Stieda body are present. Differences in oocyst characteristics provide the basis for recognition of this new species of Eimeria.

Notes: Trichoduboscqia epeori Léger was found to parasitize nymphs of the mayfly Rhithrogena iridina Kolenati in southwest Germany for a new host record. It was studied by light and electron microscopy. The pansporoblast membrane is evaginated at several points, usually four, to produce long needle-like appendages 〉20 μm in length with a resilient inner core superficially resembling collagen, which is thought to maintain their orientation. It is suggested that the pansporoblast appendages may play a role in host infection. The structure and ultrastructure of developmental stages are recorded for the first time. Apart from the pansporoblast appendages, the ultrastructure of T. epeori conforms to the general pattern seen in many other pansporoblastic Microspora. Typically 16 spores are produced per pansporoblast but 32-spore pansporoblasts were also found, and the taxonomic significance of this is discussed.

Notes: Electron microscopy of the tomite of Conidophrys pitelkae confirms that Jankowski was correct in including the pilisuctorians in the Apostomatida. Like other apostome tomites, the tomite of Conidophrys possesses a rosette opening to the exterior, kinetodesmata made up of stacks of individual kinetodesmal fibrils, and canaliculi that are surrounded by dense inclusion bodies and open on the ventral surface. The fine structure of the trophont of Conidophrys, however, is quite unlike that of other apostome trophonts. The elaborate infraciliature of the tomite disappears immediately after it settles and reappears de novo on the trophont just before tomitogenesis. The cyst wall, which completely encloses the trophont and grows with it, attaches the ciliate to a seta on its, host, the shrimp Crangon crangon. The setae on which tomites settle vary greatly in size and shape, but each appears to have at its tip some digitiform cuticular projections that surmount a pore, which opens into the lumen of the seta. The trophont's only direct connection to its host is at the cytostome, a unique structure formed of delicate tubules that pass through the pore into the lumen of the seta. Ingestion is by micropinocytosis, and there are no visible food reserves.

Notes: Les colorations au protargol ainsi que la microscopie électronique á transmission et á balayage permettent de distinguer quatre parties dans I'organisation de Spirochona gemmipara: la collerette formée d'une entonnoir et d'une volute abritant la ciliature, le pseudatrium, et le cytostome; le cou contenant le cytopharynx, le systéme excréteur. et I'appareil cytoproctal; le corps renfle par les noyaux et les vacuoles digestives: et le pseudostyle allonge assurant la fixation au substrat. En majeure partie, le spirochone est limité par une pellicule non ciliée et dépourvue de cils; la pellicule comprend la membrane cellulaire, un épiplasme épais percé de nombreux pores et des triplets de microtubules (MT) sous-pelliculaires. Principalement située dans I'entonnoir, la ciliature somatiquc du spirochone est répartie en deux ensembles inégaux, le champ gauche et le champ droit. Les cinéties sont séparées par des crétes contenant les MT post-ciliaires disposés en une couche verticale; les MT sous-cinétiens sont nombreux, arrangés parallélement á la base des cinétosomes; ceux-lá présentent également une lame dense et des MT transverses, et une fibre cinétodesmale discrete. Un important réseau de faisceaux fibrillaires est disposé orthogonalement par rapport aux cinéties. La base de I'entonnoir est déprimée en une petite cavitéévasée, le pseudatrium; celui-lá conduit à un cytostome ouvert en permanence. Dépourvu de némadesmes, le cytopharynx est un tube cylindrique formé par une dizaine de rideaux microtubulaires; prés du cytostome, chaque rideau porte en plus quelques MT radiaires assimilés aux lamelles Z des Nassulida. Le phagoplasme est riche en tubules complexes et en vésicules de taille moyenne à contenu contrasté. Le champ X, peu organisé, comprend 10–30 cinétosomes situés à gauche du cytostome; il ne correspond certainement pas á la ciliature périorale droite de Chilodochona. Si cette difference se retrouve chez d'autres Chonotriches, il sera nécessaire de séparer taxonomiquement les espéces possédant une ciliature périorale de celles qui en sont dépourvues.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ABSTRACTIn the organization of Spirochona gemmipara, four parts can be demonstrated by protargol staining and also by scanning and transmission electron microscopy: the collar, composed of a funnel and a volute, which shelters the cilia, the pseudatrium, and the cytostome: the neck, which contains the cytopharynx, the excretory system, and the cytoproctal apparatus; the body, enlarged by the nuclei and the digestive vacuoles; and the elongated pseudostyle, which ensures attachment to the substrate. Most of the surface of the spirochone is covered by the pellicula devoid of cilia and alveoli; the pellicula comprises the cell membrane, a thick epiplasm perforated with numerous pores and subpellicular triplets of microtubules (MT). The somatic ciliature of the spirochone is located principally in the funnel and is divided into two unequal parts, the left and right fields. The kineties are separated from one another by ridges, each containing one layer of postciliary MT: numerous subkinetal MT run in a parallel direction under the kinetics; moreover, the kinetosomes show a transverse dense spur and MT, and a modest kinetodesmal fiber. A conspicuous net of fibrillar bundles runs orthogonally to the kineties. The base of the funnel forms a small splayed depression, the pseudatrium; the latter leads to a permanently open cytostome. The cytopharynx is a cylindrical tube devoid of nematodesmata but containing ca. 10 microtubular curtains, each bearing also some radial MT resembling the Z lamellae of the Nassulida. The phagoplasm contains many complex tubules and numerous middle-sized vesicles with an electron-dense content. The X field, which is not well organized and comprises 10–30 kinetosomes, lies on the left of the cytostome; it certainly does not correspond to the right perioral ciliature of Chilodochona. If this disparity is found again in other chonotrichs, it will be necessary to separate taxonomically the species that possess a perioral ciliature from those that do not.

Notes: Cells of the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis GL overproduce and accumulate massive quantities of the heme intermediate, protoporphyrin IX. Protoporphyrin is localized intracellularly in discrete membranous compartments. The amount of porphyrin stored in the cell changes dramatically as cells progress through the growth cycle. Porphyrin overproduction is stimulated by δ-aminolevulinic acid, but only during the mid-stationary phase. Overproduction of protoporphyrin IX apparently results from an increase, late in the growth cycle, of activities subsequent to δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase. Feedback inhibition in the pathway by accumulated protoporphyrin IX does not occur. The presence of Co2+ completely inhibits accumulation of protoporphyrin IX in a manner reversed by δ-aminolevulinic acid. Sn4+ stimulates protoporphyrin IX accumulation in the culture.

Notes: The surface charge of Tritrichomonas foetus was evaluated by means of the binding of colloidal iron hydroxide particles at pH 1.8 and cationized ferritin particles at pH 7.2 to the cell surface, as visualized by electron microscopy and by direct measurements of the electrophoretic mobility (EPM), of cells suspended in solutions of different ionic strength and pH. At pH 7.2, T. foetus has a negative surface charge with a mean EPM of −1.03 μmμs−1μV−1μcm. At lower pH, there is a decrease in the negative surface charge with an isoelectric point at pH 1.2. At higher pH (〉 9.0), there is an increase in the surface charge reaching an EPM of −2.5 μmμs−1μV−1μcm. These results indicate that the surface of T. foetus contains both negatively and positively charged dissociating groups. Binding of colloidal iron hydroxide and cationized ferritin particles throughout the cell surface of the protozoon was observed. Treatment of T. foetus with neuraminidase or trypsin reduced significantly the EPM of the cells. Enzyme-treated cells recovered their normal EPM when incubated for 6 h in fresh culture medium by a process that is inhibited by puromycin.

Notes: Amastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi were purified from overlays of infected Vero cell cultures by centrifugation over a discontinuous gradient of metrizamide. Pure amastigote preparations were usually recovered from the pellet under the layer of specific gravity 1.086. The isolated amastigotes grew in cell-free ML-15HA medium. Growth rate for the different strains of T. cruzi were in the order Y 〉 Tulahuan 〉 CL. The generation time of amastigotes in ML-15HA medium was 16.8, 18.0, and 26.4 h for the Y, Tulahuen, and CL strains, respectively, in the presence of 5% CO2) and 16.8, 31.2, and 36.4 h, respectively, in the absence of CO2. Intracellular amastigotes did not differ ultrastructurally from amastigotes from either the density-gradient fractionation or culture in cell-free medium.

Notes: Unicapsula seriolae n. sp. forms long plasmodia within the striated muscle fibers of Seriola lalandi off eastern Australia. Its spores are composed of three valves, only one of which contains a developed polar capsule. Within the capsule, the filament makes 2 1/2–3 turns, and this criterion can be used to separate U. seriolae from the two other members of the genus. The flesh of infected fish disintegrates during slow cooking.

Notes: Twenty-nine (64.4%) of 45 reindeer, Rangifer tarandus, examined over a two-year period were infected with trypanosomes. Trypomastigotes and dividing epimastigotes were found in the blood of fawns, cows, and bulls. Morphometric analysis of bloodstream trypomastigotes from reindeer and comparison of these parasites with similar stages of trypanosomes from elk, mule deer, and white-tailed deer from the contiguous United States proved them conspecific; the trypanosomes from these members of the Cervidae are identified as Trypanosoma cervi Kingston & Morton, 1975. This is the first report of trypanosomes from reindeer. No pathogenic effects are known to be caused by these parasites.

Notes: We investigated the growth requirements of symbiont-free and symbiont lambda-bearing Paramecium octaurelia stock 299 for folic acid and biopterin in chemically defined culture medium. Symbiont-free P. octaurelia required both folic acid and biopterin for growth. In the absence of these substances growth of symbiont-free P. octaurelia failed after the first transfer, whereas symbiont lambda-bearing P. octaurelia could be maintained indefinitely in serial subculture. In the absence of folic acid and biopterin, sulfanil-amide inhibited growth of the symbiont lambda-beating protozoa. In the presence of folic acid and biopterin, the antiobiotic selectively inhibited growth of lambda symbionts but did not affect growth of the protozoa. In both cases, inhibition by sulfanilamide was reversed by addition of p-aminobenzoic acid to the medium. These results support our earlier finding that folic acid is required for growth of symbiont-free P. octaurelia 299 and that growth of the lambda-bearing strain without exogenous folate denoted synthesis of folic acid by the symbionts. In addition, it appears that the symbionts produce sufficient biopterin to meet the needs of the host protozoon for growth.

Notes: Book Reviewed in this article:Canning, Elizabeth U., ed. 1981. Parasitological Topics: a Presentation Volume to P. C. C. Garnham F.R.S. on the Occasion of His 80th Birthday 1981Krylov, M. V. 1981. Piroplazmidy. [Piroplasms.]Baker, J. R. 1982. The Biology of Parasitic ProtozoaBarriga, Omar O. 1981. The Immunology of Parasitic Infections: a Handbook for Physicians, Veterinarians, and BiologistsBeyer, T. V., Bezukladnikova, N. A., Galuzo, I. G., Konovalova, S. I. & Pak, S. M., eds. 1979. Toksoplasmidy. [The ToxoplasmidsGeltzer, Ya. G., Korganova, G. A., Mavlyanova, M. I. & Nikolyuk, V. I., eds. 1980. Pochvennye Prosteyshie. [The Soil Protozoa.] (ProtozoologiyaBeyer, T. V., Kazakova, I. I., Lakhonina, G. M., Roigas, E. M. & Teras, J. H., eds. 1981. Vzaimootnosheniya Prosteyshikh s Virusami. [The Interaction between Protozoa and Viruses.] (ProtozoologiyaOgimoto, Keiji & Imai, Soichi 1981 Allas of Rumen MicrobiologyLong, Peter L., ed. 1982. The Biology of the CoccidiaLloyd, David, Poole, Robert & Edwards, Steven W. 1982. The Cell Division Cycle: Temporal Organization and Control of Cellular Growth and ReproductionFrederick, J. F., ed. 1981. Origins and Evolution of Eukaryotic Intracellular Organelles. [Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.Hayat, M. A. 1981. Fixation for Electron MicroscopyBuetow, D. E., ed. 1982. The Biology of Euglena.Ogden, C. G. & Hedley, R. H. 1980. An Atlas of Freshwater Testate AmoebaeParker, S. P., ed. 1982. Synopsis and Classification of Living OrganismsMargulis, L. & Schwartz, K. V. 1982. Five Kingdoms: an Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on EarthCairns, J., Jr., ed. 1982. Artificial SubstratesCurds, C. R. 1982. British and Other Freshwater Ciliated Protozoa

Notes: . Freeze-fracture techniques reveal differences in fine structure between the anterior three flagella of Tritrichomonas foetus and its recurrent flagellum. The anterior flagella have rosettes of 9–12 intramembranous particles on both the P and E faces. The recurrent flagellum lacks rosettes but has ribbon-like arrays of particles along the length of the flagellum, which may be involved in the flagellum's attachment to the cell body. This flagellum is attached to the membrane of the cell body along a distinct groove that contains few discernible particles. Some large intramembranous particles are visible on the P face of the cell body membrane at the point where the flagellum emerges from the cell body. The randomly distributed particles on the P and E faces of the plasma membrane have a particle density of 919/μm2 and 468/μm2 respectively, and there are areas on both faces that are devoid of particles. Freeze-fracture techniques also reveal numerous fenestrations in the membrane of the Golgi complex and about 24 pores per μm2 in the nuclear. membrane.

Notes: . Extraction of the ciliated protozoon Tetrahymena with nonionic detergents produces a surface-related cytoskeleton that consists of a basic lamina of whole-cell dimensions together with associated microtubule and microfilament systems, including all ciliary basal bodies. The organization of the isolated cytoskeleton has been studied using scanning electron microscopy, and several new features are described in the oral region. Here the ciliary basal bodies are arranged in a very stable and highly complex pattern. This pattern was found to be identical in the four species of Tetrahymena we examined. In addition, various microtubular bundles and two separate systems of filaments were observed in scanning electron micrographs of isolated oral skeletons. The appearance of the deep fiber bundle in preparations of this type suggests that it arises, at least in part, as an extension of the ribbed wall microtubules. On the basis of its distribution within the oral skeleton, one of the filament systems described is suggested to be a contractile system responsible for pinching off food vacuoles.

Notes: . Dehydrogenase activity with hydroxysteroids has been observed in Tetrahymena furgasoni (formerly T. pyriformis strain W), and the enzyme responsible has been isolated from this organism. The purified dehydrogenase is active with a variety of steroid alcohols at apparent Km values ranging from 0.2 to 4.0 mM. The C-3 hydroxyl of ring A of the steroid nucleus is the preferred position of oxidation. However, a variety of other secondary alcohols are also substrates, with apparent Km values for 2-butanol, 2-pentanol, and cyclohexanol of 880, 1000. and 150 mM, respectively. With both steroidal and nonsteroidal alcohols. NAD is the preferred co-substrate, although low activity with NADP is observed. Evidence is presented that the activity with secondary alcohols, whether steroidal or not, is the property of a single protein species.

Notes: . Domestic turkeys naturally infected with Leucocytozoon smithi were blinded by bilateral ocular enucleation, pinealectomized, sham-pinealectomized, pinealectomized plus enucleated, or maintained as controls. Groups of turkeys were acclimated to either light-dark periods of 14L:10D or “darkness” with intermittent periods (10–20 min) of red light at irregular hours approximately every three days as required for maintenance of turkeys. Peripheral gametocyte numbers of L. smithi in all groups were determined every 2 h over a 36 h period. Under 14L: 10D photoperiod, no observable difference in the pattern of gametocyte circadian rhythmicity between pinealectomized, enucleated, pinealectomized plus enucleated, and control turkeys was noted. Although mean parasitemias differed among groups, peak gametocyte numbers occurred between 1000 and 1800 h; how parasitemias occurred between 2000 and 0400 h. However, the phase of gametocyte rhythmicity in pinealectomized plus enucleated turkey hosts did exhibit a lag with reference to other hosts when examined by least squares fits of simple harmonics. Under conditions of “darkness” with intermittent, irregular periods of red light, L. smithi gametocyte numbers of individual turkeys, pinealectomized, sham-pinealectomized, or maintained as controls, exhibited a circadian periodicity though parasite cycles were out of phase with the natural photoperiod to which the turkeys previously had been exposed. A slight drift out of phase of L. smithi gametocyte periodicity occurred among turkeys in the sham-pinealectomized and the control groups while a considerably more prominent drift out of phase was seen among the parasite rhythmicity patterns of the pinealectomized birds. Data indicate that the pineal gland of the turkey did not directly mediate L. smithi gametocyte circadian periodicity, although an indirect involvement in regulating the timing of parasite rhythmicity is suggested.

Notes: . The surface of merozoites and sporozoites of Eimeria tenella was affected by incubation with E. tenella-immune chicken serum (ICS). Normal chicken serum (NCS) and heat-inactivated ICS had no effect on the pellicular surface of either developmental stage. Sporozoites formed surface bulges or swellings after 10 min of incubation with ICS, and by 15 min postincubation, the morphology of the sporozoites was distorted by a surface coating of fibrinous material. Merozoites exposed to ICS were similarly coated, but surface swelling was not as severe. The coating formed rapidly and was seen as early as 5 min postincubation. Sporozoites incubated with heat-inactivated ICS supplemented with normal chicken serum were coated with a fibrinous material and in some cases lysed. These data indicated that complement must be present for the surface interaction to occur.

Notes: . The fine structure of the trophozoite, encysting cells, and the cyst of Acanthamoeba astronyxis has been examined. In the trophic form a microtubule organizing center was associated with a well developed Golgi complex. During encystment the organelles of the amoeba changed considerably. The profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum elongated and were often arranged in circles of multilayered concentric systems, enclosing mitochondria, the nucleus, or other inclusions. The mitochondria showed a tendency toward elongation and constriction. One or two nucleolus-like bodies appeared in the nucleus. Lipid droplets increased considerably in amount and were distributed individually or as aggregates. The mature cyst was star-shaped and surrounded by an almost circular exocyst and an endocyst that was closely apposed to the cell membrane. Both walls differed in their thickness and granulation. The exocyst was continuous over the entire cyst, while the endocyst was interrupted by gaps, ostioles. in the region of the rays. Within the ostioles was a bell-shaped structure, the operculum. The latter was composed of a granular material comparable in electron density to that of the endocyst.

Notes: Ambiphrya ameiuri is an ectocommensal peritrich that attaches to the gills of warm-water fishes and filters bacteria from the water. The ultrastructure of this protozoon, its attachment to the fish gills, and its effect on the gill tissue were investigated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The peritrich attached to the gills by fibers extending from the scopula. A microtubular array, apparently a barren kinetosome, was present in each lobular projection, but no scopular cilia were observed. At low densities Ambiphrya had no apparent harmful effects on the fish; however, at high densities respiration may be impeded. Ultrastructural studies indicate that this organism receives no nourishment from the host tissue.

Notes: Une méthode d'obtention et de maintien des Ciliés du rumen (genre Polyplastron) en culture axénique, est décrite. Elle comporte deux périodes d'incubation en anaérobiose avec différentes associations d'antibiotiques, séparées par un lavage et un renouvellement du milieu nutritif. Dans ces conditions. Polyplastron multivesiculatum est obtenu à l'état axénique et maintenu en survie pendant cinq jours.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ABSTRACTA method to obtain and keep rumen ciliates (genus Polyplastron) in an axenic condition is described. It consists of two incubating periods with different antibiotic mixtures, separated by washing and renewing of nutrient medium. Under these conditions, Polyplastron multivesiculatum is established in an axenic state and can survive thusly for five days.

Notes: Proteins of whole cell extracts of Naegleria fowleri, precipitated with acetone, have been resolved by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Autoradiograms of the [35S]-methionine-labeled polypeptides were scanned and analyzed by a computer-assisted program in order to determine whether there were correlations between selected attributes of proteins (e.g., subunit size and charge). The majority of the polypeptides had molecular sizes within the range of 20–60 kilodaltons. The mean amount of polypeptide was less for those with molecular sizes between 20 and 45 kilodaltons than for those larger than 45 kilodaltons. The mean amount of polypeptide was greater in the isoelectric focusing range of pH 5–6 than in the range of pH 6–7. Polypeptides in the size range of 20–40 kilodaltons had a median isoelectric point of 6.1, whereas polypeptides in the size range of 40–80 kilodaltons had a median pI of 5.6. Our data indicated that molecular size and charge were not entirely independent variables, and that the composition of a polypeptide might have an important influence on its steady state level in N. fowleri.

Notes: During a survey of the coccidian parasites of reptiles from Iowa, three specimens of Crotalus horridus L., the Timber Rattlesnake, and one of Sistrurus catenatus (Rafinesque), the Massasauga Rattlesnake, were found to be passing oocysts of a Caryospora, here described as C. bigenetica n. sp. Since these snakes (family Crotalidae) are known to subsist mainly on small mammals, oocysts from one of the Timber Rattlesnakes were fed to laboratory white mice (Mus musculus L.) to determine if mammals might be involved as alternate hosts in the life cycle. At necropsy, tissues of the tongue and dermis of the mice revealed a sequence of stages which included mature male and female gamonts, fully sporulated sporocysts, “excysted” sporozoites, and “resting” sporozoites that lay individually in solitary, cyst-like host cells termed “caryocysts.” A coccidia-free Massasauga that was fed an infected mouse, at a time when caryocysts in the mouse would have been present, later passed oocysts similar to those of the original inoculum. These results, along with the discovery of endogenous stages (asexual and sexual) in the intestine of the Timber Rattlesnake and the experimentally infected Massasauga, suggest that this parasite has a heteroxenous life cycle pattern, with sexual stages occurring both in the ophidian and the mammalian hosts.

Notes: Ciliophrys marina is a small marine helioflagellate, with a central nucleus, which is capable of reversibly transforming from a rapidly swimming flagellate cell with no axopodia to the structure of a heliozoan with a flagellum that beats only a few times a minute. When in the flagellate form, the flagellum acts as a tractellum due to the tubular mastigonemes found along its length. When the rapidly swimming flagellate strikes a piece of debris, the flagellum goes through a very characteristic shock-induced avoidance reaction. Similarly, when a mechanical shock is delivered to the cell in its heliozoan form, the axopodia are contracted in less than 20 msec. Both reactions are inhibited in low calcium seawater. Transformation from the heliozoan to the flagellate form is accomplished by slow retraction and absorbance of the axopodia and activation of the flagellum. Ultrastructurally, each axopodium is found to contain three microtubules which attach to the outer nuclear membrane of the central nucleus at sites that this study characterizes by electron microscopy of thin sections and freeze fracture preparations. The mitochondria have tubular cristae, each containing an intracristal filament. Finally, a taxonomic review of the helioflagellates is presented, and it is suggested that C. marina is derived from the chrysomonads. An argument is also made for classifying C. marina with the heliozoan order Actinophryida, as a recently published classification of the protozoa does.

Notes: Laboratory-reared Fundulus grandis and F. heteroclitus were experimentally infected with Eimeria funduli by being fed Palaemonetes pugio (grass shrimp) collected from endemic areas. Histological sections were made of heart, liver, hepatopancreas, spleen, gall bladder, kidney, intestine, peri-intestinal fat, reproductive organs, and brain from F. grandis sacrificed at 1, 2, 6, 12, 18, and 24 h and from F. heteroclitus at 5, 6, 9, 14, 19, 24, 29, 34, 39, and 44 days after consuming naturally infected shrimp. We first found merogonous stages at day 9 postinfection (p.i.). No developmental stages of the parasite could be positively identified in the tissues of experimentally infected fish prior to day 9 p.i. Mature meronts were found 14 days p.i. The majority contained 8–16 (mean, 13) merozoites, but a few meronts had 18–26 (22) merozoites. Gamonts first appeared on day 14, were mature by day 19, and fertilization was completed by day 24 p.i. After sporoblast formation, sporopodia appeared during sporocyst wall formation, between days 24 and 29 p.i. Sporozoite formation was completed by day 44 p.i. in most sporocysts. Most endogenous stages occurred in hepatocytes; however, pancreatic and spleen cells were sometimes infected with gamonts.

Notes: A recent isolate of Eimeria praecox, strain G, was obtained from Georgia and purified. Studies of the life history, pathogenicity, and cross-immunity of the isolate were conducted to verify its identity. In inoculated three-week-old chickens, the occurrence of merogony and gametogony was limited to the superficial epithelium of the upper intestine. Oocysts, 23 × 19.5 äm, with a shape index of 1.17 were first observed 83 h after inoculation. Mortality and morbidity were not observed in any of the experimental birds. However, there was a positive correlation between dose of oocysts, reduced weight gain, and the incidence of exudative diathesis. These studies showed that E. praecox depresses weight gains in chickens and may be of economic importance. Although complete immunity to avian coccidiosis is believed to be species specific, chickens immune to E. praecox (G) or E. acervulina had a degree of cross-immunity to a heterologous challenge. Electrophoretic analysis of glucose phosphate isomerase and lactate dehydrogenase prepared from the European strain of E. praecox and E. praecox (G) showed no differences, confirming the identity of the isolate as E. praecox.

Notes: The antiviral agent phosphonoacetic acid inhibits growth of Tetrahymena thermophila at concentrations comparable to those inhibiting growth of other eukaryotic cells, with 50% inhibition at 0.5 mM phosphonoacetic acid. The compound is cytotoxk to Tetrahymena at concentrations greater than 2.0 mM. When a culture of Tetrahymena the growth of which was totally inhibited by 2.0 mM phosphonoacetic acid was diluted with fresh medium, growth resumed in an exponential, rather than synchronous, fashion. [2–14C]phosphonoacetic acid is not metabolized by Tetrahymena.

Notes: Agglutinins were not detected in sera from mice given one, two, or three intranasal (i.n.) inoculations or a single intravenous (i.v.) inoculation of trophozoites of Naegleria fowleri. However, agglutinins were produced following second and third i.v. inoculations. Serum immunoglobulin levels increased in both i.n.- and i.v.-inoculated mice. IgG and IgM increased substantially more for i.v.-inoculated mice. IgA levels increased more consistently for i.n.-inoculated mice.

Notes: The sensitivity and specificity of the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test for the detection of serum antibodies were examined in mice that were infected with Eimeria falciformis, E. ferrisi, E. papillata, or E. vermiformis. For the study of each species, five groups of mice were given graded inoculation doses of 10, 102, 103, 104, or 105 sporulated oocysts in a primary infection. The sixth group was infected with three sequential doses of 1.5 times 103, 1.5 times 104, and 1.5 times 105 sporulated oocysts per mouse at two- to three-week intervals. All groups of infected mice developed serum antibodies. Sera were titrated by the IFA test with purified sporozoites. Strong fluorescence and high IFA titers were observed with homologous reactions mainly with the sera from mice infected with the higher inoculation dose levels in primary infections and from those given three sequential inoculation doses. Immunological cross reaction among the four species of Eimeria occurred at dilutions of 1:10 to 1:160. Very weak or no fluorescence of free sporozoites was observed with sera from noninfected mice, and there was no fluorescence of sporozoites contained in intact sporocysts.

Notes: The structure of both the host and parasite membranes during stages in the asexual development of Plasmodium chabaudi in mouse red blood cells is examined by transmission electron microscopy of thin sections and freeze-fracture preparations. The erythrocyte's plasma membrane, the membrane of the parasitophorous vacuole, and the plasma membrane of the parasite exhibit different structural properties in terms of membrane width and the frequency and diameter of the typical intramembrane-particles (IMP) populating the membrane's fracture faces. The difference between the parasitophorous vacuolar membrane and host cell's plasma membrane is remarkable because the vacuolar membrane is formed from an invagination of the erythrocyte's plasma membrane. The vacuolar membrane has significantly reduced frequencies and diameters of IMP's on both faces and reveals a marked temperature response manifesting itself as large IMP-devoid domains emerging on both faces on chilling to 4°C. In contrast, cooling induces only some very small IMP-devoid patches on both faces of the host plasma membrane. Neither of these membranes changes significantly as parasite development progresses. In contrast, the parasite's plasma membrane shows local alterations during its development, forming compaction domains with the nuclear envelope in ca. 30% of the ring-stages and trophozoites. These compaction domains disappear in late uninuclear trophozoites and schizonts. Furthermore, the plasma membrane of the host cell, the vacuolar membrane, and the parasite's plasma membrane do not respond to externally applied Ca2+, and their temperature-response remains unaltered during the infection cycle. Thus, modification of these three membranes as a consequence of invasion and development of the parasites, as recently found in the primate malaria caused by P. knowlesi, can be detected neither directly nor indirectly via temperature- and/or Ca2+-response in the rodent malaria caused by P. chabaudi.

Notes: A system of prescreens and screen has been developed to select chelators as potential drugs against Trypanosoma brucei brucei EATRO 110. The chelators tested were nearly all commercially available, low molecular, and having moderate to high affinity for Fe(III). We prescreened 70 compounds showing heme-sparing or inhibitory activity in a Crithidia fasciculata growth system having excess Fe and minimal hemin. Of these, 45 were highly trypanocidal for suspensions of bloodstream T. b. brucei; criteria of activity here were immobilization, lysis, and loss of infectivity. Eighteen of the chelators highly active in the suspension prescreen were tried in T. b. brucei-infected mice. Thirteen of these chelators were curative in mice with 24-h infections, that is, they allowed survival 〉30 days beyond the untreated controls. 3,4-Dihydroxycinnamic acid (caffeic acid). 2,9-dimethyl-1, 10 phenanthroline (neocuproine), and 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde-2-pyridyl-hydrazone cured five out of five mice after an i.v. dose of 100 mg/kg. Salicylaldehyde thiosemicarbazone cured five out of five mice at an i.p. dose of 500 mg/kg. Lesser activity was shown by several other chelators.

Notes: The size and fatty acid composition of Tetrahymena pyriformis W cells were influenced by the provision of a nutritional supplement of ergosterol, cholesterol, or tetrahymanol, but not of 20-isocholesterol. Ergosterol and cholesterol addition led to a reduction in cellular volume, an increase in glycerophospholipid saturated fatty acid content, and an increase in palmitoleic acid and its metabolic products when compared to unsupplemented controls. Tetrahymanol supplementation resulted in an increase in cellular volume, a decrease in saturated fatty acid content, and a reduction in palmitoleic acid and derivatives. 20-Isocholesterol was accumulated by the cells; however, this compound had no effect on any of the parameters followed in this investigation and had only a small depressant effect on tetrahymanol biosynthesis. Ergosterol and cholesterol had the same impact on the ciliates, even though the ergosterol-supplemented cells contained approximately three times as much free sterol as did cholesterol-grown cells. The amount of the free cholesterol and metabolic products in supplemented cultures was similar to the amount of tetrahymanol present in control cultures. This observation suggests that the cells recognize qualitative differences among the various polycyclic alcohols rather than responding to the amount of sterol present. Increased cellular levels of tetrahymanol led to a response unlike that of the true sterols, which again suggests that the high degree of specificity depends on the structure of the added polycyclic alcohol. The changes in fatty acid composition may be required to maintain proper interaction of the polar lipids and the polycyclic alcohols to give an appropriate degree of membrane fluidity.

Notes: An unknown, ninhydrin-positive substance detected on paper chromatograms of the endogenous metabolites of mixed rumen ciliate protozoa was isolated and purified by column chromatography with ‘Dowex’ 50-X8 resin and identified as 2-aminobutanoic acid (α-amino-n-butyric acid) on the basis of elementary analysis, mass spectrometry, paper chromatography, infrared spectrometry, and melting point.

Notes: Book reviews in this article: Dillon, Lawrence S. 1981. Ultrastructure, Macromolecules and Evolution Schwemmler, Werner & Schenk, Hainfried E. A., eds. 1980. Endocytobiology: Endosymbiosis and Cell Biology, a Synthesis of Recent Research Krylov, M. V. & Starobogatov, Y. I., eds. 1980. Principles of the Construction of the Macrosystem of the Unicellular Animals Palmer, W. J., ed. 1981. Rapid & Automated Methods in Microbiology & Immunology: A Bibliography, 1976–1980 de Harven, E. & Nemanic, M. K., organizers. 1981. Cell Surface Labeling Inoki, Shozo, ed. 1981. Atlas of Protozoa Czapik, Anna 1980. Pdostawy Protozoologii. [Introduction to Protozoology.] Levine, Norman D. & Ivens, Virginia 1981. The Coccidian Parasites (Protozoa, Apicomplexa) of Carnivores Page, Frederick C. 1981. The Culture and Use of Free-Living Protozoa in Teaching

Notes: Nineteen clones of Trypanosoma cruzi were obtained as single-cell isolates from Triatoma infestans. Ten of the clones were isolates from a patient with chronic Chagas' disease; nine clones were isolates from a dog infected with T. cruzi strain CA-I isolated originally from a chronic chagasic patient. The growth kinetics and peak modal Coulter volume of these clones were characterized. Significant inter- and intra-group differences between growth rates and peak modal volumes were found. These data indicate that subpopulations and, consequently, genetic heterogeneity of T. cruzi exist in chronic chagasic patients. All of the clones infected vertebrate cells in vitro.

Notes: The ox-coyote cycle of Sarcocystis cruzi was studied by killing 38 calves between 4 and 153 days postinoculation (DPI) with 55 × 103-5 × 108 sporocysts from the intestines of coyotes. At 4 DPI, a zoite was found within the lumen of a mesenteric lymph node artery. At 7 DPI, zoites were found in mononuclear cells and in endothelial cells in mesenteric arteries. First generation meronts (41.0 × 17.5 μm in diameter) occurred 7–26 DPI in mesenteric lymph nodes. At 19–46 DPI, second generation meronts occurred in kidneys, muscles, and other tissues: renal meronts were 19.6 × 11.0 μm, and intramuscular meronts were 25.0 × 11.1 μm. Merozoites were found in the peripheral blood 17 DPI and later at 24–46 DPI. They divided by endodyogeny in mononuclear cells. Sarcocysts were seen first in the heart at 45 DPI and contained one or two metrocytes. At 55 DPI, sarcocysts containing only metrocytes were found in striated muscles, heart, and in smooth muscles of the urinary bladder, rumen, omasum, abomasum, and small intestine. At 67, 87, 112, and 153 DPI, sarcocysts were found only in striated muscles and in the heart. At 67 DPI, sarcocysts were up to 360 μm long. They contained only metrocytes and were not infective to the dog. At 86 DPI, sarcocysts contained mostly bradyzoites, a few metrocytes, and were infective to a coyote. The thin-walled sarcocysts grew to a maximum length of 800 μm and contained bradyzoites that were 10.9 × 3.0 μm. At 90 DPI, two mature sarcocysts were found in 2 of 73 sections of brain and spinal cord; hundreds of sarcocysts were present in sections of tongue and heart of this calf. Gametogony occurred in the small intestine of the coyote. Macro-and microgamonts were found in goblet cells of the small intestines of coyotes 6 h after the ingestion of infected meat. Microgamonts were few and contained 3–11 slender gametes. Oocysts were seen at 12 h and sporulation was completed 9 DPI. The prepatent period in the coyote was 8 days. The ox-coyote cycle is compared with ox-dog cycle.

Notes: The structure of the oral apparatus in the carnivorous macrostomal form of Tetrahymena vorax has been investigated using serial thin sections and preparations of isolated oral apparatuses. The cilia of the oral apparatus are organized into an undulating membrane that borders the right and part of the posterior margin of the buccal cavity and three membranelles that project from plateaus on the anterior surface. Each membranelle consists of one short row and two longer rows of hexagonally packed kinetosomes. The organization of the microtubules of the oral ribs is identical to that in the T. vorax microstomal cell type. However, the first oral rib originates near the first kinetosome at the anterior end of the undulating membrane. The fine filamentous reticulum that underlies part of the oral ribs in the macrostomal cell type is not striated, unlike the reticulum in the microstomal form. A band of filaments similar to the fine filamentous reticulum extends around the anterior margin of the large cytostomal opening that occupies most of the posterior part of the oral cavity. The single row of microtubules along the left side of the oral cavity and cytostome also has filaments associated with it. A major difference between the microstomal and macrostomal forms in the structure of the oral apparatus is in the oral connectives. The macrostomal cell type contains only a single cross-connective that joins the three membranelles and the anterior portion of the undulating membrane. The posterior or peripheral connective between the posterior ends of membranelles one and two and the posterior end of the undulating membrane is absent.

Notes: . Studies of the bristle (dorsal) cilia of Euplotes minuta. E. aediculatus, and Stylonychia mytilus by light and electron microscopy indicate that these cilia do not beat metachronously in any of the species. The bristle cilia in Stylonychia may beat actively, but those in Euplotes stand erect or are bent in different directions with the flow of water. The duration and degree of bending appear correlated with the duration and velocity of the water current. The fine structure of the bristle complex is similar in both Euplotes species and like other reports of Euplotes in the literature. The complex consists of paired kinetosomes, the anterior bearing a short cilium containing four to six rows of fibrous balls (lasiosomes) oriented along the anterior surface of the axoneme, the posterior lacking a cilium but with a small cap. Microtubular ribbons are associated with the paired kinetosomes, and a collar with a pronounced alveolar ring underneath the pellicular membrane tightly surrounds the cilium at the opening of the bristle pit. The bristle complex in S. mytilus differs from that of Euplotes and other hypotrichs in that it has a single kinetosome in interphase cells and, attached to the kinetosome, a prominent fibrous structure (parakinetosomal body). Microtubules are attached to the parakinetosomal body. As in Euplotes, the bristle unit is surrounded by mucocyst-like organelles (ampules). Observations of behavior and fine structure suggest that the dorsal bristles may be sensory, perhaps responding to stimuli from water currents, although other functions are possible, too.

Notes: . The sequence of formation and ciliation of basal bodies and the subsequent organization of compound ciliary structures of the oral apparatus of Tetrahymena thermophila was reanalyzed with the aid of scanning electron microscopy of cells in which the epiplasmic layer was exposed, as well as by light microscopy of protargol-impregnated specimens. This combination of methods allowed the delineation of numerous steps in the patterning of the oral ciliature, some of which have received little or no previous attention. Highlights include: the initial formation of “strings” of nonciliated new basal bodies in juxtaposition to relatively few basal bodies of the stomatogenic kinety; generation of basal body pairs, roughly oriented along the anteroposterior axis of the cell, that later align side-by-side to assemble promembranelles; condensation and reorientation of promembranelles simultaneous with addition of a third row of basal bodies anterior to the original two rows; production of a very short fourth row of basal bodies at the anterior right end of each developing membranelle; generation of the outer basal body row of the undulating membrane (UM) after alignment of the inner row, with transient ciliation of the inner row preceding permanent ciliation of the outer row; limited basal body resorption at the ends of membranelles; and sculpturing of the right ends of membranelles by a movement of basal bodies associated with formation of the ribbed wall adjacent to the UM. In the old anterior oral apparatus a repetition of the processes of generation of a new outer UM row and sculpturing of right ends of membranelles takes place in synchrony with the corresponding events in the oral primordium, following prior shedding of the old outer UM row and loss of the sculptured pattern in association with temporary regression of the ribbed wall micro-tubules. Oral development is complex, with different processes involved in the assembly of the membranelles and the UM, and with a sequence of distinct events involved in the generation of each of these structures. Speaking comparatively, membranelle development follows the same pathway in many, perhaps all, ciliates in which these structures or their homologues develop from a common stomatogenic field.

Notes: . The temporal changes in the size and pH of digestive vacuoles (DV) in Paramecium caudatum were reevaluated. Cells were pulsed briefly with polystyrene latex spheres or heat-killed yeast stained with three sulfonphthalein indicator dyes. Within 5 min of formation the intravacuolar pH declined from ∼7 to 3. With the exception of a transient and early increase in vacuolar size, vacuole condensation occurred rapidly and paralleled the acidification so that vacuoles reached their lowest pH and minimal size simultaneously. Neutralization and expansion of vacuole size began when vacuoles were GT8 min old. No labeled vacuoles were defecated prior to 21 min after formation but almost all DV were defecated within 1 h so that the digestive cycle of individual vacuoles ranged from 21 to 60 min. Based on these size and pH changes, the presence of acid phosphatase activity, and membrane morphology, digestive vacuoles can be grouped into four stages of digestion. The DV-I are GT6 min old and undergo rapid condensation and acidification. The DV-II are between 4 to 10 min old and are the most condensed and acidic vacuoles. The DV-III range in age from 8 to ∼20 min and include the expanding or expanded vacuoles that result from lysosomes fusing with DV-II. The DV-IV are GD21 min old, and since digestion is presumably completed, they can be defecated. The rise in intravacuolar pH that accompanies vacuole expansion suggests that lysosomes play a role in vacuole neutralization in addition to their degradative functions. The acidification and condensation processes in DV-I appear to be unrelated to lysosomal function, as no acid phosphaiase activity has been detected at this stage, but may be related to phagosomal functions important in killing food organisms, denaturing proteins prior to digestion, and preparing vacuole membrane for fusion with lysosomes.

Notes: . Total DNA/organism was determined by flow cytometry on stocks of 33 single-cell-isolate clones and one strain of mithramycin-stained Trypanosoma cruzi. Interstrain differences in mean total DNA/group of 34% and interclone differences in total DNA/organism of 41% were found. Microspectrofluorometric analyses of the trypomastigote stage of selected clones confirmed the flow cytometry data and indicated that the total DNA/organism differences were due to differences in DNA of both the nucleus and kinetoplast with the nucleus being the major contributing factor. These data imply that the potential for genetic diversity in T. cruzi may be very large.

Notes: . The cortical membrane proteins of three gregarine and one coccidian species were compared using sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. About 30 proteins were identified in the ghosts of Gregarina blaberae and G. garnhami and 20 in G. rhyparobiae ghosts and Sarcocystis tenella pellicles. No protein with the electrophoretic mobility of muscular actin was present in the ghosts of the sporozoan species under study. Each species possessed a characteristic electrophoretic pattern; no protein was present simultaneously in the four sporozoan species and only one protein band with a similar electrophoretic mobility was found in the three gregarine species (52 Kd protein). Two G. garnhami subpopulations living in Locusta migratoria and Schistocerca gregaria exhibited the same ghost protein pattern. Thus, large differences were observed between species and not within species, and the protein electrophoretic analysis appears to be a powerful tool for taxonomic investigations in gregarines. Gregarina blaberae and G. garnhami glycoconjugates were compared after periodate/Schiff staining of the polyacrylamide gel slabs. Several glycoconjugates were reported to belong to the cytoplasmic fraction; and, in view of cytochemical and ultrastructural data, a contribution of these glycocomponents to the secretion of a mucus is discussed.

Notes: . Phytomonas davidi is found in the latex of species of the plant family Euphorbiaceae, including Chamaesyce hirta and C. hyssopifolia, to latitude 32°N in the southeastern United States. The hemipteran Pachybrachius bilobata scutellatus (family Lygaeidae) serves as an agent of transmission from plant to plant. Heavy infections of flagellates in the salivary glands were observed; trypanosomatids were less than one-half the size seen in the plants and in the gut of the bug.

Notes: . Flagellar cysts of Blastocrithidia triatomae form from active flagellates by diminution in size. The pellicular microtubules disappear. The inner layer of the cell membrane thickens progressively as the organism shrinks. The fully formed cyst has an electrondense layer that corresponds to the outer layer of the unit membrane. An electron-lucent layer is approximately twice the thickness of the middle layer of the unit membrane. Inside that is a 92 nm layer that may represent the cytoplasm. The nuclear content is in the form of whorled bundles of 10–15 nm fibrils. The kinetoplast was not seen in electron micrographs of cysts.

Notes: A study of plankton samples collected in the Western Sargasso Sea during nine cruises has shown discontinuity between samples from different latitudes as regards their percentage, abundance, and number of species of Acantharia. Limits separating zones rich in Acantharia from those poor in Acantharia were singled out. The latitude at which the difference in abundance occurs can vary. This is in accord with differences in primary production, phytoplankton, and mesopelagic fishes noted by other workers who believe that the points of these faunal changes correspond to a temperature change indicated as “thermal fronts.”

Notes: A simple and rapid method is described for the isolation of nuclei from the Florida red tide dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve. The nuclei are free of cytoplasmic contamination and are active in endogenous RNA synthesis. The ratio of DNA: RNA: acidsoluble protein: acid-insoluble protein is 1:0.39:0.13:0.63, respectively, and each nucleus contains ca. 113 picograms of DNA. Electrophoretic analysis of the acid-soluble proteins reveals the presence of two histone-like proteins with molecular weights of 12,000 and 13,000.

Notes: Proteins of surface membranes and surface-related cytoskeletons in Tetrahymena vorax microstomes and macrostomes were compared by one-dimensional SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to see if protein differences could be detected that correlate with the transformation from one phenotype to the other. Some differences were observed. However, these alterations appear to result from the heat-shock procedure used to synchronize the microstome-to-macrostome transition. The apparent lack of transformationspecific changes in cortical proteins is discussed. Similarities and differences between cytoskeletal proteins of T. pyriformis GL-C and T. vorax are also noted and discussed.