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  • General Chemistry  (1,021)
  • INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY  (549)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • 1970-1974  (1,757)
  • 1972  (1,757)
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Keywords
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Years
  • 1970-1974  (1,757)
Year
  • 1
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    Miniature battery-operated electromagnetic flowmeter (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-21
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Life Sci. Publ., Vol. 2; 7 p
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  • 2
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    Solar corona photography, part B (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Photographic observations of the solar corona by the Apollo 16 command module pilot while in lunar orbit are reported. These were designed to provide data on outer coronal forms and intensities to elongation angles of 25 deg. The results of Apollo 15 solar corona photography verified the procedures and provided the first photographs of identifiable coronal streamers curving at elongation angles of some 10 deg. By using the Apollo 15 data, exposure settings were optimized for Apollo 16, and the results show a significant improvement in photometric quality over the large range of brightness to be photographed. Ground observations of the inner solar corona (to approximately 2 solar radii from Sun center) indicate a general lack of coronal structure, and results of data reduction thus far show no streamer structure at large elongation angles.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 2 p
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  • 3
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    Astronomical photography. Part A: Gum nebula, galactic cluster, and zodiacal light photography (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: It is reported that the Apollo 16 command module astronomical photography was performed with the specific objective of capitalizing on the uniqueness of the double umbra as a vantage point to collect astronomical data that are obtainable only near our Moon. For this reason, these data will be compared directly to analogous photography performed from Earth orbit during Project Mercury and the Gemini Program as well as to the Apollo-duplicated photography taken from sites on the Earth surface. Comparison with Earth-based photography should yield direct information on the Earth airglow layer and on atmospheric scattering and extinction.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 2 p
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  • 4
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    Photogrammetry using Apollo 16 orbital photography, part B (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Discussion is made of the Apollo 15 and 16 metric and panoramic cameras which provided photographs for accurate topographic portrayal of the lunar surface using photogrammetric methods. Nine stereoscopic models of Apollo 16 metric photographs and three models of panoramic photographs were evaluated photogrammetrically in support of the Apollo 16 geologic investigations. Four of the models were used to collect profile data for crater morphology studies; three models were used to collect evaluation data for the frequency distributions of lunar slopes; one model was used to prepare a map of the Apollo 16 traverse area; and one model was used to determine elevations of the Cayley Formation. The remaining three models were used to test photogrammetric techniques using oblique metric and panoramic camera photographs. Two preliminary contour maps were compiled and a high-oblique metric photograph was rectified.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 5 p
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  • 5
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    Photogrammetry and altimetry. Part A: Apollo 16 laser altimeter (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The laser altimeter measures precise altitudes of the command and service module above the lunar surface and can function either with the metric (mapping) camera or independently. In the camera mode, the laser altimeter ranges at each exposure time, which varies between 20 and 28 sec (i.e., 30 to 43 km on the lunar surface). In the independent mode, the laser altimeter ranges every 20 sec. These altitude data and the spacecraft attitudes that are derived from simultaneous stellar photography are used to constrain the photogrammetric reduction of the lunar surface photographs when cartographic products are generated. In addition, the altimeter measurements alone provide broad-scale topographic relief around the entire circumference of the moon. These data are useful in investigating the selenodetic figure of the moon and may provide information regarding gravitational anomalies on the lunar far side.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 5 p
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  • 6
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    Examination of the Surveyor 3 surface sampler scoop (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The operation and external appearance of the surface sampling scoop are discussed. An attempt was made to measure the magnitude of the existing adhesion between the lunar soil and the various surfaces of the scoop.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA, Washington Analysis of Surveyor 3 Mater. and Phot. Returned by Apollo 12; p 100-114
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  • 7
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    NASA-ARC 36 inch airborne infrared telescope (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: A 36 in. aperture telescope is being developed for installation aboard a NASA-Lockheed C-141A aircraft. This airborne observatory will permit observation of infrared emission at altitudes above 45,000 ft above much of the infrared-absorbing atmospheric water vapor. The telescope will look through a movable open port in the aircraft fuselage. A porous spoiler, upstream from the open port, will attenuate pressure disturbances and permit operation at ambient temperatures and pressures without an obscuring window. The telescope's entire structure is supported by a 16 in. spherical air bearing, which effectively isolates it from angular aircraft motions. This air bearing support, with inertial stabilization and star tracking, will permit net line of sight stability of better than 2 arcsec rms.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: 6th Aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 81-88
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  • 8
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    Astronomical photography, part T (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Photographic observations of astronomical interest conducted during the Apollo 15 mission are discussed. Procedures used in photographing the solar corona are described together with calibration and reduction methods. In addition, selected preliminary results obtained from the photography are presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Its Apollo 15 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 39 p
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  • 9
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    First earthshine photography from lunar orbit, part S (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The first photographs of the moon taken with earthshine illumination by the Apollo 15 crew were examined. Emphasis in the analysis was placed on a comparison of predicted exposures and obtained exposures. The results of the investigation indicate the following: (1) The predicted exposure of the maria areas and the obtained exposures were in reasonably close agreement. (2) The apparent-albedo values obtained for the floor of Aristarchus Crater are seven times greater than those for the maria.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center Apollo 15 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 7 p
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  • 10
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    The particles and fields subsatellite magnetometer experiment (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: It is reported that the objectives of the particles and fields subsatellite (PFS) magnetometer experiment are to calculate the interior electrical conductivity of the moon, to survey the remanent magnetization of the lunar surface, and to study the interaction of the moon with its plasma environment. The magnetometers also support the PFS particle experiment by providing onboard magnetic sectoring and a posteriori pitch angle data and plasma diagnostics.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept. te]; 13 p
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  • 11
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    X-ray fluorescence experiment (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, carried in the scientific instrument module bay of the command and service module, was used for orbital mapping of the lunar surface composition and X-ray galactic observations during transearth coast. The lunar surface measurements involved observations of the intensity and characteristic energy distribution of the secondary or fluorescent X-rays produced by the interaction of solar X-rays with the lunar surface. The astronomical observations consisted of relatively long periods of X-ray measurement of preselected galactic sources such as Cygnus (Cyg X-1) and Scorpius (Sco X-1).
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 14 p
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  • 12
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    Far UV camera/spectrograph (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The far UV camera/spectrograph deployed in the Apollo 16 mission recorded light in the invisible band of wavelengths between 50 and 160 nm, approximately one-third the wavelength that can penetrate the atmosphere of the earth to ground based telescopes. The photographs obtained show hydrogen and other gases in the solar wind and interplanetary media, and provide new data on stars, nebulae, and galaxies. The instrument is described, the experimental goals outlined, and the preliminary results discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 14 p
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  • 13
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    Lunar orbital mass spectrometer experiment (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: A lunar orbital mass spectrometer carried by the Apollo 16 command and service module was used to detect the lunar atmosphere and to search for active lunar volcanism. The experimental procedure and results are described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 6 p
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  • 14
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    Gamma ray spectrometer experiment (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The transearth coast period of the Apollo 16 mission provided an opportunity to study the astronomical sources of gamma radiation. This experiment was used to aid compositional identification for geochemical mapping of the lunar surface.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 8 p
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  • 15
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    UV photography of the earth and moon (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: This experiment obtained imagery of the earth and the moon at a series of wavelength intervals in the near ultraviolet. These photographs were used to aid in the interpretation of the UV appearance of other planets in the solar system, especially mars and venus. The filter and film characteristics are described, as well as the ozone absorption coefficient curve.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 5 p
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  • 16
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    Surveyor television camera, selected materials and electronic components, Appendix C (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The locations of various parts of the Surveyor camera are presented. Tables were prepared with emphasis on: (1) exterior parts and surfaces that are directly exposed to space, (2) parts that shield others from space radiation, (3) representative or unique materials, and (4) electronic devices that may contain unique or well-characterized materials.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA, Washington Analysis of Surveyor 3 Mater. and Phot. Returned by Apollo 12; p 278-283
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  • 17
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    High voltage transmission microscopy of Surveyor 3 camera shrouds (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The internal structure of painted and unpainted aluminum alloy sheet samples from the TV camera shrouds were examined by high-voltage transmission electron microscopy. No clear-cut evidence of radiation damage effects was observed. Noticeable differences in microstructures between the upper visor and the sides and bottom of the lower shroud suggest different thermal histories, and the maximum temperatures due to solar heating are estimated to be between 164 and 319 C. Some correlation between microstructures and maximum estimated temperature is noted. It is felt that the apparent temperature rise due to solar heating will not affect the structural integrity of spacecraft components except possibly for very long periods of exposure. However, substantial thermal diffusion could affect interpretation of solar wind rare gas studies.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA, Washington Analysis of Surveyor 3 Mater. and Phot. Returned by Apollo 12; p 184-196
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  • 18
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    A contamination experiment investigating the failure of the Nimbus 4 filter wedge spectrometer (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: A ground test is described wherein a quartz crystal microbalance was used in defining the quantity and direction of a contaminant. The cause of the failure of an experiment in orbit was thus confirmed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Space Simulation; p 469-485
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  • 19
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    An instrument for real time detection of contamination in space environmental tests chambers (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: An instrument for in situ vacuum detection of surface reflectance changes at 1216A was designed. Using successive reflections, this instrument is more sensitive as an indicator of reflectance changes than similar instruments having only a single reflection. The selection of each component of the instrument and its operational performance is discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Space Simulation; p 503-519
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  • 20
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    Alpha-particle spectrometer experiment (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Observation of lunar radon emanation during the Apollo 15 and 16 missions shows the existence of areas with locally high emanation rates. The most conspicuous Rn-222 feature found in the data analysis is a region that includes Aristarchus Crater. The excess emanating power of the Aristarchus region may be an indication of internal activity at that site. There are regions with anomalously high rates of Po-210 activity, which indicates transient phenomena involving the release of Rn-222 gas from certain areas of the moon.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 6 p
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  • 21
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    Shutter mechanism for spacecraft spectrophotometer (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: A shutter mechanism is described for the backscatter ultraviolet spectrophotometer experiment on the Nimbus D satellite. The purpose of the experiment is to determine spatial distribution of atmospheric ozone from measurements of ultraviolet radiation backscattered by the earth's atmosphere. The system consists of two independent, rotary cylinder shutters, controlled by a dual star Geneva mechanism, and driven by a single stepper motor. A single driver controls a combination of two independently driven Geneva stars. Design considerations involved the use of low friction, nonmetallic materials.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center 6th Aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 95-100
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  • 22
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    Near-terminator photography, part R (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The advantages resulting from the use of near-terminator photography in lunar surface investigations are discussed. It is pointed out that, under near-terminator conditions, small changes in slope produce greater contrast changes than at high sun elevation angles. This desirable phenomenon is confirmed by an examination of the near-terminator photography taken during the Apollo 15 mission. Many of the photographs obtained show lunar surface areas within a few degrees of the terminator and are therefore of significant geologic interest. In addition, many geologic features stand out in a distinct manner not normal in conventional lunar photography, thus providing additional data on the surface morphology and the configuration of a large number of lunar surface structures.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center Apollo 15 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 6 p
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  • 23
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    Apollo 15 laser altimeter, part D (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The laser altimeter, consisting of a Q switched ruby laser, transmitting optics, counting timer, receiving optics, and a photomultiplier is described. Harmonic analysis of the mission data is also presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center Apollo 15 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 2 p
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  • 24
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    Examination of returned Surveyor 3 camera visor for alpha radioactivity (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The TV camera visor was placed in a vacuum chamber and examined for alpha radioactivity using an alpha-scattering instrument, and plates covered with the same paint and made at the same time as the visor were used as a control. The spectra of visor and plates are very similar, and it is concluded that the gross activity on the visor is due entirely to the activity of the paint. The data were used to obtain the amount of Po-210 activity on the lunar surface. It is felt that the lack of detected alpha radioactivity does not indicate a lack of activity on the moon, since dust layers were knocked off the visor.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA, Washington Analysis of Surveyor 3 Mater. and Phot. Returned by Apollo 12; p 177-180
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  • 25
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    Convective heating measurement by means of an infrared camera (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-18
    Description: The development of rapid and accurate wind tunnel techniques to measure convective heating distributions in complex reentry configurations is discussed. Major emphasis was put on the infrared camera technique. Its essence is the measurement of infrared emission from the surface of a wind tunnel model as a function of time. Prior calibration of the infrared camera relates the emission to the surface temperature of the model. The time history of the surface temperature can then be related to the heating rate by standard techniques. The output of the camera is an electrical signal that is tape-recorded in analog form, then digitized and processed by computer, so that automated and relatively rapid data reduction can be accomplished. In addition, the camera produces real-time visual displays of the infrared emission as pictures on an oscilloscope screen. These pictures give immediate indications of hot and cool spots on the model.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Space Shuttle Aerothermodyn. Technol. Conf., vol. 2; p 645-660
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  • 26
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    Head-up displays for STOL visual approaches (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: A simulation study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of a simple head-up display in improving glide-slope tracking performance during steep visual approaches in a STOL aircraft. The head-up display featured an attitude-stabilized horizon bar and glide-slope reference bar parallel to and 7.5 deg below the horizon bar. On some approaches a flight-path marker symbol showing the projected ground impact point was also displayed. Half of the approaches were flown in a conventional mode in which the pilot changed pitch attitude to correct for height errors. The remaining approaches were flown in a direct-lift mode in which the pilot modulated thrust to change the flight-path angle without pitching the aircraft.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: STOL Technol.; p 227-243
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  • 27
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    The response of covered silicon detectors to monoenergetic gamma rays. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Measurements have been made of the efficiency in detecting gamma rays of a 0.3-mm-, 3-mm-, and 5-mm-thick silicon detector covered with different absorbers. Calibrated sources over the range from 279 keV to 2.75 MeV were used. The need for the absorbers to obtain meaningful results and their contribution to the response of the detectors at electron biases from 50 to 200 keV are discussed in detail. It is shown that the results are virtually independent of the atomic number of the absorber. In addition, the role of the absorber in increasing the efficiency with increasing photon energy for low bias settings is demonstrated for the 0.3-mm crystal. Qualitative explanations are given for the shapes of all curves of efficiency versus energy at each bias.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Nuclear Science and Engineering; 47; Apr. 197
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  • 28
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    Extreme ultraviolet solar images televised in-flight with a rocket-borne SEC vidicon system. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A TV image of the entire sun while an importance 2N solar flare was in progress was recorded in the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) radiation band 171-630 A and was transmitted to ground from an Aerobee-150 rocket on Nov. 4, 1969 using S-band telemetry. The camera tube was a SEC vidicon, with its fiber optic faceplate coated with an XUV-to-visible conversion layer of p-quaterphenyl. The XUV passband was produced by three 1000-A thick aluminum filters in series together with the platinized reflecting surface of the off-axis paraboloid that imaged the sun. A number of images were recorded with integration times between 1/30 sec and 2 sec. Reconstruction of pictures was enhanced by combining several to reduce the noise.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 11; May 1972
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  • 29
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    Radiometer for remote sounding of the upper atmosphere. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The pressure-modulated carbon dioxide radiometer is a new kind of instrument capable of making temperature soundings in the 40-80-km region of the earth's atmosphere. It is intended to be mounted on a polar-orbiting satellite, where it will give global coverage of the upper atmosphere in a region that is not well understood at present but that is, as rocket soundings show, clearly the seat of many interesting and vigorous phenomena. The new technique employs a cell containing carbon dioxide as a filter. The pressure and hence transmission of this cell is periodically modulated, resulting in the selection of thermal radiation from the strong lines in the spectrum of atmospheric carbon dioxide. This radiation originates at levels in the atmosphere where the pressure is low. The energy grasp of the device is large enough to give high sensitivity.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 11; Jan. 197
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  • 30
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    Thermospheric temperature measurement technique. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A method for measurement of temperature in the earth's lower thermosphere from a high-velocity probes is described. An undisturbed atmospheric sample is admitted to the instrument by means of a free molecular flow inlet system of skimmers which avoids surface collisions of the molecules prior to detection. Measurement of the time-of-flight distribution of an initially well-localized group of nitrogen metastable molecular states produced in an open, crossed electron-molecular beam source, yields information on the atmospheric temperature. It is shown that for high vehicle velocities, the time-of-flight distribution of the metastable flux is a sensitive indicator of atmospheric temperature. The temperature measurement precision should be greater than 94% at the 99% confidence level over the range of altitudes from 120-170 km. These precision and altitude range estimates are based on the statistical consideration of the counting rates achieved with a multichannel analyzer using realistic values for system parameters.
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  • 31
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    Piston manometer as an absolute standard for vacuum-gauge calibration. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Determination of the total pressure in a calibration volume by measuring the force on a thin circular disk, of accurately known area, that is freely suspended in a hole in the container wall, so that the disk is substantially flush with the wall. The disk almost fills the hole, so that there is a narrow annular gap. A continuous flow of calibrating gas, injected into the container in order to maintain a desired pressure, passes through the annular gap to a diffusion pump. The ratio of pressures on the two faces of the disk is of the order of 100:1, so that downstream pressure need be known only nominally in order to deduce the upstream surface. Force on the disk is measured by a balance that is calibrated in situ with dead weights. In one arrangement, pressures in the range from 10 to 500 microtorr were measured with an estimated probable error of (1 microtorr + 1%).
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  • 32
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    Neutral-particle wake method for measuring the atmospheric temperature from a satellite. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Description of a method that would permit a satellite-borne neutral mass spectrometer to measure the atmospheric temperature. The spectrometer examines the partial pressure variations that occur as the wake of a small rectangular baffle is swept across the entrance orifice of the spectrometer. For a given baffle size and for a mounting distance from the orifice, the depth of the resulting pressure minimum depends only on the thermal velocity or temperature of the observed species. The validity of the method can be checked by measuring the wake characteristics of more than one species and/or by employing each of several baffle sizes. The theory includes the effect of a finite orifice size, finite baffle length, and the backscattering of particles from the baffle into the orifice. It is found that a suitable baffle arrangement can be achieved that will permit the temperature to be measured over at least the range normally encountered in the thermosphere (200 to 2000 K) and, depending on the sensitivity and background pressure of the spectrometer, over an altitude range of about 140 to 600 km.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; Apr. 1
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  • 33
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    Selected-zone dark-field electron microscopy. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Description of a new method which makes it possible to reduce drastically the resolution-limiting influence of chromatic aberration, and thus to obtain high-quality images, by selecting the image-forming electrons that have passed through a small annular zone of an objective lens. In addition, the manufacture of special objective-lens aperture diaphragms that are needed for this method is also described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Physics Letters; 20; Feb. 1
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    Electronic systems for the new multichannel spectrometer at Sacramento Peak. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Description of the design features and operation of a new multichannel solar spectrometer to be used for ground-based observations of active regions whose X-ray and EUV emissions are studied by the OSO-H and other satellites. The electronic systems associated with the instrument include (1) an electrooptical guider controlled by a punched paper tape capable of making raster scans of selected portions of the solar disk, (2) a programmer unit that applies paper-tape commands to various portions of the instrument, (3) a closed-loop servosystem for the vacuum heliostat, (4) stepping motor controls for spectral scans, (5) a 40-channel photomultiplier readout, and (6) a magnetometer. Preliminary solar observations indicate satisfactory performance of the system.
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    The large space telescope instrumentation. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Aspects of the Large Space Telescope project (LST) as it is developing at the Goddard Space Flight Center are presented and a brief discussion is given of the types of observing program that might be handled. The special characteristics of an LST are large light-gathering power, good spectral efficiency from 900 A to 5 microns, near diffraction limited performance, launch by the space shuttle into a low orbit like that of the Orbiting Astronomical Observatories, and a lifetime of at least 10 years. A basic set of instruments to be used with the telescope might include on-axis cameras with broad-band filter response, an imaging spectrograph, a low-resolution spectrograph, a high-resolution spectrograph, spectrum scanners, narrow-band photometers, interferometers for use in the near infrared, polarimeters for use in the ultraviolet, and provision for measuring the time variations of the light from astronomical objects on a scale of milli-seconds as well as on a scale of minutes, hours, days, and weeks.
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    Photographing flow fields and heat-transfer patterns in color simultaneously. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A color-schlieren technique is described that combines the flow-field shock shapes and the phase-change coating to give a very descriptive account of aerodynamic heating. This technique employs, in addition to the conventional schlieren system, a temperature-sensitive material as a thin surface coating that undergoes a visible phase change from opaque solid to clear liquid at a known temperature. The resulting pictures can lead to a better understanding of shock/boundary layer interactions, as shown with the aid of a specific example.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Astronautics and Aeronautics; 10; Apr. 197
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    Fabry lens. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Discussion of the properties, operation, and applications of the Fabry lens. As used in stellar photometry, a Fabry lens is nothing more than a simple converging lens inserted into the optical train of a photometer to construct an image of the objective on the photomultiplier cathode. The thereby derived advantages are reviewed, and some techniques designed to maximize these advantages are outlined.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 11; Feb. 197
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    Analog simulation of a gas pressure regulator. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The behavior characteristics of direct-acting gas pressure regulators are discussed in terms of spring force, flow force, and friction force. The dynamics of the metering valve and bellows assembly are described by equating all forces on the valve to zero. Continuity equations for the regulator are derived. Simulations are carried out to determine effects of sensing orifice diameter, poppet stem friction, output volume, and supply pressure on regulator behavior. Several regulator configurations are studied.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Instruments and Control Systems; 45; Apr. 197
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    Calibration of small gauge thermocouples. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A technique has been developed to dynamically calibrate fine wire thermocouples of 0.025 mm diam and smaller to 1625 K in less than 10 sec. In this method, the varying physical parameters present under typical dynamic heating conditions are simulated, and therefore, wire deterioration can be related to time, temperature, pressure, and atmosphere. A description of the equipment and procedures is given along with the preliminary results that correlate well with thermoelectric theory.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 43; Jan. 197
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  • 40
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    Cameras on the moon with Apollos 15 and 16. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Description of the cameras used for photography and television by Apollo 15 and 16 missions, covering a hand-held Hasselblad camera for black and white panoramic views at locations visited by the astronauts, a special stereoscopic camera designed by astronomer Tom Gold, a 16-mm movie camera used on the Apollo 15 and 16 Rovers, and several TV cameras. Details are given on the far-UV camera/spectrograph of the Apollo 16 mission. An electronographic camera converts UV light to electrons which are ejected by a KBr layer at the focus of an f/1 Schmidt camera and darken photographic films much more efficiently than far-UV. The astronomical activity of the Apollo 16 astronauts on the moon, using this equipment, is discussed.
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    Type: Mercury; 1; Mar
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    Compact photomultiplier housing with controlled cooling. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Description of a compact photomultiplier housing which can provide controlled cooling to the photomultiplier tube down to -90 C. The cooling is accomplished by flowing liquid nitrogen cooled helium gas through a series of coils which envelop the photocathode portion of the tube. The temperature is controlled by controlling the flow of the gas with a fine adjustable needle valve. The temperature is measured near the photocathode of the photomultiplier by a calibrated thermistor.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 43; Apr. 197
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    A cavity type absorption cell for double resonance microwave spectroscopy. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Description of an experimental dual resonant cavity absorption cell for observing microwave spectroscopic double-resonance effects. The device is composed of two Fabry-Perot interferometers excited by independent microwave sources and mounted at right angles in a suitable vacuum enclosure. The pumping transition is modulated by one source and the modulation induced on the rf absorption in the orthogonal cavity is detected.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 43; Apr. 197
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  • 43
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    Cloud microstructure as determined by an optical cloud particle spectrometer. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Use of an improved single-particle light-scattering instrument for measurement of cloud microstructure in field studies. Cloud particle size and number information is measured over 12 sizing intervals, in the range from 4 to 85 microns in diameter. The microstructure can be observed in real time and with a spatial resolution not previously reported. The general features of water cloud droplet size and number distributions are consistent with previous direct capture and replication studies. The transition from water to ice phase regions in cumuliform clouds can be inferred from dramatic changes observed in the distribution features. Results are also presented for stratus and cirrus cloud penetrations.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 11; Feb. 197
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    Heating rate controller for thermally stimulated conductivity and thermoluminescence measurements. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A temperature controller is described which enables the temperature of a sample mounted on a cold finger to be varied linearly with time. Heating rates between 0.5 and 10 K/min can be achieved for temperatures between 90 and 300 K. Provision for terminating the sample heating at any temperature between these extremes is available. The temperature can be held at the terminating temperature or be reduced to the starting temperature in a matter of minutes. The controller has been used for thermally stimulated conductivity measurements and should be useful for thermoluminescence measurements as well.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 43; Feb. 197
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  • 45
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    A low power X-ray diffractometer for soil analysis in remote locations employing a multiwire proportional counter detector array. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A low power X-ray powder diffraction system suitable for remote mineralogical analysis of lunar, planetary, or asteroid soils has been designed. A one Curie Fe-55 source provides a monochromatic X-ray beam of 5.9 keV. Seeman-Bohlin focusing geometry is employed in the camera, allowing peak detection to proceed simultaneously at all angles and obviating the need for moving parts. The detector system is an array of 500-600 proportional counters with a wire-spacing of 1 mm. An electronics unit comprising preamplifier, postamplifier, window discriminators, and storage flip-flops requiring only 3.5 milliwatts has been designed and tested. Total instrument power is less than 5 W.
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    Zeeman effect of As II. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Spectrograms of As electrodeless-discharge tubes operated in a field of 24,025 G have given Zeeman patterns for 232 As II spectral lines from 2361 to 10,556 A and yielded 80 Lande g factors, of which more than half are new. There is agreement between these and the g values calculated by least-squares fitting for single configurations or for multiconfigurations, where configuration interaction is noticeable. All of the measured g values as well as the energy levels are used in the fitting process.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Society of America; vol. 62
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  • 47
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    Area influences and floating potentials in Langmuir probe measurements. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Analysis of the influence of a relatively small reference electrode on a Langmuir probe measurement of plasma density and temperature. The analysis employs the collisionless theory of Laframboise for spherical and cylindrical probes and in a completely general way includes a broad range of electron densities and temperatures, as well as all possible values of ion mass and multiplicity of ionization. It is shown that a ratio alpha of reference-electrode area to probe area of 10,000 will guarantee no distortion of the measurement as a result of a shifting reference-electrode potential. It is further shown that the constraint on alpha can be relaxed by approximately two orders of magnitude when the charge-normalized ion mass is decreased from 200 to 1 amu and the ratio of reference-electrode radius to Debye length is decreased from 100 to 0. An additional result of the analysis is the dependence of a probe's floating potential on its geometry and radius, as well as on the properties of the plasma. A discussion of the latter result reveals in a striking manner the significant differences between the ion-current responses of spherical and cylindrical probes.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Applied Physics; 43; Mar. 197
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    Infrared absorptivities of transition metals at room and liquid-helium temperatures. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Evaluation of experimental data concerning the normal spectral absorptivities of the transition metals, nickel, iron, platinum, and chromium, at both room and liquid-helium temperatures in the wavelength range from 2.5 to 50 microns. The absorptivities were derived from reflectivity measurements made relative to a room-temperature vapor-deposited gold reference mirror. The absorptivity of the gold reference mirror was measured calorimetrically, by use of infrared laser sources. Investigation of various methods of sample-surface preparation resulted in the choice of a vacuum-annealing process as the final stage. The experimental results are discussed on the basis of the anomalous-skin-effect theory modified for multiple conduction bands. As predicted, the results approach a single-band model toward the longer wavelengths. Agreement between theory and experiment is considerably improved by taking into account the modification of the relaxation time due to the photon-electron-phonon interaction proposed by Holstein (1954) and Gurzhi (1958); but, particularly at helium temperatures, the calculated curve is consistently below the experimental results.
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    Type: Optical Society of America; vol. 62
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    Profiling with the electron microscope. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Discussion of a profiling technique using a scanning electron microscope for obtaining depth information on a single micrograph of a small specimen. A stationary electron beam is used to form a series of contamination spots in a line across the specimen. Micrographs obtained by this technique are useful as a means of projection and display where stereo viewers are not practical.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering; 38; Mar. 197
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    Refractive index and birefringence of 2H silicon carbide. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Measurement of the refractive indices of 2H SiC over the wavelength range from 435.8 to 650.9 nm by the method of minimum deviation. A curve fit of the experimental data to the Cauchy dispersion equation yielded, for the ordinary index, n sub zero = 2.5513 + 25,850/lambda squared + 8.928 x 10 to the 8th power/lambda to the 4th power and, for the extraordinary index, n sub e = 2.6161 + 28,230/lambda squared + 11.490 x 10 to the 8th power/lambda to the 4th power when lambda is expressed in nm. The estimated error (standard deviation) in these values is plus or minus 0.0006 for n sub zero and plus or minus 0.0009 for n sub e. The birefringence calculated from these expressions is about 20% less than previously published values.
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    Type: Optical Society of America; vol. 62
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    Small optical telescopes on the moon. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Problems associated with the design and operation of efficient lunar-based telescopes are discussed. The various types of reflecting telescopes and catadioptric optical systems developed so far are characterized and compared. Requirements concerning mounting of a telescope on the lunar surface are examined. Properties of materials to be used in manufacturing telescopes for a safe operation in the lunar environment are considered. Finally, the telescope size is dealt with.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Spaceflight; 14; Mar. 197
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  • 52
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    An instrument for the simultaneous detection of the OI ground state /2p4 3P/ and first metastable state /2p4 1D/ populations. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 43; Dec. 197
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    Removal of a glowing spot from an image tube using laser radiation. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A troublesome problem with the Kron electronograph has been the presence of a white glowing spot on the glass wall of the tube adjacent to the focus electrode. The procedure followed to eliminate the spot was to operate in the dark and apply voltage only to the focused electrode. Ruby laser radiation was unfocused, and its position was shifted on the electrode between laser shots until an effect was observed. This technique for removing the glowing spot should be applicable to other electronic image tubes.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 43; Dec. 197
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    Martian gas, soil sampler tested. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (GCMS) is scheduled to be carried aboard the Mars Viking lander, which is to make a soft landing on the Martian surface. The GCMS has two distinct tasks including a sampling of the Martian atmosphere and an analysis of Martian soil. The instrument is designed to be highly sensitive. It can detect 0.1 part per million of organic compounds in the soil and from 10 to 100 parts per million of atmospheric constituents.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Aviation Week and Space Technology; 97; Nov. 13
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    Cleaning of contaminated channel electron multiplier arrays. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Polymerized organic materials found in vacuum systems frequently contaminate the individual channels (which can be as small as 15 microns) of an oil-pumped channel electron multiplier array used as a vacuum UV- to visible-radiation conversion device. It is shown that exposure to an oxygen plasma is an effective means of decontaminating the channels, thereby restoring the sensitivity of the device.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 11; Nov. 197
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    A portable self-contained gas chromatograph. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The design and fabrication of a completely portable, self-contained gas chromatograph is described. This instrument utilizes a closed-loop hydrogen carrier gas flow as maintained by a hydrogen generator-separator. It employs an auxiliary hydrogen generator to keep a positive flow of hydrogen through the detector. The detector is an ionization cross section detector. The only maintenance required is the addition of water (5-15 cc/day) to the auxiliary hydrogen generator. Lower limit of detection for the present system is of the order of 1-10 ppm ethane.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 43; Oct. 197
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    Fourier spectrum of beams chopped by circular apertures. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The circular apertures in the case investigated are uniformly spaced. It is assumed that modulation does not alter beam collimation and that diffraction from aperture edges can be neglected. It is also assumed that the diameter of the apertures is equal to the spacing between the trailing edge and the leading edge of successive apertures. The motion of apertures across the beam is rectilinear. Calculations have been performed for both homogeneous and bivariate normal intensity distributions. The absolute values of the first six Fourier coefficients are plotted as a function of the beam radius normalized to aperture radius.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 11; Oct. 197
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    Absorption profile of a planetary atmosphere - A proposal for a scattering independent determination. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The use of scattering theory to infer atmospheric optical parameters requires the separation of absorption and scattering. It is demonstrated that a gradient flux relation exists that would provide the absorption (altitude) profile independently of scattering and irrespective of the state of polarization of the light field. The relation is derived for an atmosphere of plane-parallel or spherical geometry and for broad (continuum) and narrow (spectral line) frequency bands. The results are shown to hold, in particular, for the polarizations induced by both Rayleigh and Mie scattering in the field. Experimental setups are proposed for each of the cases considered of atmospheric geometry and frequency bandwidth.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 11; Oct. 197
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    Instrumentation for balloon and rocket experiments. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Description of a number of plasma, particle, and field detectors used on rocket investigations in and above the earth's atmosphere. Emphasis is on magnetospheric and solar-interplanetary studies. A balloon-borne X-ray telescope system with 20-min pointing accuracy is discussed. A PCM telemetry system used on both balloons and rockets to handle scientific data is described which includes a simple Doppler ranging system that gives location to 1.5 km. A system to reduce and analyze PCM data on the ground is discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 13; June 197
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  • 60
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    A simple, low power, multiple pulse NMR spectrometer. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 43; Sept
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  • 61
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    Experimental investigation of a holographic system that records front surface detail from a scene moving at high velocities. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 11; Sept
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  • 62
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    Regression technique for determining temperature profiles in the upper stratosphere from satellite-measured radiances. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 100; July 197
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  • 63
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    Use of an infrared-imaging camera to obtain convective heating distributions. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The IR emission from the surface of a wind-tunnel model is determined as a function of time with the aid of an infrared-sensitive imaging camera. Prior calibration of the IR camera relates the emission to the surface temperature of the model. The time history of the surface temperature is then related to the heating rate by standard techniques. The output of the camera is recorded in analog form, digitized, and processed by a computer. In addition, real-time visual displays of the IR emissions are obtained as pictures on an oscilloscope screen.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: AIAA Journal; 10; Aug. 197
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  • 64
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    Autocorrelation methods to obtain diffraction-limited resolution with large telescopes. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 176; Aug. 15
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  • 65
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    Fixed-bias floating double-probe technique with simple Langmuir-probe characteristics. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A new floating double-probe method is presented which has advantages over other floated-probe systems heretofore described in the literature. The method utilizes two electrodes, one of constant area and the other with a variable area, and the two-electrode configuration is separated by a fixed bias voltage. The current-voltage characteristics of the new technique, which are generated by varying the area of one electrode, are identical to those of a simple Langmuir probe, thus coupling all the advantages of a floated-probe system with the simple analysis scheme generally applied to the Langmuir probe for the determination of plasma density and temperature.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Applied Physics; 43; Aug. 197
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  • 66
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    A relative performance analysis of atmospheric laser Doppler velocimeter methods. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A performance analysis is presented that compares two remote-sensing atmospheric laser Doppler velocimeter systems, one using dual-scatter and the other local-oscillator illuminating techniques. The comparison results show that there exist specific parameter ranges and conditions whereunder the performance of one of the systems is superior to that of the other. A procedure providing a quantitative basis for a judicious system selection is proposed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Engineering; 11; Jan
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  • 67
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    Holographic nondestructive testing with impact excitation. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Review of some experimental results of bond flaw detection in composite materials by holographic recording of the surface of samples subjected to mechanical impact. The resulting deformation of the samples recorded in a sequence of double exposure holograms at increasingly longer time intervals after impact renders the presence of flaws observable. A proposed deformation enhancement technique increases detection sensitivity and is helpful in visualizing smaller flaws.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 11; July 197
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    The surface plasmon resonance effect in holography. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A hologram has been made using a surface plasmon resonance wave as the reference beam. The surface wave was stimulated on a 1200-line/mm aluminum reflection grating that was coated with a thin layer of high-resolution photographic emulsion. Experimental results are presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optics Communications; 5; May 1972
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    Polarization of the solar corona. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A method of obtaining polarized photographs of the solar corona during total eclipse is described. The required equipment is a reflex viewing type camera with a lens of adequate focal length to give an image of the corona a few millimeters in diameter at the focal plane. A sheet of linear polarizing filter material is placed directly in front of the lens. The filter is mounted in such a way so as to permit a set of four exposures of equal length to be taken after totality begins. Since the light of the corona is highly polarized, the resultant set of photographs will show marked differences in the shape of the corona.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Royal Astronomical Society of Canada; vol. 66
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  • 70
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    Sensor noise in low-level flux-gate magnetometers. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The noise mechanism in a well-designed magnetometer is shown to be due to small-scale magnetic moments which are probably small volumes of the core material that are not oriented by the drive field. Design developments include the sense coil radius and the development of a drive waveform which yields considerably improved performance over the commonly used sine wave drive.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Magnetics; MAG-8; June 197
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  • 71
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    Use of propagation corrections for VLF timing (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The theory of VLF timing from phase measurements is briefly reviewed with attention to both frequency and epoch. Propagational aspects are noted without specific attention to predictional details. Cycle slippage is described. Application of propagation corrections to VLF timing is described, with particular attention to the use of available skywave corrections published for the OMEGA Navigation System.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the 4th Precise Time and Time Interval Planning Meeting; p 310-323
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  • 72
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    Hawaii PTTI test bed (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The development and installation of a test bed for a Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI). A prime goal in the effort is to develop a repertoire of techniques and equipment that will permit communications facilities to be served most effectively by their ties to a common time reference. The test bed provides guidance for the implementation of precise time and frequency discipline at other facilities. One product of the test-bed problem is an assessment of the accuracy of the time-discipline chain from the observatory to each level of use.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the 4th Precise Time and Time Interval Planning Meeting; p 182-193
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  • 73
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    Operational stability of rubidium and cesium frequency standards (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: In the course of testing various rubidium and cesium frequency standards under operational conditions for use in NASA tracking stations, about 55 unit-years of relative frequency measurements for averaging times from 10 to 10 to the 7th power have been accumulated at Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). Statistics on the behavior of rubidium and cesium standards under controlled laboratory conditions have been published, but it was not known to what extent the lesser controlled environments of NASA tracking stations affected the performance of the standards. The purpose of this report is to present estimates of the frequency stability of rubidium and cesium frequency standards under operational conditions based on the data accumulated at GSFC.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Proc. of the 4th Precise Time and Time Interval Planning Meeting; p 168-181
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  • 74
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    Intermediate term frequency measurements with the HP computing counter in the USNO clock time system (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: High precision frequency measurements with various integration times can be made with conventional counters by using variable gate times. The Hewlett-Packard (HP) computing counter allows such measurements over a wide range of frequencies and measurement times. This instrument can also convert period measurements into frequency by means of its arithmetic capabilities: The program library contains programs to facilitate frequency stability measurements in the most direct and convenient way. This method was used as the basis for all time scale computations, until requirements for highest resolution justified the development of an automatic data acquisition system. The phase measurements are now being made with the HP computing counter (with time interval plug-in unit) under program control from the HP System Programmer.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the 4th Precise Time and Time Interval Planning Meeting; p 152-167
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  • 75
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    An analysis and demonstration of clock synchronization by VLBI (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A prototype of a semireal-time system for synchronizing the DSN station clocks by radio interferometry was successfully demonstrated. The system utilized an approximate maximum likelihood estimation procedure for processing the data, thereby achieving essentially optimum time synchronization estimates for a given amount of data, or equivalently, minimizing the amount of data required for reliable estimation. Synchronization accuracies as good as 100 nsec rms were achieved between DSS 11 and DSS 12, both at Goldstone, California. The accuracy can be improved by increasing the system bandwidth until the fundamental limitations due to position uncertainties of baseline and source and atmospheric effects are reached. These limitations are under ten nsec for transcontinental baselines.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the 4th Precise Time and Time Interval Planning Meeting; p 100-122
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  • 76
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    Precision timing and Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The use of very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) for investigating small angular features in galactic and extragalactic radio sources is discussed. Mathematical models are developed to describe the operation of an interferometer and to show the variations in the resultant fringe frequency. The types of sources to which the interferometer will respond are identified.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Proc. of the 4th Precise Time and Time Interval Planning Meeting; p 74-89
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  • 77
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    Performance of the new Efratom optically pumped rubidium frequency standards and their possible application in space relativity experiments (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The characteristics of Efratom optically pumped rubidium frequency standards are discussed. The Efratom units were compared with cesium beam and hydrogen maser standards and showed a stability of approximately 5 times 10 to the minus 12th power over two one-week periods. Dependency of frequency upon the environmental parameters of pressure, magnetic field, temperature, supply voltage, and acceleration was measured. A package of three units with automatic phase comparison and recording was designed and constructed to allow a measurement of relativistic effects on time with high accuracy during space missions.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the 4th Precise Time and Time Interval Planning Meeting; p 29-40
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  • 78
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    British American satellite time transfer experiment (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The use of the Timation satellite for navigation purposes is discussed. The advantages of the satellite for navigation and time transfer are defined as: (1) well-known position, (2) line-of-sight signal which allows use of ultrahigh frequency signals, (3) worldwide coverage, and (4) celestial navigation solution similar to the conventional celestial navigation practices. A diagram of range measurement by phase measure is provided. The application of an intercept chart for determining position using the navigation satellite is demonstrated. The results of a ground based time transfer experiment are reported.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the 4th Precise Time and Time Interval Planning Meeting; p 14-28
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  • 79
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    The facsimile camera - Its potential as a planetary lander imaging system. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Review of the performance characteristics of the facsimile camera, emphasizing its line-scan sampling process; the design tradeoffs which are imposed by planetary lander missions, emphasizing those tradeoffs which define the Viking Lander Camera parameters; and new concepts which are currently being investigated for future planetary lander missions, emphasizing an integrated imagery and spectrometry concept.
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  • 80
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    Holographic storage of multicolor information. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Discussion of the merits of the use of holography for storing multicolor information. Holography is shown capable to provide in a compact, easily duplicated, inexpensive, and readily retrievable manner the storage capacity required for the ever growing amounts of alphanumeric, graphic, continuous tone, color, and black-and-white data generated. Following a definition of the holographic concept, the advantages of holography for multicolor information recording, indexing, registration, and reconstruction are reviewed. Special attention is given to display applications including a multicolor moving-map display, a NASA multifunction display, and an automatic-test-equipment information storage system.
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  • 81
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    Special report - UV: Eye on the moon. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Lunar Surface Ultraviolet Spectrographic Camera, the primary objective of which was to determine the location and extent of gaseous material (principally hydrogen) in preselected regions of the celestial sphere is described. Camera capability included acquisition of direct imagery and spectroscopy of the same target. The optical section made use of a Schmidt reflector component. The procedure for making photographic records is outlined.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Spectra; 6; Dec. 197
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  • 82
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    Mariner 9 Michelson interferometer. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Michelson interferometer on Mariner 9 measures the thermal emission spectrum of Mars between 200 and 2000 per cm (between 5 and 50 microns) with a spectral resolution of 2.4 per cm in the apodized mode. A noise equivalent radiance of 0.5 x 10 to the minus 7th W/sq cm/ster/cm is deduced from data recorded in orbit around Mars. The Mariner interferometer deviates in design from the Nimbus 3 and 4 interferometers in several areas, notably, by a cesium iodide beam splitter and certain aspects of the digital information processing. Special attention has been given to the problem of external vibration. The instrument performance is demonstrated by calibration data and samples of Mars spectra.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 11; Nov. 197
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  • 83
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    Experimental comparisons of the international pyrheliometric scale with the absolute radiation scale. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Solar irradiance measurements by instruments (Eppley Angstrom Pyrheliometers) reproducing the International Pyrheliometric Scale (IPS) have been compared with measurements made simultaneously by a number of JPL Active Cavity Radiometers (ACR) and the Practical Absolute Cavity Radiometer (PACRAD). The results of these tests demonstrate a systematic difference between the absolute radiation scale as defined by the ACR and PACRAD measurements and the IPS.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Nature; 239; Sept. 22
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  • 84
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    Thermoprobe - An instrument for determining the temperature of opaque, translucent, and transparent surfaces in the incandescent temperature range. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 43; Aug. 197
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  • 85
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    Measurements of ultrasonic velocities using a digital averaging technique. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A new pulse-echo technique using real-time digital averaging is described for measuring the phase velocity in solids up to 50 MHz. The technique can measure the transit time between any two echoes to an absolute accuracy of 0.1 nsec and measure small changes in transit time to a sensitivity of 20 psec. Experimental examples are given based upon ultrasonic velocity measurements in a single crystal superconductor.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Acoustical Society of America; vol. 52
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  • 86
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    Encoding and decoding of color information using two-dimensional spatial filtering. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Spatial frequency encoding is described as it applies to both photographic and television systems. In each case, color separations amplitude modulate spatial frequency carriers. The photographic system separates the carriers in the two-dimensional Fourier transform plane using coherent optics; the television system employs a two-dimensional electrical filter to perform the same separation. These filters are synthesized so that the two-dimensional bandwidths of the television camera are used efficiently. Nonlinear processing techniques are also described to minimize crosstalk between channels.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Computers; C-21; July 197
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  • 87
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    Circumsolar radiation and the International Pyrheliometric Scale. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Issue is taken with the ascription of the 2% discrepancy in values of solar irradiance at the surface of the earth, found between the measurements performed by the absolute radiometers of Kendall and Wilson and those obtained by Eppley-Angstrom pyrheliometers, to the possibility that the two types of instruments might collect different amounts of circumsolar radiation. It is shown that this explanation is very unlikely.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 11; June 197
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  • 88
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    Cerenkov light collection in the high energy astronomical observatory - A cosmic ray experiment. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Review of some of the problems encountered in the development of an improved Cerenkov counter for high energy cosmic ray experiments, and discussion of the approaches used or contemplated for the solution of these problems. The solution is felt to be contingent upon a better UV-reflecting paint and an improved radiator and photomultiplier positioning.
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  • 89
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    Noise suppression by time exposure oscilloscope photography. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: We describe a simple and inexpensive means of enhancing repetitive signals obscured by noise with roughly equal amplitude. The signal and noise are displayed on an oscilloscope, and we perform a time average over many traces by time exposure photography. If the oscilloscope triggering is synchronous with the signal, the result is a significant suppression of the offending noise.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 43; May 1972
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  • 90
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    The theoretical output of a ring core fluxgate sensor. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Demonstration that the output from a ring core sensor is directly proportional to the first time derivative of the product of dynamic permeability and magnetic intensity perturbation within the core caused by an external, uniform magnetic field. (Dynamic permeability is defined to be the slope of the hysteresis loop at a given point in time). Assuming that ellipsoidal shells can approximate the core, the demagnetization factor can be 'estimated' in the first order to be proportional to the first power of the quantity tape thickness (or number of wraps) divided by the core diameter. The constant of proportionality is determined from laboratory data. When an additional scale adjustment is applied to the resulting sensor output formula, the computed output tracks laboratory data for a range of sensor geometries.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Magnetics; MAG-8; Dec. 197
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  • 91
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    Side-viewing detector for a vacuum ultraviolet reflectometer. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The problem of detector response, which arises in the application of the reflectance vs angle of incidence method to the determination of optical constants in the vacuum UV spectral region is discussed. The analysis is performed for the side-viewing 1P21 detector sensitized with sodium salycilate. To take advantage of the wide selection photomultipliers available in the end-on configuration, a scheme for converting the end-on types to a side viewing geometry with a response uniform over several degrees of detector rotation is developed. It consists of a 32-mm diam spherical collector, located at the end of a cylindrical photomultiplier holder, with 12-mm entrance and viewing ports and a position for the sensitized screen also 12-mm in diameter.-
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 11; Dec. 197
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  • 92
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    Aircraft measurements of microwave emission from Arctic Sea ice. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Measurements of the microwave emission from Arctic Sea ice were made with aircraft at 8 wavelengths ranging from 0.510 to 2.81 cm. The expected contrast in emissivities between ice and water was observed at all wavelengths. Distributions of sea ice and open water were mapped from altitudes up to 11 km in the presence of dense cloud cover. Different forms of ice also exhibited strong contrasts in emissivity. Emissivity differences of up to 0.2 were observed between two types of ice at the 0.811-cm wavelength. The higher emissivity ice type is tentatively identified as having been formed more recently than the lower emissivity ice.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 2; Oct. 197
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  • 93
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    Infrared heterodyne solar radiometry. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An infrared heterodyne radiometer has sufficient sensitivity for application to high resolution spectrometric studies of the sun and the absorption of sunlight in the atmosphere. In the 10-micron region, the resolution can typically range from less than .0067/cm to .067/cm. The minimum detectable signal can approach 10 to the -24th power W/Hz. The infrared heterodyne radiometer (IHR) can also be used for atmospheric propagation studies at the emission frequencies of the CO2 laser for the examination of the feasibility of space-to-ground laser communication links.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 11; July 197
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  • 94
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    The geometric factor of a cylindrical plate electrostatic analyzer. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A method for calculating the geometric factor of cylindrical plate electrostatic energy analyzers with various detector geometries is described. The effects of the fringe field are estimated. For a special simple case an exact geometric factor is calculated, enabling an estimate to be made of the inaccuracies of the approximations used in other cases. The results of some calculations are presented, and a simple approximate expression for the geometric factor is deduced.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 43; July 197
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  • 95
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    Sensitive visual test for concave diffraction gratings. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A simple visual test for the evaluation of concave diffraction gratings is described. It is twice as sensitive as the Foucault knife edge test, from which it is derived, and has the advantage that the images are straight and free of astigmatism. It is particularly useful for grating with high ruling frequency where the above image faults limit the utility of the Foucault test. The test can be interpreted quantitatively and can detect zonal grating space errors of as little as 0.1 A.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 11; June 197
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  • 96
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    Infrared response measurements on radiation-damaged Si/Li/ detectors. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The improved infrared response (IRR) technique has been used to qualitatively compare radiation effects on Si(Li) detectors with energy levels reported for silicon in the literature. Measurements have been made on five commercial silicon detectors and one fabricated in-house, both before and after irradiation with fast neutrons, 1.9-MeV protons, and 1.6-MeV electrons. Effects dependent upon the extent of radiation damage have been observed. It seems likely that the photo-EMF, or photo-voltage, effect is the basic mechanism for the observation of IRR in p-i-n diodes with a wide i-region. Experimental characteristics of the IRR measurement are in agreement with those of the photovoltage effect.
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  • 97
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    A dilatometer for volume-temperature determinations of liquids. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An instrument is described for the continuous volume measurement of small (3.7 ml) samples of liquids as a function of temperature. The sample is sealed in a stainless steel bellows chamber. Volume changes are measured with a linear variable differential transformer while temperature is measured by means of a thermistor and associated circuitry. Volume changes can be determined to better than .1 microliter ml over a temperature range of 10-60 C. The maximum sample volume change is 7%.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 43; May 1972
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  • 98
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    Smoke Plume Analysis Using Fan-beam and Single-beam Radiometers (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-09
    Description: Smoke plume data were taken using the stacks of the Mills Road Steam Plant on Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, Alabama. The fan-beam unit was placed approximately 235 meters east of the Mills Road Steam Plant, and the single-beam unit was placed approximately 80 meters north of the fan-beam unit. Results of the smoke plume measurements indicate that the smoke plume is a periodic process near the mouth of the smokestack. The usefulness of the system is limited because of inaccurate and cumbersome positioning methods and base line constraints due to cable length. It is recommended that the radiometers be mounted on pedestals which have both azimuth and elevation positions determined by digitally controlled stepper drive motors. It is also recommended that a time multiplex system be used to transmit data from the radiometers to the electronics van.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Auburn Univ. The NASA-ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; p 65-73
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  • 99
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    Comments on Photochemistry (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-05
    Description: Requirements for determining the source of C3 in comets are discussed, and include high resolution observation of the region near the nucleus, and near-continuous coverage.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Ariz. Univ. Comets: Sci. Data and Missions; p 55-56
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  • 100
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    Photometry of comets (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-05
    Description: The photometric observations of comets are discussed in terms of providing profiles of the whole comet.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Ariz. Univ. Comets: Sci. Data and Missions; p 48-50
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