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  • Chemistry  (5,475)
  • General Chemistry  (1,021)
  • SPACE RADIATION  (429)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • 1970-1974  (6,091)
  • 1972  (6,091)
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  • 1970-1974  (6,091)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 82-90 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Phosphate ; Precipitation ; Kinetics ; Chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La cinétique de la formation et de la transformation des précipités de phosphate de calcium, obtenus en mélangeant de volumes égaux de solutions à 6×10−3 M de calcium total et/ou phosphate total est étudiée à 25°C. Les solutions de phosphate sont préajustées à un pH de 7.4. Les changements de pH et de turbidité des solutions sont suivis simultanément en fonction du temps. Les précipités sont isolés à des intervalles de temps variables et caractérisés par diverses méthodes physico-chimiques. Initialement un précipité avec un rapport molaire Ca/P de 1.5, amorphe aux rayons X et en diffraction électronique, est formé. Le spectre IR indique la présence de PO 4 3− et de HPO 4 2− . Après une période métastable, on observe la précipitation d'un matériel cristallin dans ou sur la phase amorphe. Vingt quatre heures après préparation de l'échantillon les précipités présentent surtout les caractères du phosphate octocalcique.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Kinetik der Bildung und Transformation von Calciumphosphat-Niederschlägen wurde bei 25°C untersucht. Es wurden dazu gleiche Volumen von Lösungen gemischt, bei einer Konzentration von 6×10−3M totales Calcium und/oder totales Phosphat. Die Phosphatlösungen wurden zuerst auf pH 7,4 eingestellt. Veränderungen des pH und Trübung der Lösungen wurden gleichzeitig als eine Funktion der Zeit aufgezeichnet. Niederschläge wurden in verschiedenen Zeitintervallen isoliert und mit verschiedenen physiko-chemischen Methoden charakterisiert. Am Anfang wurde ein Niederschlag mit einem molaren Ca/P-Verhältnis von 1,5, im Röntgenbild und in der Elektronendiffraktion amorph, gebildet. Infrarotspektren deuteten die Anwesenheit von PO 4 3− - und HPO 4 2− -Ionen an. Nach einer metastabilen Periode erfolgte ein Niederschlag aus kristallinem Material innerhalb oder auf der amorphen Substanz. 24 Std nach der Herstellung der Proben zeigten die Niederschläge in der Hauptsache die Charakteristiken von Octocalciumphosphat.
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of the formation and transformation of calcium phosphate precipitates obtained by mixing equal volumes of solutions, 6×10−3 M in total calcium and/or total phosphate was investigated at 25°. The phosphate solutions were preadjusted to pH 7.4. Changes of the pH and turbidity of the solutions were followed simultaneously as a function of time. Precipitates were isolated at various time intervals and characterized by different physicochemical methods. Initially a precipitate with a molar Ca/P ratio of 1.5, amorphous to X-ray and electron diffraction was formed. IR spectra indicated the presence of PO 4 3− and HPO 4 2− ions. After a period of metastability, precipitation of a crystalline material within or upon the amorphous matter occurred. Twenty four hours after sample preparation the precipitates showed mainly the characteristics of octacalcium phosphate.
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  • 2
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    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 171-197 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Amorphous ; Crystalline ; Calcium phosphate ; Chemistry ; Composition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des échantillons non lavés de phosphate de calcium amorphe (ACP) contiennent une fraction labile, non remplaçable, riche en phosphate acide avec un rapport Ca/P faible: cette fraction est perdue de façon irréversible au cours du lavage. De l'ACP frais, précipité entre pH 6.6–10.6, varie dans un rapport molaire Ca/P de 1.18 à 1.50 et dans un rapport HPO 4 2− /P total de 33.0% à 10.1%. A pH 7.40, de l'ACP frais a un rapport molaire Ca/P de 1.36±0.02 et contient 22.8 (±2.2)% HPO 4 2− . Les résultats obtenus avec du précipité non lavé ne peuvent s'expliquer par du Ca2+ emprisonné et de l'HPO 4 2− ou du Na+, Cl− et CO 3 2− exogènes. Les phosphates de calcium amorphes constituent une classe de sels ayant des caractères chimiques variables et des propriétés physiques identiques, comparables au verre. Le CaHPO4·xH2O non cristallin peut être un ACP, surtout au cours des phases précoces de formation. A des pH physiologiques, l'ACP se transforme en petits cristaux applatis contenant de fortes quantités de phosphate acide facilement remplaçable. Le fait de laver la couche de surface produit un changement chimique dans les nouveaux cristaux: des cristaux non lavés donnent des diagrammes de diffraction d'apatite peu cristallins, ainsi que des spectres infra-rouges peu nets, intermédiaires entre des apatites et du phosphate octocalcique. Des explications structurales sont proposées et les compositions minérales amorphe/cristalline de l'os et du cartilage sont recalculées.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Ungewaschene Proben von amorphem Calciumphosphat (ACP) enthalten eine unersetzliche labile Fraktion, welche reich an saurem Phosphat ist und ein niederes Ca/P-Verhältnis hat und welche während des Waschprozesses unwiderruflich verloren geht. Natives ACP, welches im pH-Bereich 6,6–10,6 ausgefällt wurde, variierte im molaren Ca/P-Verhältnis zwischen 1,18 und 1,50 und in HPO 4 2− /totales P zwischen 33,0 und 10,1%. Bei pH 7,40 hatte natives ACP ein molares Ca/P-Verhältnis von 1,36±0,02 und enthielt 22,8 (±2,2)% HPO 4 2− . Die Werte beim ungewaschenen Niederschlag rühren weder von aus dem Überstand aufgenommenem Ca2+ und HPO2−, noch von außen kommendem Na+, Cl− und CO 3 2− her. Die amorphen Calciumphosphate werden als eine Klasse von Salzen erkannt, welche veränderliche chemische, aber identische glasartige physicochemische Eigenschaften haben. Nicht kristallines CaHPO4·xH2O kann auch ein ACP sein, besonders in den frühen Bildungsstadien. Bei physiologischem pH verwandelt sich ACP in kleine plattenförmige Kristalle, welche große Mengen von leicht ersetzbarem saurem Phosphat enthalten. Das Waschen dieser Oberflächenschicht erzeugte chemische Veränderungen in den resultierenden Kristallen; ungewaschene Kristalle zeigten ein Diffraktionsmuster, das nur schwach demjenigen des kristallinen Aspatites glich, aber ein schlecht aufgelöstes Infrarotspektrum, welches zwischen Apatit und Octocalciumphosphat war. Es werden strukturelle Erklärungen für alle diese Phenomena diskutiert, und revidierte amorph/kristalline Mineralzusammensetzungen von Knochen und Knorpel wurden neu berechnet.
    Notes: Abstract Unwashed samples of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) contain an irreplaceable labile fraction, rich in acid phosphate and low in Ca/P ratio, which is irreversibly lost during the washing process. Native ACP precipitated in the pH range 6.6–10.6 varied in Ca/P molar ratio from 1.18 to 1.50 and in HPO 4 2− /total P from 33.0% to 10.1%. At pH 7.40, native ACP had a Ca/P molar ratio of 1.36±0.02 and contained 22.8 (±2.2)% HPO 4 2− . Unwashed precipitate data could not be attributed to either trapped supernatant Ca2+ and HPO 4 2− or extraneous Na+, Cl−, and CO 3 2− . The amorphous calcium phosphates are recognized as a class of salts having variable chemical but identical glass-like, physicochemical properties. Non-crystalline CaHPO4·xH2O may also be an ACP, especially during early formative stages. At physiological pH, ACP transforms to small platy crystals containing large amounts of readily-replaceable acid phosphate. Washing this surface layer produced chemical alterations in the resultant crystals; unwashed crystals had poorly-crystalline apatitic diffraction patterns but exhibited poorly-resolved infrared spectra intermediate between apatite and octacalcium phosphate. Structural explanations for all these phenomena are discussed, and revised bone and cartilage amorphous/crystalline mineral compositions have been re-calculated.
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  • 3
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 1278-1279 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 4
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 1280-1280 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 5
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 1281-1281 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 6
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 1281-1282 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 7
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 1282-1282 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 8
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 1281-1281 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 9
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 1282-1285 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 10
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 1283-1285 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 11
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 25-30 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A general treatment of entry region multicomponent mass transfer between a fully developed turbulent flow and a smooth pipe wall has been developed from a basis first derived by Toor.The couled multicomponent equations were reduced to an equivalent binary system by the method of undetermined constants. Numerical solutions for a forced convection, binary diffusion system involving gas-phase, nonequimolal diffusion were applied to a ternary system. These solutions have been found to compare well with these authors entry region mass transfer data on a ternary acetone-methonal-air mixture and with the earlier analogy theories derived for the case of an infinitely long test section.We conclude that there is a significant interaction in some multicomponent systems, enough that the binary theory can not be satisfactorily applied in the design of multicomponent mass transfer systems.
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  • 12
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 188-193 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A computer program based on the theory of Part I is developed for calculating equilibrium ratios and related thermodynamic properties of mixtures, and a variety of data are used to test the method. For the carbon dioxide-n-butane system both liquid and gaseous compressibility factors are predicted with an average absolute deviation from experimental values of 1.3% for a wide range of conditions. A maximum deviation of 5.4% occurs in the critical region. Derivative properties such as component fugacities and equilibium ratios show somewhat larger deviations as expected. For the same system average deviations are 2.7% for carbon dioxide fugacities, 2.6% for n-butane fugacities, and 3.3% for carbon dioxide and n-butane equilibrium ratios. Average deviation for predicted equilibrium ratios for eight binary systems and 574 data points is 4.6%. Equilibrium ratios for two ternary systems are also predicted accurately. The major advantage of the method, however, is the small or negligible amount of experimental mixture data required. The method has not been tested below a mixture reduced temperature of 0.8, the lower limit of the Pitzer tables. Without density corrections to the scaling parameters best results are obtained if all binary pairs in a mixture fall within range 0.25 〈VCj TCj/VCi TCi 〈 4.0.
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  • 13
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 200-205 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental study is conducted of the ion flotation of Ag(S2O3)- and Ag(S2O3)23- from an aqueous solution at pH 4.5 with a cationic surfactant. For initial solutions 2.0 × 10-3 to 8.0 × 10-3 M in total silver, optimum silver flotation at foam cesssation is achieved at a molar thiosulfate to silver ratio (Th/Ag) of 0.75 and surfactant to silver ratio (EHDA/Ag) of 0.5, at Th/Ag = 1.0 and EHDA/Ag = 1.1, and at Th/Ag = 2.0 and EHDA/Ag = 2.2. The silver flotation is 99+, 98+, and 92+ % at the three sets of ratios, respectively. At Th/Ag 〉 2.0, highly efficient flotation cannot be achieved due to decreased particle size, and perhaps by competition with free S2O32- for the surfactant.The stoichiometry of the ion flotation product is established from relative silver and surfactant flotation rates. The stoichiometry is independent of foaming time, but is a strong linear function of EHDA/Ag and Th/Ag, in contrast to the stoichiometry of flotation products of other simple and complex anions. Rate data can be fit reasonably by a first-order reversible model. The rate constant is an inverse function of EHDA/Ag, indicating the desirability of pulsed surfactant addition. Results are discussed in terms of the average ligand number of silver, particle size, and surface potential measurements.
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  • 14
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 84-89 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A kinetic model based on the most important free radical reaction steps has been developed for propane pyrolysis. The kinetic and product distribution data were obtained over a wide range of conversions at temperatures from 700 to 850°C. and with various amounts of steam or other diluents. The results of the investigation clarify the important reaction steps and the effect of the critical operating variables.
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  • 15
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 256-256 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 16
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 257-269 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 17
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 111-116 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Isobaric vapor-liquid equilibrium data at atmospheric pressure are reported for 17 systems, each consisting of water, an alchol (methanol or ethanol), and either a salt or a mixed pair of salts having a common anion, dissolved to saturation in the boiling liquid phase. The matris of four salts employed consisted of the sodium and potassium bromides and iodides. Solubility data are reported in terms of saturation salt concentration as a function of alcohol-water proportionality in the liquid.Some of these salts and salt mixtures were found capable of eliminating the ethanol-water azeotrope completely. Relative volatility was observed to be enhanced by as much as threefold in certain cases. Orders of effectiveness of both the cations and anions were in agreement with those observed by previous investigators of the effects of electroytes in mixed solvents. The value of the salt effect parameter was observed to undergo major variation as a function of alcohol-water mixed solvent proportionality in the methanol-water-salt systems, but to be remarkably constant throught the ethanol-water-salt systems. Synergistic effects of mixed salts on vapor-liquid equilibrium were observed in certain systems despite their apparent lack in the corresponding salt solubility relationships. In systems where synergistic effects did exist they were found to be dependent stronly on liquid composition, largely lacking in water-rich regions, and evident only in midrange and alcohol-rich regions of binary solvent composition. In some of these systems the salt appeared to cause both salting out and salting in of the alcohol in differing composition regions of the same system, the predominating effect depending on the relative proportions of alcohol and water present. This latter effect is in general contradiction with the accepted theories of salt effect in vapor-liquid equilibrium.
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  • 18
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 141-145 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The first reliable kinetic data and correlations yet reported were obtained for the thermal reaction of gaseous chlorine and hydrogen over a wide range of operationg conditions. Earlier data had been obtained in reactors that result in irreproducible data. The results of the present investigation clarify the reaction sequence that consists of both gas-phase and surface reactions.
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  • 19
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 225-227 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 20
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 231-233 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 21
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 238-240 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 22
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 183-188 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Part I of this work develops a corresponding states theory for fluid mixtures. A greater predictive capability for the thermodynamic properties of mixtures is achieved through three developments: 1. The theretical validity of the pseudocritical method is established. 2. The theory is founded on well-defined assumptions. 3. The composition dependence of the scaling parameters (pseudocritical constants) is developed from rigorus mixing rules. Implementation of the new method is discussed in Part II.
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  • 23
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 194-200 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An analysis of point source turbulent diffusion of a gaseous tracer in the core of a circular straight porous pipe with uniform transverse flow at the walls is presented. Time averaged concentration distributions were measured at four distances downstream from a point source located at the axis of a fully developed turbulent flow of air in a 6-in. pipe. Experiments were run at average velocities between 4.36 and 23.0 ft./sec. (corresponding to Reynolds numbers 12,000 to 66,000) with injection velocities ranging from 0 to 0.170 ft./sec. and suction velocities from 0 to 0.048 ft./sec. The highest injection rate corresponded to 58% by volume of the main stream. Good agreement is obtained between the expeimental and the calculated concentration profiles.The present study shows that the plume width of the disperising tracer is considerably affected by the transverse flow. It also shows that the eddy diffusivity in the pipe core and the radial mass flux increase with fluid injection and decrease with suction through the pipe walls. Also, for increasing values of aspect ratio, they increase in the case of injection and decrease in the case of fluid suction.
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  • 24
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 213-217 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Early turbulence has for the first time been observed in the flow of very dilute polymer solutions in tubes larger than capillary size. Flow rate-wall shear stress measurements were conducted in 0.553 and 0.660 cm. diameter pipes. Polyethylene oxide samples of two molecular weights were employed, dissolved in water-glycerine mixtures with viscosities ranging from 0.0261 to 0.160 poise. The flow rate-wall shear stress relationship for these solutions corresponded to Poiseuille's Law below a well-defined onset wall shear stress, at which the Reynolds number was less than the transition value for Newtonian fluids. As the flow rate was increased from the onset condition, however, the wall shear stress became progessively larger than that predicted by the Poiseuille relationship. The onset wall shear stress for the phenomenon increased linearly with solvent viscosity. Its relationship to polymer concentration was dependent on the solvent viscosity. An explanation for early turbulence is suggested on the basis of these results, and the relationship of the phenomenon to turbulent flow drag reduction is discussed.
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 294-298 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The quantity T12 here called the reduced activity coefficient is related to Γ12 the mean activity coefficient of a strong electrolyte 12 as follows: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$\Gamma _{12} = \gamma 12^{{1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 {z_1 z_2 }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {z_1 z_2 }}}$$\end{document} where z1 and z2 are the charge number on the ions. The value of Γ12 for electrolyte 12 in an aqueous solution containing the three ions 1, 2, and 3, such as Na+ Cl- and Ba++, is to be calculated as follows: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$${\rm log}\Gamma _{12} = {\rm log}\Gamma ^ \circ _{12} + {\raise0.7ex\hbox{$1$} \!\mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 2}}\right.\kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \!\lower0.7ex\hbox{$2$}}\left({{\rm X}_{\rm 3} } \right){\rm log}\left({{{\Gamma ^ \circ _{32} } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\Gamma ^ \circ _{32} } {\Gamma ^ \circ _{12} }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\Gamma ^ \circ _{12} }}} \right)$$\end{document} Here Γ°32 and Γ°12 are for the indicated electrolytes, namely NaCl and BaCl2 in this example, at the total ionic strength of the mixture. The term X3 represents the fraction m3z32/(m1z12 + m3z32) in which m represents the molality of the indicated ion. Fair success is usually attained with this equation in predicting γ, even at high electrolyte concentrations.Similar equations are proposed for aqueous solutions containing four or more ions.
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 299-304 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method is described for solving the problem: given fixed pressure, temperature, the amounts of the chemical elements, and the chemical potentials of possible chemical species at the pressure and temperature specified, determine the equilibrium composition. The method requires a minimum of judgment on the part of the user.A modification of Naphtali's method for direct minimization of Gibbs' function provides an estimate of the composition of sufficient accuracy to insure convergence of solution, by the Newton-Raphson method, of the nonlinear equations describing the equilibrium.Problems in treating multiple phaes of unknown stability and chemical species present in small amouts are handled by ignoring unstable phases and small quantitites in the direct minimization until the amounts of the major consitituents have been at least approximately determined. To accomplish this, species temporarily ignored are assigned a ficitious mol fraction so that their re-entry into the calculation can be established. Truncation errors in the direct minimziation can be tolerated because of the two-step method.Examples of some of the problems solved are given.
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 321-326 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Kinetics of the dehydration of t-butyl alcohol to isobutylene were measured with a semibatch reactor containing liquid reactant and suspended particles of cation exchange resin catalyst [sulfonated copolymer of styrene and divinylbenzene (DVB)]. Effects on rate were determined for variations in temperature (58 to 76°C.), reactant water mole fraction (0.0005 to 0.10), and catalyst pacticle diameter (77 to 620 μ) and crosslinking (2 to 12% DVB).Nearly anhydrous t-butyl alcohol failed to penetrate the shrunken network of the polymer. Reaction ebgan only on particle peripheries, and product water penetrated the gel network and s welled it to allow penetration of the alcohol. Rate consequently increased to a maximum (about 0.5 moles/min. equivalent of catalyst —SO3H groups at 76°C.) and then decreased as water competed with reactant fro catalytic sites. A spherical catalyst particle is modeled as a shrinking cetrol core, free of reactant and water, and a swollen shell in which concent rations are independent of position and time. The model fits reaction rate and separate particle swelling data for 80 μ particles of catalyst containing 12% DVB, but it is increasingly inadequate for larger particles and catalysts of lower DVB contents.
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 337-342 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: A hydrodynamic prediction is formulated for the peak nucleate boiling heat flux on spheres. It employs no empirical constants but it is justified by an experimental correlation of the vapor blanket thickness at the equator of the sphere. The prediction compares very favorably with 27 original data obtained by the transient calorimeter method in both water and N2 on spheres of different sizes. It also compares well with the data of prior investigators for a large range of size, gravity, and boiled liquids. Assumptions as to the vapor removeal configuration are supported with photographic observations of the boiling procss.
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 343-346 
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    Notes: A semi-empirical test for the thermodynamic consistency of isobaric liquid-vapor equilibrium data for ethanol-water saturated with a salt is proposed. The test is based upon an adaptation of the Herington method (1) in which the ternary system is treated as a special binary. The test is applied both to full concentration range data and to data which are incomplete at the high alcohol end. For data which are incomplete at the high water end, a less severe test is employed.Literature data for 23 systems composed of ethanol, water, and an inorganic salt at saturation were tested. By the criterion of the proposed test, fourteen were deemed consistent, six were borderline, and three were pronounced inconsistent.
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 356-361 
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    Notes: A continuous pump in which the feed and product streams flow steadily both in upflow and downflow is experimentally investigated in the model system toluene-n-heptane on silica gel adsorbent. The experimental data compare reasonably well with analytical results based on an equilibrium theory. The operating conditions necessary to achieve high separation factors are shown to be dependent on the relative magnitudes of penetration distances and the height of the column.
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    Notes: Previously obtained experimental heat transfer data have been collected and are illustrated along with minor variations of the standard correlations. Analysis of data for heat transfer in randomly packed beds and compact (void fraction less than 0.65) staggered tube bundles indicates that the Nusselt number for a wide range of packing materials and tube arrangements is given by \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$N_{Nu} = \left({0.5N_{{\mathop{\rm Re}\nolimits} ^{{1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 2}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} 2}} } + 0.2N_{{\mathop{\rm Re}\nolimits} ^{{2 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {2 3}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} 3}} } } \right)N_{\Pr ^{{1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 3}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} 3}} } \left({{{\mu _b } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\mu _b } {\mu _0 }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\mu _0 }}} \right)^{0.14}$$\end{document} provided NRe ≥ 50. The correlations presented in this paper are not necessarily the most accurate available; however, they have wide application, are easy to use, and are quite satisfactory for most design calculations.
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 435-437 
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 462-463 
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972) 
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 479-486 
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    Notes: Modern control theory for systems with load changes is applied to distillation column control. Both linear and nonlinear distillation models are developed and tested. Excellent control is achieved by using an optimal multi-variable-proportional-integral (MPI) controller for systems with unmeasurable disturbances. When the disturbances are measurable an optimal multi-variable proportional controller with error coordination (MPE) is desirable. Various structures for distillation control have also been investigated.
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 506-512 
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    Notes: Initial rates were measured for the reduction of single pellets of nickel oxide with carbon monoxide at atmospheric pressure and temperatures from 566 to 796°C. The nickel oxide pellets were porous (∊0 = 0.032 - 0.35) and intrapellet diffusion retarded the rate so that the shrinking core model was not applicable. Effective diffusivities for the lower porosity pellets were very small, corresponding to tortuosity factors of about 180 for ∊0 = 0.032 and 92 for ∊0 = 0.062.The reaction appeared to be first order in carbon monoxide. Rate constants, based upon the intraparticle area, indicated an activation energy of 47 kcal/g.-mole over the temperature range 566 to 682°C. At higher temperatures the rate was constant. These results, while not conclusive, are in agreement with a reaction sequence consisting of formation of nuclei of nickel atoms in the nickel oxide surface, rapid adsorption of carbon monoxide at the nickel-nickel oxide interface, migration of the adsorbed carbon monoxide to the adjacent lattice, and a slow reaction to extract oxygen from the lattice.
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 527-533 
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    Notes: The problem of developed turbulent heat or mass transfer in a duct is considered for the limit of large σ (Prandtl or Schmidt number). The limiting results depend on the behavior of the eddy diffusivity near the solid surface. Since there is a question about whether this variation begins with ∊ ∝ y+3 + … or ∊ ∝ y+4 + … for y+ near zero, both possibilities are considered. In each case the first three terms of the asymptotic expansion for σ → ∞ are obtained. The first term of the asymptotic expansion agrees with limiting results derived earlier, while the correction terms indicate the errors associated with earlier simplifying assumptions.By proper scalling, it is demonstrated that in the limit of σ → ∞ the results are independent of geometry and boundary conditions for situations involving parallel plates, circular tubes and concentric annuli with either constant surface heat flux or temperature. The correction terms to the σ → ∞ asymptote can be significant, although the effect of Reynolds number on the correction terms is very small.A comparison between a typical numerical integration and the asymptotic formula shows excellent agreement. The asymptotic formulae are used to correlate large Schmidt number mass transfer data.
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 861-864 
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 867-869 
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 870-872 
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 877-877 
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 879-879 
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. i 
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 774-779 
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    Notes: A general algorithm for the solution of both singular and bang-bang control problems is presented. The algorithm utilizes a limiting process and the solution of a constrained linear-quadratic control problem. The algorithm is applied to problems with both fixed and nonfixed final times. General numerical results for several linear system examples are presented, and two minimum time examples are discussed in detail.
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 786-791 
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    Notes: The inertial interception mechanism of particle-fiber collision in fibrous filters is described. The main mechanisms by which particles are retained in filters together with the effect of a number of operating parameters are discussed. The effect of particle size, gas velocity, relative humidity, and filter loading on the retention efficiency of large particles (〉 5μ) is investigated experimentally.
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 1086-1086 
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. i 
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 1196-1207 
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    Notes: An algorithm was developed for the finite-difference computation of hydrodynamic stability and natural convection in non-Newtonian fluids heated from below. Test calculations were carried out for fluids whose viscosity characteristics are described by the Ostwald-de Waele (power-law) and Ellis models and for roll-cells with both rigid and dragless vertical boundaries. The effects of time-step and grid-size were tested thoroughly. The results were found to be independent of the assumed initial state. The computed values of the Nusselt number and the critical Rayleigh number for Newtonian fluids agree well with prior experimental results. The computations for the Ostwald-de Waele model indicate that the approximate solution of Tien, Tsuei, and Sun may underestimate the critical Rayleigh Number.
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 928-934 
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    Notes: Mass transfer into dilute polymeric solutions was studied by using a short wetted-wall column. Oxygen was absorbed into thin films of water and aqueous polymeric solutions. The polymer systems studied included dilute solutions of carboxymethylcellulose, polyethylene oxide, Carbopol, and Cyanamer. All of the above systems were moderately non-Newtonian with power law indexes less than unity. Methocel (a Newtonian fluid with a power law index of one) was also studied. The flow of liquid films was well within the laminar flow regime.The rheological properties of these solutions as well as equilibrium solubility of oxygen in these solutions were determined. In all of the polymer systems studied except Polyox the equilibrium so ubility of oxygen decreased with an increase in polymer concentration. In Polyox solutions, however, the equilibrium solubility of oxygen increased with an increase in polymer concentration.For all of the systems investigated (including Polyox) the mass transfer coefficient for absorption of oxygen at a given flow rate decreased with an increase in polymer concentration. The mass transfer coefficient was highest for water at all flow rates.The diffusivity of oxygen in all of the systems considered except Polyox was lower than that in water. This was attributed to the increased viscosity of the polymeric solutions. The diffusivity of oxygen in Polyox solutions was higher than it was in water. This was found to be due to the complex chemical reactions which occur in this system. In all of the pseudoplastic systems studied the diffusivity of oxygen increased with increasing wall shear rate (decreasing viscosity).
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 881-892 
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    Notes: The ideas and techniques discussed in Part I of this ReviewPart I of this paper was published in the July, 1972, AIChE Journal. are extended to the modeling of nonlinear lumped and distributed systems. Troublesome numerical and computational difficulties are examined, and recommendations for the alleviation of these difficulties are made. Particular emphasis is placed on the stability of system models constructed with the Tether method. Highly successful modeling of realistic systems are presented numerically.
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 913-922 
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    Notes: The combination of optimization theory and thermodynamics was used to develop a fast, reliable computerized procedure for predicting or representing multicomponent liquid-liquid phase equilibrium. Both the Renon and Black activity coefficient equations were compared with experimental data using the procedure. Experimental data for three quarternary systems from the literature were examined. Prediction of ternary data from binary data is not very reliable, although ternary data can nearly always be represented by adjustment of the predicted binary constants. Quarternary data can be predicted from accurate ternary representations of similar species provided the additional compound is from the same family group. The Renon equation is recommended rather than the Black equation.
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 935-940 
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    Notes: Contact angles are reported for the azeotropic systems n-propanol-water and benzene-cyclohexane measured under distillation conditions at total reflux over a pressure range 50 to 760 torr on both copper and polytetrafluoroethylene surfaces. The influences of the solid surfaces, the surface tension positive and negative nature of the liquids, together with the changes accompanying the azeotropic shift with pressure on the wettability, have been established and shown to conform with wetting theory.
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 958-967 
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    Notes: Mass transfer to the base of an unbaffled cylindrical tank which is agitated by an axially-mounted impeller is studied experimentally and theoretically. Measured local mass transfer coefficients vary with radial position and fall within theoretical bounds derived for the case of a fluid undergoing solid body rotation above the boundary layer on the base. Average mass transfer coefficients and torque delivered to the base are fitted by consistent theoretical expressions, and an empirical correlation is developed for calculating the average liquid phase mass transfer coefficient.
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 984-989 
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    Notes: A Markov chain model was used to model the axial mixing of solid particles in a motionless mixer having no moving parts. One step transition probabilities were determined experimentally for the model. Based on these transition probabilities, the model was able to predict spatial distribution of tracer particles up to seven steps of the Markov chain, which was equivalent to seven consecutive passes of the mixture through the mixer. Experimental results were in good agreement with those predicted from the Markov chain model.
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 1015-1019 
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    Notes: The basic difficulty in membrane separations has always been their inherent slowness, resulting in high area requirements. Thus fine-bore tubing becomes of considerable interest. Studies showed that some materials will expand appreciably and reversibly and gas flow rates which are multiples of those in the unexpanded condition can be obtained.
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 1068-1069 
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 1073-1076 
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 1077-1079 
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 1082-1083 
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 1060-1061 
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 1063-1065 
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 1086-1086 
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 1087-1087 
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 1087-1087 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 1089-1106 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This review paper surveys the state-of-the-art of resource recovery from municipal, primarily residential, refuse. Unfortunately, progress in effecting the actual installation of full-sized recovery facilities has been minimal. The work that has been done has been beset with technical, and more often, economic difficulties. However, the rising cost of traditional means of disposal may allow new systems to become economically competitive. Past research development efforts hold out promise of success and the nation may see the application of efficient technological solutions that in some localities will actually reduce the cost of refuse disposal below that of traditional means.
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 1116-1120 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: Microemulsions, which are optically transparent oil-water dispersions, were spontaneously produced upon mixing hexadecane, hexanol, potassium oleate, and water in specific proportions. The drop-volume measurements of hexadecane-water interface in the presence of hexanol or potassium oleate revealed that these surfactants decrease the interracial tension of the hexadecane/water interface. It is proposed that the interaction between these two emulsifiers at the oil-water interface causes spontaneous negative interfaical tension resulting in interfacial instability and the formation of microemulsions.As the amount of water is increased, the microemulsion exhibits a clear to turbid to clear transition. Unlike the clear regions, the turbid region possesses birefringence. The development of birefringence is also accompanied by a sharp decrease in electrical resistance. High-resolution (220 Mc) nuclear magnetic resonance data suggest that water exists in two distinct environments or structures in the birefringent region. The electrical, birefringence, and nuclear magnetic resonance data agree with the proposed mechanism of phase-inversion of microemulsions, which can be described as water spheres to water cylinders to water lamellae to a continuous water phase. The spontaneous formation of such structures (for example, water cylinders and lamellae) presumably depends upon the phase-volume ratio and the interfacial tension at the oil-water interface.
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 1139-1147 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: Generalized depletion curves for desorption (and breakthrough curves for adsorption) were calculated for a system characterized by the Langmuirtype equilibria and controlled by a film type rate model. The depletion points generally appear sooner than the corresponding breakthrough points, and the desorption profiles are significantly broader than the corresponding adsorption curves. These phenomena may be best explained in terms of the prevailing driving forces. The effects of adsorbate properties and operating variables (inlet composition and flow rate) were established and experimentally substantiated.
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 1154-1163 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: This experimental study shows effects of anionic and cationic surface active agents on mass transfer during drop formation, fall, and coalescence for both continuous and disperse phase-controlled systems. Three dispersion nozzles, mounted with 1.906 cm equilateral pitch, and a 5.08 cm I.D. extraction column were used to simulate certain conditions in commercial liquid-liquid extraction units.The surfactant effects on extraction were pronounced, frequently reducing transfer to 10% of that in uncontaminated systems, with marked minima at intermediate concentrations of surfactant. In contrast, the continuous phase coefficient during coalescence was substantially increased by surfactants, with maxima in some cases.
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 1184-1189 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: This investigation demonstrates the advantages of an improved expression for intermolecular repulsions in equations of state. A highly accurate equation of state for the rigid-sphere fluid is used as the model of repulsion behavior in real fluids. A method for general usage of this new rigid-sphere equation in real fluid models is presented via reformulation of van der Waal's equation using the accurate new rigid-sphere equation to describe repulsion effects. To test this reformulation, properties of methane, ethane, propane, n-butane, isobutane, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen, ethylene, acetylene, methyl chloride, cyclohexane, pentane and octane have been calculated. The advantage of using the accurate rigid-sphere equation was demonstrated by the general improvement in calculated properties relative to the original van der Waals and Redlich-Kwong equations. Calculations of enthalpy departures for mixtures of nitrogen and methane, propane and methane, pentane and cyclohexane, and pentane and octane also indicated the desirability of using the accurate rigid-sphere equation to describe repulsion effects in mixtures.
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 1189-1195 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: The angular light intensity distribution (ALID) at the surface of several elliptical reflector-photoreactors was determined experimentally using the optically dense potassium ferrioxalate actinometer. The distributions were well correlated by the model \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$I_w (\theta) = \overline {I_w } [1 + \beta \cos \theta]$$\end{document} The correlating parameter β was a function of the ratio of the light source and photoreactor tube diameters.The theoretical effect of ALID on reactor performance was determined for a reaction which proceeded via direct absorption by the reactant. The ALID effect on performance was most pronounced under conditions of high optical densities and low radial mixing rates of reactant.
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 1212-1219 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: The fixed bed binary gas adsorber, when alternately fed and exhausted at one end, produces a purified product from the other end. Coupled partial differential equations in pressure and composition, representing total mass and component balances with local equilibrium, describe the operation. The Maximum Principle is applied to determine the optimal cyclic unsteady feed policy for the balanced objectives of product purity and quantity. The sequence (maximum feed, no flow, maximum exhaust) is optimal. The experimental optimum is close to the calculated optimum. Dimensional analysis is used to determine parametric effects.
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 1239-1243 
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    Notes: A statistical mechanical solution theory is used as the basis for corresponding states formulations. Universal functions relate the compressibility to the reduced density and the partial molar volume to reduced solvent density only. Correlations are in good agreement with data for all types of nonelectrolytes over wide ranges of temperatures including saturated and compressed systems. The correlations provide simple methods for describing the isothermal pressure dependence of liquid volumes and the pressure dependence of the ideal-solution solubility of gases in liquids.
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 1255-1257 
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 1257-1260 
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 1261-1262 
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 1262-1263 
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 1264-1265 
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 1265-1268 
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 1268-1271 
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 1272-1274 
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 1274-1276 
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 1277-1277 
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 1278-1278 
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 1279-1280 
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 1280-1280 
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972) 
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 13-20 
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    Notes: The effect of side-wall friction on the uniformity of packing of beds in compression-permeability cells is examined. A large portion of pressure applied to the top of a compressible bad is absorbed in wall friction, resulting in a nonuniformly packed bed. A simplified analysis of wall friction and its effect on porosity and permeability is presented.All experimenters involived in flow through porous media are urged to examine the effects of stress distribution on the structure and uniformity of the packing. In general, compressible beds of small particles will be strongly affected by the walls.
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 31-39 
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    Notes: The effect of solids loading ratio, particle size, and gas Reynolds number on the pressure drop and flow characteristics of a dilute gas-solid suspension in turbulent pipe flow has been studied experimentally in both vertical and horizontal test sections. Glass beads of 10 to 60μ diameter were used at air Reynolds numbers of 10,000 to 25,000 and solids loading ratios of up to 2.5 Drag reduction was observed in the vertical test section for all of the particles studied, with the 30μ particles yielding a maximum drag reduction of about 75% at a loading ratio of 1.5. In the horizontal test section, drag reduction was observed only with the smallest sized particles, indicating a gravity effect. An explanation of these results based on the particles interacting with the turbulent structure of the gas near the wall has been proposed.
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 48-51 
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    Notes: The sorption isotherms are reported for the β-soluble anhydrite form of calcium sulfate (Drierite) exposed to moist air at one atmosphere total pressure and 90, 100, 125, 150, 175, and 200°F. A concentration-temperature coordinate has been identified which when plotted against the amount sorbed caused all isotherms to collapse into a single sorption therm. The latter has been fit by a three-term expression based on a combination of sorption theories. A graphical comparison is made between a curve calculated from the analytical expression and actual experimental datum points.Curve fitting was done by machine and involved minimizing the square of the deviations. Maximum deviations up to 4% are experienced in the high range. In the low range these tend to increase but so do the experimental errors.
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 90-93 
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    Notes: A new computational algorithm for the estimation of parameters in ordinary differential equations from noisy data is presented. The algorithm is computationally faster than quasilinearization because of the reduction of the number of ordinary differential equations that must be solved at each iteration. A modification is also presented to remove ill-posedness. The algorithm is illustrated on a simple example.
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 102-110 
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    Notes: A linearized stability analysis has been applied to a fluid flowing in a gravity field between horizontal planes in Couette flow under conditons such that the temperature of the bottom plane exceeds that of the top. It is shown that, under conditions likely to be encountered with polymer solutions, oscillatory instabilities will not be controlling. Criteria are offered for ascertaining when an analysis based upon a second-order fluid model may be expected to yield physically meaningful results. It is also shown that for the fluid model considered, critical conditions for stability are not changed when disturbances which vary in the flow direction are substituted for those which are a function of the coordinate transverse to the flow.
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 122-127 
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    Notes: The relationship between drop size and location in an agitated liquid-liquid system was investigated, with a new sampling method in which the dispersion was sampled in a specially designed trap and immediately encapsulated by a polymer film. The liquid-liquid system used was water and a mixture of isooctane and carbon tetrachloride with a density closed to that of the water. Dispersed phase holdup was varied from 0.025 to 0.34 volume fraction.For this system, which has low mutual sulubility and high interfacial tension, there is almost no dependence of drop size on location for the mixing geometries studied. This was due to the fact that the coalescence rate is low compared to the circulation time. An increase in impeller speed and drop size decreased the coalescence rate while an increase in holdup increased it.The mean drop diameter was related to the Weber number and holdup by an equation. By comparison of mean drop diameters obtained using different impellers, it was shown that the criterion of equal power per volume can be used for estimating drop size when going from one mixing geometry ot another, not too different, geometry at moderate impeller speeds.
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 146-149 
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    Notes: A variational method has been used to study the entrance and exit effects in a falling cylinder viscometer for creeping and noncreeping flow. The computed result indicate solution convergence for NRe less than 100 and agree with experiment within ± 0.5% for NRe less than 25.
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    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 155-160 
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    Notes: An experimental study was made of radiative transfer through a plane-parallel enclosure of micron-sized, sphercal aluminim oxide particles and flake-like graphit particles. By suspending the particles in both carbon tetrachloride and carbon disulfide, transmission measurements were made at wave lengths from 2 to 11 microns with both collimated and diffuse incident radiation. In correlating the diffuse results, the two-flux model was rearranged so that the cloud transmission was experessed in terms of two cloud scattering parameters. The values of the scattering parameters as determined from the data were correlated with the properties of the cloud.
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