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  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (2,092)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1970-1974  (2,092)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1970  (2,092)
Collection
Years
  • 1980-1984
  • 1970-1974  (2,092)
  • 1965-1969
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 22 (1970), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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  • 2
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 22 (1970), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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  • 3
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 22 (1970), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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  • 4
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 22 (1970), S. 0 
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    Topics: Economics
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  • 5
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 1 (1970), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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  • 6
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 1 (1970), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Problem areas currently receiving attention in the literature are discussed. It is suggested that considerable effort will be needed before much of the theory will be translated into practice. In certain areas it is argued that methods which have been proposed in the past have not been based on adequate descriptions of the real problems. A plea is made for more research into the research process and for more empirical testing and validation of the methods and procedures which have been proposed as aids to research managers.
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  • 7
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 22 (1970), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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  • 8
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 22 (1970), S. 0 
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    Topics: Economics
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  • 9
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 22 (1970), S. 0 
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    Topics: Economics
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  • 10
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 22 (1970), S. 0 
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  • 11
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 22 (1970), S. 0 
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  • 12
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 22 (1970), S. 0 
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  • 13
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 22 (1970), S. 0 
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    Topics: Economics
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  • 14
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 22 (1970), S. 0 
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  • 15
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 22 (1970), S. 0 
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    Topics: Economics
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  • 16
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 22 (1970), S. 0 
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  • 17
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 22 (1970), S. 0 
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  • 18
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 1 (1970), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9310
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    Topics: Economics
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  • 19
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 1 (1970), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In recent years, the emphasis in studies of Science and Technology has shifted from a discussion of the production of scientific and technical ideas to concern over the implementation of utilization of these ideas. Among other things, this has led to the realization that the role played by individual innovators forms a key part of the technological innovation process.
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  • 20
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 1 (1970), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: A research planning diagram notation is introduced. It is based on computer programming flow charts and has a number of advantages over the conventional arrow diagram method. The notation lends itself to a straightforward quantitative analysis which yields probabilistic time and cost information in a form suitable for use in project planning, selection or control. Two current research programmes are examined as illustrations of RPD methods.
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  • 21
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 1 (1970), S. 0 
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    Topics: Economics
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  • 22
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 1 (1970), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper describes the application of a linear programming model to project selection and resource allocation problems in two industrial R & D laboratories. Mathematical models have not been widely used in practice because of the inherent uncertainty of research. The model discussed here yields information about the outcome of decisions under conditions of uncertainty. The elements of the model are developed, using simple examples, and the form of the complete model outlined. Benefit evaluation is carried out using probabilistic networks and uncertainty in benefits included by utilizing the concept of certainty equivalence. The use of the model in practical situations is discussed, with examples of the information obtained from the solution, and sensitivity studies to investigate the uncertain environment are described. The result is a flexible model, which produces information necessary for planning purposes and which is acceptable to practising R & D Managers.
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  • 23
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 1 (1970), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Communication networks in R & D laboratories are shown to have structural characteristics, which when properly understood can be employed to more effectively maintain the laboratories' personnel abreast of technological developments. Informal relations and physical location are shown to be important determinants of this structure. Informal relations can be developed through formation of project teams and intergroup transfers and loans. The effect of physical location on communications is especially strong and should be given serious consideration when designing research facilities.
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  • 24
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 1 (1970), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Numerous models have been put forward in the literature for the selection and evaluation of projects, many of which are based on optimizing the return on investment by the company in R & D projects. This is a noble aim but in practice the financial data available are often of dubious accuracy and so many other factors are involved in actually adopting a portfolio of selected projects that project selection often becomes a theoretical exercise. It is suggested that the selection of projects is in essence the adoption of a strategy which is within the policy and long-term aims of the company and also within the policy and scientific development of the R & D part of the company. Such a strategy is usually sub-optimum for both the company and the R & D division, as it is a compromise between a desire for high pay-back investments by the company and the maintenance of a scientifically balanced R & D involving some long-term, unknown return, investments. A method is currently being experimented with by Unilever Research which illustrates where conflicts arise between the policy of the main company and that of research, and assists management in arriving at a strategy which most closely fulfils the needs of both policies. Both the concept of the method and its practical use are described in this paper.
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  • 25
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    R & D management 1 (1970), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The commonly recommended network approach to project monitoring and scheduling can make very useful, detailed contributions to individual projects. However, it has not yet been adequately developed to deal with a large number of projects, particularly where considerable uncertainties are involved. To try to overcome this weakness an attempt has been made to use a project model that is so simple that it can easily be handled in large numbers. Although details of individual projects are lost, considerable benefit can be obtained from analyses of the resulting, collective data. This approach has been used successfully for some time to present project programmes and progress with the work in an engineering development laboratory and is currently being extended to assist with multi-project scheduling.
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  • 26
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 1 (1970), S. 0 
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    Topics: Economics
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  • 27
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    Growth and change 1 (1970), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 28
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    Growth and change 1 (1970), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article: URDAPIC in Chile Urban and Regional Development in Chile: A Case Study of Innovative Planning by John Friedmann. African Land Studies “The Land to Those Who Work It”: Algeria's Experiment in Workers' Management by Thomas L. Blair. Asia's Problems Issues in the Future of Asia: Communist and Non-Communist Alternatives, edited by Richard Lowenthal. Federal Programs Evaluated Federal Training and Work Programs in the Sixties by Sar A. Levitan and Garth L. Mangum. Urban Picture Change and Renewal in an Urban Community: Five Case Studies of Detroit by Eleanor Paperno Wolf and Charles N. Lebeaux, together with Shirley Terreberry and Harriet Saperstein. Poverty in the United States Perspectives on Poverty, Vol. 1, On Understanding Poverty: Perspectives from the Social Sciences, edited by Daniel P. Moynihan. Optimistic Approach to Poverty The Longest Mile by Rena Gazaway. The Have-Nots The War on the Poor by Clarence B. Carson. RX For 1984 The Second Genesis: The Coming Control of Life by Albert Rosenfeld. Child Development The Psychology of the Child by Jean Piaget and Barbel Youthful Dissidents The Binking of a Counter Culture: Reflections on the Technocratic Society and Its Youthful Opposition by Theodore Roszak. Feminism's First Century The Woman Movement: Feminism in the United States and England by William L. O'Neill. How Labor Campaigns Labor in American Politics by J. David Overview of Power Power by Adolf A. Berle. Imperialism's Problems The Lords of Human Kind: Black Man, Yellow Man, and White Man in an Age of Empire by V. G. Kiernan. Environmental Design The Landscape We See by Garrett Eckbo. De Mortuis Nil… Man's Concern with Death by Arnold Toynbee and others
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  • 29
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    Growth and change 1 (1970), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 30
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    Growth and change 1 (1970), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article: A Realistic Character Sketch The Unrevolutwnary Society: The Power of Latin American Consewatism in a Changing World by John Mander. Concerning Our Neighbors The Latin Americans by Victor Alba. Economic Venturers The Colombian Entrepreneur in Bogota by Aaron Lipman. Economic Experiences Economic Interdependence in Southeast Asia, edited by Theodore Morgan and Nyle Spoelstra. Soviet Interference The Struggle for the Middle East: The Soviet Union in the Mediterranean, 1958–1968 by Walter Laqueur. The Arabs and Israelis The Birth of Israel: The Tousled Diplomatic Bed by Herbert Feis Cuba's Students University Students and Reuolution in Cuba, 1920–1968 by Jaime Suchlicki Political Attitudes The Conservative Tradition in American Thought, edited by Jay A. Sigler. A New Approach The Roots of the Modem American Empire: A Study of the Growth and Shaping of Social Consciousncss in a Marketplace Society by William Appleman Williams. Why Programs Haven't Worked Economic Development: The Cultural Context by Thomas R. de Gregori and Oriol Pi-Sunyer. Praise for Lasswell Politics, Personality, and Social Science in the Twentieth Century: Essays in Honor of Harold D. Lasswell, edited by Arnold A. Rogow. Human Creativity The Right to Create by Judith Groch. From the Beginning The Human Zoo by Desmond Morris. Watts Revisited Watts: The Aftermath, edited by Paul Bullock. Plain Talk Money by Lawrence S. Ritter and William L. Silber. Distribution of Federal Grants Sharing Federal Funds for State and Local Needs: Grants-in-Aid and PPB Systems by Selma J. Mushkin and John F. Cotton Managing Gotham Governing the City: Challenges and Options for New York, edited by Robert H. Connery and Demetrios Caralay
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    Growth and change 1 (1970), S. 0 
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    Growth and change 1 (1970), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article: Ecology And Planning Design with Nature by Ian L. McHarg. The Pitfalls Of Planning Community and Regional Planning: Issues in Public Policy by Melvin R. Levin. Facets Of Regional Planning Regional Planning: Challenge and Prospect, edited by Maynard M. Hufschmidt. Taylor Retailored Students Without Teachers: The Crisis in the University by Harold Taylor. Educational Challenge If Teachers Were Free by Richard Renfield. Educational Struggle Confrontation at Ocean Hill-Browmville; The New York School Strikes of 1968, edited by Maurice R. Berube and Marilyn Gittell. Education In Latin America Education, Human Resources, and Development in Latin America by United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America Fight Against Poverty The Great Society's Poor Law: A New Approach to Poverty by Sar A. Levitan. Parry And Riposte Monetary vs. Fiscal Policy by Milton Friedman and Walter W. Heller. Nature's Going, Going … What's Left: Reports on a Diminishing America by Berton Rouechk Indian Vignette The Cofer Dams by Kamala Markandaya. Post-Independence Africa French-speaking Africa Since Independence by Guy de Lusignan From Paganism To Christianity The Conversion of Western Europe, 350–750, edited by J. N. Hillgarth. Twentieth-Century History Contemporay History in Europe: Problem and Perspectives, edited by Donald C. Watt. Geiger's Sociology On Social Order and Mass Society: Selected Papers, Theodor Geiger, edited by Renate Mayntz. Community And Crisis Brozunsville: The Birth, Development and Passing of a Jewish Community in New York by Alter F. Landesman.
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  • 40
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    Industrial relations journal 1 (1970), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2338
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Although merchant shipping is one of our major industries, there has hitherto been little study of labour relations on board ship. This personal account of social and industrial relationships amongst the deck crew of the Queen Elizabeth provides a basis for future research.
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    Industrial relations journal 1 (1970), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: What determines a man's attitude to redundancy? Previous assumptions that financial considerations are the most important influence are questioned by this study, which indicates that, in some instances at least, reactions to redundancy are primarily conditioned by the structural characteristics of the immediate work environment.
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Companies tend to make changes in their training methods in an economic vacuum: little attention is paid to evaluating the benefits to be derived from a change in relation to the costs involved. In this article operator training is treated as an investment, and the cost of the investment and the returns on the investment are analysed to demonstrate how individual firms can approach the question of evaluating the benefits of training. There may even be cases, the author points out, where the ‘sitting next to Nellie’ approach is the best economic proposition.
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Research into some of the social/psychological factors in union management negotiations at plant level indicate that the party with the stronger case is more likely to ‘win’ when negotiating conditions are de-personalised and formal.
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Pre-1914, average union expenditure per head on benefits almost equalled the average wage; today it is only one-twentieth of average earnings. In analysing the trends in benefit patterns, the authors discuss such factors as the low level of expenditure on unemployment benefit, the rising trend of dispute benefit in the 1960's, the run down of superannuation benefits, and the increase in expenditure on sickness and accident, and the increase in contributions to educational programmes. They also consider probable future developments.
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Will the Equal Pay Act result in increased or decreased employment of women? How inflationary will it be and how much will individual firms suffer? Will it be easily evaded? Will it attack the fundamental problem of inequality of opportunity for women? These are some of the questions which the authors attempt to answer.
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Problems encountered in introducing a new pay scheme led one company to experiment with the use of joint working parties as a means of implementing major changes. Their experiences proved that, if properly handled, working parties can make an invaluable contribution to joint problem-solving over a wide area.
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Book reviews in this article: The Affluent Worker in the Class Structure by John H. Goldthorepe, David Lockwood, Frank Bechhoffer and Jennifer Platt. Workers' Participation in Management: Expectations and Experience by J. Y. Tabb and A. Goldfarb. British Trade Unions and the Problem of Change by Will Paynter, Co-ownership, Co-operation and Control: an Industrial Objective by P. Derrick and J. F. Phipps. Workshop Wage Determination by Shirley W. Lerner, John R. Cable, and S. Gupta. British Management and Thought—A Critical Analysis by John Child Shop Stewards in British Industry by J. F. B. Goodman and T. G. Whittingham. Challenge and Response: W. E. A. East Midland District, 1919–1969 A. John Allaway.
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: An analysis of the role of trade unions in a democratic society and the problems of overcoming the general apathy of members leads the author to suggest ways of increasing participation in union activities.
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    Notes: Book reviewed in this article: Urbanism The New City, edited by Donald Canty. Determinants of Spending Metropolitan City Expenditures: A Comparative Analysis by Roy W. Bahl. Washington and Vietnam Anatomy of Error: The Inside Story of the Asian War on the Potomac, 1954–1969 by Henry Brandon. Postwar Prescription Alternative in Southeast Asia by Eugene R. Black. Communist Crisis War Between Russia and China by Harrison E. Salisbury. Bear in Wolfe's Clothing An Ideology in Power: Reflections on the Russian Revolution by Bertram D. Wolfe. Maintaining Capitalism The State in Capitalist Society by Ralph Miliband. Architect of Foreign Affairs Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department by Dean Acheson. Increasing Nationalism Ideologies and Utopias: The Impact of the New Deal on American Thought by Arthur A. Ekirch, Jr. The Elephants Republicans and Labor, 1919–1929 by Robert H. Zieger. Agricultural Colonies Land Development and Colonization in Latin America: Case Studies of Peru, Bolivia, and Mexico by Craig L. Dozier. Regional Prosperity Britain and the Onset of Modernization in Brazil, 1850–1914 by Richard Graham. Agrarian Settlements Moshava, Kibbutz, and Moshav: Patterns of Jewish Rural Settlement and Development in Palestine by D. Weintraub, M. Lissak, and Y. Azmon. Foreign Aid, German Style The Human Dimension of Technical Assistance: The Germun Experience at Rourkela, India by Jan Bodo Our Schools Are Failing The Classroom Disaster by Leslie A. Hart. Experimental Poverty Program The Devil Has Slippery Shoes: A Biased Biography of the Child Development Group of Mississippi by Polly Greenberg Research Is the Answer Race and the Social Sciences, edited by Irwin Katz and Patricia Gurin. What Man Might Become The Divine Animal: An Exploration of Human Potentiality by Roger W. Wescott. Classicism Championed Architecture and Society: Selected Essays of Henry Van Brunt, edited by William A. Coles.
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    Notes: This evaluation of Herzberg's theory of motivation discusses its ambiguities and the influence of the tendency for people to give “socially desirable” answers. Evidence from the authors' experiments suggests that the theory is untenable as a description of the structure of job attitudes and the determinants of job satisfaction and dissatisfaction. The authors acknowledge that a policy of job enrichment derived from the application of the theory would be likely to promote satisfaction and allay dissatisfaction. A concise summary of their analysis and conclusions is given at the end of the article.
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    Notes: The fact that the Conservative Party won the general election in June means that its policy for the reform of the British system of industrial relations is now of immediate relevance to all who are concerned with that system—either as practitioners or as students. The industrial relations policies of the Conservatives have been tossed about in public debate and, in the process, may have lost some of their clarity. It would seem to us, therefore, that it is both important and relevant to examine exactly what the Conservative Party has said in its policy document, Fair Deal at Work,1 and what major points were added at the Party's Conference last year.
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    Notes: Productivity Agreements and Wage Systems D. T. B. North and G. L. Buckingham The New Bargainers: A Symposium on Productivity Bargaining edited by B. Towers and T. G. Whittingham Collective Bargaining edited by Allan Flanders Economics of Wages and Labour by L. C. Hunter and D. J. Robertson Personnel Management: A Management Science Approach edited by Greenlaw and Smith Manpower Problems and Policies: Full Employment and Opportunity for All edited by John A. Delehanty Redundancy Payments (2nd Edition) by H. Samuelsand M. Stewart-Pearson The Trade Unions-What are They? by Tony Van den Bergh
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    Notes: On a small scale, collective agreements are already legally binding in Ireland. A look at their operation and effectiveness gives some indication of what might happen if Conservative proposals become law in this country.
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    Notes: Book reviews in this article: Form and Content in Industrial Democracy: Some Experiences from Norway and other European Countries by F. E. Emery and Einar Thorsrud. Human Engineering by Lord Robens. Employment Grievances and Disputes Procedures in Britain by K. W. Wedderburn and P. L. Davies. Human Relations at Work: The Dynamics of Organizational Behaviour by Keith Davis. Managements and Unions-The Theory and Reform of Industrial Relations by Allan Flanders. Statistical Methods by Harold Lucas. The Growth of WhiteCollar Unionism by George Sayers Bain. Imaginative Management Control by Ronald Ogden.
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    Notes: This article summarises some of the more important economic options open to the Government. The author is especially critical of the incomes policy approach and of the exaggerated fears of inflation which exist in many quarters. He suggests alternative policy options and concludes that a certain amount of inflation should be regarded as an integral part of the system, and that it should be institutionalised with appropriate allowance for its interanal and external harmful effects.
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    Notes: This article presents the results of a study of distributions of wage rates in approximately 250 trades, comprising 225,000 workers, in Copenhagen in the second quarter of 1951. It examines particularly the effects of heterogeneity within trades and aggregation upon the resulting distributions, both for individual trades and for all trades combined. Separate distributions are studied for men and women, for skilled and unskilled, and for three types of institutional wage payment systems.
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    Notes: This paper introduces two special issues of the Review devoted to income distribution theory and its empirical implementation. Most of the papers that will appear in these two issues were prepared for a special session on income distribution held during the Eleventh General Conference of the International Association for Research in Income and Wealth, held at Nathanya, Israel, in August 1969. The present issue contains theoretical papers; the following one will present more empirical work. This introductory paper is intended to indicate the relationships among the papers that follow, and to suggest possible future directions for work in this area. In the latter connection, the author discusses the use of microanalytic models applied to microdata sets dealing with individuals and households.
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    Notes: A positive theory of income distribution based on assumptions concerning the supply of and demand for each type of productive service is presented. The demand function of the organizers of production may be derived from the maximization of profits with the income scale and the production function as restrictions. A normative theory based on the maximization of a social utility or welfare function is also considered. In the normative theory, production functions and balance equations (some representing compartmentalization of factor markets) are introduced as restrictions and again an income scale results, this time maximizing social welfare. Empirical testing is also considered. The positive theory was developed in part to take into consideration the fact that personal income distributions can reasonably well be described by log normal distributions, and that skill parameters are often normally distributed. Limited testing of the influence of wealth, intelligence, education, and sex suggest that these account for only a small part of the variance in the income distribution. This suggests the need for further research.
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    Notes: There are both major philosophical and major econometric questions to be faced in the measurement of inequality of income. The scaling of different sizes and types of families can never be unique and may be a function of real income. However, even subjective guesses may be better than doing nothing. Demographic changes, such as the increase in pensioners with the increase in life expectancy, affects the distribution of income, and it seems desirable to estimate the separate effect of their influence. The extent to which the inequality of incomes is reduced by all taxes and benefits combined has remained remarkably constant in the U.K. over the period for which estimates have been made (1937–1967). The progressive effect of all taxes and benefits combined is largely the result of benefits (in cash and kind). The stability in the degree of inequality of original income is much more difficult to explain. A number of factors which reduce or increase inequality can be identified for further analysis.
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    Notes: This paper compares the income distribution of Canada and the United States as well as other characteristics of the population such as the labour force and income trends in the two countries in the post-war years. In both countries family income distributions show similar degrees of inequality and similar movements in real incomes through time. However, an examination of Canadian data suggests that differences do exist in underlying patterns. For example, there are greater earnings differentials between skilled and unskilled workers in Canada than in the United States while on the other hand in the United States greater differences exist between family incomes with heads in different age groups than is the case in Canada.
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    Notes: Capital gains are an important source of personal income in the United States but they are not included in the national accounts or the official estimate of personal income and saving. Individuals report their realized gains for tax purposes but the economic theorist would include both realized and accrued gains in income. National income theorists continue to debate whether capital gains should be included in income but, because of the many conceptual and statistical problems involved in estimating capital gains, no satisfactory estimates have been developed. Consequently, the debate has stayed mainly at the theoretical level. This paper deals with the methodology of estimating accrued capital gains. A simple analytical model is developed to estimate capital gains from data on market value and net acquisitions of an asset but the model can be adapted to incorporate asset prices directly. It is shown that the methods used for estimating accrued gains in the past are special cases of the model proposed in the paper. The model is then used for estimating gains accruing to individuals in the United States on their holdings of corporate stock, real estate and livestock during 1948–1964.During this period accrued gains have amounted to roughly five times the realized gains reported for tax purposes; corporate stock and real estate are the most important sources of capital gains and corporate stock accounts for almost two-thirds of all accrued gains. The paper goes on to examine the implications of these estimates for the existing series on personal income and saving in the United States. The inclusion of accrued gains would increase the variance in the official estimates but personal saving is affected more than personal income. The paper concludes with an evaluation of these results and some suggestions for further research.
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    Notes: In the introduction of the paper, Economic Accounts are defined as a set of statistics useful in economic analysis and region is defined as a province. The paper is divided into four sections the first of which contains a brief historical outline of the development of demands for provincial economic accounts and the Dominion Bureau of Statistics' response to these needs. Apart from a description of the more well-known conceptual difficulties, some of the fundamental problems of the usefulness and applicability of a national accounting framework to the regional scene are discussed. The resource problems of constructing analytically meaningful and reliable as well as spatially reconcilable regional accounts are described.Section II outlines the impact of present policies and problems on the development of regional statistics. It describes the reasons for the Bureau's desire to strengthen its data base in regional terms and the decision to await possible construction of regional accounts till the regional data base has been fleshed out in a more systematic manner. With the development of the latter, the ability, advantages and disadvantages of the provinces undertaking their own estimates must also be more fully explored. The third part of the paper deals with an over-view of work in Canada on provincial accounts carried out by organizations other than the Dominion Bureau of Statistics. Section IV gives a very summary description of the data gaps which exist in presently available regional statistics.
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    Notes: PRIM I is a numerical model which has been extensively used as a basis for an income policy in Norway in recent years. It is a static, cost-push, input-output model. Wage rates, agricultural prices, productivities and world market prices are treated as exogenous variables, and the model derives short-term changes in income shares and in the national price level from changes in these exogenous variables. A key feature of the model is a distinction between “exposed industries” which are subject to strong foreign price competition, and “sheltered industries” which are relatively free of such competition. These two groups of industries are found to react with very different pricing policies in response to increases in costs; furthermore, possibly for technological reasons, the export industries have greater scope than the majority of the sheltered industries for compensating cost increases through productivity gains. These two facts are shown to have important implications for a price and income policy. It is demonstrated, i.a. that the goal of a stable national price level is, in general, inconsistent with the maintenance of stable income shares when exchange rates are kept constant.
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    Notes: In both political discussions and scientific literature the income distribution has come to occupy a central position for the consideration of social welfare and economic equalization. It has been assumed that an individual's income reflects his consumption opportunities and therefore his standard of living or economic welfare. The thesis of this paper is, however, that there are reasons for being quite pessimistic about drawing meaningful conclusions from income distribution data. As illustrated by the use of Swedish data, the distribution of income gives an extremely incomplete picture of the distribution of consumption for a wide variety of definitional and statistical reasons. The distribution of consumption, furthermore, cannot be transformed into a corresponding distribution of welfare, since there is no well defined concept of welfare. The treatment of public consumption in empirical analysis of the distribution of welfare also raises problems. The paper closes with the presentation of the conceptual basis for an alternative to the traditional method of analyzing the distribution of income.
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    Notes: There are serious questions about the social costs and benefits of extending the role of prices in the national accounts. The costs may be greater, and the benefits smaller, than is commonly supposed. Many important uses of price (and other) data do not require that these data be organized within an elaborate—or even any—framework of national accounts. Also, the basic price (and other) data are still too often very scanty and rough. Would it not be better to devote available resources to improving these data rather than trying to force them, prematurely, into an elaborated set of national accounts?
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    Notes: “The whole question of making inter-spatial comparisons between countries is a most complicated and hazardous business” (Mr. Campion); international comparisons of a particular value aggregate between countries present a difficult problem connected with the conversion of national value aggregates into a comparable magnitude. This paper presents an alternative approach in that an internationally comparable value aggregate for each country is prepared by the international average prices of commodities which are determined simultaneously with the partial exchange rates of national currencies to a standard currency. The calculated partial exchange rates are so defined as to reflect the purchasing power of national currencies in respect of the group of commodities selected. Consequently, the resulting value aggregate for international comparison has a quantity dimension, eliminating the effect due to the different purchasing power of national currencies in which original prices are quoted. The other methods of international comparison so far being used by other research workers, such as C. Clerk and M. Gilbert and his associates, are examined in the light of the properties of the present method and the crucial differences are delineated. Using the method proposed, an international comparison is made of the aggregate value of agricultural products for 11 selected countries in the world, with sub-divisions into two regions.
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 16 (1970), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The objective of this paper is to provide a conceptual basis for separating social product and social factor input accounts into price and quantity components. Despite the essential similarity between concepts of real product and real factor input, the measurement of social factor outlay in constant prices is not well established in social accounting practice.Production accounts are constructed for the United States in current and constant prices, including social product and social factor outlay, for the period 1929–1967. The resulting estimates are applied to the measurement of total factor productivity and the study of the responsiveness of product and factor intensities to price changes.
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 16 (1970), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Macroeconomic productivity in Israel is here conceived as comparison of output with factor inputs during given periods, and as creation of sustained capacity out of given resource increments. However, present social accounting practice prevents full implementation of this second approach.In contrast to nine European countries, only one third of the rapid growth rate of Israel in 1950–1965 is “explained” by the “Residual” because of relatively large infrastructural investments and of growth problems. One of these problems is inflationary pressures which caused productivity increases to restrain the rise of product prices by 30 per cent only below the rise of input prices. The real productivity gain accrued, in Israel and in the U.S.A. (1919–1957), nearly fully to labor because unit returns to capital remained constant whereas those to labor sharply rose.Some refinements of the statistical models are attempted by incorporating the utilization rates of labor and capital (for industry); and by measuring product from the uses, instead of from the income, side, adding the differences to the capital shares. This makes distributive factor shares nearly constant as postulated by Cobb-Douglas.In order to get a basis for appraising efficiency in creating long-term capacity, that part of product increments is measured which represents rises of p.c. final domestic uses and changes in the export surplus. This “net margin” formed in Israel one fifth and in the U.S.A. (1889–1913) much less of incremental product. Though in Israel one quarter, and in the U.S.A. over half (in 1919–1953) of the net margin went into sonsumption, large proportions of it presumably actually created human capacity. A comparison of product growth rates with population growth, and of the breakdown of the resulting p.c. product growth rates into full final uses, for Israel and two groups, of developed and less developed countries in the fifties shows, inter-alia, that in the L.D.C. only small proportions of their presumable capacity creation was financed by net capital inflows, thus imposing upon them domestic saving rates which presumably are too high to be sustainable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 16 (1970), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper reports on a study designed to improve the information on income flows and income distribution in the Netherlands national accounts by building a bridge between the national accounts and income tax statistics. The methods used are described in some detail, and the significance of the results obtained is discussed. The figures show rather substantial fluctuations in the share of proprietors relative to that of wage earners. This result is not unexpected, since the share of proprietors is much more sensitive to the level of economic activity, but it does limit the usefulness of the figures for short-run economic policy determination. In the longer run, however, they do show what the development of the average incomes of the various social groups has been, and to what extent government action has contributed to that development.
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