ALBERT

Beschreibung: The chromosome number of 157 species of Angiospermae occurring in the Netherlands is dealt with.

Beschreibung: Name: Wahlenbergia marginata (Thunb.) DC. Monogr. Camp. (1830) 143. Family: Campanulaceae.

Beschreibung: Alangium LAMK.—M. M. J. van Balgooy, Pac. Plant Areas 2: map 72. Complete; Old World, also incl. Indo-Malesia, E. Australia, Pacific (Solomons, New Caledonia, New Hebrides, Fiji); delineated except in Africa and Madagascar, localities indicated only in the Pacific, species density; monograph.

Beschreibung: The Upper Hunter palynological assemblage described includes 54 species, assigned to 29 genera. Seven genera (Scabratisporites, Guttatisporites, Lapposisporites, Pseudogravisporites, Paralundbladispora, Taeniaepollenites and Tubantiapollenites) and 39 species are new; three generic descriptions are emended (Apiculatasporites, Colpectopollis and Angustisulcites) and three new combinations are proposed. Bisaccate pollen grains average 84 %; within this group no Upper Permian elements could be demonstrated. The assemblage is compared with other European Lower and Middle Triassic assemblages; there are no close similarities to assemblages outside Europe.

Beschreibung: In a previous palynological study in Cocoid palms the present authors (Punt and Wessels Boer, 1966) were able to demonstrate a rather strong but not absolute correlation between the pollen types and the staminate flower types within the genus Attalea in the broad sense. The existence of partly apparently primitive, partly very advanced flower types within the otherwise close related group of Geonomoid palms made it worthwhile to investigate the same feature in this group. The Geonomoid palms are usually considered to comprise 7-9 genera of monoecious Arecoid palms which share a large number of characteristics (Burret, 1930; Moore, 1966). The group is very obviously a most natural one. The generic distinctions are mainly based on the flower morphology, notably on differences found in the androeceum and pistil.

Beschreibung: In this preliminary investigation attention was paid to pollen morphology of West-European species of the Rosaceae. Some new terms were used like fastigium, endocingulus etc. The terminology of Iversen and Troels-Smith has been followed in addition to improvements by Erdtman. A key is given to the types and subtypes for the use of pollen analytical investigators. Sanguisorba officinalis appeared to be always 3-colporate and not 6-colporate.

Beschreibung: Previously, the chromosome numbers of some species of Loganiaceae were dealt with (Gadella, 1961, 1962, 1963). The chromosome numbers of 7 species are reported in this paper, of which 4 species, all belonging to the genus Strychnos, had not been investigated cytologically before. The materials, kindly supplied to me by Dr. A. J. M. Leeuwenberg and by Ir. F. Breteler, were collected in the form of seed-samples in the Ivory Coast and in Cameroun. The plants of 2 species originate from botanical gardens. Living material of all species (except for Strychnos lernata Gilg. ex Lwb.) is grown in the botanical garden of Wageningen (WAG). The determination of the chromosome numbers was based on the study of roottipmitoses. Roottips of the plants were fixed in Karpechenko, embedded in paraffin, sectioned at 15 micron and stained according to Heidenhain’s haematoxylin method. The results may be summarized as follows: 1. Nuxia floribunda Benth.: 2n = 38 Origin of the material: S. Africa, obtained from the University of Stellenbosch. Seeds probably collected in the wild. Herbarium material of the mother-plant: J. J. Bos, no. 310 (WAG). Herbarium material of seedling: A. J. M. Leeuwenberg no. 3665 (WAG). References: Gadella (1963): 2n = 38. 2. Strychnos dinklagei Gilg.: 2n = 44 Origin of the material: Ivory Coast, Forêt d’Abouabou, between Abidjan and Grand Bassam. Herbarium material of the mother-plant: R. A. A. Oldeman no. 845 (WAG). Herbarium material of the seedling: A. J. M. Leeuwenberg no. 3561 (WAG). References: Gadella (1963); 2n = 44. 3. Strychnos innocua Del. subsp. innocua: 2n = 44 Origin of the material: Ivory Coast, 16 km S. of Ferkéssédougou. Herbarium material of the mother-plant: A. J. M. Leeuwenberg no. 4435 (ABI, WAG). 4. Strychnos millepunctata Leeuwenberg: 2n= 441) Origin of the material: Ivory Coast, Forêt d’Abouabou, between Abidjan and Grand Bassam. Herbarium material of the mother-plant: J. J. F. E. de Wilde & A. J. M. Leeuwenberg no. 3447 (ABI, WAG). 5. Strychnos samba Duvign.: 2n = 44 Origin of the material: Cameroun, 4 km S. of Nguélémendouka. Herbarium material of the mother-plant: F. J. Breteler no. 2051 (WAG). 6. Strychnos spinosa Lam.: 2n = 44 Origin of the material: obtained from the botanical garden of Groningen, the Netherlands, origin unknown. Herbarium material of cutting: A. J. M. Leeuwenberg no. 3564 (WAG). References: Mangenot and Mangenot (1958): 2n = 44. Miège (1960): 2n = 44. Gadella (1962): 2n = 44. 7. Strychnos ternata Gilg. ex Leeuwenberg: 2n = 44 1) Origin of the material: Cameroun, 27 km from Bertoua on road to Bétaré Oya. Herbarium material of the mother-plant: F. J. Breteler no. 2196 (WAG). Herbarium material of the seedling: F. J. Breteler no. 2994 (WAG). Twenty-one species of the genus Strychnos have been studied up to the present. The following chromosome numbers have been counted: 2n = 24 (3 species, counted by Mohrbutter, 1936); 2n = 44 (16 species); 2n = 88 (2 species). From these data the conclusion may be drawn that the more common basic number of the genus Strychnos is X = 11 or 1 = 22.

Beschreibung: A suitable subtitle for this paper would have been “The rise and fall of a family”. What is usually called the Cyphellaceae is an instructive example of a situation not uncommonly encountered in the current systematics of mycology: a family retained in a traditional sense by some mycologists and considered by them as good a family as any, while others are convinced that it is nothing but a handy bin from which part of the contents has already been taken out and disposed of by scattering it over various groups, but which is still needed for keeping what remains. We do not yet know what to do with this considerable remainder, mainly because the published accounts are inadequate and the species have not yet been scrutinized anew in the light of present-day taxonomic requirements. In order to understand the basic idea of the Cyphellaceae the type species may be briefly introduced. The fact that Cyphella digitalis was originally described as Peziza digitalis is telling, and one could not do better than characterize it as a ‘discomycete’ with basidia, viz. a cup-shaped fruit-body with the hymenium lining the smooth inside or ‘disk’. If one were pressed to form an opinion about its taxonomic position from a dried, not annotated collection and without the aid of the microscope, one would even now, very likely, dispose of it as a discomycete. However, there is little doubt that in nature the cup is directed downward at least when mature, in contradistinction to the average discomycete in which the hymenium containing the asci is directed upward. This difference is a reflection of the two modes of violent spore discharge inherent in the hymenomycetous basidium and ascus; it has been explained through Buller’s well-known researches. The cups in the various species are not always typically cup-shaped; in a number they are more or less tubular or else more flattened and even disk-like.

Beschreibung: La systématique scientifique, qui classe tous les êtres vivants, actuels et fossiles, d’après leurs affinités naturelles ou présumées telles, doit pouvoir donner à chaque taxon un nom stable, permettant de le désigner avec son rang taxonomique et de l’identifier facilement. La nomenclature botanique n’échappe pas à cette exigence et depuis que C. Linné généralisa, en 1753, la nomenclature binominale, le besoin s’est fait sentir de compléter et de préciser, sur le plan international, les principes et les règles établis par l’illustre botaniste suédois.

Beschreibung: Eén van de grote giften van A. A. Pulle, Lanjouw’s voorganger als Hoogleraar in de Bijzondere Plantkunde en de Plantengeographie te Utrecht, was zijn goede keus van medewerkers. Hij kon die keus maken dank zij een andere gift, die van leermeester. Pulle’s stimulerende activiteit als hoogleraar luidde de wedergeboorte in van de Nederlandse plantensystematiek door een stroom van leerlingen waarvan er velen ook nu nog een belangrijke rol spelen in de botanische wereld. Vele van Pulle’s leerlingen uit de eerste tijd moesten Utrecht verlaten omdat er in de twintiger jaren nu eenmaal nog geen sprake was van een redelijk gesalariëerde wetenschappelijke staf. Eén leerling echter werd zo gefascineerd door de vele mogelijkheden die het Utrechtse instituut bood, dat hij bleef, niettegenstaande de soms zeer ongunstige economische en organisatorische omstandigheden. Deze leerling, Lanjouw, toonde reeds toen de taaie volhardendheid die zijn medewerkers en leerlingen in later jaren zo goed leerden kennen en waarderen. Reeds van de eerste jaren van zijn assistentschap aan stonden Lanjouw de idealen voor ogen die hij in de loop van zijn lange loopbaan van assistent tot directeur voor het grootste gedeelte zou weten te realiseren. Deze loopbaan begon toen hij op 1 januari 1926 benoemd werd tot assistent bij de Bijzondere Plantkunde. In het jaar waarin we het feit herdenken dat het veertig jaar geleden is dat Lanjouw verbonden werd aan het Botanisch Museum valt ook de honderdenvijftigste verjaardag van het herbarium. Plantensystematiek is te Utrecht in meerdere of mindere mate beoefend van de stichting van de Universiteit af. Op 30 oktober 1816 echter werd het eerste herbarium voor de Universiteit verworven. In 1966 herdenken we dus eigenlijk twee jubilea. De periode van werkelijk actief systematisch onderzoek is echter veel korter geweest: de korte jaren van Miquel’s werkzaamheid (1859-1871) en de periode die in 1906 begon met de aanstelling van Pulle tot Lector in de plantensystematiek. Pulle gaf, voor het eerst na Miquel, en mede dank zij de stimulerende invloed van Went, een nieuwe stoot aan het plantensystematisch onderzoek in Nederland en wel vooral aan het onderzoek van de tropische flora’s. Een reeks van leerlingen wijdde zich onder zijn leiding aan de studie van de flora’s van Suriname en Nederlands Indië. Het is voldoende hierbij de namen van van Sloten, Lam, van Steenis, en Uittien te noemen om deze ontwikkeling te illustreren. Lanjouw koos voor zijn proefschrift de Surinaamse Euphorbiaceae en het was uit dit werk dat de „Flora of Suriname” voortkwam. Zonder ook maar iets tekort te doen aan de rol van Pulle kan gezegd worden dat van het begin van zijn loopbaan af Lanjouw actief heeft medegewerkt aan de opbouw van het Botanisch Museum en dat hij bij de ontwikkeling van de zo belangrijke „Flora of Suriname” een doorslaggevende rol heeft gespeeld. Zijn dissertatie „The Euphorbiaceae of Suriname” vormde, ten dele, tegelijk de eerste aflevering van de Flora.

Beschreibung: The somewhat peculiar genus Vahlia Thunb. (1782) was formerly regarded as an anomalous member of the Saxifragaceae, but in 1959 it was segregated as the monotypic family Vahliaceae by Dandy (in Hutchinson, Fam. Fl. Pl. ed. 2, 1: 461). The genus includes about three species, all of them highly variable in stature, flower size, and indumentum; this has resulted in the description of more than twenty “species”, whose names now appear in synonymy. This note, however, is chiefly concerned with the generic name, since it appears that Vahlia Thunb. is not correct under the Code and must be replaced by Bistella Adans. (1763). In the synonymy under the new combinations, all the relevant names so far traced are included, but it may well be that an experimental approach to the problem of specific and infraspecific limits and the taxonomic value of the characters hitherto relied upon for differentiation would result in considerable changes. Bistella Adans. (1763) was cited in the form “ Bistella Lippi 243 – Ascyroides Lippi” and the name than fell into abeyance until it was resuscitated by Delile in 1826. He described plants collected by Cailliaud, and identified a number of them with those of Lippi. In particular, he identified Lippi 243 (and 244) with the Cailliaud plant which he named “ Bistella geminiflora Delil. (Descript, des plantes découv. par M. Cailliaud, pl. II. fig. 4). – Ascyroides Lippi (Manusc. nos. 243 et 244).” It must be emphasized that the taxonomic identification of “ Bistella Del.” with Vahlia Thunb. has never been questioned, but the identity of Adanson’s Bistella with Bistella geminiflora Del. has been overlooked; this species, as represented by Lippi’s plant, is the type of the generic name Bistella Adans.

Beschreibung: Among the endemic and sometimes localized genera of the Cruciferae occurring in South America, Mathewsia stands apart as an element of the distinctive desert flora of southwestern Peru and western Chile. As far as present records show, the genus is confined to a relatively narrow strip wholly west of the main Cordillera, not far from the Pacific Ocean. Some species are confined to washes or small arroyos known as quebrades. Others occur as part of the lomas vegetation of western Peru. Populations of the same species occupying different quebradas often differ from each other to a limited degree and in many instances probably little or no gene exchange occurs between them. The intervening dry areas, separating one quebrada from another, are completely unsuited to the growth of Mathewsia and form a natural barrier to the spread of any given population. Thus, with habitats only spottily available, the evolutionary divergence that has resulted in localized species of Mathewsia is readily understandable. One of the real difficulties in studying a group of species inhabiting areas that have been infrequently visited by botanists, is the paucity of available material. Furthermore, unlike some species of Cremolobus (Khanna and Rollins, 1965), the numbers of individuals in a given locality appear to be few and scattered. In some instances, only a single specimen of a given species has been found for study in all of the herbaria consulted. Under these circumstances, the bare essentials of the species are all that can be given and nothing can be said about their variation or distribution. The purpose of this paper is to present, as a first approximation, a taxonomic treatment of Mathewsia that will provide a sound basis for further research on the genus.

Beschreibung: The pollenflora of the browncoal mined in the quarry “Maria Theresia”, Herzogenrath, Western Germany has been investigated. Samples were taken along a section of 12.50 meters at intervals of 50 centimeters. Identifications were made on the basis of form-genera and form-species; this working method gives a broad information on pollen types, but does not relate the fossil pollen types primarily to recent plant taxa. Pollen types which are considered to belong to Betulaceae/Myricaceae make up the biggest part of the pollen assemblages. The construction of a “Composite diagram” for Betulaceae/Myricaceae proved to be useful and might give a better idea on paleoecologic conditions. The stratigraphic position of the browncoal examined is thought to be Lower “Hauptflöz”, possibly Morken or Frimmersdorf Horizont.

Beschreibung: Protium aracouchini (Aubl.) March. var. angustifolium Swart n. var. Folia 1- usque ad 5-juga; interjugum basale petiolo plerumque longius sed interjugis aliis brevius; petioluli breves; foliola oblongolanceolata 7.5-10 cm longa, 2-2.75 cm lata, apicem versus distincte angustata, apice gradatim in acumen lineare sexies usque ad nonies longius quam latius acuminato; nervi sec. utrinque usque ad 20. Holotypus: Lindeman 4504 (U, 078268B).

Beschreibung: Three genera of the Proteaceae belonging to the tribe Grevilleeae occur in the Guianas and Brazil: Roupala, Panopsis, and Euplassa. The microscopical wood structure of one of these genera, Euplassa, has not been described before. Anatomically it proves to be nearly identical with Panopsis which it also resembles in general properties. Roupala differs in several respects. Within the genera differences are not fundamental and chiefly a matter of numbers and dimensions. A key to the genera is given. The relation of these three genera with the two other members of the tribe in South America, Orites and Gevuina, is discussed.

Beschreibung: *Burkill, I.H.: Chapters on the history of botany in India, 1965, xi + 245 pp., 4 portr., 2 maps. Manager of Publications, Government of India Press, Delhi 8. Sh. 12/6, or $ 1.98. It was not necessary to mention that Burkill began compiling this book at the age of 81 to finish it at 93, for, although the last two chapters are miscellaneous in contents, it could as well have been written by a man thirty years younger. Everybody will regret that the book ends at the time Burkill’s own contributions to Indian botany began, notably about 1900. As for the period covered, and that is from the earliest beginnings, the book is a rich store of information. It was published in chanters in the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 4 and has now, after considerable revision by the author, been brought out by the Botanical Survey of India, preceded by an Introduction by Father H. Santapau, the Director, who therein put Burkill’s considerable merits for Indian botany on record.

Beschreibung: The affinity of the Malesian genus Lophopyxis has a checkered history, a survey of which was given by L.B. Holthuis & H.J. Lam, in Blumea 5 (1942) 205-208, fig. 7. It has been referred to Flacourtiaceae, Icacinaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Olacaceae, and Saxifragaceae. Hitherto no attention was paid to the similarity with Gouania in the Rhamnaceae, which it resembles in toothed leaves, presence of stipules, panicled spike-like inflorescences, and the occurrence of tendrils in these.

Beschreibung: Taxonomists working with material collected by the Sarawak Forest Department have often been hard put to decide how to quote numbers. Is the departmental series number preceeded by a letter S, or an F, or would it be best to quote only the collector and the number? I have tried to unravel the history of the Sarawak Forest Department herbarium number series in order to provide a guide to unequivocal citation. This has not been easy, as all collecting books previous to 1951 have disappeared, apparently during the second world war; many of the herbarium collections are now missing at Kuching and Kepong, where most were distributed, for the same reasons, though there seem also to have been large gaps in the series where numbers were never used. What has eventually been brought to light has been a masterpiece of confusion only vied with in complexity by its Sarawakian forbear, the remarkable numbering, or rather lettering, system of Haviland (explained in Kew Bull. 1907, 197— 198).

Beschreibung: Recent collections from the Solomon Islands show that Aphelaria amboinensis (Lev.) Corner is an auriculariaceous fungus of coriaceous consistency, devoid of hymenium, but with the basidia immersed longitudinally in the superficial tissue. Re-named Paraphelaria ambonensis (Lév.) nov. gen., comb, nov., it is a parallel both to Aphelaria and to Tremellodendron.

Beschreibung: A subsp. maingayi praecipue characteribus sequentibus differt: Folia 13 cm longa, 5½ cm lata. Inflorescentiae praecipue axillares, tenerae, 1½—2 cm longae, 3—11-florae, glabrae. Flores 4- vel 5-meri. Calyx heterosepalus, sepala dua 1.2 mm longa, tria 0.8 mm longa, omnia ovata, obtusa, extus glabra, ciliolata, intus sparse adpresse brevepilosa. Corolla 4 mm longa; petala sublibera, lanceolata, acuta, apice papillosa. Filamenta 3 mm longa; antherae deltoideae, ½ mm longae, glabrae, thecis lateraliter longitudinaliter dehiscentibus. Pistillum 2¾ mm altum, glabrum. BORNEO. Sarawak: Bt Mersing, Anap, c. 200 m alt., fl. 24-8-1964, Sibal ak Luang S. 21957 (L, Typus) river bank, 15 ft tall climber with pale yellow flowers.

Beschreibung: In Taxon 10 (1961) 261, a proposal was published to conserve the generic name of the Papuan genus Phyllocharis Diels, 1917, against Phyllocharis Fée, Essai Crypt. (1824) lix, xciv, t. ii, fig. 3 & 7, a name for a genus of Lichens. Fée was the only author who ever recognized it; it was reduced by Montagne about 15 years later and this reduction was accepted by all later lichenologists. As a matter of fact an experienced lichenologist was one of the three botanists who endorsed the proposal by undersigning it. Therefore, no harm would have come from accepting the proposal and this would have been distinctly useful for stabilizing the generic name Phyllocharis in the Campanulaceae, not only for the few botanists working in New Guinea, but for all handbooks and monographs on the family. It is precisely for this purpose that there is the provision in the Rules to conserve generic names. No useful purpose is pursued to drop established names if it is reasonable to maintain them, which I strongly think it is in this case. The proposal has unfortunately been found redundant by the majority of the Subcommittee for Phanerogams (Taxon 12, 1963, 238) and was rejected. This necessitates the creation of a new generic name and the transfer of the epithets. Ruthiella Steen. nom. nov. — Phyllocharis Diels, Bot. Jahrb. 55 (1917) 122, non Fée, 1824; Wimmer, Pfl. Reich Heft 107 (1953) 724; Tuyn, Fl. Mai. I, 5 (1960) 137.

Beschreibung: This is the second book by professor Meeuse on the phylogenetic morphology of the reproductive organs of the Higher Cormophytes. It is superior to the first *, not only in the get-up, but also in providing some more information on the principles of the author. The core is disclosed in: ‘all we can do is to postulate a phylogenetic genealogy, using all available (palaeobotanical) evidence, and build up the evolutionary sequences in the phylogeny of the organs, the semophyleses, along our framework’. And: ‘Typology is to be checked by fossil data’. We meet the method of the New Morphology, as it was started by H. Hamshaw Thomas. The phylogenetic line depicted leads from the Progymnospermopsida Beck through Cycadopsid Gymnosperms towards Angiosperms. It is impossible to distinguish Angiosperms from Gymnosperms. They are specialised Cycadopsid Gymnosperms, exhibiting polyrheitric angiospermic trends, such as angi-ovuly, double fertilisation, dormant embryo phase, flower types, wood vessels, and aperturate pollen. Some groups have not reached the ultimate level in part of these characters.

Beschreibung: Liana dioica (?). Ramuli dense fulvo-tomentosi, glabrescentes, in partibus vetustioribus purpureo-brunnei, passim lenticellati. Folia c. 1 cm longe petiolata, elliptica, 16—20 cm longa, 9—11 cm lata, chartacea, juniora in costa nervisque fulvo-pilosa, matura subglabra, subtus sparse minute glandulosa, basi rotundata parum attenuata, apicem versus gradatim late acuminata, apice ipso obtusa, nervis utroque latere 6—8, curvatis, 2 vel 3 superioribus ante marginem conspicue arcuato-conjunctis. Inflorescentiae breviter (2—5 mm) crasseque pedunculata, ramis 2 scorpioideis c. 1½ cm longis, densifloris, breviter denseque fulvopilosis. Flores unisexuales, gemmis femineis tantum visis. Calyx 5-merus, sepalis 2½—3 mm longis, extus dense fulvo-pilosis, intus sparse appresse breviter pilosis. Petala sat profunde bifida, extus parce appresse pilosa. Staminodia libera, glabra. Disci lobi breves, lati, irregulariter bi- vel trilobati, margine lanati. Ovarium dense fulvo-lanatum, bicarpellatum; stylus 1, brevis, stigmatibus 2 patentibus. Fructus (1-ovulatus) applanato-semiellipsoideus, 20 mm longus, 13 mm latus, 9 mm crassus, dense fulvo-velutinus, sutura lata praedita. Type: Solomon Islands, Treasury Group, Mono Island, T. C. Whitmore BSIP 4175, 28-4-1964 (holotype in L, isotype in BSIP), ‘Secondary forest on rocky sandstone slope behind village. Woody climber with the forest canopy. Flowers cream. Fruits pinkorange, containing a single orange seed.’

Beschreibung: Affinis L. longicauli King & Pantling, a qua tamen differt magnitudine minore totius plantae, racemis brevioribus, labello angustiore lineari-lanceolato, sepalis lateralibus 3—4-plo. longiore ad apicem bifido. Herba terrestris, erecta, gracilis, 6—20 cm alta, radicibus carnosis fibrosis e rhizomate brevi; caulis glaber, 3.5—12.0 cm longus infra folia, 1.0—1.5 mm crassus, unica vagina ornatus ad 2—4 cm supra rhizoma, vagina ca 5 mm longa, ca 2 mm lata. Folia sessilia, ovatocordata, ad apicem acuta, 1.5—3.0 cm longa et lata, membranacea, pallide viridia infra, glabra, tenuiter 5—7-nervia. Racemi 3—8 cm longi, glandulari-puberuli, supportantes flores 4—12, distanter dispositos in axillis bractearum, flore infimo 1—2 cm supra folia. Bracteae florales ovato-acuminatae, glabrae, ovario stipitato breviores. Pedicelli 3—6 mm longi. Flores pallide virides, glabri, 1—2 cm longi. Sepala subaequalia, membranacea. Sepalum dorsale ovato-lanceolatum, erectum, 2.0—2.5 mm longum, ca 1.5 mm latum. Sepala lateralia ovato-lanceolata, subfalcata, paulum reflexa, 3—4 mm longa, 1.5—2.0 mm lata. Petala lineari-lanceolata, angustata, 2.5—2.75 mm longa, 0.8—1.0 mm lata. Labellum amplum, 3—4-plo. longior sepalis lateralibus, lineari-lanceolatum, latum in medio, fastigatum ad utrumque apicem, 3—5-nervium, 8—13 mm longum, 2.0— 2.5 mm latum, membranaceum; apice breviter bifido, lobis anguste obtusis, sinu brevissimo. Columella 2.5—3.0 mm longa, acute curvata ad apicem, rostello brevi, hebete; pollinis 2, pyriformibus. Ovarium ca 4 mm longum, tenuiter obconicum, glabrum. Capsula ca 1 cm longa.

Beschreibung: When revising the acrostichoid genera Bolbitis and Egenolfia from the Old World for my thesis, I came across Acrostichum neglectum F. M. Bail. This species, which was successively transferred to the genera Leptochilus and Campium, has the essential characters of a blechnoid fern. On account of the differences found between A. neglectum and the other blechnoid ferns, it seems necessary to create a new genus to accommodate it, a point of view shared by Prof. Holttum, who gave me valuable advice for this study. I am indebted to Mr L. S. Smith of the Botanic Museum and Herbarium, Brisbane, for the loan of the collections of this species, to Mr J. H. Kern, who kindly helped me with the preparation of the English text, and to Prof. van Steenis for supervising the MS.

Beschreibung: In NW. Borneo thick series of Tertiary sediments occur which are rich in fossil pollen and spores. The majority of these plant microfossils were derived from the various types of tropical lowland vegetation such as mangrove (Muller, 1964), mixed peat swamp forest and mixed Dipterocarp forest. Some pollen types, however, can be traced to microtherm elements in the montane vegetation. As these cannot have migrated through tropical lowlands, their past distribution is of special interest. It is the purpose of this note to review the stratigraphic occurrence of these montane pollen types and discuss briefly the phyto-geographical significance of the data. The sediments which contain the microfossils can be roughly divided in a near coastal and deltaic facies, characterized by alternating shale and sandstone with subordinate coal beds and a marine facies, consisting mainly of shale with subordinate sandstone and limestone beds. The Tertiary sedimentation in the NW. Borneo Basin is characterized by the alternation of these two main facies, but was locally interrupted during periods of mountain building movements, particularly in late Eocene and late Miocene time. These movements shifted the axis of the depositional basin gradually northwards. The formations of interest are the Oligocene-Miocene Nyalau formation, the Miocene Setap shale, Meligan and Lambir formations, the Miocene-Pliocene Belait formation and a group of younger formations of late Miocene-Pliocene age.

Beschreibung: Auf Grund ihres Fruchtknotenbaues konnte die Gattung Kolkwitzia schon bei ihrer Beschreibung durch Graebner (1901a) den Linnaeeae zugeordnet werden, und zwar gehört sie nach Graebner “unmittelbar neben Linnaea”. Dabei ist freilich zu bemerken, dass Graebner (1901b) dem Vorschlage von (Braun und) Vatke (1871) folgend unter dem Gattungsnamen Linnaea die Gattungen Linnaea L. und Abelia R. Br. zusammenfasste. Als besonderes Kennzeichen der Gattung wird von Graebner hervorgehoben, dass die Ovarien der Blüten gewöhnlich paarweise miteinander verwachsen sind. Durch diese Verwachsung von Fruchtknoten je zweier benachbarter Blüten “erinnert sie an Lonicera, bei der jedoch beide auf einer Höhe stehen, während sie bei Kolkwitzia in der bisher nicht bekannten Weise, dass nämlich der eine Fruchtknoten der Spitze des andern seitlich angewachsen ist, verbunden sind”. Darüber hinaus macht Graebner weder über die Stellungsverhältnisse der miteinander verwachsenen Blüten noch über die Art der Verwachsung nähere Angaben. Im Verlaufe einer vergleichenden Untersuchung über die Infloreszenzen der Caprifoliaceen (Troll & Weberling 1966) sind wir daher auch diesen Fragen nachgegangen und erhielten dabei weitere Hinweise auf die engeren Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse von Kolkwitzia.

Beschreibung: Among the unnamed material of Celastraceae received from the Paris Herbarium for determination, there was one flowering specimen of Microtropis, collected by M. Schmid from South Vietnam in 1953. It was difficult to name it to species with certainty. In order to clarify its identity, I received kind help from the Herbaria of Kew and Paris by sending me specimens on loan for comparison. After studying the specimens concerned, I have concluded that the collection of Schmid represents an undescribed species. In the course of studying the new species and annotating the material of Celastraceae received recently by the Rijksherbarium, Leiden, I examined also other specimens of extra-Malesian Microtropis. Together with the description of the new species, the results of the observation on those Microtropis species may follow here.

Beschreibung: In the Flora Malesiana Backer and van Steenis (1951) recorded five species of the genus Sonneratia, three of which occur in Malesia, viz. S. caseolaris (L.) Engler, S. alba J. E. Smith, and S. ovata Backer. In the course of a palynological study of recent and fossil Sonneratia pollen (Muller, 1964), it was discovered that in Brunei, NW. Borneo, hybridization occurs between these species. It is the purpose of this note A. to describe the morphology of the hybrids, and B. to report on a preliminary cytological examination of the species and the hybrids for determining the chromosome numbers and for detecting irregularities in chromosome behaviour at meiosis in the hybrids.

Beschreibung: By way of a supplement to my 1963 paper on “Dragon Flies of the Genus Zonophora” (Studies Fauna Surinam 5, p. 60—69, pl. 3—4) other particulars of the Surinam congeners may now be placed on record.

Beschreibung: 1. The social behavior patterns of twelve species of hermit crabs found in the waters around Curaçao, N.A. are described. All species showed marked similarity in their aggressive displays, the most common of which are movements of the appendages, called here the ambulatory raise and cheliped extension. 2. Model presentation experiments proved that these positions are effective visual stimuli. These tests also showed that the white tips of the ambulatories of Clibanarius tricolor are aggressive stimuli. 3. Pagurid crabs showed a dislodging-shaking behavior pattern when crawled upon by other individuals. Experiments were carried out to determine the relationship between stimulus weight and the size of a crab showing this pattern. 4. Measurement of laboratory and field distributions indicated that some species are truly gregarious (Clibanarius tricolor, Pagurus miamensis, Pagurus bonairensis), while other species are contagiously distributed due to orientation to certain physical factors in their environment (Calcinus tibicen). 5. Laboratory and field tests showed that individuals of Clibanarius tricolor form relatively stable groups. The groups are formed and/or maintained through orientation to a “grouping pheromone”. These groups are formed daily after the crabs have been dispersed over the nightly feeding area. At night, individuals of Clibanarius tricolor oriented chemically toward a detritus-covered rock, their normal food source. Groups of Pagurus miamensis also oriented chemically to a group of conspecific individuals established on a rock. Individuals of both species oriented toward a conspecific group only during the day. 6. Diel cycle measurements were carried out for most species. The most common pattern was a nocturnal, crepuscular-peaked cycle, although Paguristes species showed an anti-crepuscular pattern. 7. Individuals of all species fought one another for gastropod shells. With the possible exception of the genus Paguristes, the direct application of force did not play a part in these shell-fights. The signals exchanged by an interacting pair were very different in the two families; in the Paguridae, the attacker shakes the defending crab back and forth rapidly by a movement of its ambulatory legs while the diogenid aggressor strikes the defender’s shell with his own by means of abdominal muscles. Measurements of shell-fighting pairs of Clibanarius tricolor indicated that smaller individuals very rarely win over larger crabs, females have a slight advantage in shell-fights and that recently moulted crabs are both more likely to be attacked and more likely to lose when attacked. 8. The sexual behavior of most species was observed and described. The precopulatory acts of the male are similar within the Families; diogenid males mainly rotate the female around an axis through the plane of her shell aperture, while pagurids jerk the female toward the male by movements of one of their chelipeds which grasps a female ambulatory leg. The normal larval releasemoult-copulate sequence was observed in most species, although pairs of Pagurus bonairensis consistently copulated while the female still had a complement of well-developed eggs. 9. A preliminary investigation indicated the presence of social order in groups of Clibanarius tricolor, Calcinus tibicen and Pagurus miamensis, but the basis for this order was uninvestigated.

Beschreibung: The eastern end of the Greater Antilles between the Mona and the Anegada passages is composed of isolated Mona in the former passage, Puerto Rico (including its satellite islets), Vieques, Culebra, and the Virgin Islands. The major islands of the Virgins are St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, Tortola, Jost van Dyke, Virgin Gorda, and Anegada; there are as well a multitude of smaller islands, islets, and rocks. Of the Virgin Islands, St. Croix to the south is separated from the Virgin Bank, whereas the balance of the Virgins (except Anegada) are separated from one another by narrow and relatively shallow channels. From this entire region have been described six forms of the Antillean snake genus Alsophis. The purpose of the present paper is to define these forms and delimit their ranges more closely than heretofore, and to comment upon the interrelationships between them. Since Alsophis is either extremely rare or extinct on many of the larger Virgin Islands, and is likewise not exceptionally common on Puerto Rico itself, the present study could not have been undertaken without the complete cooperation of the following curators, who have loaned specimens for study: CHARLES M. BOGERT and GRACE M. TILGER, American Museum of Natural History (AMNH); JAMES BÖHLKE and EDMOND V. MALNATE, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (ANSP); ALICE G. C. GRANDISON, British Museum (Natural History) (BMNH); NEIL D. RICHMOND, Carnegie Museum (CM); WILLIAM E. DUELLMAN, Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas (KU); ERNEST E. WILLIAMS, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (MCZ); CHARLES F. WALKER and GEORGE R. ZUG, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan (UMMZ); DORIS M. COCHRAN and JAMES A. PETERS, United States National Museum (USNM). Specimens in my own collection are designated Albert Schwartz Field Series (ASFS); I have also utilized specimens in the collections of RICHARD THOMAS (RT) and DENNIS R. PAULSON (DRP). For the assembling of Alsophis from the area under study I wish to acknowledge the capable assistance of GERALD D. GAGNON, RONALD F. KLINIKOWSKI, DAVID C. LEBER, and RICHARD THOMAS. The illustrations for the present paper have been executed by Mr. KLINIKOWSKI and he has my gratitude for this task.

Beschreibung: A detailed study has been made of several weathering profiles on the late-Hercynian Caldas de Reyes granite, NW-Spain. The field examination has been complemented by laboratory studies of large thin sections of hardened weathered material in conjunction with X-ray diffraction analyses. Three groups of features have been investigated by these methods. (a) General structure of regoliths. — They consist of a saprolite, mostly covered by colluvium. The latter can be distinguished from the saprolite by field methods, heavy mineral content and fabric analyses. The saprolites generally display spheroidal weathering. Microfabric analyses showed that spheroidal weathering is conditioned by micro-crack systems. Weathering starts in the joints; it was found that water transport occurred along joint planes, even those of sizes which could not be detected with the naked eye. Reducing conditions could be deduced from the colour and mineral content along these fine channelways, but in later stages oxidizing conditions prevail. Oscillating groundwater has affected the formation of the secondary minerals along the joints, but not in the surrounding saprolite. The soils formed on the regoliths are entic- and orthic haplumbrepts. The umbric epipedon may reach a thickness of 1 40 metres above an altitude of 250 metres. (b) Mineral transformations. — Kaolinite and metahalloysitc are the most common secondary minerals in weathered granites, metamorphic rocks and in an estuarine terrace. In one locality large red pleochroic secondary muscovite has been observed to form. Gibbsite may also form in a highly alkaline environment and where water movement is very restricted in micro-cracks of weathered feldspars. Secondary minerals (gibbsite and microcrystalline material) may form from plagioclase upon weathering, whereas the weathering products of microcline contain no secondary minerals. Interlamellar crystallized kaolinite or metahalloysite between exfoliated biotite-vermiculite lamellae can be observed during the weathering of biotite. The interlamellar crystallization of kaolinite or metahalloysite is not apparent between exfoliated muscovite lamellae. Minute droplets containing titanium, derived from the weathering of biotite crystals and their sagenite inclusions, are commonly found along the original cleavages of exfoliated biotite. Sometimes anatase has been observed to form out of these droplets. (c) Fabric analyses. — Fabric analyses have been performed to the regoliths according to Brewer's (1964) method, but because it was applied to deeper saprolites his terminology had to be supplemented with various new terms. Certain fabrics (skelsepic plasmic fabrics) are common in colluvium but not in saprolites and neither in soils.

Beschreibung: The sediments of the, Cambrian, Lancara Formation show features which suggest their deposition in a shallow marine environment. The occurrence of stromatolites might indicate that some sediments were deposited in an intratidal environment. The gradual change, upward in the stratigraphie section, from stromatolite deposits via calcarenites to argillaceous limestones and shales is being interpreted as a transgressive marine sequence. The possibility of a penecontemporary dolomitization of the lower part of the formation followed by secondary, post Namurian?, dolomitization is suggested.

Beschreibung: A description is given of a Paleocene and Lower Eocene pollen flora of two bore-holes in Guana. Some new species are described and some remarks are made on their stratigraphical significance. Pollen diagrams are presented, one probably representing the entire Paleocene and a part of the Eocene.

Beschreibung: As our knowledge of extinct mammals is rather poor, is seems worthwhile to publish the following notes on the Quagga. Mr. Haga was so kind as to call my attention to the 6 volumes of bound watercolour-drawings in the Print Room at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam known as the Gordon-Atlas. It consists of 456 drawings by or executed at the indications of Robert Jacob Gordon (see Note I) during expeditions into the interior of South Africa starting from the Cape of Good Hope in the years 1773-1790. Gordon’s widow took the drawings with her to England.

Beschreibung: Pollen samples were taken along nine transects across local vegetational belts bordering bogs or ponds in overall deciduous and coniferous-deciduous forest regions. Three types of pollen rain are distinguished: local, extralocal, and regional. Local pollen rain is derived from plants that grow at or very close to the sampling point. High local values are common in all sorts of vegetation types: lakes, bogs, marshes, and forests. Extralocal pollen rain is derived largely from trees that grow on the slopes and upland adjacent to the sampling site, but not extensively over larger areas. When excluded from the pollen sum along with the local types, its curves increase slightly, but noticeably, along the transect as the source of dispersal is approached. The regional pollen rain is derived from plants common far beyond the immediate basin slopes. When the extralocal and local types are excluded from the sum of upland pollen types, the regional pollen rain differs little from site to site. Its recognition permits comparison of modern and presettlement pollen rain with the composition of the recent regional vegetation.

Beschreibung: 1. The chromosome numbers of 38 species belonging to 11 genera of the tribe Campanuleae of Schönland’s system were determined. 13 of these species had not yet been investigated before. 2. A discussion is given of the differences between the present author’s results and those of other authors. 3. The systematic position of the species of Campanula with the diploid chromosome number 2n = 28 is reviewed. Some arguments are presented in favour of transferring Campanula erinus L. and Campanula drabifolia Sibth. to Dumortier’s genus Roucela. 4. A hypothetical explanation of the origin of the chromosome numbers 2n=28, 30, 32 and 34 of the genus Campanula is given. 5. The inclusion of Specularia perfoliata A. DC. and Specularia biflora Fisch. et Mey. in Triodanis is supported by cytological evidence. 6. Campanula vidalii Wats. and Campanula americana L. should be placed in the genera Azorina and Campanulastrum, respectively, both on morphological and cytological grounds. 7. The segregation of the genera Asyneuma, Synotoma, and Petromarula from Phyteuma is supported by cytological evidence. 8. The relation between the genera Campanula, Symphyandra, and Adenophora is discussed.

Beschreibung: Together with the class of the Schizomycetes (bacteria) the Cyanophyceae belong to the division of the Schizophyta which division differs from all other plant divisions by lacking a nucleus. However, the central part of their cells is a nuclear equivalent (Procaryota). This nucleoplasm or centroplasm or central body in the Cyanophycean cell has been studied profoundly these last fifteen years (Beck, Bowen, Cassel, Fuhs, Giesy, Herbst, Hutchinson, Jensen, Jost, Pankratz, Rabinovich, Sun and others) by means of the electron microscope. The resulting papers are mostly beautifully illustrated by electron micrographs. Pure cultures of Chroococcales (Gloeocapsa, Gloeothece, Pleurocapsa) as well as Hormogonales (Anabaena, Nostoc, Microcoleus, Oscillatoria, Phormidium, Symploca) have served for these investigations. The general results of these studies have provided us with a detailed picture of the nucleoplasm. The uncoloured nucleoplasm often has a fine reticulate-fibrillar texture, the anastomosing fibrils are intertwined by cytoplasm. In the nucleoplasm have been found to occur: vacuoles, opaque globular granules and polygonous bodies, which have a connection with the reticulate structure. Though the nucleoplasm contains nuclear material, the general conclusion is that there are no chromosomes and that no mitosis occurs. Only Fuhs (1958), who discovered Feulgen-positive linear filiform or bar-shaped structures in the centroplasm, about 0.2 μ in diameter, compared these with chromosomes, for their length is more or less constant and they split longitudinally into two diverging parts. He did not see any spindle-shape, however, inherent to mitosis. Cassel and Hutchinson (1954) doubt the possibility of a comparison with chromosomes since the resembling structures vary in shape and size in various cells. Several former investigators were positive about the existence of a true nucleus and chromosomes in the cell of Cyanophyceae. Kohl (1903) wrote a book about: “Organisation und Physiologie der Cyanophyceenzelle und die mitotische Teilung ihres Kernes”, in which numerous coloured figures show the mitosis and the chromosomes, observed with a light microscope. Tolypothrix lanata was used for these studies. Kohl did not see a nuclear membrane. To-day, investigators who have made electron-microscopic studies are convinced that no such a membrane between nucleoplasm and chromoplasm exists. They, however, do not at all confirm those bold conclusions concerning chromosomes and mitosis. Cell-division starts with an annular constriction of the protoplast.

Beschreibung: After a re-appraisal of the alternative hypotheses concerning the origin and the early evolution of the archegoniate land plants, the postulation of a thalassiophytic group of precursors with free isomorphic alternating generations by Church, Zimmermann, and several others is rejected. Several versions and modifications of this ‘homologous’ theory, such as Fritsch’s suggestion of diminutive filamentous algal being the progenitors of the vascular plants and Jeffrey’s idea of an advent of partly emerged (aerial) sporangiate extensions of an aquatic sporophyte, are equally untenable. In the present author’s opinion the old and reputedly almost obsolete ‘antithetic’ theory is much more compatible with the relevant evidence, provided this hypothesis is more precisely formulated. The conquest of the land must have begun with the gradual migration of the gametophytic (haploid) generation to semi-terrestrial or temporarily dry habitats before the development of a vegetative diploid phase. The first stage after the colonisation of semi-terrestrial and subsequently of terrestrial environments by presumably still prostrate life forms consisting of filamentous algal strands must have been the differentiation of a portion of this haploid type into a more massive parenchymatous soma which remained prostrate in many cases and bore the sessile sporangia. In bryophytes such differentiations of the gametophyte may themselves be more or less erect and thus raise the sporangia into an undeniably aerial position (as in many Musci), or they produce upright extensions on which the gametangia are produced and, later on, the sporangia are inserted (as in Marchantiales). Ontogenetically the phylogenetic sequence is frequently recapitulated in that first a filamentous protonema develops from a germinated spore and only afterwards a more important gametophytic structure (typically developed in the Bryales). In other instances the sporangium is, or was, not supported and ‘lifted’ into the air by a part of the haploid plant but by an intercalated sporangial stalk (sporangiophore) which is a vegetative diploid structure and constitutes the modest beginning of the large sporophytes of the Higher Cormophyta. The intercalated vegetative diploid structure originated subaerially and was ab initio a terrestrial organism, i.e., the sporophyte did not develop out of a submerse aquatic archetype by a process of adaptation as is assumed in the ‘homologous’ theory. The vegetative sporophyte and, accordingly, the characteristic features of the terrestrial plants such as the vascular (stelic) tissues, on the contrary developed de novo and the sporangiophore is consequently sui generis in respect of both the gametophytic and the sporangium (representing the phylogenetically older portions of the plant). The Anthocerotales are reminiscent of this early evolutionary level of the Hemitracheophyta which must ab initio have had, or soon acquired, green and partly independent (photoautotrophic) sporophytes. The phylogenetic history of the Bryophyta and of the Hemitrachyophyta is discussed in the light of the new interpretation of the subaerial transmigration Certain pertinent problems of evolution (mono- or polyrheithry) and of homology (morphological equivalence of certain structures versus inhomology through independent, i.e., sui generis, origin) are tentatively analysed. These considerations have an important bearing on our views concerning the relationships of various archegoniate groups and reveal flaws in several ‘established’ ideas some of which concern certain aspects of the Telome Theory.

Beschreibung: The University herbarium of Utrecht dates traditionally from the year 1816 when a collection of about 3000 plants was bought from the professor of botany M. van Geuns (1735-1817). It is possible that other collections of dried plants were already owned by the University or at any rate by the botanic garden, before that time, but nothing is known about this. The small van Geuns herbarium, which contained collections made by J. D. Hahn, M. W. Schwencke and S. J. van Geuns, among others, may therefore be taken as the starting-point of the herbarium of the later Botanical Museum.1)*) The period, however, was not one of great botanical activity at Utrecht and the botanist who succeeded van Geuns as professor of natural history and rural economy, Jan Kops, did little to increase the size of the collections. When C. A. Bergsma was appointed professor of botany in the faculty of natural sciences in 1835 nothing changed. Only when Miquel came to Utrecht, bringing his considerable personal herbarium, did scientific plant taxonomy get a chance. After his appointment as director of the Rijksherbarium in Leiden in 1862, Miquel was no longer allowed to have a private herbarium. His collections were taken over by the University of Utrecht and thus became the real foundation of the collection of the present institute. Miquel was succeeded by Rauwenhoff who was again scarcely interested in taxonomy, and it was not until Went and, somewhat later, Pulle, came on the scene that further development became possible. Went and Pulle are still too close for a biographical assessment; Miquel, however, is sufficiently far away. In him we find a man not only of great local fame, but also of international standing as a plant taxonomist. In the year, therefore, in which the Utrecht Botanical Museum commemorates the 150th anniversary of the acquisition of its first herbarium together with the 40th anniversary of its association with J. Lanjouw, it seems appropriate to give a sketch of the life and works of the man who can be considered to be the founder of the Utrecht school of plant taxonomy. By the nature of his work, by building up the collections, and through his international relations Miquel started taxonomy at Utrecht.

Beschreibung: A short history of Dutch dune vegetation research is presented as an introduction to the present research in the Delta region. Remarkably enough the main results of dune research were presented as dissertations. The classics F. Holkema, L. Vuyck, J. Jeswiet, J. Bijhouwer and W. van Dieren are mentioned. The broadening basis is marked by the outstanding thesis of V. Westhoff, the first all-round phytosociological and ecological study of Dutch dunes. New ideas from this work are mentioned. The work of some pupils and collaborators of Westhoff is discussed. The new approach consists of concentration of the research in the Delta region, development of new ideas and establishment of field stations in the dunes. The scientific value of the Delta dunes is treated. Especially the Voorne dunes are considered as outstanding. Some future changes that threaten the area, are mentioned. The organisation of the Delta dune research is discussed, especially the work of a special Research Group, operating from the Biological Station “Weevers’ Duin” at Voorne. The current botanical problems are treated. It is stressed that they are placed in the framework of the ecological relation theory of C. G. van Leeuwen, which is a new, highly stimulating, system-theoretical approach. This relation theory is introduced and commented. Four environmental types are treated, the uniform, the variegated, the ecotone and the ecocline environment. The dune environment is discussed as a system of gradients. The main gradients are mentioned: the zonation of dry dunes, zonation of slacks, gradient from sea dunes towards estuaries, the complex salt-fresh gradient, the complex wet-dry gradient, and the complex gradient in the human and animal factors. The dune vegetation is treated as a continuum. 24 vegetational series are mentioned. A series consists of closely related communities, forming a continuum. Some problems concerning selection and sampling are discussed. The controversy between Anglo-American and Zürich-Montpellier scholars is elucidated on some points. The Braun-Blanquet scale of combined estimation is advocated. The study of pattern and instability in vegetation research is emphasized. Some methods in structure analysis are mentioned. Recent problems in vegetation systematics are discussed. The application of methods in the Delta research is consequently mentioned. An extensive bibliography, covering important botanical work in Dutch dunes, ends the paper.

Beschreibung: A number of modern developments in palynology are reviewed, with emphasis on those subjects which may be of interest and, possibly, also of practical value to geologists of various specializations. These include pollen preservation, the use of accumulation-rate diagrams as opposed to the classical pollen-percentage diagrams and the application of fluorescence microscopy. Marine palynology is discussed in a rather detailed fashion and its various prospects for stratigraphy, sedimentology and environmental geology are outlined. Some trends in pre-Quaternary palynology include new attempts at a palyno-stratigraphy of the Neogene, the many applications of palynological studies of salt deposits, the growing importance of palynology to palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology and palaeoecology, and the use of a decimal code system for microfossils. Palynological data about the origin of the gymnosperms, chlamydosperms and angiosperms are briefly summarized. General information is presented about microphytoplankton evolution in the course of geological time.

Beschreibung: The precursor studies1) and floristic treatment of P.J. Eyma of the Guttiferae of Suriname2) exhibited a remarkably keen insight into the biology and taxonomy of this rather complicated family. Particularly this is true of the genus Clusia, which is the concern of this paper, and for which even yet the overall biology is indeed too little known. In the Flora of Surinam (1.c.) Eyma admitted eleven species. Now, as a result of more field activity from which much new material has been derived, there can be credited to Suriname fourteen species, of which three have been collected in that country subsequent to the studies of Eyma. Name changes are required for two species.

Beschreibung: From July 1958 to May 1959 an investigation was carried out of the relation between physiognomic characteristics of the vegetation and the habitat on some savannas in the vicinity of Zanderij, Surinam. Root systems, structure, periodicity and characteristics of the leaves were considered, both of the species separately and of the vegetation types. Nine vegetation types were studied which were described floristically by Heyligers (1963) and Van Donselaar (1965). The vegetation types differ in structure. The available types of structure are: low and sparse vegetation of tussocks of grasses and sedges; dense vegetation of both low and high tussocks of grasses and sedges; high and closed vegetation of tussocks of grasses and sedges, with or without a continuous but sparse tree layer; bushes with a more or less closed canopy. In the herb layers, apart from the tussocks, some perennial herbs and therophytes, rather many half-shrubs and few shrubs occur. In the area of the investigation the climate shows a long rainy season, a long dry season, a short rainy season and a short dry season. The different vegetation types occupy soil types differing in texture and hydrology. It appears that principally the following factors influence the characteristics of the vegetations mentioned: the alternation of rainy and dry periods in combination with the hydrology of the soil; fires; tree layer with more or less closed canopy; layer of litter. The hydrology of all soil types under consideration is characterised by the alternation of the moist and the bone-dry condition of the upper layers. The moisture content of the upper layers is determined by the rain water taken in by the soil, whether or not in combination with the ground water; the upper level of the latter varies according to the seasons. The run-off and the percolation velocity of the rain water strongly influence the hydrology. The growing of the roots is determined by two mutually opposite factors: desiccation and saturation with water of the soil. In general the roots of the monocotyledons in the studied vegetation types tolerate the water-saturated condition of the soil, but they are not able to protect themselves against the influence of extended drought. The roots of the dicotyledons, on the other hand, do not tolerate a waterlogged soil, but they can withstand extended drought, probably because their corky bark protects them. There are few exceptions, among which the common grass Trachypogon plumosus that behaves just like a dicotyledon species. If the water supply comes from beneath, the root systems of the monocotyledons are narrow and penetrate deeply. If the rain water is the main water source, the root systems spread, both of monocotyledons and dicotyledons. The quicker the rain water penetrates into the soil and sinks down, the larger the horizontal dimensions of the root systems are. In consequence of the demands of the roots and the hydrology of the soil the roots have a certain soil volume at their disposal. This volume may be different for monocotyledons and dicotyledons in the same soil. In soils with a high water table during a part of the year the monocotyledons have narrow and deeply penetrating root systems, whereas those of the dicotyledons are superficial. In soils with a deep water table and above it a layer that is dry for a long time, both monocotyledons and dicotyledons develop their root systems in the uppermost layer which is wetted by the rain water. A few dicotyledon species have a primary root reaching down to the water table, where oxygen becomes the limiting factor. Vegetation structure above ground level is related to the available rooting volume. If the rooting volume is larger, the dimensions of the aerial parts are larger too. Tnen there are more trees and shrubs, the differentiation in layers is greater and the dominating grass layer is higher. It is hard to determine the role of the nutrient content, for this factor and the hydrology of the various soil types show parallel differences, so that their influence on the vegetation can not be distinguished separately. On white sand many species have a root system that is large in comparison with the aerial parts (more euxerophytes than on the other soil types). The distance between the tussocks is correlated with root competition, except on white-sandy soils. If the root systems are narrow and penetrate deeply, the tussocks stand close together, but if the root systems spread in the superficial layers, the bases of the tussocks stand far apart. On white sand, the vegetation is thin, though the layer of roots is not closed. The dry seasons are the cause of a resting period for all species that are not completely woody. Grasses, sedges and perennial forbs survive only underground. Half-shrubs persist with their short, woody stem bases. All completely woody species, however, are evergreen. Only in a more favourable habitat, under a (thin) canopy, or on white sand with ground water available for long periods, non-woody species occur that function throughout the long dry season. Therophytes are present in all vegetation types, but they prefer habitats where the chance of drying up during the growing season is least, i.e. under a canopy or on white sand with ground water available during the greater part of the year. The annual fires destroy completely the aerial dry parts of the plants. Grasses and sedges do not suffer from this, for the fire occurs during their resting period. On the contrary, they seem to profit by it. The aerial parts of half-shrubs are destroyed, but in the soil, a few centimeters below the surface, rejuvenation buds survive on a xylopodium. Shrubs and trees also may have a thickened xylopodium. Such a xylopodium is developed as a result of the repeated forming of new stems after the old ones have been burned. In many cases shrubs have several stems as a result of the fires. The fire does not kill all rejuvenation buds above 2 to 4 m, so that part of the buds of higher trees and shrubs may sprout after the fire. As a result, trees and shrubs are found only in places where the fire has held off for one or several years, or where a period between two subsequent annual fires was long enough for them to grow above the upper limit of the dangerous zone. This last possibility is realised in the vegetation unit with the most favourable hydrology and consequently the largest available rooting volume, i.e. the Polycarpaeo-Trachypogonetum. Trees and high shrubs are observed in all vegetation types, except in those on wet white sand, where the small available rooting volume and the low nutrient content are probably the limiting factors. Even under a thin canopy transpiration may be less in consequence of reduced insolation. Accordingly, characteristics indicating less severe drought are more frequently found here, and the species with these characteristics have a higher degree of cover than elsewhere. There occur more forbs, in particular therophytes (indicating more favourable conditions during the growing season), more species with mesomorphic and hygromorphic leaves and more species that function more or less normally during the long dry season. The decreased amount of light diminishes the role of the grasses. A layer of litter improves the soil: the organic content is higher, evaporation may be less; the temperature of the underlying soil may be lower. As a result, places with a layer of litter are occupied by many shrub species of which the roots restrict themselves to the litter-area. The leaves are scleromorphic as a rule. Species with mesomorphic or hygromorphic leaves are found only in habitats with a continuous water supply during the growing period (wet white sand) or with less evaporation under a canopy. In tussocks with basal leaves the leaf size is related to the height of the stratum. The height is related to the rooting volume. Also the leaves of non-tussock forming species in the herb layers are larger if the layer is higher. Therophytes have small leaves (lepto- and nanophyll). This can be considered in connection with the absence of sclerenchyma. Trees and shrubs usually are micro- and mesophyll. As a rule the size of the leaves is smaller in vegetation types on white sand. Most woody species have leaves with a shiny upper surface, but most other species have more or less hairy leaves. On the basis of these findings the following brief interpretation can be given of the relation between the different vegetation types and their habitats: Panicetum stenodoidis. Silty clay; ground water in the surface during the long rainy season; cracks during the long dry season, so that at the beginning of the rains the soil is wetted quickly and down to a rather great depth. Consequently the rooting volume is comparatively large. The root systems of the monocotyledons are narrow and penetrate deeply, the plants are standing close together and the vegetation is moderately high. Few dicotyledons are present; their roots run very superficially. The annual fire destroys completely the desiccated aerial part of the vegetation. Only a few specimens of treelike Curatella americana were found. Schizachyrio-Rhynchosporetum barbatae. Sandy clay loam; influence of the ground water up to 40 cm below the surface at most; poor percolation; strong run-off; the rain water does not wet the soil further down than 20 to 30 cm. Consequently there is a layer that is dry permanently or at least so for a long time between the ascending capillary ground water and the water in the top layer. The available rooting volume is small for both dicotyledons and monocotyledons; the vegetation is low. The roots spread beyond the projection of the aerial parts (rain water the main water source); above the surface the vegetation is not closed. Few dicotyledons have a primary root penetrating down to the zone influenced by the ground water, where the saturation of the soil with water is restrictive. Trees and high shrubs are rare. The annual fire destroys the vegetation up to 3 m above the surface. Probably trees and shrubs are present only on places where the fire held of for some time. Polycarpaeo-Trachypogonetum. Loamy sand; water table not higher than 80 cm below the surface; no run-off; large available rooting volume; high grass vegetation, with or without a thin tree layer consisting of Curatella americana. All rain water is taken up quickly; the roots spread strongly; at their bases the tussocks stand far apart. In spite of the fierce annual fires in the high and dry tussocks, there may be a tree layer. Probably Curatella is able to outgrow the influence between two of them on this soil type with its relatively favourable hydrologic conditions. Under the tree layer conditions are better; there occur more therophytes and other forbs; more non-woody species without a resting period; more species with mesomorphic and hygromorphic leaves. In the pure white sandy soils the vegetation is not closed, neither above nor below the surface. Quick percolation and ample aeration make the drought extremely effective. It is supposed that because of this situation seedlings have so little chance for survival that the vegetation remains open. Mesoseto-Trachypogonetum. Dry white sand. The roots spread widely, both of monocotyledons and dicotyledons. Only few dicotyledon roots reach down to the layer influenced by the ground water. The root systems are completely arranged so as to catch the water of every shower that may occur occasionally even during the long dry season. In this connection it may be considered that relatively many species are completely woody (dwarf-shrubs) and function normally during the long dry season. The vegetation consists of low and high tussocks and here and there a low shrub. Xyrid-Paspaletum pulchelli. Wet white sand; during the greater part of the year the ground water reaches the surface, but during the long dry season the upper decimeters are bone-dry. The alternation of long lasting saturation with water and periodical desiccation of the soil results in a small available rooting volume, also for the monocotyledons. Most dicotyledons have roots that run very near to the surface so that they are subject to extreme drought and high temperatures; the plants remain low. Ternstroemia-Matayba bushes and Clusia-Scleria bushes. The shrubs of some species are able to establish themselves in open, purely sandy soil. They produce a layer of litter that improves the soil. Shrubs of other species that settle themselves now restrict their root systems to the area of the litter layer. The roots of some species are restricted to the area of the litter layer in wet sand, but in dry sand they go beyond this area at a deeper level. This may be caused by the high temperatures of the upper decimeters. Because of the decreased light intensity underneath the canopy the grasses and sedges are limited. On white sands only the vegetations of the Mesoseto-Trachypogonetum burn every year. The other vegetation types often escape the fires because they are either too thin or do not dry up in the long dry season.

Beschreibung: ”The seedling represents the most critical stage in the life of a tree. Conditions of seeding and germination may be entirely favourable, and natural seedlings may appear in countless quantities at the beginning of the rainy season, only to disappear largely or entirely within a comparatively short period of time owing to various causes, such as drought, bad soil aeration, competition with weed, shade, or other factors.” ”If the requirements of the seedling of any species are well understood, the problem of the natural reproduction of that species is to a great extent solved, while the subsequent treatment of the crop is usually a comparatively simple matter. The whole system of management of a forest crop is fundamentally influenced by the steps necessary to establish reproduction, and it will therefore be readily realized that no branch of silviculture is of more importance than the study of the requirements of the seedlings of forest trees. Again, problems of invasion, succession, and gregariousness have to be approached from the point of view of the seedling, for it is the establishment of the young plant that determines to a great extent, if not wholly, the occurrence of existing forest crops of various types, and in like measure regulates the transition from one type to another from place to place or during the course of time.”

Beschreibung: Ever since the pioneer researches of Miss Polak on Malesian peat before the second world war, it has been clear that an immense amount of information of great botanical interest was waiting to be discovered in the peat, coal, clay and shale deposits, which are so widespread in the sedimentary record of this area. It was an economic motive which in 1953 led the Brunei Shell Petroleum Cy. in Brunei (NW. Borneo) to start palynological research. The aim was to distinguish palynological zones in the thick Tertiary oil bearing sediments which were difficult to correlate otherwise. During the course of this work many data of botanical interest came to light and short notes on these results have been published already.

Beschreibung: Allan, H. H. B. (1882-1957) Largely self-educated as a botanist, he eventually designed a new Flora of New Zealand which stands out as a model of its kind (see p. 830).

Beschreibung: Earliest collections, made in southeastern parts of Queensland, were not numbered in sequence, and probably no duplicates were kept. Serious collecting began in 1919, when a start was made in sending specimens to C.T. White at the Queensland Herbarium.

Beschreibung: Name: Wahlenbergia marginata (Thunb.) DC. Monogr. Camp. (1830) 143. Family: Campanulaceae.

Beschreibung: Foxworthy and Symington published revisions of the dipterocarp family for the Philippines (11 genera, 52 species) and Malaya (14 genera, 168 species) in 1938 and 1943 respectively. From 1926 till 1961 van Slooten published revisions of several genera for Indonesia, but knowledge of the largest genera, Shorea and Hopea, and of the island with the greatest number of species, Borneo, remained defective. Plans were developed by the Forestry Departments of Sarawak, Brunei, and Sabah, to fill the gap in a coordinated effort, of which this book is the first substantial result. A first precursory paper with new species appeared in Gard. Bull. Sing. 19 (1962) 253—319, a second, with taxonomic and nomenclatural discussion in vol. 20 (1963) 229—284. A Manual for Sabah, by W. Meijer, is in the press, one for Sarawak, also by Ashton, in preparation. When these are finished, the 72 species listed by Symington for Sumatra are still to be investigated, as well as the rich materials collected by Kostermans in Indonesian Borneo; then a comprehensive revision for the whole of Malesia can be written. This book means one more step towards the clearing up of the difficult tribe of the Shoreeae. The author suggests that eventually all genera save Parashorea thereof may be merged to one, objecting against elevation of the present sections in Shorea to the rank of genus. In this book are recognized Upuna (1 sp.), Anisoptera (4 spp.), Dipterocarpus (22 spp.), Dryobalanops (4 spp.), Cotylelobium (3 spp.), Vatica (19 spp.), Parashorea (4 spp.), Hopea (19 spp.), Shorea (73 spp.); this makes for Brunei 151 species, 41 of which were described after 1957. Shorea trees seldom produce the flowers on which the taxonomic subdivision is based, and foresters have developed a (largely concurrent) subdivision into Field Groups, based on bark (recently studied by Whitmore), slash, stipules, and other vegetative characters.

Beschreibung: The present study was originally intended to be a taxonomic revision of the genus Pygeum (Rosaceae). This genus was always considered to be closely related to, but different from Prunus. However, the delimitation of Pygeum against Prunus subg. Laurocerasus appeared to be extremely difficult, and after careful consideration I was compelled to reduce Pygeum to Prunus. This reduction is the most radical taxonomic novelty in the present paper (Chapter 3). A new subdivision of subg. Laurocerasus, now enriched with Pygeum, was inevitable. Three sections are distinguished here, viz.: a. sect. Laurocerasus, containing the Eurasian and tropical Asiatic species which were already considered by older authors to belong to the (sub)genus Laurocerasus, and moreover the two African species of the former genus Pygeum; b. a still unnamed section containing the tropical and subtropical American species of the subgenus; c. sect. Mesopygeum, containing the large majority of the species of the former genus Pygeum.

Beschreibung: In my revision of the genus Canarium (Blumea 9, 1959, p. 275—475), C. schweinfurthii was included in sect. Canarium and within this section in the denticulatum-group (see p. 382). The main arguments for giving it that position were: 1. its general resemblance in several characters with sect. Canarium, more specially the apparent morphological equality of its stipules, a key character in the genus; 2. its apparent relationship to C. madagascariense Engl. the inclusion of which in the denticulatum-group is beyond any doubt, and, 3., its geographical position at the end of the chain of species forming the denticulatum-group — from W. Malesia to E. Africa, C. schweinfurthii being restricted to W. and Central Africa — without any connection to other groups of the genus (sect. Pimela does not go farther to the west than the Malabar coast of India). Still, it was not without doubt that I put it into this position. I expressed my doubts most clearly on p. 314—315, pointing to the presence on the one hand of some apparently primitive characters — in fact more primitive than could be expected in case of a direct derivation from the western chain of species of the denticulatum-group — as e.g. the axillary inflorescence and the presence of a rather strongly developed pistillode in the ♂ flower, of some doubtless highly evolved characters on the other hand, like the deeply concave receptacle in the ♀ flower and the ‘androphore’ in the ♂ one. Hence I concluded that the species ‘must have been isolated for a very long time’. Recently, morphological and blastogenetical studies brought new evidence as to the systematical position of C. schweinfurthii. From both it became quite clear, that the ‘stipules’ are not at all comparable with those of sect. Canarium, but are homologous with the pseudo-stipules of sect. Pimela; there is no doubt that they are derived from a pair of leaflets. The germination, however, which seems to provide good characters on sectional level in Canarium, differed from both sect. Canarium and sect. Pimela: the cotyledons were herbaceous long-lasting assimilating-organs like in sect. Pimela, but the first two leaves formed a pair of opposite pseudo-cotyledons like in sect. Canarium, and the restingperiod came after the unfolding of the latter two, also like in sect. Canarium. A more detailed discussion of these morphological points will be given elsewhere (Weberling & Leenhouts, in press).

Beschreibung: Arthropteris is a small genus of the Old World tropics (and southwards to New Zealand) the affinity of which is not clear. It shares with Oleandra and Elaphoglossum the character of outgrowths from the rhizome (phyllopodia) to which the stipes of fronds are jointed, and also has peltate rhizome-scales comparable with those of both genera. One group of species closely resembles Nephrolepis in shape and articulation of pinnae and in form and position of sori, another group has the frond-form and soral form of Thelypteris, and a third has sterile fronds so like those of Teratophyllum that they might be mistaken for that genus; the slender dorsiventral rhizome in all species is comparable with that of Teratophyllum, though the anatomy is different in detail. A remarkable feature, absent in all the other genera already mentioned, is the presence in Arthropteris of short multiseptate hairs essentially like those of Ctenitis and Tectaria; similar hairs occur in Davallodes (not in Davallia) and thus give a possible link with the Davallia group of genera (which all have dorsiventral rhizomes with articulated stipes, and peltate scales). The peculiar monotypic genus Psammisorus C. Chr. (Madagascar) shows features in common with Arthropteris and the Davallioid ferns. As regards spores, those of Nephrolepis, Oleandra, and Davallodes lack perispore, but a perispore is present in Arthropteris, Ctenitis, Teratophyllum, and Elaphoglossum. The original species of Arthropteris was the exindusiate A. tenella (Polypodium tenellum Forst.) and the genus was described by John Smith in J. D. Hooker’s Flora of New Zealand; Smith stated that there were also indusiate species which should be included in the genus. W. J. Hooker, however, did not recognize Arthropteris, and subsequently placed A. tenella in Polypodium, A. orientalis in Nephrodium, and A. palisotii in Nephrolepis. John Smith knew a large number of ferns as living plants under his care at Kew (a century ago he estimated that he had had a thousand species in cultivation, though doubtless not all at one time) and in distinguishing genera he took into consideration characters, noted from the living plants, which Hooker was not prepared to accept as significant for the purpose. I agree with Smith in accepting Arthropteris as a natural genus, and believe that its peculiar combination of characters may give significant hints as to inter-relationships among various groups of ferns, but it is not yet clear to me how such inter-relationships may best be formally expressed in a scheme of classification. Arthropteris is usually placed near Nephrolepis, but I do not think Nephrolepis is its nearest relative.

Beschreibung: NORTH BORNEO. Kinabalu road to Mosilau camp, Ranau Distr., at 1600 m on mountain ridge, tree 30 m, 50 cm ø, G. Mikil SAN 38688, 18 Aug. 1963. This new record for Borneo finally fills the last gap in the distribution throughout the West and East Malesian botanical provinces.

Beschreibung: In our revision of Caprifoliaceae in Fl. Mal. I, 4 (1951) 175 seq. we omitted to mention Weigelia fallax described by Miquel from Lembang, West Java, collected by Korthals. The specimen was concealed among cultivated specimens and turned up recently. There is no doubt that this specimen is derived from an ornamental in the Javanese hills. We have sent this material to Prof. Hara who found it conspecific with Weigela coraeensis Thunb. It is often cultivated in Japan, especially as a hedge plant.

Beschreibung: This is a difficult book on account of the very wide range and complexity of its subject-matter, made more difficult by the fact that the author has not taken the trouble to arrange his writing so as to present a clear sequence of ideas; also he often uses needlessly complex sentences, some made more difficult to understand by careless proof-reading. After a first attempt to read the book through, my mind was quite confused; it was only on a second reading, by referring backwards and forwards to different chapters, that I began to have some understanding of its basic ideas. So if in this review I do not do it justice, I feel that the author will be at least in part to blame. Prof. Meeuse has made an attempt to interpret the floral morphology of flowering plants in terms of a new typology. Fie objects to the old typology of carpels and the way in which a great range of different floral structures were interpreted in terms of that typology; but he proceeds to provide a new strait-jacket of his own into which all the same structures must be fitted. He condemns the old morphology as ‘preconceived’, and frequently uses this adjective to discredit the ideas of others. But all his own theoretical ideas must have been conceived in his own mind before he could apply them in detail and give expression to them in the present book; they are therefore also pre-conceived. He should think again what he means by this word.

Beschreibung: Recently, I transferred Ectochaete endophytum to Coelodiscus Jao (van den Hoek, 1965). Dr. R. C. Bakhuizen van den Brink (Rijksherbarium, Leiden), however, drew my attention to the fact that Coelodiscus Jao (1941) is a later homonym of Coelodiscus Baillon (1858). The new generic name Jaosaccion is therefore proposed for the ulotrichalean species so far ranged under Coelodiscus Jao.

Beschreibung: An exhaustive Flora of Delhi, compiled by J. K. Maheshwari, was published by C.S.I.R. in 1963 (for a review see Blumea 13, 1965, p. 174). During the compilation of that flora, 278 line-drawings, illustrating the habits and chief features of the plants found in Delhi, were prepared; they form a welcome addition. In general, the drawings are of a good quality and will be a help to all interested in the determination of Delhi plants.

Beschreibung: Hitherto only one species of Myriophyllum has been recorded from New Guinea, viz. M. pygmaeum Mattf. (Bot. Jahrb. 69, 1938, 275—277), belonging to the austral sect. Pentapteris § Pelonastes. Recently a second species of the same section was collected in the Papuan highlands. Myriophyllum pedunculatum Hook. f. in Lond. J. Bot. 6 (1847) 474; Schindler, Pfl. Reich Heft 23 (1905) 85; Cheeseman, Man. Fl. New Zeal. ed. 2 (1925) 625; Ewart, Fl. Vict. (1930) 885; Curtis, Stud. Fl. Tasm. 1 (1956) 190; Allan, Fl. New Zeal. 1 (1961) 252.

Beschreibung: Cultural experiments with Entophysalis deusta support Drouet and Daily’s concept of this species as a morphologically highly plastic taxon, showing forms traditionally identified as Entophysalis granulosa, Gloeocapsa crepidinum, Pleurocapsa fuliginosa, and Hyella caespitosa. These results are in accordance with observations on populations forming part of the ‘black zone’ of the upper intertidal belt. It is shown that Drouet and Daily’s taxonomic principles, leading to a broad and more natural concept of this species, are sounder than those underlying Geitler’s Cyanophyceae in which several entities included by them in Entophysalis deusta are treated as species.

Beschreibung: In April 1898 the veliid genus Trochopus Carpenter was erected to hold a new halophilous water-strider from Jamaica, described as marinus. The specimens were netted in numbers on standing salt waters beneath mangrove trees in swamps near the head of Kingston Harbour. In August of the same year CHAMPION described the second member of the genus, Trochopus salinus, collected in the mangrove swamps of the Pearl Islands, Gulf of Panama. Subsequently, KIRKALDY (1900) wrongly considered the genus Trochopus to be a synonym of Rhagovelia Mayr (1865), but correctly treated the trivial name marinus as a synonym of Rhagovelia plumbea Uhler. This generic synonymy was largely accepted until CHINA & USINGER (1949) took Trochopus out of synonymy and restored it to its original status. As the trivial synonymy is correct, this makes the genotype Trochopus plumbeus (Uhler) (= marinus Carpenter). Recently BACON (1956) and also MATSUDA (1956) followed KIRKALDY and wrongly repudiated Trochopus as a synonym of the older genus Rhagovelia, including the transfer of plumbeus and salinus back into the latter genus. In the present paper, the authors are in full concurrence with the classification of CHAMPION and of CHINA & USINGER, in which Trochopus is restored to its original status. As here systematized, Trochopus comprises T. plumbeus, T. salinus, and the new species described below from Surinam.

Beschreibung: The Ameiva of the Lesser Antilles present an interesting case of isolated populations of related animals on a chain of islands that differ in size and proximity among themselves but form a geographic group. The situation is made still more interesting by the fact that at times in the Pleistocene the sea was 100 fathoms or more lower, and certain of the islands were then connected by land. The discovery of a new species of Ameiva on Maria Island off the south coast of St. Lucia and the attempt to identify and place taxonomically the three specimens first sent to us by GARTH UNDERWOOD provided the stimulus to a brief re-survey of this neglected but, from a zoogeographic and evolutionary point of view, extremely interesting set of forms. Of this new species we have been able to examine two additional specimens collected by Père ROBERT PINCHON of the Séminaire Collège, Fort-de-France, Martinique, and a series obtained by J. D. LAZELL, JR. in the summer of 1962, as well as 23 specimens collected by A. SCHWARTZ and assistants.

Beschreibung: The geology of the hercynian orogen in western Galicia is briefly outlined with special reference to the drainage area of the Ría de Arosa. The possible host rocks of translucent heavy minerals found in unconsolidated sediments within and around the ria are tabulated and discussed.

Beschreibung: Cambro-Ordovician clastic sediments varying in composition from microconglomerates to slates occur. A more precise stratigraphic assignment is impossible, because of the lack of fossils and traceable stratigraphic horizons. The Cambro-Ordovician rocks have undergone four Hercynian deformation phases. Each phase was accompanied by the formation of cleavages (slaty, fracture or crenulation cleavage). In the Vail Ferrera area these four deformation phases are well developed. Their relative age relationships were known from other parts of the Central Pyrenees and could be established in many outcrops. The first deformation, accompanied by a regional synkinematic metamorphism and caused by a N-S compression, divided the orogene into (1) the infrastructure (e.g., the Aston massif) with medium to high grade metamorphism and a flat cleavage plane, and into (2) the suprastructure (e.g., the Salat Pallaresa anticlinorium), with low grade metamorphism and a steep cleavage plane. The second phase produced N-S trending folds and was caused by an E-W compression. The third phase made a conjugate fold system in a NW-SE and a NE-SW direction; the asymmetry proves that an E-W compression caused these folds. The fourth phase was produced by a renewed N-S compression and a vertical E-W cleavage was formed. Finally blockfaulting occurred by which the Mérens fault, which seperates the Aston massif from the Hospitalet massif, was formed. A literature study, concerned with the different types of deformation, shows that the direction of the extension can be parallel or perpendicular to the fold axis with transitions in between. Such a ”deformation pattern” is found in the Vail Ferrera area. The relationship between this pattern and the metamorphism is given.

Beschreibung: In 1968 continuous seismic profiles with a total length of 150 km were made in the Ría de Arosa (Galicia, NW Spain). They were executed by the Bundesanstalt für Bodenforschung (Hannover) with the assistance of two members of the Department of Geology of the University of Leiden (The Netherlands). The pneuflex (airgun) system used for profiling is described. The transformation of travel-time profiles into depth profiles was done automatically with the aid of a computer program. The profiles reveal the presence, below some 7—12 m of Holocene marine muds, of bedded deposits with a thickness of about 30 m (and in the outer part of the ria even more than 60 m), which are interpreted as being of fluvial origin. They are underlain by what is assumed to be colluvium and weathered granite. The bedded deposits must have been formed in times when the sea-level was low, presumably during the Riss and/or Würm glacials. They may originate in part from deposits of the Ulla River, but to a greater extent may represent fluvial fans of its tributaries.

Beschreibung: A study of the beaches on the NW shores of the Ría de Arosa was made with respect to shape and structure of the beaches, grain-size distributions, heavy mineral associations, and relations of the heavy minerals to the bedrock of the hinterland. Most of these numerous small beaches are situated in inlets determined by the occurrence of relatively weak bedrock (mostly schists). Grain-size generally fall in fractions 〉 50 µ, and some beaches even contain important amounts 〉 2000 µ. Many grain-size distributions are bimodal owing to the mixing of different beach layers by wave action or, in a few cases, to mixing with fluvial sands. The heavy mineral compositions of the fluvial and beach deposits approximately reflect the mineral compositions of the bedrock, especially in the deeper inlets of the Ría, whereas most of the beaches on the more exposed parts have a more varied heavy mineral composition. In some cases the minerals indicate a weak long-shore transport of the sands.

Beschreibung: Investigaciones en la Ría de Arosa y sus alrededores, 1962—1964. Introducción. En los veranos de 1962 y 1963 y en el invierno y verano de 1964 un grupo científico holandés hizo investigaciones sedimentológicas, oceanógraficas, zoológicas y botánicas en la Ría de Arosa y sus alrededores. Se tomaron muestras en 934 localidades indicadas en el mapa (Apéndice I). Los nombres de los participantes han sido mencionados en el Apéndice II. El centro de las investigaciones era la fábrica de Don Luis Losada Lago en la Punta Preguntoiro en Villajuán cerca de Villagarcía de Arosa. En el texto siguiente se mencionan los periódicos en que serán publicados los resultados.

Beschreibung: The present paper gathers the results of a morphological study on 149 specimens of Rhinolophus hipposideros, and of ecological investigations on additional material, incl. some 5,000 banded individuals of the same species. Brief description of the reproductive organs of both sexes is given. The reproductive organs of the sexually mature (adult) and the sexually immature grown-up (subadult) individuals are illustrated and comments are made on their changes during the year. In adult males, the spermatogenesis commences in spring, after the change from winter torpidity to active life, and culminates towards the end of July and in August. During the winter months (December to April), the seminiferous epithelium of the tubules of testes is resting. On the contrary, the interstitial cells of Leydig are conspicuously developed in the period from October to April (or May). The tubules of the epididymides of adult males are never entirely free of spermatozoa but they contain the lowest numbers of the latter at the period of intensive spermatogenesis. Towards the end of August and in September, the tubules of the cauda epididymidis begin to be filled with greater numbers of spermatozoa, being overcrowded with them in the period from October till April. Apart from the ampullar glands, the seminal vesicles, the prostate and the bulbourethral or Cowper’s glands, the males of R.h. possess a conspicuously developed accessory sexual gland, discovered, in Rhinolophus, by ROBIN (1881b) and termed the glandula urethralis. This gland is the greatest element of the male genital tract, being at the peak of its secretory activity in October and November. The staining properties of the secretion of this gland indicate that the urethral gland takes an important part in the origin of the female vaginal plug. Most of the adult females were found to copulate already in autumn, from late September till November. Ovulation takes place in April, still before the dissipation of the vaginal plug. Pregnancy lasts for about 2½ months; lactation, for 4 to 5 weeks. The main information on the course of estrous cycle was obtained by histological examinations of vaginal epithelium. The following is the succession of the individual phases of the estrous cycle of reproducing female R.h. in Czechoslovakia: proestrus, late August and early September; estrus, late September till early April; pregnancy, late April till first days of July; lactation, July and early August. The life of R.h. can be divided into three main periods, viz., the juvenile, subadult and adult period. The juvenile period lasts about two and a half months, from July till September. The pelage of individuals younger than some 14 months of age is grey, that of older ones being greyish brown to brown in colour. The male R.h. attain sexual maturity at an approximative age of one year and are first capable of fertilizing at the age of about 15 months, in the second autumn of their life. While the first signs of estrus appear in female R.h. already at the age of 4 months, most of them attain sexual maturity only towards the end of the second year of their life. A small percentage of females (15%, according to banding results) reproduce already at the end of the first year of their life. Although the uterus of one pregnant female R.h. was found to contain two embryos, our results indicate that the litter size equals one. The greatest longevity of R.h. in Czechoslovakia, determined by banding, is 10½ years for males and 9½ years for females. A certain percentage of adult females (6.7% of the material examined) do not reproduce. Sex ratio among the juveniles is 1 : 1 while males predominate among the subadults and, especially, adults; however, a question arises of the extent in which the sample obtained corresponds to the actual relations in the population. The paper is concluded by a discussion. The main problems arising from the study are discussed, viz., the possible hormonal regulation of the male sexual activity, the estrous condition of females, especially during hibernation (the so-called “subestrus”), and the time of attaining sexual maturity.

Beschreibung: This paper forms a part of the general study of the Subtribe Paronychiinae undertaken by the author for his doctoral dissertation. The publication of the new taxa, in a separate form, has been necessitated by the fact that the Flora of Turkey, covering the Family Caryophyllaceae, is to be published in the near future, at any rate before the author can present a consolidated account of the results of his own study of the group. The present paper deals only with the diagnosis and description of the new taxa, presented in a rather conventional manner, and no attempt is made to go into details of the various morphological and taxonomic problems pertaining to the genus Paronychia as a whole. Such problems will, of course, be taken up in the general revision of the group.

Beschreibung: Suffrutex humilis, caule repente nodoso, ramis foliosis adscendentibus vel raro suberectis, saepe brevibus (ca. 5 cm, usque ad ca. 15 cm), 2-3 mm crassis, dense et plus minusve persistenter crispato-villosis, pills patentibus, fulvis (statu vivo albis?), ad 1 mm longis. Folia ramis et partibus caulum repentium inserta, manifeste petiolata, petiolis plerumque 1-2 (rare ad 5½) cm longis, basi ima solum brevissime vaginantibus, indumento ei ramorum simili. Lamina elliptica, 9-13½ cm longa, 6-7½ cm lata, apice obtusa vel rarius subacuta, basi leviter sed manifeste inaequilatera, rotundata sed vix cordulata, latere uno 2-5 mm breviore et angustius rotundato; margine integro; textura chartacea, nec pellucido- nec glanduloso-punctata, opaca; facie superiore, ut videtur, statu vivo nonnumquam fusco- vel griseoviridis, glaberrima, inferiore pallidiore, grisacea, ad nervos maiores ut rami petiolique villosa; costa ad medium vel paulum ultra (vix ad 2/3) venis maioribus praedita, vel raro venae minores superiores nervationem aequalem usque ad apicem similantes; venae maiores pro latere 3-5, infimae margine approximatae, arcuatim adscendentes, inter marginem arcuatim connexae et conspicue reticulato-coniunctae, venis infra prominentibus, supra impressis.

Beschreibung: The inland heath vegetations of the Netherlands consist of three main types: the dry heath complex, Calluna vulgaris dominant; the humid heath complex, Calluna and Erica tetralix co-dominant; and the wet heath complex, Erica tetralix dominant. Each of those complexes shows some variation in its floristic composition caused by ecological and geographical factors. The water and mineral nutrient content of the soil are the two ecological master factors.

Beschreibung: The variability of the principal differentiating characters of Spergularia marginata and S. salina was studied by means of analyses of population samples. Both species proved to be sharply definable in the Netherlands; no intermediates were found. In certain habitats a form of S. marginata occurs with exclusively unwinged seeds. It seems that S. salina, on the other hand, has a form with broadly winged seeds only. So far it was found in but a single Dutch station.

Beschreibung: It is often assumed that the delimitation and the subdivision of the various families which have been distinguished in the Angiosperms, do no longer offer serious difficulties. They would belong to those objects of study for which already long ago a fairly satisfactory solution was found. If we wish to be acquainted with this solution, the only thing we would have to do, would be to look up such works as Bentham and Hooker’s “Genera Plantarum” and Engler and Prantl’s “Natürliche Pflanzenfamilien”. Some improvements might still be desirable, but these would be of minor importance only. These assumptions, however, are to be regarded as dangerous illusions. That the very serious nature of the shortcomings found in the delimitation and subdivision of these families, especially of the larger ones, is so often overlooked, is apparently due to an attitude of mind which is observed in a comparatively large part of the taxonomists, viz. a lack of interest in the development of a truly natural classification. This is not incomprehensible. Most of them spend the major part of their time in the elaboration of floras covering areas of more or less limited extent, and they are but rarely aware of the fact that the knowledge of the families which is obtained in this way, remains necessarily incomplete. Moreover, in the elaboration of a flora the most essential point is the construction of serviceable keys to the species as well as to the groups of higher rank, not the exact delimitation of these groups: to the latter end usually more material is required than the compiler of a flora has at his disposition. However, we must not overlook the fact that a key, in order to be serviceable, need not reflect the degree of affinity between the units with which it is dealing; in reality, such keys are often entirely or almost entirely artificial, and this applies therefore also to classifications which are based on such keys. To illustrate this, I will discuss here some of the characters by the aid of which in the Rubiaceae very suitable keys to the genera have been constructed, but which when they subsequently were used for the elaboration of a classification, led to entirely unsatisfactory results.

Beschreibung: The delimitation of genera in the Campanulaceae, especially in the subtribe Campanulinae, meets with serious difficulties. Linnaeus (1753, 1754) distinguished 3 genera: Campanula, Phyteuma, and Trachelium. In A. de Candolle’s (1830) monograph of the family 334 species were recognized, classed in 21 genera. Species of 12 of these genera had formerly been included in Campanula. Yet the genus Campanula still appears too inclusive, and the delimitation of some other genera is open to dispute. Not only the delimitation of genera presents serious difficulties, there is also no common opinion on the arrangement of the genera in tribes. The more important systems are those of Schönland (in Engler and Prantl, 1894) and of Fedorov (1957). Schönland arrived at the following subdivision of the Gampanuloideae: Campanuleae, Pentaphragmeae, and Sphenocleae. In the present paper only the first of these tribes will be taken into consideration. The tribe Campanuleae was divided by Schönland into three subtribes: Campanulinae (Adenophora, Canarina, Heterocodon, Mindium (= Michauxia), Ostrowskia, Symphyandra, Phyteuma, Trachelium, Legousia, Campanula, Perocarpa), Wahlenberginae (Codonopsis, Edraianthus, Jasione, Wahlenbergia and 13 other genera), and Platycodinae (Platycodon, Microcodon, Musschia). Fedorov (l.c.) divided the subfamily Campanuloideae into 8 tribes: I. Campanuleae (Campanula, Symphyandra, Brachycodon, Adenophora, Popoviocodonia, Astrocodon), II. Peracarpeae (Perocarpa), III. Ostrowskieae (Ostrowskia), IV. Michauxieae (Michauxia), V. Phyteumateae (Phyteuma, Asyneuma, Sergia, Cryptocodon, Cylindrocarpa, Legousia), VI. Wahlenbergieae (Wahlenbergia, Codonopsis, Platycodon), VII. Edraiantheae (Edraianthus), VIII. Jasioneae (Jasione).

Beschreibung: Op de 28ste september van het jaar 1859 sprak de toen juist aan deze Universiteit benoemde hoogleraar Miquel zijn ‘inwijdingsrede’ uit „over het tegenwoordig standpunt der plantenkunde en haar verband met andere wetenschappen”. Miquel was op het moment van het uitspreken van zijn rede een algemeen bekend botanicus, maar toch wel in de eerste plaats een plantensystematicus, en zijn rede was daarom in hoofdzaak een bespiegeling over de positie van de plantensystematiek te midden van verwante disciplines. Zij bevatte bovendien een aantal min of meer theoretische beschouwingen over de grondslagen van de plantensystematiek. Nu is het jaar 1859 niet de geschiedenis van de biologie ingegaan als het jaar van Miquel, maar zoals u allen uiteraard bekend is, als dat van de publicatie van Darwin’s On the origin of species op de 24ste november, nauwelijks twee maanden dus na Miquel’s rede. Door Darwin’s eerdere geschriften, alsmede ook door voorzichtig tastende maar soms ook wel wild fantaserende eerdere theorieën, was het terrein als het ware rijp voor de grote revolutie in het biologische denken, voor de Umwertung aller Werte ook in de plantensystematiek. Het algemene biologische denkpatroon van Miquel en van de meeste van zijn collega’s echter was nog overwegend dat van de oude orde. De samenvatting die Miquel op 28 september uitsprak kan gezien worden als de afronding van een tijdvak. Het is verleidelijk op dit moment een, uiteraard zeer summier, overzicht over de staat van theorie en praktijk van de plantensystematiek in het jaar 1966 te plaatsen tegen de achtergrond van Miquel’s samenvatting op deze zelfde plaats gegeven in dat voor de biologie zo belangrijke jaar 1859. In dat jaar was het al evenmin als nu meer vanzelfsprekend dat iedere beoefenaar van de natuurwetenschap bij zijn vroege opleiding een goede training ontvangen had in de beginselen van logica en filosofie. Deze goede gewoonte behoefde echt niet de ontwikkeling van het voor de natuuronderzoeker zo essentiële empirisme in de weg te staan – integendeel! Op het vasteland van West-Europa echter, was ze al tijdens de Franse revolutie verdwenen. Toch was, vooral in de plantensystematiek, enig begrip op deze gebieden niet geheel overbodig als men zich ten minste rekenschap wilde geven van de theorie van zijn eigen vak. Vooral de Aristotelische logica beheerste de systematiek van de levende wezens tot diep in de negentiende eeuw. Dit wil niet zeggen dat de systematiek, of deze nu door zoölogen of botanici beoefend werd, slaafs een a-prioristisch systeem volgde en blind was voor de door directe waarneming verkregen feiten. De ordening van begrippen, theorieën en axiomata, die het systematische gedeelte van elke wetenschap kenmerkt, was echter veelal nog beheerst door de grondbeginselen van de Aristotelische logica (vgl. bijv. Cain 1958, 1959). De biologische systematiek omvat de ordening van op grond van de studie van organismen gevormde groepsbegrippen; taxa zouden we nu zeggen. De systematiek van vóór 1859 was in hoofdzaak gebaseerd op vormovereenkomsten en ging uit van de constantie van de te ordenen veelvuldigheid. De Aristotelische logica kende geen tijdsbegrip. Basaal was de constatering dat er in de menigvuldigheid leemten optraden die meer of minder groot waren en die daardoor het opstellen van hiërarchisch gerangschikte groepen mogelijk maakten. In de logica had men als ordeningsbegrippen genera en species. Hierbij waren genera synthetische en species analytische eenheden. Deze termen waren oorspronkelijk relatief: een genus kon steeds weer zelf als species deel uitmaken van een hogere categorie die dan weer genus genoemd werd. Sinds Ray en Tournefort echter gebruikte men in de biologie de begrippen genus en species ter aanduiding van categorieën in een zeer bepaalde rang. Bij dit systematisch onderzoek was er kennelijk geen behoefte rekening te houden met de specifieke eigenaardigheden van levende wezens. Als men wilde definiëren wat men onder een soort verstond dan ging men wel zover te zeggen dat soorten groepen individuen waren die gelijke nakomelingen kregen. In de praktijk van de soortsomgrenzingen was er echter vrijwel nooit sprake van het experimenteel nagaan of de tot een soort gerekende exemplaren nu ook inderdaad zulk een voortplantingsgroep vormden. De systematiek was geheel gebaseerd op vormverwantschap. Wel ziet men door de gehele biologie een streven de soorten zo goed mogelijk te definiëren; tot een algemeen geldige definitie kwam men echter niet en is men ook niet gekomen. Dit vraagstuk van een algemeen te aanvaarden soortsbegrip is in feite een schijnprobleem. Het soortsbegrip dat men toepast wordt bepaald door de methode die men volgt, bijvoorbeeld formeel, experimenteel of historisch. In de praktijk van de systematiek doen zich vele combinaties van methodieken voor die dikwijls weer eigen soortsbegrippen met zich mee brengen.

Beschreibung: In 1888 K. Schumann described a new, monotypic genus of the Passifloraceae from Papua, Hollrungia aurantioides K. Sch. (Bot. Jahrb. 9: 212). Its generic distinction was largely ascribed to the peculiar sessile, cap-shaped, undivided stigma (“tellerformige Narbe”) and a 3-angular ovary. Harms, who elaborated Passifloraceae for the first and second editions of the “Pflanzenfamilien”, provided a figure of a section of the flower and a cross-section of the ovary (1.c. 3, 6a: 86, fig. 25 E-F. 1893, and 21: 495, fig. 218 E-F. 1925), maintaining Schumann’s observation that Hollrungia possesses an androgynophore which brings it alongside Passiflora, but differing from that genus by the undivided cap-shaped stigma. This kind of stigma is rare in the Passifloraceae and Harms recorded it in the family only for two other, monotypic African genera Crossostemma and Schlechterina.

Beschreibung: A short review of the history of palynology is presented. This branch of science received its greatest impetus from the introduction of the pollen diagram, 50 years ago. Emphasis is laid on the development of palaeopalynology, but the history of pollen morphology, medical pollen studies and melittopalynology are also briefly discussed, as well as work on chitinozoans and fossil microplankton of botanical affinity. International palynological meetings are also reported.

Beschreibung: The oak mildew invaded Western Europa in the years 1908 and 1909. Since then this parasite, Microsphaera alphitoides Griff. & Maubl. (syn. M. quercina (Schw.) Burr.) has occurred regularly in the Netherlands on oak seedlings and oak coppice, mainly Quercus pedunculata Ehr. (syn. Q. robur L. ). After the appearance of the fungus its identity and also its mode of hibernation has been amply discussed. Perithecia with ascospores were discovered by Arnaud and Foëx (1912) in France. In the Netherlands perithecia were only occasionally observed, as their occurrence seems to depend on weather conditions during the summer months (Hartsuyker, 1939). Besides ascospores, if present, chlamydospores on old infected leaves described by Ferraris (1909) might be a source of infection of young leaves in spring (Petri, 1923). However, these observations were not confirmed by other investigators. Neger (1911), Peglion (1911), and somewhat later also Van Poeteren (1912) observed hibernation of the mildew in infested buds from which malformed shoots developed in spring, stem and leaves being covered with mycelium and conidia. Woodward et al. (1929) described the way the mildew spreads: conidia from these shoots infect young healthy leaves in the neighbourhood, on which circular colonies develop. The growth of these white patches stops rather soon, probably owing to thickening of the cuticle of the ageing leaves. As has been noted by Ditu et al. (1964) leaves are severely attacked up to the age of 20 days. A second outbreak may occur on the newly developed Lammas shoots. Van Poeteren (1918) gave a clear description of the two periods of spread.

Beschreibung: Mr. Hiroshi Inoue of the National Science Museum, Tokyo (TNS), collected mosses in Malaya from 1 to 20 Sept. 1965 and in Ceylon from 25 Febr. to 20 March 1966. A full set of duplicates will be kept in the New York Herbarium; other sets will go to the Hattori Botanical Laboratory (NICH), the Institut fur spezielle Botanik in Jena (JE), the Rijksherbarium, and Geneva. He has undertaken a revision of the Plagiochilaceae (Hepaticae) for the whole world, and will be glad to receive specimens for study.

Beschreibung: Here is given a sample of a new sort of identification key, recently developed by Dr. P. W. Leenhouts of the Rijksherbarium. Having to sort many specimens of Sapindaceae into genera, he became dissatisfied with the common dichotomous key, which too often does not work when the material is not complete. When he had extracted the existing descriptions, tabulated the characters, and written them up horizontally, with the names in code, he found not only that in a given space it contained far more information than does a dichotomous key, but also that it worked far better. He then proceeded to devise a synoptic key to the Malesian species of Santiria The numbering of the species is the same as that in the Flora Malesiana revision (I, 5: 229), namely: 1 = tomentosa, 2 = mollis, 3 = grandiflora, 4 = laevigata, 5 = oblongifolia, 6 = ridleyi, 7 = conferta, (8 has been transferred to Dacryodes), 9 = apiculata, 10 = megaphylla, 11 = griffithii, 12 = rubiginosa.

Beschreibung: Gazetteer to the Philippine Road map, compiled by M. Jacobs. Reprints of precursory papers, as far as available.

Beschreibung: (62). In some respects Tremella encephala is even more variable than other species of the genus, for instance, as to colour, there are at least three principal shades. First, hyaline-whitish, the white colour being mainly due to the white kernel that shows through. It was this condition, I believe, that received the name Tremella alabastrina. A delicate flesh colour is very common. Neuhoff (1936b: 23) has suggested that Tremella fragiformis Pers. (which Persoon called ‘ruber’) was annotated by its German collector as stawberry (fraise) coloured and that Persoon misunderstood the information: “in der deutschen Tuchindustrie bedeutet fräsfarben ein milchiges Fleischrosa, das dem Farbton der T. encephala vollkommen entspricht.” It may be pointed out that when Persoon published a coloured picture of his species he stated in the French version of the text: “sa couleur à l’exterieur est semblable à celle de la fraise; intérieurement elle est pâle.” However, the accompanying figure shows the fruitbody as dingy pink rather than red.

Beschreibung: Alangium LAMK.—M. M. J. van Balgooy, Pac. Plant Areas 2: map 72. Complete; Old World, also incl. Indo-Malesia, E. Australia, Pacific (Solomons, New Caledonia, New Hebrides, Fiji); delineated except in Africa and Madagascar, localities indicated only in the Pacific, species density; monograph.

Beschreibung: Several decalcifying mixtures or aqueous solutions of inorganic or organic acids are generally used for releasing algae growing in the shells of molluscs and barnacles, for instance dilute hydrochloric, nitric, citric, or acetic acid (4), a mixture of nitric acid, chromic acid and alcolhol (1), nitric acid and alcohol (9), chlorine dioxide and acetic acid (diaphanol) (3, 6, 11, 12), and formic acid and formiate (8). For a review see (7). Such mixtures or solutions generate carbondioxide bubbles that more or less disorganise the histological structure of the thallus. They also hydrolyse cell-contents and cell-wall material. Diaphanol and formiate appeared to be relatively useful for conserving the histological structure of the thalli. Recently (5, 10, 13) chelating agents, e.g. EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) were introduced as histological decalcifiers. The fact that EDTA is widely used as a chelating ingredient of nutrient media for algal cultures suggested its possible use for releasing living algae growing in animal shells. However, the concentration necessary for decalcification is a multiple of that used in culture media (1 % to 5 % and 0.0005 %. respectively). It is possible to vary the pH from 5—10, in accordance with the pH of the natural habitat of the alga.

Beschreibung: G. erecta C. Chr. affinis, differt: segmentis maximis laminae ramorum ultimorum 8—15 mm longis, costulis 3—4 mm inter se distantibus. Rhizome to 3½ mm diameter; stipes to 50 cm long; primary rachis-branches usually forking in 3 or 4 orders, branches of all orders except the last 3—5 cm long, ultimate branches to 20 cm long; stipular leaflets, more or less lobed, present at bases of primary branches, or lacking; penultimate branches in most cases fully leafy, sometimes partially so; lamina-segments on ultimate branches 8—15 mm long, at 60—70° to costa, bases of their costules 3—4 mm apart; scales as G. erecta, those on costae c 1½ X ½ mm, spreading at right angles, dark brown with slender ascending marginal hairs towards apices.

Beschreibung: Dicranopteris linearis var. montana Holtt. abnormal Microlepia strigosa (Thunb.) Presl Pseudophegopteris aurita (Hk.) Ching cyclocarpa Holttum Pseudocyclosorus caudatus Holttum petrophila (Copel.) Holttum Mesoneuron wantotensis (Copel.) Holttum Cyclosorus dentatus (Forsk.) Ching confertus (Brause) Copel. heterocarpus (Bl.) Copel. beccarianus (Cesati) Copel. deminuens Holttum Arachniodes aristata (Forst.) Tindale Tectaria devexa (Kze) Copel. Diplazium armatum (Copel.) Holttum stellatopilosum (Brause) Holttum proliferum (Lam.) Kaulf. Lunathyrium japonicum (Thunb.) Kurata Naphrolepis lauterbachii Christ saligna Carr. Pteris orientalis v.A.v.R. cretica L. tripartita Sw. warburgii Christ Adiantum aneitense Carr. diaphanum Bl. Coniogramme intermedia Hieron. Goniophlebium subauriculatum Bl. Microsorium commutatum (Bl.) Copel. n 2n 68 78 156 84 62 124 124 72 36 36 72 72 72 72 72 72 82 164 80 l60 82 41 82 82 120 24O 160 c. 40 82 87 87 29 58 Il6 114 120 37 72 diploid diploid tetraploid diploid tetraploid tetraploid diploid diploid diploid tetraploid diploid diploid tetraploid diploid tetraploid tetraploid diploid diploid diploid hexaploid tetraploid diploid diploid triploid triploid diploid diploid tetraploid ? tetraploid diploid diploid

Beschreibung: The so-called “Agriogomphus complex” contains a number of imperfectly known little Gomphine dragon-flies which fall within the Epigomphus series of the Legion Gomphus of DE SELYS as proposed by E. B. WILLIAMSON in his paper of 1920 (Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. 80, p. 8). The adult material hitherto recorded consists of only a dozen specimens. The group comprises four genera and the species known to us are chronologically listed below under their original names: 1. Agriogomphus sylvicola SELYS 1869, Bull. Acad. Belg. (2) 28, p. 189. 2. Cyanogomphus waltheri SELYS 1873, Bull. Acad Belg. (2) 36, p. 753. 3. Cyanogomphus demerarae SELYS 1894, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 38, p. 173. 4. Cyanogomphus tumens CALVERT 1905, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Neuropt., p. 169. 5. Cyanogomphus conchinus Williamson 1916, Ent. News 27, p. 168. 6. Ischnogomphus jessei WILLIAMSON 1918, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. 52, p. 10. 7. Ebegomphus strumens NEEDHAM 1944, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 69, p. 186. 8. Cyanogomphus uncatus FRASER 1947, Act. Zool. Lillo. 4, p. 437. It must be noted that the species mentioned under nos. 3, 4 and 5 were questionably referred to the genus Cyanogomphus. F. C. FRASER transferred Ischnogomphus jessei in 1943 to the genus Agriogomphus (Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. B, 12, p. 162). J. G. NEEDHAM transferred Cyanogomphus conchinus in 1944 to the genus Ebegomphus (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 69, p. 185). In the same paper (p. 180) he summarized the adult characters of the group. Further, he described the immature stages of three genera of the group, viz. Cyanogomphus in his paper of 1940 (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 65, p. 382) and both Agriogomphus and Ebegomphus in his additional paper of 1944 (Trans. Amer. Ent. 69, p. 183, 190). In the latter paper (p. 180—181) he also characterized these stages on the basis of his knowledge of the larvae of the three genera, and concerning these characters he remarks: “These characteristics become progressively stronger in Agriogomphus, Cyanogomphus and Strumagomphus [= Ebegomphus; Strumagomphus is an error], and correspond, I think, to the specialization by reduction and readjustment seen in the wing venation of the adults”.

Beschreibung: Différentes missions dans la province du León ont permis une abondante récolte de petits Rhynchonellacea qui nous ont semblé n’appartenir à aucune espèce connue. Nous avons été amenés à envisager également l’érection d’un genre nouveau, car notre espèce présentait une série de caractères distinctifs.

Beschreibung: In order to continue the investigation of the Nigerian Maastrichtian pollenflora (van Hoeken-Klinkenberg, 1964) with Lower Tertiary material, a study has been made of some boreholesamples of the Maastrichtian, Paleocene and Eocene in Nigeria. A comparison is made with the South American pollen and spores of the same age. The samples were kindly given bij Shell/BP Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd., for which I am very grateful. Further I wish to express my gratitude to the „Stichting het Molengraaíf-Fonds”, for her financial support of the above mentioned study.

Beschreibung: In this paper a new specimen of Neuropteris-leave, originating from Spain (Provincia Leon), eaten by insects has been described and compared with identical finds in South Africa. The name of Phagophytichnus ekowskii has been given to this tracefossil. This tracefossil belonging to the group of Cibichnia Müller 1962, has a Permo-Carboniferous age.

Beschreibung: This paper presents data of various kinds concerning the Quaternary geology of the St. Lawrence Lowlands: pollen diagrams, C14 dates, and diatom floras. These data show that the highest parts of the St. Lawrence Lowlands were already deglaciated more than 12,000 years ago, as appears from the existence of glacial lakes around some of the Monteregian Hills. The collected evidence seems to confirm the data concerning the age of the Champlain Sea: it lasted from approximately 11,400 years B.P. to somewhat before 9,500 years B.P. The data supply also evidence for a lowering of sea level during the Champlain Sea episode, related to the St. Narcisse readvance, followed by a sea level rise (indicated by deeper water) after the retreat of the St. Narcisse ice. As to the pollen diagrams presented here, they show that the New England pollen zonation can be applied to the lacustrine pollen sequence of the St. Lawrence Lowlands, and strongly suggest (together with C14 dates) that a correlation exists between the Younger Dryas of northwestern Europe, the St. Narcisse readvance, and the first part of the pollen zone A4 from New England as described by Davis and other workers. The diatom data of Lake Hertel appear to confirm the present elevation of the maximum marine limit (level) in the Montreal area as being approximately 570 feet or 171 meters. Finally the diatom floras supply information on the paleo-ecological conditions of the lakes studied.

Beschreibung: The subject of this study is the largest of the ‘classical’ rias in W. Galicia, the Ría de Arosa (length 25 km, depths of over 65 m). The bottom of the ria displays a complex topography. The wide variety of the surrounding rock types results in the supply of heavy minerals and clay minerals of a variegated composition. The different types of sediment occurring in the bay are described. The results of various laboratory analyses of some 400 grab samples form the basis of the discussions, but punch-core and boring samples were also studied. The present sedimentary processes are inferred from data obtained from textural and petrographical analyses in combination with the oceanographical and biological characteristics of the ria. Two types of bioclasts are distinguished: lithothamnion rudite and shell debris. Accumulations of Lithothamnion (two species) are restricted to shallow areas, where they sometimes constitute the entire sediment. The innermost part of the ria lacks calcareous algae; the depth-limit of growth shifts downward on approaching the Atlantic Ocean. Shell debris is found throughout the ria, the amount increasing in the direction of the ocean. Accumulations of shell debris are also encountered in shallow areas. The moderate sorting and the absence of a dominant species in the heavy-mineral association of the samples taken in the bed of the largest river flowing into the ria (the Ulla), indicate that these sediments are not in equilibrium with their present environment. This also accounts for the pebbly sands of the Umia River, the second most important confluent to the ria. The rivers supply sandy particles to the ria only occasionally. Coarse-grained sediments, mainly restricted to the coastal zones, derive from the local bedrock. The distributional boundaries of the eight heavy-mineral associations distinguished in the Ría de Arosa reflect local petrological differences on the mainland, thus indicating the insignificance of long-shore currents. One metamorphic association is exceptional, because the adjoining bedrock is an intrusive granite. The origin of this — presumably relict — sediment found along part of the eastern coast remains a problem. Immaturity of the sandy sediments is confirmed by roundness and quartz/feldspar ratios. Muds and sandy muds are the predominating types of bottom sediments in the Ría de Arosa. Black liquid muds, smelling strongly of hydrogen sulphide, are encountered in the inner part of the ria. Greenish-grey firm inodoriferous muds are found in the central and outer regions. These physical differences are caused by the decrease in both the oxygen content and the velocity of the bottom current flowing into the ria. This water circulation pattern also governs the distribution of the clay minerals. The muds are only partially supplied by the rivers, which carry kaolinite, illite, gibbsite, and other minerals. Marine clay minerals, also consisting mainly of kaolinite and illite but characterized by the additional presence of montmorillonite, are brought into the ria by bottom currents.

Beschreibung: During the first fifteen years of the present century, the production of rubber from wild trees was a thriving, though nefarious, industry in the northwestern part of the Amazon Valley. The heaviest concentration of this primitive forest industry — and the most widely notorious — was centered in the area drained by the Ríos Karaparaná and Igaraparaná, northern tributaries of the Río Putumayo, lying between the Ríos Putumayo and Caquetá (Map 1). In this hey day of rubber production, the area was claimed by both Colombia and Peru, but the Peruvians actually occupied and exploited it. As a result of the war between Colombia and Peru in the early 1930’s, the boundaries have been set with the Río Putumayo as the frontier. Colombia is now in possession of the areas north of the Putumayo, which are incorporated into the Colombian political unit known as the Comisaría del Amazonas.

Beschreibung: This essay is mainly a restatement of the biohistorical ideology such as we developed it during recent years. At a recent international congress, I tried to present this in a detached, logical way (1965). At other times, I endeavoured to clarify it by using a case history (1964). In both cases, certain things remained unexplained and I will now try to elucidate the development of our biohistorical ideology along somewhat different lines. In doing so I shall avoid unnecessary personal reminiscences, but some facts of a personal nature or relating to the development of our Institute necessarily will have to be recapitulated in this connection. Many factors are involved, ranging from the increase in our staff, to the augmenting interests of our students (which forces us to pay some special attention to their education and, just as any editor will learn much through his editorial activities, one learns so much more by teaching than I formerly understood or expected). Other factors again are the increase of our library holdings and documentation programme, talks with colleagues (particularly in the literary faculty) and those visitors from abroad who do not come only — welcome as they are — to copy certain data from various sections of our Index Ultrajectinus (a world index of the literature of biohistory, entirely separate from our Library Catalogue). Then, one makes schemes which frequently do not materialize rightaway, but which nevertheless are most helpful in planning for the future. As to our ideology, there is very little new in it, if considered from the point of view of the great medical humanists of the past. The materia medica, however, is only partially identical with the materia biologica and it took me many years to apply the ideology of the medical humanists to our own subject matter. Most medical historians always considered it a very natural thing to enter a variety of humanistic pastures and, whenever their rambles went beyond the traditional fields of history s.s., they never felt an urge to employ another term for whatever they were doing than “history of medicine”.

Beschreibung: O. Schwarz (in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regn. Veg. 47: 288. 1939) was the first in recent years to draw attention to the Genera Plantarum Vocabulis Characteristicis Definita of N. M. von Wolf and to the fact that certain generic names were validly published in it for the first time. Mansfeld (in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regn. Veg. 48: 267. 1940; op. cit. 49: 42. 1940) and H. P. Fuchs (in Verh. Naturf. Ges. Basel 72: 344-345. 1961), however, argue that none of the names in Wolf’s work can be regarded as validly published. A study of the work and the others associated with it (Wolf, Concordantia Botanica, 1780; Genera et Species Plantarum Vocabulis Characteristicis Definita, 1781) has led me to the opposite conclusion, and in my view some twenty generic names are in fact validly published in Wolf’s Genera. Bibliographic details of the works in question are: Genera Plantarum / Vocabulis Characteristicis / Definita / 1776. [1]—8, table (bound in), [1]-[178]. 8°. There is no indication of author. Pp. 3-177 of the main text are numbered, and on the un-numbered verso of p. 177 there is a list of “Errata”. Concordantia / Botanica. “Nota” on verso of title. 147 pp. innum., sign. A-S 4°, sign. T folio with blank verso to second leaf. Footnote at end of text ([T2] recto) “Dantisci. Typo Mülleri & cura N. M. de Wolf. 1780.” Genera et Species / Plantarum / Vocabulis Characteristicis / Definita. / In Marienwerder, / Typis Joan. Jac. Kanteri Typogr. Aulici / 1781. [1]-454 (table pasted in after p. 10) [this is the same table as is bound in after page 8 in the Genera], 8 pp. innum. (sign.* “Additamentum Alterum / Sibiricae Cel. Dni. Pallas. / et Aliae Quaedam.”), table.

Beschreibung: Diagnosis: Frond at least bipinnate. Rachis up to 2 mm broad, longitudinally grooved. Pinnae alternate or subopposite, up to 1,5 cm broad (normally 1 cm), longest one 5 cm long but without apex. Pinnae arising at intervals of 1-2,5 cm, and at an angle of 30-60°. Pinna-rachis thin. Pinnules arising at an angle of 45° at intervals of 1-6 mm, alternate, katadromic. Pinnules always united basally. Pinnules in the lower (or middle) part of the leaf linear, up to 1,5 cm long (normally 1 cm) and up to 4 mm broad (normally 2 mm). Apex obtuse, margin entire, slightly narrowed near the base, basal margin decurrent as a narrow wing along the pinna-rachis. In the upper part of the leaf pinnules smaller, 4 mm broad, 6 mm long, deltoid and slightly falcate. Proximally the pinnae are pinnulate, the pinnules becoming first laterally fused and then forming an entire pinna. Venation: Midrib arising at a small angle near the basal edge of the pinnule and bending outwards or, sometimes, straight to the apex. Lateral veins arising in katadromic order or nearly opposite, at intervals of 1-2 mm and at an angle of 40°, simple or once forked half-way towards the margin; branches diverging.

Beschreibung: After the publication of part I and part II of this series a number of Aroids were collected in the interior of Surinam, chiefly by A. G. H. Daniels and F. P. Jonker during an expedition to the Emma Range in 1959. The following is an enumeration of species collected for the first time in Surinam in addition to records of recollections of rare taxa and critical notes on misinterpreted or confused species. The present authors also examined those specimens collected by J. van Donselaar and W. A. E. van Donselaar-ten Bokkel Huinink (1958/59), K. U. Kramer and W. H. E. Hekking (1960/61), J. G. Wessels Boer (1963), J. P. Schulz (1963) and P.A. Florschütz and P. J. M. Maas (1964/65).

Beschreibung: A study was made of the structure of 32 fossil palmlike wood samples, found in diluvial sands in the East of the Netherlands. 27 of them proved to belong to four species of Palmoxylon; two of them are described as new. Five samples belong to a palmroot structure newly described here.