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  • Seismology
  • Weizen
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • 1980-1984
  • 1965-1969  (216)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1966  (216)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1980-1984
  • 1965-1969  (216)
  • 1925-1929
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 119 (1966) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051190101
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The origin and development of alopecia in mice homozygous for strong's luxoid geneThis work was supported by research grant AM-06428 from the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, Public Health Service, and by a grant made to M. L. Fritts by the Institute of Science and Technology, State of Michigan. (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966), S. 565-579 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Hair follicles are initiated in mice homozygous for Strong's luxoid gene at the normal times. The dermis from 16 days of gestation to nine days after birth lags in development. The adipose layer instead of enlarging at the normal time of three days after birth delays until nine days. The growth of the first cycle hairs is inhibited, particularly on dorsal surfaces. Some follicles of all types degenerate. The surviving follicles enter telogen at seven days after birth, after forming only short unpigmented or poorly-pigmented hairs. Many follicles immediately begin a second cycle of growth, in which more normal hairs develop and a substantial adipose layer forms. No alopecia develops on ventral surfaces, but growth of the first cycle ceases and the second cycle commences earlier than normal; the hairs formed are abnormal. Abnormal hair growth in Strong's luxoid homozygotes may be a result of the retarded growth of the dermis or both defects may be secondary to a more fundamental defect.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051180409
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neurosecretory cells in the central nervous system of the adult blowfly Phormia regina meigen (diptera: Calliphoridae)This investigation was supported in part by a Public Health Service Research Career Award 5-K6-GM-18,495--01 through 03 from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, and by Public Health Service Research grant Al-00533 from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, both made to G.F. (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 119 (1966), S. 21-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: 1Neurosecretary cells in the central nervous system of the adult blowfly, Phormia regina Meig., have been examined histologically using the parparaldehyde-fuchsin and Gomori's staining method. Six groups of the neurosecretory cells occur in each hemisphere of the brain, the medial, frontal, lateral A, lateral B, posterior I and posterior II groups. In the subesophageal ganglion, four B-cells and two A-cells are present. In the thoracico-abdominal ganglion, ten A-cells are found in the thoracic region and a total of about 50 A- and B-cells in the hind part of the abdominal region.2A comparison with the neurosecretory system of two other species of blowfly, Calliphora erythrocephala Meig., Sarcophaga bullata Parker, and the housefly, Musca domestica L., showed similar arrangements and grouping.3Neurosecretory granules have been observed along the axons originating from the medial neurosecretory cells of the brain, and the thoracico-abdominal ganglion. The granules originating from the medial groups can be traced directly to the corpus cardiacum from which they move to the aorta, crop duct and cardia through axons.4There is with advancing age a gradual increase in the size of cell bodies and nuclei of the median neurosecretory cells in both females and males of Phormia regina, and also a decrease in stainable granules. This increase in size is dependent on nutrition, with no increase in water alone, a slight increase on sugar, and a maximum increase on sugar and liver. Corresponding increases in size occur in the ovaries in connection with feeding the same substances.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051190104
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
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    The megachiroptera and vespertilionoidea of the microchiroptera (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 119 (1966), S. 101-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The structure of the external ears and the ultrasonic cries produced by one member of the single family of Megachiroptera and six representatives of the Vespertilionoidea of the Microchiroptera have been described. All the specimens were intra-vitally fixed and the preparations have been examined, photographed and measured. Brief notes are given on the middle ear and the following measurements have been made on the cochlea: the general size of the cochlea in various dimensions, the width and thickness of the basilar membrane, the size of the spiral ligament and the height of the cells of Claudius. In conclusion it can be said that there are marked differences in the structure of the cochleae of the two suborders, as well as within the superfamily Vespertilionoidea.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051190202
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 119 (1966) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051190301
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The fine structure of blood cells in the ascidian Perophora viridis (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 119 (1966), S. 305-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of each of the blood cell types of Perophora viridis has been characterized and strong evidence for localization of vanadium in two of these types is given.There are eight cell types; phagocytes which may contain completely engulfed cells, lymphocytes with a prominant nucleolus and scanty cytoplasm packed with clustered ribosomes, and six other cell types each with distinctive granules. Morula cells contain a central nucleus and cytoplasm filled by wedged bodies, about five of which are seen in section. These bodies contain regularly spaced electron dense foci. Green cells have the same organization but contain bodies which are electron dense throughout. Granular amoebocytes contain many smaller lightly staining oval bodies and much glycogen. Another cell type (probably orange cells of light microscopy) contains numerous granular rounded bodies. Compartment cells have vacuoles containing electron dense particles and signet ring cells have usually one large vacuole which is electron dense lined and may contain electron dense particles. Developmental stages of these cell types show involvement of endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies in granule formation.After glutaraldehyde fixation alone the only extremely electron dense components are particles in the compartment cells and signet ring cells implicating these as sites of vanadium localization, although not excluding other cell types.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051190304
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  • 7
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    Structural changes in the murine yolk sac during gestation: Cytochemical and electron microscope observationsThis work was supported by N.S.F. grants GB 280 and GB 1477. Mrs. Calarco holds N.I.H. predoctoral fellowship 1-F1-GM-24, 170-01 and part of this work was done by her in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the M.S. degree. (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 119 (1966), S. 341-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Specimens of murine yolk sac prepared for light and electron microscopy at 8, 12, and 18 days of gestational age revealed a changing morphology of the endodermal cells in the visceral layer as gestation progressed. Basophilia increased between 8 and 12 days and decreased slightly between 12 and 18 days. These changes corresponded to the development of a highly organized rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum by 12 days and its partial replacement by smooth-surfaced elements by 18 days. Staining of frozen sections with tetrazolium dyes revealed a substrate dependent localization of the staining reaction within the cells and suggested an underlying compartmentalization of metabolic activities. Two types of apical granules were observed on the basis of both cytochemistry and electron microscopy. These granules were most numerous at 12 days of gestational age. The observations suggest that although synthesis and absorption doubtless occur simultaneously throughout gestation, the emphasis is on synthesis during the first half of the period and absorption during the second half. It is suggested that the change in fine structure may be due to the rupture of Reichert's membrane and the subsequent establishment of direct contact between the endodermal cells and the uterine wall.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051190306
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  • 8
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    The ganglion-connective junction in the central nervous system of the leech, Hirudo medicinalisSupported in part by Research grant GM-10182 from the Institute of General Medical Sciences, National Institutes of Health, United States Public Health Service and in part by Research grant GB-3593 from the National Science Foundation. (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 119 (1966), S. 417-423 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Classical studies of the nervous system of the leech revealed that there were specific types of very large glial cells associated with various parts of the neuron. Recent microelectrode studies demonstrated that there was a low resistance to the flow charge from any one of these large glial cells to another. The present study describes a previously unreported type of glial cell, the glial cell of the fascicles. These cells, which resemble the glial cells of the connectives but are smaller, are found in the fascicles of axons that unite the connectives to the neuropil. Thus, these cells are located between the glial cells of the connectives on the one hand and the glial cells of the neuropil and packets on the other and must be taken into account in considerations of the low resistance to the transfer of charge from one glial cell to another.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051190403
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Masthead (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 120 (1966) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051200101
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  • 10
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    Electron microscope studies on the oocyte of the fresh-water mussel (Anodonta), with special reference to the stalk and mechanism of yolk depositionThis study was supported by research grants (GM-5479, 4706) from the National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, and a grant from the National Science Foundation (G-9879). (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 119 (1966), S. 477-501 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An interesting relationship exists between the ovary and the developing oocyte in the fresh-water mussel. As the oocytes grow, they elongate and bulge into the ovarian cavity. In the early stages, the nucleus migrates from the attached region (“foot”) to the distal region of the cell. With continued growth and maturation the connection between the proximal “foot” and distal nucleated portion becomes reduced to a narrow stalk. Microtubules appear in the young oocytes as they start to elongate and become packed in the stalks of older oocytes. It is suggested that the microtubules function as supporting structures and possibly also as channels for the transfer of materials from one portion of the oocyte to the other. The fine structure of the oocyte reveals evidence that the developing yolk bodies or spheres are formed, in part at least, by the incorporation of many smaller “precursor yolk vesicles.” These appear in the region of the Golgi complex and are presumed to be derived from the Golgi saccules. The oocyte contains an unusually well developed endoplasmic reticulum whose cisternae are filled with a rather conspicuous material.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051190407
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  • 11
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    Embryonic development of the ciliary arteries of the rabbit from inception through the emergence of the circulus arteriosus iridisSupported by research grant HE-04838.05sl, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Public Health Service. (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 119 (1966), S. 393-416 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Since the rabbit's eye more nearly resembles the human eye than any other mammal used in experimental investigations, a detailed study of its ciliary arteries has been made. A closely timed series of embryos injected through the living umbilical vein and rendered transparent show, in thick sections, silhouetted vessels in perspective. Heretofore the ciliary arteries have been studied from their first identification until they have reached the primitive choriocapillaris, but no farther. This study shows their complete history including their relation to the circulus arteriosus iridis major and to the pupillary membrane. Our special concern has been ferreting out the mode of migration of the components of the definitive arteries. New findings include: (1) an arteriovenous plexus which mediates the transference from vessels anastomotic with it to other such vessels; (2) functionally different segments of the primitive ciliary arteries; (3) different arterial and venous plexuses which play roles in embryonic development; (4) discovery of the realignment of the choriocapillaris into vertical vessel meshes with transverse anastomoses between them, each of which have different fates; (5) the mode of development of the circulus arteriosus iridis major; (6) a crown of venous vessels looping around the iris margin; and (7) a special arterial supply for the ciliary processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051190402
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  • 12
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    A comparative investigation of neuroglia in representative vertebrates: A silver carbonate studyThis investigation was supported by Public Health Service Research grant 1-F1-GM-22,665-01 (Pre-Doctoral fellowship) from the National Institutes of Health and General Research Support Grant 320002 of the United States Public Health Service. (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 119 (1966), S. 435-465 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The phylogenetic development of neuroglia (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes) was investigated in homologous cortical and subcortical forebrain regions of selected vertebrates. Microglia were not considered in the current study.Four to seven brains from each species were used. Scharenberg's modification for astroglia of del Rio Hortega's silver carbonate technique was used. The analysis of neuroglia cells was based on (1) the characteristic cellular morphology found in each species, (2) a comparison of the selected regions in each animal, (3) the interrelationships of astrocytes and their relations to neurons, blood vessels, and oligodendrocytes.The predominant type of neuroglia found in the fish, frog, and lizard was the ependymal cell; however, non-ependymal glial cells were also present. The bird represented a transitional phylogenetic stage from a predominance of ependymal glial to a predominance of non-ependymal glia. A progressive increase in the morphological relationships of glial cell bodies and processes to neurons was found with ascension of the phylogenetic scale from fish through primate.Interrelations were observed between adjacent astrocytic processes and cell bodies, and between astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. The processes of adjacent glial cells also appeared to show an increase in thickness at the point of approximation. A variety of astrocytes were observed ranging from small, round-oval shaped cells to large polygonal or stellate forms. Variations in the number of astrocytic processes, their thickness, and degree of secondary branching were described, and their possible functional significance was discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051190405
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  • 13
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    A histological and ultrastructural study of germinal differentiation of interstitial cells arising from gland cells in Hydra viridis (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 120 (1966), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Gland cells of the gastrodermis of Hydra when isolated from the epidermis are capable of dedifferentiating into interstitial cells. Under proper environmental conditions these interstitial cells are capable of undergoing meiotic divisions and forming normal gametes. This dedifferentiation and redifferentiation sequence has been studied at the level of the light and electron microscope. It is concluded that in Hydra there is no specific germinal cell line determined during embryogeny, and that a somatic cell under proper environmental conditions can be induced to undergo meiosis.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051200102
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  • 14
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    Fine structural organization of the rectum in the blowfly, Calliphora erythrocephala (Meig.) with special reference to connective tissue, tracheae and neurosecretory innervation in the rectal papillae (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 120 (1966), S. 23-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The rectal epithelium of Calliphora is made up of three quite distinct cell types: rectal, cortical and junctional cells.The thin wall of the rectal pouch is made up of rectal cells which are relatively simple and unspecialized; their general structure does not suggest any direct participation in ion transport.A function of ion and water transport can probably be ascribed to the cortical cells, which are arranged in the form of four cones which project into the rectal lumen. The cavity of each cone is filled up with tracheae, nerve and neurosecretory terminals, and connective tissue to form medulla. The medulla and cortex are separated from each other by deeply staining bridges or trabeculae to form an infundibular space. The most conspicuous feature of the cortex is the presence of an extensive intercellular sinus formed by complex infoldings of the lateral plasma-membranes. It is postulated that fluid, which is absorbed from the rectal lumen, is transported into the intercellular sinus and finally reaches the haemolymph via the infundibular space. The actual site of ion transport is probably the stacks of lateral plasma-membrane which are closely associated with mitochondria.The junctional cells, which are packed with microtubules, form a collar around the base of the papillae at the point of their insertion into the rectal wall.It is suggested that the neurosecretory terminals present in the medulla might release a hormone which controls rate of ion and water reabsorption by the papillae cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051200104
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  • 15
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    Sense organs on the antennal flagellum of a walkingstick Carausius morosus Brünner (Phasmida)This work was supported in part by a grant from the National Science Foundation GB-4553. (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 120 (1966), S. 189-201 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The long, filamentous antennal flagellum of Carausius morosus has on it three types of sense organs (1) tactile hairs, (2) thick-walled chemoreceptors and (3) thin-walled chemoreceptors. Tactile hairs and thick-walled chemoreceptors are present on all of the 40 or more flagellar subsegments while thin-walled chemoreceptors are limited to about one-third of them. Thin-walled chemoreceptors are present on subsegments nine and ten, one of the subsegments between 15 and 20 and from approximately the thirtieth subsegment to the distal end of the antenna. A description of each of these sense organs is given. No coeloconic or campaniform sense organs were found.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051200205
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  • 16
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    Masthead (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051180101
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  • 17
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    Polyploidy and reproductive patterns in the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne haplaContribution from the Departments of Genetics and Plant Pathology, North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Raleigh. Published with the approval of the Director of Research as paper no. 2025 of the Journal Series. This study was supported by National Science Foundation grant GB 1921. (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966), S. 403-413 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A total of 32 populations and egg mass isolates of Meloidogyne hapla obtained from various geographical areas were studied cytologically and with respect to their mode of reproduction. In 29, maturation of oocytes is by regular meiosis. The reduced chromosome number at metaphase I is 17 in 18 populations, 16 in 8, and 15 in 3 populations. Reproduction in all these populations is by cross-fertilization, although nonfertilized eggs can develop by parthenogenesis. In the latter case, the two groups of telophase chromosomes of the second maturation division become enclosed in the same pronucleus, thus reestablishing the somatic chromosome number. Maturation of spermatocytes in three populations studied is by regular meiosis and the reduced chromosome number appears to be equal to that of the oocytes. In the remaining three populations, no synapsis takes place and the somatic number of 45 chromosomes is observed at metaphase of the single maturation division of both oocytes and spermatocytes. Reproduction is by obligatory mitotic parthenogensis. It is postulated that the basic chromosome number for the genus is nine and that the facultatively parthenogenetic populations are tetraploid, whereas, the obligatorily parthenogenetic populations are pentaploid. A preliminary scheme of the phylogeny in the family Heteroderidae is given.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051180308
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  • 18
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    A study of regression and budding in Perophora viridisSupported by a grant from the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, HD 00701-01 to the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966), S. 451-459 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: 1. A method has been devised for studying the regression of the zooid of Perophora into a stolon and the subsequent differentiation of a new zooid from this stolon.2. Circulatory cells of the stolon resulting from regression will aggregate into masses larger than the minimal size necessary for differentiation of a zooid, but fail to differentiate into a zooid.3. The cells of a zooid after staining with neutral red appear in the stolon during regression and finally come to lie in the newly formed zooid.4. During the cycle of adult zooid to stolon to newly formed zooid, there is no evidence for cell division from studies with tritiated thymidine.5. It is concluded that under conditions of starvation, an adult zooid furnishes all the cells for the formation of a stolon and the subsequent zooids without cell division.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051180402
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  • 19
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    The structure and formation of the cuticulin layer in the epicuticle of an insect, Calpodes ethlius (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae) (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966), S. 461-494 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cuticulin layer is defined as the dense lamina (120-175 Å thick in Calpodes larvae, depending upon the stage) forming the outer part of the epicuticle in insects. It completely invests an insect except for the gut and the openings of some sense organs. It is the first layer to be secreted during the formation of new cuticle. The formation of the cuticulin membrane may be a useful model for studying the origin of membranes in general. It arises as a triple layer de novo and is not a modified plasma membrane. Growth is by accretion at the edges of patches of cuticulin which increase in area until they cover the new surface. The triple layer (i.e. three dense laminae) may develop striations about 30 Å apart transverse to the membrane, which perhaps form a sieve allowing small molecules to pass while protecting the cell from enzymes in the molting fluid. A similar porous structure persists in the tracheoles. After the resorption of molting fluid the triple layered structure again becomes obvious and the outermost layer separates from the other two to become what may be the surface lipid monolayer. The surface patterns in cuticle of various sorts probably arise by buckling of the cuticulin layer as it increases in surface area.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051180403
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  • 20
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    Early secretory activity in the hypothalamic nuclei and neurohypophysis in the rat; determined by selective staining (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966), S. 549-563 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Visualization of stainable material in the neural lobe of the rat provided the most reliable index of the age at which secretory activity can first be recognized, though preceded by both hypothalamic synthesis and axonal transportation. A problem of interpretation was encountered in the neural lobes of fetal and infant animals, due to different staining responses obtained during this age period, to the two methods of staining employed; chrome alum hematoxylin-phloxin and aldehyde fuchsin after oxidation by either acidified potassium permanganate or performic acid. With aldehyde fuchsin the material of the neural lobe is stainable selectively from the eighteenth day of fetal life to adulthood. With hematoxylin phloxine the first staining response also occurred in the posterior lobe but much later, at the end of the first postnatal week.The staining situation in the pars neuralis has its counterpart in the differentiating hypothalamic nuclei; complicated by the differentiation of the supraoptic nuclei some days in advance of the paraventricular nuclei. After aldehyde fuchsin staining, evidences of neurosecretory activity were present in the perikarya of the supraoptic nuclei at birth, but mature neurons were rarely seen in the paraventricularis until at least 24 hours later. Nuclei of fetal hypothalami were not studied, but the demonstration of stainable material in the fetal neural lobes constitutes circumstantial evidence of functional competence of some neurons of either one or both types of nucleus, most likely the supraoptic.
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    Oviducal anatomy and sperm storage structures in lizards (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 119 (1966), S. 7-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Gross and histological examination of lizard oviducts was made in 11 species of the family Iguanidae, and in one species of each of the families Gekkonidae and Eublepharidae. Lizard oviducts are bound dorsally by a mesentery which is continuous with the peritoneum, and ventrally by a smooth muscle band which extends from the posterior segment of the vagina to the base of the infundibular ostium. The musculature of the vagina consists of an inner circular smooth muscle layer which is thickened posteriorly, and an outer longitudinal layer which is arranged into longitudinal folds at about the utero-vaginal transition. In iguanid lizards the vaginal mucosa is arranged into longitudinal folds that extend the entire length of the vagina. Posteriorly, the folds are high and reduced in number. Anteriorly, they decrease gradually in height and become more numerous. In Phyllodactylus homolepidurus fold height and number remain essentially constant through the vagina. Seminal receptacles in the iguanids occur principally in the anterior segment of the vagina. Receptacles in P. homolepidurus (Gekkonidae) and Coleonyx variegatus (Eublepharidae) appear to be confined to the tube between the uterus and the infundibulum. Most receptacles are located adjacent to the oviducal mesentery and to the smooth muscle band.
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    The development of the osteocranium of Pleurodeles waltlii Michahelles (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 119 (1966), S. 209-216 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Under optimal conditions the development of the osteocranium covers the major part of the larval period and lasts about three and a half months. The earliest ossifications are of dermal origin and concern the tooth-bearing bones. The poorly developed enchondral ossifications found in Urodela, appear at a much later stage, just before metamorphosis.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    Effects of dissociating agents on the fine structure of embryonic chick thyroid cellsSupported by NSF grant GB 1502 and the Temple University Committee on Research.The assistance of Lawrence B. Iszard is gratefully acknowledged. (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 119 (1966), S. 217-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The processes of dissociation and reaggregation were studied in thyroids from 16-day chick embryos by means of electron microscopy. The purpose was to gain specific knowledge of the effects that dissociating agents have upon cells.Fixation after a soak in trypsin showed little effect on secretory cell structure but resulted in marked swelling and detachment of connective tissue elements and disorganization of the basement lamella of the follicles. After an additional exposure to ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), however, the channels of the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi vesicles became swollen and separations appeared between adjacent secretory cells. Since detachment did not occur in the region of the junctional complex, agitation was required to achieve suspension of the cells. Even this treatment resulted in only a small proportion of individual cells, the majority being in the form of small clumps or chains. Transfer of the suspensions to nutrient medium and reaggregation produced pellets which rapidly formed follicles in organ cultures. The individual cells showed the same degree of complexity as in follicles in vivo.The results are related to the known effects of trypsin and EDTA on cells. The significance of morphogenesis in aggregates prepared from cells of older embryonic organs is also discussed.
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    Some observations on spermatogenesis in Gelastocoris oculatus (hemiptera) with the aid of the electron microscope (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 119 (1966), S. 357-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The nuclear cap in the spermatogonial and early spermatocyte cells of Gelastocoris is an aggregate of closely packed mitochondria with their long axes perpendicular to the nuclear membrane. Eventually in the early growth period, the mitochondria move from the cap and appear to become more or less equally distributed in the cytoplasm where they remain until their fusion in the spermatid to form the nebenkern. The Golgi complex consists of clusters of lamellae and vesicles, the Golgi bodies. Granules form within the vesicles, increase in size, move from their place of origin and become distributed at random in the cytoplasm. They are the pro-acrosomal granules and at the end of the growth period fuse to form the proacrosome, about which Golgi bodies collect. The Golgi bodies, however, never fuse into an acroblast. At one end of the oval-shaped pro-acrosome is a small dark body and a less dense vesicle the future of which is uncertain. The dark body eventually occupies a position at the tip of the acrosome. The pro-acrosome, after moving to the side of the nucleus opposite the nebenkern, differentiates into the acrosome which elongates into a tail-like structure. The nuclear membrane of some spermatocytes may appear wave-like in cross section, with the crest and trough different in appearance. Near the membrane and in the troughs of the waves large clusters of granules are frequently present. Similar clusters may be found elsewhere in the cytoplasm. Presumably they had their origin near the membrane but this is not conclusive. Bodies of indeterminate origin and structure may be present in the cytoplasm. They could be lysosomes but evidence is lacking. In late spermatocytes and in spermatids, a group of ten or twelve granules is present. They are smaller than the pro-acrosomal granules, are always closely associated and pass as a group into the tail. Their significance is unknown. The endoplasmic reticulum is typical of cells in general. There are no granule accumulations within the vesicles as in some secretory cells. Vesicles of various shapes and sizes are present within the centrosphere of the first meiotic division. While their location is similar to that of the centriole, the identity of the vesicles is uncertain.
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    Number of nucleoli in various cell types of the mouse (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 119 (1966), S. 425-433 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The nucleoli of cells of the adult mouse were examined by staining with toluidine blue after removal of deoxyribonucleic acid from tissue sections by deoxyribonuclease treatment.The nuclei of each cell type examined contained one or more nucleoli. This was observed even in lymphocytes and neuroglia, although these cells have occasionally been described as anucleolated. In mature spermatids and spermatozoa, however, it was not possible to detect a nucleolus.The distribution of the number of nucleoli in many diploid cells exhibited a mode of two or three nucleoli per nucleus, and a range from 1 to 6 nucleoli.In presumedly diploid hepatic nuclei, the maximum number of nucleoli was six; but in presumedly tetraploid hepatic nuclei, it was 11. Thus, nearly twice as many nucleoli are present when the chromosome number is doubled. In view of this observation, it is suggested that six nucleolar organizers are present in the diploid chromosomal complement of the mouse. However, through failure of some nucleolar organizers or more probably through fusion of nucleoli, the number of these organelles in most nuclei is less than six.
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    Masthead (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 120 (1966) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051200201
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    The effect of molting upon the vibration receptor of the spider (Achaearanea tepidariorum)Supported in part by contract 1866(46) and 3225(00) between the Office of Naval Research and Harvard University; by a United States Public Health Service Research grant GM 10422 from the Division of General Medical Science, and by a PHS Career Development Award NB-K3-3738 from the Division of Neurological Diseases and Blindness. (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 119 (1966), S. 383-392 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The physiology and fine structure of the vibration receptor of the spider (Achaearanea tepidariorum) was studied throughout the process of molting. The physiological studies showed that there is no dramatic change in the receptor's vibration sensitivity as the time of ecdysis approaches. Only a gradual loss of sensitivity can be detected on a statistical basis using large numbers of spiders. The fine structural studies suggest that the connection between the sensory neurone and the receptor within the old cuticle remains intact up to the time that the cuticle is shed.
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    Choroid plexus and paraphysis in lower vertebratesSupported in part by Public Health Service grant NB-5383 from the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness. (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 120 (1966), S. 157-187 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cytoarchitecture of the choroid plexus of the third ventricle and the paraphysis was investigated in some lower vertebrates to compare the histologic characteristics of these organs. Both epithelia are similar in appearance in the same class. Minor microscopic variations exist in the different classes of vertebrates, but do not provide a fundamental distinction between the two organs. The epithelia, moreover, have similar staining properties, contain mucicarmine- and PAS-reactive materials, and are derived from a common neuroepithelium. Tubules are identified in the choroid plexus and in the paraphysis; all are similarly formed by simple folding of epithelium on the surface into the stroma. The paraphyses in all vertebrates studied contain villi similar to those seen in the choroid plexus. Cilia are identified in both choroidal and paraphyseal epithelia, and are not an indication of degree of epithelial differentiation. Many types of epithelium are noted in both organs during histologic differentiation as well as in the mature stage. Functionally, the choroid plexus is active in both secretion and absorption. Accumulation of particulate material within the epithelial cytoplasm may indicate phagocytic as well as absorptive activity of cells. Based on a common neuroepithelial origin and similar histochemical properties, we conclude that the paraphysis is a modified choroid plexus. The velum transversum is an arbitrary boundary between diencephalon and telencephalon, and is itself formed of choroid plexus. The medial telencephalic ventricle is the rostral portion of the third ventricle. All neuroepithelial infoldings at the rostral end of the diencephalic roof including the velum transversum are intraventricular choroid plexuses; the neuroepithelial outpouchings in this region are the extraventricular choroid plexuses (paraphysis) of the diencephalon.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051200204
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    Fine structure of the formation and fate of the residual bodies of mouse spermatozoa with evidence for the participation of lysosomes (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 120 (1966), S. 317-346 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Routine electron microscopy in combination with subcellular localization of acid phosphatase has been employed to study the formation and fate of residual cytoplasmic bodies extruded into the tubular lumen shortly before spermiation. Prior to extrusion the spermatid cytoplasm contains lipid droplets, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, the caudally migrated Golgi apparatus, and numerous multivesicular and multigranular bodies. These membrane-limited bodies and the Golgi zone stain heavily for acid phosphatase. Following extrusion the residual bodies undergo a series of alterations: (1) disruption of multigranular bodies with release of free granules; (2) sequestration of granules, ribosomes, and reticulum inside double-membrane-limited vacuoles derived from Golgi lamellae; (3) appearance of numerous, single-membrane-bound, cytoplasmic vacuoles; (4) fragmentation; (5) peripheral migration toward the tubular wall; and (6) phagocytosis of these migrating fragments by the Sertoli cells. The demonstration of acid phosphatase activity within free granules, the sequestering Golgi lamellae, and both classes of vacuoles suggests that initial residual body degradation occurs through lysosomal cytoplasmic autophagy.
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    Cardiac glycogen depletion in Amphiuma means during induced anoxia (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 120 (1966), S. 391-396 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Giant salamanders, Amphiuma means, measuring 240 to 280 mm from snout to vent, tolerate induced anoxia for six hours. Most of the cardiac glycogen (beta units) is depleted within the first hour of anoxia but a few scattered units remain after six hours. The suggestion that cardiac glycogen is a stand-by energy source which enhances the energy available to the heart during anoxic strain is reasonable. Beta units are stored in the heart as opposed to the larger alpha units in the liver. The smaller beta units are probably more easily metabolized than the larger alpha units due to their greater surface area per volume ratio and dispersal around the numerous cardiac mitochondria.
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    A Comparative electron microscopic study of cytoplasmic microtubules and axial unit tubules in a spermatozoon and a protozoan (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 120 (1966), S. 397-423 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cytoplasmic microtubules and axial unit tubules were studied in both sectioned and negatively-stained material. Walls of microtubules of frog lung-fluke (Haematoloechus medioplexus) spermatozoa have a helical substructure, while those of the flagellate, Trypanosoma lewisi, are composed of ten longitudinally-oriented filaments. Cross-bridges occur between some filaments of trypanosome microtubules. Doublet tubules of axial units in both cell types are structurally similar to the trypanosome microtubules, which may indicate similarity of function. Microtubules of fluke spermatozoa appear to be somewhat rigid, are resistant to sonication, and are considered to be mainly supportive. Circular profiles of wall subunits are seen in transverse sections of microtubules of both cell types and in doublet tubules of the trypanosome. Comparisons are made between sectioned and negatively-stained material; while negative-staining better reveals the fundamental substructure of microtubular elements, some distortion appears to occur. In connection with this research, a brief preliminary article demonstrated the presence of subunits in the walls of cytoplasmic microtubules of fluke spermatozoa (Burton, '66). Also, it was shown that the wall of these tubular elements possesses a helical structure, and a diagrammatic representation of the wall structure was set forth.
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    Endometrial vascularity during pseudopregnancy in the rabbitThis investigation was supported in part by USPHS Research grant HD 00585-03, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Scientific Paper no. 2377, Washington Agricultural Experimental Stations, Pullman. Project 1698. (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966), S. 43-56 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The vascular architecture in the rabbit uterus was studied during pseudopregnancy. Uteri at 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 16, 17, 18, 20, 24 and 28 days after sterile mating were subjected to one of four techniques: neoprene latex casts, transparent sections, frozen sections, and histological sections. Measurements were made microscopically of the thickness of myometrium and of the subepithelial capillary plexus in the different mucosal folds. In the estrous rabbit, the circular arteries in the uterine muscular layer give off arterioles which pass upwards, with a few branchings through the endometrium to the uterine lumen. These arterioles reach the surface of the mucosal folds and break up into the subepithelial capillary plexus. This plexus is connected to the tips of the venules which run down through the endometrium to the endometrial vascular plexus at the base of the endometrium: some of the venules connect with the circular venous vessels in the muscular layer. With advanced stages of pseudopregnancy, the capillaries among the glands become stretched and elongated. Maximal branching of the folds occurs at 4 to 9 days of pseudopregnancy. The “branching activity” was consistently higher in the placental than in the periplacental or in the obplacental folds. Such changes reached a maximum at 6 to 7 days p.c., after which the capillaries became gradually shorter and tortuous. The development of arterioles in the mucosa was marked at 3 to 6 days p.c. The thickness of the plexus in the periplacental fold and in the obplacental fold as a percentage of the thickness in the placental fold was highly correlated with the stage of pseudopregnancy. At 9 to 11 days p.c., these ratios reached a minimum of 70 to 80%.
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    The sudanophilic lipid of normal and regenerating limb tissues of the adult newt, Diemictylus viridescensThis investigation was supported by a Public Health Service research grant GM06208 from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences. (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966), S. 57-77 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The most intense and widely distributed sudanophilic responses of cryostat-sectioned newt limb tissues were obtained with a simultaneous fix and stain procedure of 1:1 10% formal-calcium and sudan black B. Droplets and globules of lipid mixtures and rodlets (mitochondria) were typical responses distributed within the epidermis, subcutaneous glands, dermis and other connective tissues, striated muscle (also with positive fibrils), tunics of blood vessels, and blood cells. A prominent droplet response was located subjacent to the adepidermal basement membrane. The myelin of brachial nerve stained intensely.In regenerating limbs, the wound epithelium response was comparable to that of epidermis. Post-amputational lipophanerosis of injured muscle and brachial nerves was observed. The retrograde degeneration of nerve myelin was extensive, and continued into the early differentiative phase of regeneration. Lipid-engorged macrophages were prominent among the injured tissues, distal to these, and within the wound epithelium.The regeneration blastema revealed a large quantity of sudanophilic lipid. Prominent droplet and rodlet responses were typical of the myelinating regenerating nerves. The response of regenerating muscle equaled that of the mature stump fibers. The cells of the regenerating chondroskeleton contained sudanophilic lipid.Organic solvents such as acetone, ether, chloroform and chloroform:methanol reduced or prevented the sudanophilic responses. Sudan red 7B revealed less lipid than did sudan black B. A fixation effect was demonstrated with post-chromated formalcalcium, and chromic-formalin fixed sections. In the latter preparations, swollen-bodies, identified as mitochondria, stained intensely.
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    Ultrastructural studies of normal and alloxan-treated islet cells of the pancreas of the lizard, Eumeces fasciatusThis research was supported by a grant from the University Research Committee. (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966), S. 91-117 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Alpha and beta cells can be distinguished by differences in mitochondrial and secretion granule structure. Many mitochondria of alpha cells possess “tubular” or prismatic cristae oriented longitudinally and having triangular profiles in cross-section. The matrix is particulate, with the roughly spherical particles measuring about 100 A in diameter. Evidence is presented indicating that alpha and beta granules are sequestrated in association with Golgi elements. Fully-condensed beta granules, assumed to be insulin, appear homogeneously dense and crystalline. Recurrent profiles of crystalline beta granules suggest that they possess an octahedral configuration. Alpha cell granules also appear homogeneously dense but have round profiles.Many acinar cell nuclei in both normal and alloxan-treated pancreata display masses of moderately dense fibrils oriented roughly parallel to each other. These fibrils are about 200 A across and their terminal portions are rebranched and often appear to be continuous with the finely granular or filamentous component of the nucleoplasm. Not infrequently the fibrils show evidence of periodicity.Alloxan has a specific destructive effect on beta cells. An initial effect seems to be the disruption and coalescence of the bounding membranes of beta granules. Lysosome-like bodies are often seen in beta cell cytoplasm, which ultimately becomes degranulated and necrotic following prolonged administration of large doses of alloxan.
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    Masthead (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    The development of the centrum of Hypogeophis rostratus (Amphibia, Apoda) with special reference to the notochordal (intravertebral) cartilage (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966), S. 137-147 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The development of the centrum and the notochordal (intravertebral) cartilage in Hypogeophis is described. The notochordal cartilage is produced in each vertebra by certain areas of the notochordal epithelium and there is no indication of the invasion of the notochordal sheath by mesenchyme cells. The bands of cartilage are of constant occurrence and persist in the adult vertebrae.The vertebrae are autocentral and the centrum is produced (independently of the neural arches) by a tube of circumnotochordal mesenchyme cells.
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    Some histochemical observations on the effects of chorioallantoic grafts on the spleen, bursa, and peripheral blood of chicken embryos (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966), S. 149-165 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Hatching eggs from inbred lines of chickens (inbreeding coefficient exceeds 95%) which show various degrees of resistance and susceptibility to Rous sarcoma, were used for experimentation. Adult tissues were grafted onto the chorioallantois on the tenth day of incubation and tissues of host and control embryos were harvested on the twentieth day of incubation. Enzymes were localized in tissues by histochemical procedures.Small pieces of tissue (thymus or bursa), when grafted onto the chorioallantois, increased the size of the spleen in host embryos although splenomegaly did not invariably occur. Two types of reactions were observed in the spleen, i.e., enlarged spleens with cysts or enlarged spleens which from a morphological point of view were normal. Grafts of either thymus or bursa decreased the size of the host embryo's bursa or were without effect. When weight of the bursa of host embryos was significantly less than that of control embryos on the twentieth day of incubation, this size relationship persisted in chicks four weeks post hatching.Intensity of dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase reactions in cysts of enlarged spleens and in the multinucleated giant cells investing them suggests that they consist of groups of degenerating cells. Intensity of enzyme reaction indicates that enlarged spleens of host embryos in which cysts were absent were normal. Enzyme reactions in the bursae of experimental embryos were more intense than those identified in the same tissues of control embryos. Catabolic reactions were the predominant type in grafts ten days subsequent to implantation. Grafts increased the number of erythrocytes in the peripheral blood of host embryos.
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    The fine structure of myocytes in the sponges Microciona prolifera (Ellis and Solander) and Tedania ignis (Duchassaing and Michelotti)This investigation was supported in part by U. S. Public Health Service training grant 5TI-GM-619 and National Science Foundation grant G-8795. This paper is based on a thesis submitted to the Graduate College of the University of Illinois in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, October, 1964. (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966), S. 167-181 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Myocytes are long, fusiform cells found in the osculum and other contractile areas of many sponges. Myocytes in the oscular sphincter of Tedania ignis and the osculum and dermal membrane of Microciona prolifera were studied with light- and electron-microscopes to compare their structure to that of muscles. Salient points of similarity between myocytes and smooth muscles were their long, fusiform shape, their red color after staining with Mallory's triple stain, and the presence of filaments running longitudinally in the cytoplasm.Microciona myocytes have thick filaments of 150-250 Å diameter and thin filament of 50-70 Å diameter, and in transverse sections the thin filaments occasionally appear as a ring of dots around a thick filament. Longitudinal sections of Tedania myocytes show only one type of filament, which varies from 100 Å to 200-300 Å diameter in thick regions of the filament. Although transverse sections show light material around the dense filaments, a distinct pattern of thick and thin filaments is not seen in Tedania.Due to infrequent contacts between cells, the large extra-cellular space observed with the electron microscope (49% in Tedania, 57% in Microciona), and the absence of nerves, each myocyte probably acts as an independent contractile unit.
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    The effects of thiourea and cortisone acetate on duodenal length and diameter and on morphogenesis of duodenal villi in chick embryosThe present investigation is part of that submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Zoology in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois, 1963. (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966), S. 183-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Subnormal growth in length and diameter of the duodenum is encountered both in chick embryos injected with thiourea at 11 days of incubation, and in embryos injected with cortisone acetate at 14 days of incubation. Morphogenesis of previllous ridges and villi is retarded in thiourea-treated embryos. Morphogenesis of previllous ridges and villi in cortisone acetate-treated embryos at first seems to be slightly accelerated over that of controls, but the acceleration does not appear to be maintained, and the hormone may actually be inhibitory to normal morphogenesis of villi by 19 days of incubation. The results indicate that normal levels of endogenous thyroxine are necessary for normal growth in length and diameter of the duodenum and for normal morphogenesis of previllous ridges and villi. The possibility that adrenocorticoids may also play a role in the normal development of these parameters is indicated, although the evidence is inconclusive.
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    The hemocytes of Hyalophora cecropia (Lepidoptera) (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966), S. 197-215 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The hemocytes of selected stages of Hyalophora cecropia from first instar larvae to four-day-old adults were examined and compared with those of Samia cynthia and Antheraea polyphemus. Five classes and two subclasses of hemocytes are described in these moths: (1) prohemocytes, (2) plasmatocytes (of several morphological types), (3) spherule cells, (4) adipohemocytes (two subclasses), and (5) oenocytoids. All types except oenocytoids and subclass II adipohemocytes, are found in all stages examined. Mitotic figures were common among prohemocytes of most stages, but were seen only rarely among plasmatocytes and adipohemocytes, and were not seen among spherule cells or oenocytoids. Prohemocytes and plasmatocytes often contain lipid but rarely PAS positive material. Spherules of spherule cells are PAS positive, as are occasional cytoplasmic inclusions of oenocytoids. Adipohemocytes of both subclasses contain lipid and PAS positive materials in all stages examined. Adipohemocytes and plasmatocytes proved to be most active in phagocytizing ink. Relationships between hemocytes of these and other insects, and some possible functions of hemocytes are discussed.
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    Masthead (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Further studies on the effect of tetracycline on the developing skeleton of the chick embryo (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966), S. 317-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: At intervals from 2 to 13 days of incubation, 2.5 mg of tetracycline hydrochloride was injected into the yolk sac of chick embryos. The femurs and mandibles were examined histologically at intervals between 10 and 17 days of embryonic age.The abnormalities which result include inhibition of mineralization of the developing osteoid trabeculae, retardation of erosion of the long bone cartilage model, and abnormal calcification of the cartilage matrix in the long bones. The major effects on cartilage maturation appear to occur after cellular hypertrophy has taken place and thus are found only in cartilage models which are being replaced by bone.While tetracycline does cause some retardation in the rate of osteoid deposition, the drug appears to affect intramembraneous bone formation in the mandible and femur primarily by retarding or temporarily inhibiting the rate of mineralization of the osteoid matrix.The results of this study indicate that the effects produced by tetracycline on developing bones are dependent upon the concentration of the drug and not upon the time of administration.
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    Studies on the morphology and function of the skull in the boidae (Serpentes). Part II. Morphology and function of the jaw apparatus in Python sebae and Python molurusSubmitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Department of Zoology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966), S. 217-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Heads of the boid snakes Python sebae and Python molurus were dissected and the arthrology, myology and dentition studied. Living specimens of these species were observed and their feeding behavior analyzed by means of high- and regular-speed motion pictures. Camera speeds of up to 400 frames per second permitted examination of the jaw movements during the striking and seizing of prey. Motion picture studies conducted at regular speeds provided information on cranial movements during the swallowing of prey. The morphology of the head was correlated with observed movements in an attempt to analyze the functional and adaptive implications of the jaw apparatus.The cranial apparatus was discussed in terms of a linkage or kinematic chain whose constrainment and degrees of freedom were examined and compared with the jaw linkage of lizards. It was concluded that the very rigidly constrained mechanism in lizards is in remarkably sharp contrast to the very loose apparatus in snakes.Motions of various cranial bones were analyzed with particular attention given the mechanical factors involved. In full protraction the maxillae and palatines are lifted and rotated outward about a longitudinal axis. These movements are important in orienting the teeth with respect to the prey and are related to seizing and swallowing.
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    Masthead (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    The structure of the cochlea in chiroptera. I. Microchiroptera: Emballonuroidea and Rhinolophoidea (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966), S. 495-510 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The structure of the ears, especially of the cochleae, has been examined in two superfamilies, i.e. Emballonuroidea and Rhinolophoidea of the Microchiroptera. An intra-vitam fixation method was used and gave good histological preparations. The following features of the cochlea have been measured: the general size of the cochlea, the width and thickness of the basilar membrane, the size of the spiral ligament and the height of the cells of Claudius. The interpretation of measurements is discussed in relation to the nature of ultrasonic sounds produced by bats. It is concluded that functional interpretation of specific cochlear modifications cannot be assessed at present.
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    The diencephalon of the primitive bony fish Polypterus in the light of the problem of homology (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966), S. 415-449 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The diencephalon of Polypterus can be divided into an epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus. The habenulae, the nervous parts of the epithalamus, are comparable to their homologues in other lower vertebrates with respect to sulcal boundaries, cellular structure, and fiber connections. The thalamus of Polypterus is not divisible into a pars dorsalis and pars ventralis by the sulcus medius; rather this sulcus is in the middle of a uniform, laminated cytoarchitectonic field. In this respect Polypterus differs from other species in whom the sulcus medius divides the thalamus into dorsal and ventral parts. There are six migrated nuclei in the thalamus of Polypterus. There is only one circumscribed projection into the thalamus, i.e., the optic tract, but there are numerous diffuse fibers terminating in this region of the brain. The hypothalamus, except for a partially migrated nucleus, has retained the periventricular arrangement of cells. It has large fiber connections with the forebrain and brainstem.The literature on the diencephalon of lower forms has been reviewed with special emphasis on the question of how homologies are established in this brainpart. It appeared that three different criteria, either singly or in combination, have been employed as a clue to identification of structures in the diencephalon. These are, (1) ventricular grooves, (2) nuclear boundaries, and (3) fiber connections. In order to test the practical validity of these criteria the diencephalon of Polypterus was compared to that of five related species, i.e., the actinopterygians Acipenser and Polyodon, the dipnoans Protopterus and Neoceratodus, and the crossopterygian Latimeria. In addition three amphibians, Necturus, Ambystoma and Rana, were involved in our comparative considerations. It was concluded that, within the confines of the diencephalon of the species mentioned, cytoarchitectural differences form the most valid criterion for establishing homologies. The drawback and restrictions connected with the use of ventricular sulci and fiber connections, as a clue to identification have been evaluated and discussed.
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    The reproductive cycle of the western whiptail lizard (Cnemidophorus tigris) in Southern Arizona (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966), S. 543-548 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Reproduction in Cnemidophorus tigris at Tucson, Arizona follows a seasonal cycle in which gonadal size is minimal in September-October. Male reproductive organs gradually recrudesce during the winter months spent underground. After the lizards emerge from hibernation in March-April the testis, seminiferous epithelial height and tubule diameter gradually increase in size through April and May, reaching maximum size in June-July followed by rapid regression in August. Mating is first observed in the field in May. The ovaries undergo a period of heavy yolk deposition from early April to May, and remain functional until August. A thick circumtesticular subtunic layer of equivalent interstitial material (Leydig cells) is reported and described for the testis of Cnemidophorus.
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    Sexual segment of the kidney of the Indian house lizard, Hemidactylus flaviviridis Rüppell (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966), S. 511-527 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The morphology, seasonal variation and histochemistry of the sexual segment of the Indian house lizard, Hemidactylus flaviviridis are described.The sexual segment is the hypertrophied portion of the secondary and the tertiary collecting ducts of the kidney in males. The cells of the sexual segment are columnar and are loaded with secretory granules which are predominantly localized in the apical portion. These granules are either free or occasionally clumped to form an “aggregate” towards the basement membrane and are released into the lumen by apocrine secretion. Development of the sexual segment is synchronous with the spermatogenic activity of the testis and maximum development occurs in March and April when the lizards copulate. The sexual segment is secretory from the beginning of October to the end of May and is regressed during sexual quiescence (June and July). It is not developed in females and young of both sexes in any season of the year.Histochemically, the sexual segment granules are saliva resistant and PAS positive, sudanophilic and are positive to the tests for phospholipid, choline and acid phosphatase. An intense esterase activity was localized in the mucosa of the oviduct and cloaca of the female. Sperms are mixed with sexual segment secretions and are transferred to the female during copulation. A possible role for the lipid-rich sexual segment secretion as a source of energy for sperms in the female reproductive tract is discussed.
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    Ophidian cephalic glandsThis work was supported by Predoctoral Fellowship GPM 19119 from the National Institute of General Medical Science and by the grant AC 00151, from the Division of Accident Prevention, Bureau of State Services, National Institutes of Health (to C. Gans).Part of a thesis submitted to the Biology faculty, State University of New York at Buffalo, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Ph.D. degree. (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966), S. 529-541 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A survey of the comparative morphology and histology of the twelve glands in the ophidian head was made. The nasal and Harderian glands are the only non-oral glands. The premaxillary, supralabial, posterior, Duvernoy's and venom glands are serially homologous. The infralabial, sublingual and supralingual glands are not related to the other oral glands. The relationships of the temporomandibular and anterior temporal glands to the other oral glands could not be determined.For each gland a synonymy of previously used names, its approximate location within the head and its distribution within the various groups of the Ophidia is given. The general histological picture of most of the glands is illustrated and available information on their embryology and innervation is summarized.
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    A new intranuclear inclusion body in the frog renal adenocarcinomaThis investigation was supported in part by a research grant (CA 07048) from the National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, Bethesda, Maryland. (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966), S. 581-587 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The morphology and possible functional significance of a new intranuclear inclusion body associated with the frog renal adenocarcinoma is described. The inclusion consists of particles, 40 to 50 mμ in diameter, arranged in an orderly pattern suggestive of a crystalline array. Individual particles eventually appear to be involved in the production of “doughnut” type virions characteristically associated with this malignancy.
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    Erythrocyte replacement at metamorphosis in the frog, rana pipiensSupported by PHS grant HD00725-05 to A. G. Jacobson. (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 119 (1966), S. 1-5 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Small crenulated erythrocytes appear in the circulation of Rana pipiens during metamorphosis, increases in number as metamorphosis proceeds and gradually lose their wrinkled appearance. At the end of metamorphosis the entire red cell population has been replaced by these new cells. Thyroxine induces the premature appearance of these new cells in young tadpoles.
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    Histological changes in the epidermis of the tokay (Gekko gecko) during the sloughing cycle (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 119 (1966), S. 39-50 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    The gastric argentaffin cell population of the ratThe work described herein fulfilled in part the requirements for the doctoral dissertation at the University of Southern California. (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 119 (1966), S. 81-87 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The distribution and morphology of the argentaffin cell population within the stomach of the albino rat has been investigated histologically. The argentaffin cell's situation is restricted to and evenly distributed over the antrum, lying usually in the basal third of the mucosa among mucous cells. A band of mucosa, less than a millimeter wide, containing argentaffin cells, extends from the antrum and encircles the stomach just caudal to the forestomach. The argentaffin cell population is found in less than three-tenths of the total stomach by weight, a point for consideration in serotonin assay.
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    Masthead (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 119 (1966) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    A study of a hereditary cataract in the mouseSupported in part by O'Brine Medical and Research Fund. (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 119 (1966), S. 89-100 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This report presents a study of cataracts seen in a random-bred strain of Swiss mice with Balb/c mice used as a control group. The embryonic development, and histological and slit lamp observations of the lenses in the two groups of animals are contrasted.The cataract is dominant in its inheritance (Tissot, '62). It appears either unilaterally or bilaterally as a dense white opacity in the lens substance. The earliest sign of abnormal formation occurs at 14 days of embryonic development. This is associated with a defect in the primary lens fibers formation. Progressive degeneration of these fibers occurs until they are reduced to a mass of cellular debris seen at the last day of gestation. The secondary fibers are also laid down in an abnormal manner. The normal lamellar arrangement of the secondary fibers is not seen in cataractous lenses.The abnormal lens fiber development leads to progressive vacuolization.The mature cataract seen in the adult is filled with many vacuoles, the largest ones occurring at the equatorial region. The nuclear region consists of a clumpy eosinophilic mass with scattered calcified areas. The rate of growth of the secondary fibers is different from that of the normal group. Most of the mature cataracts in the adult contain a vascularized epithelium.There are three possible areas of primary involvement which may lead to the development of the cataract. This are: (1) A defect in the development of the primary lens fibers; (2) A defect in the development of the secondary lens fibers; (3) An abnormal lens epithelium which may interfere with nutrition of the lens and thus initiate cataract formation.
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    Chemoreceptor sensillum structure in LimulusThe light microscopy is part of a thesis submitted by the author in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree in the Department of Biology, Lehigh University.The light microscopy was supported by U.S.P.H.S. grant NB-01389 awarded to Saul B. Barber, Lehigh University, by the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness. The electron microscopy was supported by U.S.P.H.S. Postdoctoral Fellowship 1-F2-GM-22,073-01 from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences. (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 119 (1966), S. 121-141 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The chemoreceptors of Limulus polyphemus (L.) are polyneuronal sensilla found in the spines of the coxal gnathobases of each walking leg, the spines of the chilarial appendages, and the chelae of all the limbs. Each sensillum contains 6-15 bipolar sensory cells that share a single pore in the cuticle. The dendrites of the sensory cells of each sensillum course to the cuticle together. These attenuate sharply and enter a canal in the cuticle as a very narrow terminal thread. The dendrites retain their identity in the thread, but with the light microscope, they are usually not visible individually. Each thread, consisting of 6-15 dendrites, is accompanied to the cuticular surface by a cuticular tubule found within the canal. The chemoreceptor sensilla of the gnathobase, chilarium, and chela, the temperature organs of Patten, and the flabellar receptor organs all have the same basic organization. In general this is the same structural plan shown by chemoreceptors of other arthropods. Several different mechanisms of peripheral physiological interaction among receptor cells are possible with a sensillum organization like that described here for Limulus.
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    Some cytologic characteristics of the hemocytes of Limulus during clottingThis investigation was supported by grant GM 08776-05 from the National Institutes of Health, United States Public Health Service. (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 119 (1966), S. 181-207 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The hemolymph of the horseshoe crab, Limulus (Xiphosura) polyphemus, contains a single cell type. The hemocytes are ovoid and contain many refractile granules. One-half to one minute after the onset of clotting the hemocytes swell and a hyaline cytoplasmic ring, essentially devoid of granules, appears about their circumference. During this time the granules disperse and the nucleus becomes visible. Three to five minutes following the initiation of clotting, the cell extends long pseudopodial processes. Phase contrast time-lapse cinematography reveals that the cells are extremely motile during this phase. Concomitant with these changes, many of the granules lose their refractility and one by one disappear from the cytoplasm leaving what appears to be a vacuole.Electron micrographs of native (un-clotted) hemocytes and of clots fixed in glutaraldehyde and post-fixed in osmium reveal that the membrane-bounded granules of native cells are very dense and homogeneous with no evidence of an internal structure. One-half to one minute after clotting, however, they become less dense and 250 Å microtubules spaced at ca. 500 Å intervals appear parallel to the long axis of the granule. Further degradation of the granule ensues and involves (a) change to a spherical shape, and (b) further decrease in density and better resolution of the microtubules. The microtubular component subsequently disintegrates leaving a membrane-bounded granule containing particulate material. Finally, the membrane of the granule fuses with the plasma membrane and the components of the granule are dispersed in the plasma where they presumably contribute to the formation of the gelatinous clot.
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    Segmental musculature and locomotion in Hermodice carunculata (polychaeta: Amphinomidae) (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 119 (1966), S. 259-276 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The segmental muscles in the intestinal region of the body of Hermodice carunculata are described as well as the gross anatomy of the associated nervous system.The form of normal locomotion and the characteristic alarm reaction are described and interpreted in terms of fluid pressure within the body cavity and the action of appropriate groups of segmental muscles.Brief remarks on the habits of H. carunculata conclude the paper.
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    Variation in the circumtesticular leydig cell tunic of teiid lizards (Cnemidophorus and Ameiva) (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 119 (1966), S. 277-281 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Testicular structure in bisexual teiid lizards (Cnemidophorus and Ameiva) is apparently unique among vertebrates in having a circumtesticular subtunic band of Leydig (interstitial) cells, that varies in species of Cnemidophorus from 1.2 to 42.1 cells in thickness (transverse cross-section), between the outer tunic (tunica albuginea) and the seminiferous tubules. The regression on body size, ontogenetic change, seasonal periodicity, and other aspects of structure and function of this subtunic Leydig cell structure are discussed.
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    The origin and early differentiation of the egg chamber of Drosophila melanogasterThis research was supported by the U. S. Public Health Service grants 2-F2-CA-18,847 and GM 9694, the National Science Foundation grant GB 4891, and the American Cancer Society grant E408. The authors wish to express their appreciation to Mrs. Elizabeth T. Stump for her conscientious assistance, and to Mr. E. John Pfiffner for preparation of the inked drawings. (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 119 (1966), S. 283-303 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The egg chamber of Drosophila melanogaster consists of 16 interconnected cells surrounded by a monolayer of follicle cells. Each 16 cell cluster (from which the oocyte and 15 nurse cells differentiate) arises within the germarial region of an ovariole. To study the ultrastructure of the early stages in the formation and differentiation of egg chambers, a three dimensional reconstruction was made from serial thin sections through a germarium from a 24-hour old, virgin female. The germarium was found to be subdivided into three regions: (1) The mitotically active area where clusters of 16 cells originate from a series of cystocyte divisions, (2) the region where these cells interact with mesodermal cells, and (3) the region where the germarial cyst is transformed into the first egg chamber in the vitellarium. Since cystocytes were found to decrease in size with each division, the possibility exists that cell size may determine when the divisions cease. Models are presented which mimic with varying degrees of success the developmental changes the germarial cells undergo with time. Hypothesis are developed to explain why stem line oogonia are restricted to the anterior portion of the germarium, why mesodermal cells first interact with cystocytes in region 2, and why the oocyte is oriented posteriorly. The nuclear differentiations of the component cells of the chamber are described and correlated with observed differences in radiosensitivity. Symbionts were observed in the germaria of several strains of Drosophila, and the bearing of these findings upon nutritional studies is discussed.
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    Studies on the embryogenesis of Aulocara elliotti (Thomas) (Orthoptera, Acrididae).This investigation was supported by Public Health Service Research grant EF-00331-02 from the National Institutes of Health.A portion of this paper was part of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Entomology from the Department of Zoology and Entomology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana.Mont. Agric. Exp. Sta. Jour. Paper No. 780. II. Developmental variability and the effects of maternal age and environment (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 120 (1966), S. 115-133 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The stages of diapause embryos of A. elliotti reared in the laboratory were described, and the lengths of embryos of stage 19 were compared with a second group of diapause embryos of advanced ages. Collections of diapause embryos of the same species were made from wild populations during the autumn and winter of two consecutive years. The stages of embryos present in these samples were found to vary widely. The mean lengths of embryos in stage 19 from different populations were compared and found to differ with statistical significance. The numbers of retarded embryos in different populations were found to vary significantly between populations of diapause embryos. In two populations, mean lengths of embryos of stage 19 were found to differ from one year to the next.Post-diapause embryos were collected from wild populations in the spring of two consecutive years and their stages described. No significant difference was found in the incidence of retardation in post-diapause samples. Results of these studies and those of other authors indicate that there may be wide developmental variation between populations of acridid embryos as well as in one population in two different years.Rearing adult A. elliotti in varying numbers under two different environmental conditions was found to produce significant effects upon the rate of development and variability of their embryonic progeny. Embryos laid by young females were found to be more variable, in general, and to develop more slowly than those laid by older females.
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    Masthead (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 120 (1966) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051200301
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    The structure and development of the digital lamellae of lizards (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 120 (1966), S. 233-265 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The epidermal setae and the spinules of the digital lamellae of anoline and gekkonid lizards are shed periodically along with the rest of the outer layer of the skin. These structures are developed within the lamellae prior to ecdysis. The setae are larger and more complicated than the spinules and begin their development first. The setae of Anolis start as aggregations of tonofibrils beneath the plasma membrane of the presumptive Oberhautchen cells. These cells are arranged in rows parallel to the surface, several cell layers beneath the alpha layer of the skin. The developing setae protrude into the clear layer cells as finger-like projections, with the tonofibrils longitudinally oriented in the direction of growth. About 100 setae are formed by each Oberhautchen cells in Anolis. In late development, the clear layer cells lose their cellular contents and when shed along with all distal cells, retain a template of the new setae or spinules. The spinules and setae are formed before the fibrous and alpha layers of the new skin. The fibrous layer, which occurs only on the ventral (outer) layer of the lamellae, and the Oberhautchen with its setae and spinules, is considered the beta layer. The alpha layer, which occurs adjacent to the fibrous layer on the ventral surface and adjacent to the Oberhautchen on the dorsal (inner) surface, is morphologically identical to that of mammalian α keratin. The shed lizard skin consists of the alpha and beta layers as well as the degenerating cells of the outer epidermal generation, and the clear layer. The clear layer that is shed shows the template of the new setae and spinules developed in the new skin layer. The separation of the new from the old skin occurs along the intercellular space between the clear layer cells and the new Oberhautchen. The alpha layer of the skin is not fully keratinized at shedding. The setae of the digital lamellae of lizards represent unique epidermal structures  -  intracellular keratinized microstructures.
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    The transport of 3H-l-histidine through the Schwann and myelin sheath into the axon, including a reevaluation of myelin functionSupported by grants from the American Cancer Society and National Institutes of Health.Published in abstract and preliminary form (Singer, M., and M. M. Salpeter, '66, '66a). (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 120 (1966), S. 281-315 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The view is commonly held that the exclusive source of axonal substance is the neuronal cell body. The results of the present study, employing techniques of light and electron microscope autoradiography, indicate that substances of metabolic importance may reach the axon from intercellular fluids by way of the Schwann and myelin sheath. Tritiated l-histidine was injected intraperitoneally into the newt, Triturus viridescens, and the label was found in the Schwann cell body, myelin,We use the terms myelin and myelin sheath synonymously, as generally employed in modern anatomical literature, for the array of packed Schwann cell wrappings around the axon of the peripheral nerve fiber. In biochemical literature the term myelin is used rather loosely sometimes to imply the chemical substratum of the myelin sheath or its lipoidal fraction. and axoplasm. Nerve separated by transection from its neuronal cell bodies was labeled about as densely as intact nerve. Moreover, pieces of nerve immersed in the isotope also incorporated the labeled molecule. These results have led us to reassess traditional views of the function of the sheaths surrounding the axon.
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    A cytological study of a chonotrichous ciliate protozoan, Lobochona prorates, from the gribble (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 120 (1966), S. 359-389 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The Ciliophora are unique in that they are heterokaryote. In certain ciliates, namely the Chlamydodontidae and Dysteriidae of the Order Holotrichida and Order Chonotrichida, the macronucleus has a chromophilic portion and a chromophobic portion. The similarities in structure and behavior of the macronucleus of Lobochona prorates to that of some lower holotrichs as well as the genesis of the ciliary mechanism suggest the close affinities of the Order Chonotrichida to the lower holotrichs  -  the cyrtophorine gymnostomes.Budding, a somewhat modified binary fission preserving the fundamental structure of the parent individual, appears to be an adaption to the sessile life of the Chonotrichida. Throughout the order the process is basically similar, but there are noticeable differences from genus to genus. There appear to be two distinct patterns of budding in the Chonotrichida: (1) the parent retains its fundamental structure, and (2) the parental cytosome diminishes. Both patterns may produce one or more (multiple) buds. Diminutive budding appears to be a mechanism of these sessile organisms which enables them to abandon the exuvium of the crustacean host and to reinfest the original host or a new host.Sexual reproduction is by conjugation. In L. prorates it occurs between adjacent individuals on the same pleopod of Limnoria tripunctata and not between a stationary individual and a “swarming” larva.
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    Placentation and associated aspects of gestation in the bonnethead shark, Sphyrna tiburoThis work was supported by a National Science Foundation grant and by Contract Nonr-401(33) NR 104-71 between the Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy, and Cornell University. (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 120 (1966), S. 219-231 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The left ovary of the bonnethead shark, Sphyrna tiburo, is rudimentary, and the right ovary supplies both oviducts which share a common ostium situated in the falciform ligament. Preceding ovulation the nidamental gland of each oviduct hypertrophies and the caudal two-thirds of each oviduct is modified to form a uterus. In the Florida-Caribbean area Sphyrna tiburo probably mates in March and 3-7 eggs are fertilized in the vicinity of the nidamental gland of each oviduct.The developing embryo is nourished during the first 3-4 months of gestation by yolk stored in its extensive yolk sac. Approximately three and one-half months after fertilization, the distal portion of the yolk sac becomes convoluted and interdigitates with deep folds in the uterine wall to form a yolk-sac placenta. As the placenta develops, the maternal uterine epithelium is reduced from columnar cells to squamous cells, and the foetal yolk-sac epithelium is reduced from columnar and cuboidal cells to squamous cells. Exchange between the maternal and foetal blood systems takes place through maternal endothelium, reduced maternal epithelium, egg-case membrane, reduced foetal epithelium, and foetal endothelium.
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    Masthead (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 120 (1966) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Histochemical observations on mucin secretion by subsurface epithelial structures in the canine ovary (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 120 (1966), S. 347-358 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Histochemical methods for mucins were applied to the ovaries of 23 dogs.Solid and hollow groups and cords of epithelial cells (subsurface epithelial structures, SES) in the outer part of the cortex regularly showed evidence of mucin secretion. Intracytoplasmic, sialic acid-containing, acid mucin secretion droplets were seen in solid and hollow SES, and secretion was present in both closed lumina and those opening onto the surface.Intracytoplasmic droplets in the cells of SES were distinctive, and similar droplets were not found in the cells of any other ovarian epithelial component. The secretion of SES was not shown to possess distinctive histochemical features.Mucin production was also observed in follicles, corpora lutea and rete tubules.The significance of ingrowth from the ovarian surface epithelium in adult life, and of secretory activity by the cells of SES, are discussed.
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    Fine structure and origin of the tunic of Perophora viridisSupported by grants HD-00143, 2TI-GM406, and HD-30097 from the United States Public Health Service. (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 120 (1966), S. 267-280 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of the tunic of a typical ascidian was investigated because of the cellulose-like polysaccharide known to occur in its substance. The glycoprotein mantle does contain filaments very much like plant cellulose in morphology. Tunicin filaments are 35-50 Å in diameter, often beaded, and of indeterminate length. Histochemical evidence that they are composed of cellulose is given here and past chemical and physical studies on the unusual ascidian polysaccharide are reviewed. Moreover, we present here for the first time direct autoradiographic evidence that epidermal cells are involved in the synthesis and secretion of tunicin. Tritiated glucose is immediately incorporated into the Golgi zone of epidermal cells and labeled product appears in the tunic at later intervals. The fine structure of the epidermal cell is described in detail. Unlike the rather moribund appearing vanadocyte that wanders through the tunic, the epidermal cell has well-developed cytoplasmic organelles and a large vesicular nucleus. The granular endoplasmic reticulum is abundant and the Golgi complex is highly developed. It seems likely that the lamellae and vesicles of the Golgi complex are involved in the production of the tunic sugar and that tunic proteins of as yet unknown nature are produced by the ergastoplasm. Further investigation of the ascidian mantle should be of interest because of the possibility that cellulose is a more general component of glycoprotein surface coats in animals than has heretofore been recognized.
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    Reversal of primary embryonic induction by cold, and the “fixation” of induction in cells activated by lithium chloride (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966), S. 1-9 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The effects of low temperature on embryonic induction were investigated. Presumptive epidermis cells of Rana pipiens were either pretreated with cold (4°C) and then treated with lithium chloride at the same temperature, or activated by lithium chloride at 22°C, then rapidly chilled to 4° and kept at this temperature for a period of time. Cultures were made from the treated cells.It was found that induction at low temperature could occur, although it did not proceed beyond determining neuralization. When, on the other hand, the cells were first induced with LiCl to the point at which they should have been determined to differentiate into melanophores, but were then rapidly chilled and kept in the cold for some time, the effects of induction were suppressed and the cells differentiated into ciliated epithelium. A 15-60 minute lag in time between induction and chilling (during which the cells were kept in the culture medium at room temperature) allowed neural induction to be gradually “fixed,” and a 120-180 minute lag was sufficient for melanphore induction to become insensitive to the subsequent treatment with cold.It is speculated from these results that induction occurs very slowly at low temperature and that the inductive stimulus activates a sequence of reactions, one or several of which are strongly repressed by the cold. In this case, when no products result from these reactions, the sequence is assumed to stop and possible feed-back mechanisms switch the whole system to its initial condition.
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    The structure and maturation of the spermatozoa of Sciara coprophila (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966), S. 11-41 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The axial filament of Sciara coprophila does not conform to the usual 9 + 2 filament pattern but consists, rather, of as many as 76 pairs of filaments which decrease in number from the anterior to the posterior region of the sperm. It is first seen at the base of the head in the shape of an indented oval. The axial filament varies in configuration along the remaining length of the sperm as one whorl or two connected whorls of filament pairs.The other structures of the sperm revealed by the light and electron microscopes are a homogeneous, dense, spear-shaped nucleus, a row of spherical dense bodies in the middle piece enclosed by the axial filament and of unknown nature and function and a single mitochondrial derivative.The mitochondrial nebenkern derivative consists of a large electron transparent region bordered by cristae and a smaller paracrystalline region located adjacent to the axial filament. The derivative arises as paracrystalline material in a medial nuclear indentation. The electron transparent material is first seen at the anterior end of the middle piece.Unlike other known insect sperm, but reminiscent of sperm capacitation in mammals, sperm maturation is completed in the spermathecae of Sciara 7 to 9 hours after insemination. It consists of the acquisition of sperm motility and elimination of the electron transparent region of the mitochondrial nebenkern derivative. The electron microscope reveals in mature sperm that the axial filament doublets have changed configuration and consist of a single whorl which encloses the paracrystalline rod. The process by which the major portion of the nebenkern derivative is eliminated occurs in four identifiable stages. Since sperm maturation does not appear to be intrinsically controlled, factors in the spermathecal fluid may play a role in its completion.
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    The blood vessels of the regenerating limb of the adult newt, TriturusSupported by grants from the American Cancer Society and National Institutes of Health. (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966), S. 79-89 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The vessels of the forelimb stump and regenerate were perfused with Prussian blue and studied as whole mounts and in histological sections to reveal the condition and disposition of the blood vessels in various stages of forelimb regeneration in the adult newt, Triturus viridescens. The development of the vessels in the regenerate seemed to be comparable in all its essential features to that which has been described for the normal developing limb in urodele, chick and pig embryos.The first signs of regeneration of the vessels are seen during wound healing when fine sprouts appear from the old vessels near the amputation wound. These grow and anastomose, but are limited to the transition region between old and new tissues and avoid the growing blastema during the early stages of regeneration. As the regenerate enlarges into a conical structure vessels invade the proximal part of the growth and avoid the distal regions. It is only during the stages of histogenesis and morphogenesis that vessels grow into more distal regions. The regions of most active enlargement of the early or later regenerate are those most poorly vascularized. These results are discussed against the background of the activity of certain enzymes during regeneration. In the advanced regenerate, preferential channels are consolidated until in the palette and digital stages the pattern of the blood vessels resembles that of the normal limb.
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    Femoral glands of the lizard, Crotaphytus collaris (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966), S. 119-135 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The anatomy of the femoral glands in an iguanid lizard, Crotaphytus collaris collaris (Say), is described. The 48 lizards (including three embryos) from which glands were examined were obtained throughout their season of activity at one locality in Kansas.In animals of both sexes the glands lie in a linear series on the ventral aspect of each thigh. They are composed of branching tubes and tubules of epidermal and dermal origin. The row of femoral pores is the only external manifestation of the glands.Post hatching, the glands of males increase in size and complexity; little onto-genetic change occurs in the glands of females.The relative length of the glands appears to vary seasonally in adult males suggesting variation in their activity. The greatest relative sizes occur in the breeding season.At times a stratum corneum, continuous with the stratum corneum of the skin, occurs in the duct of the gland internal to part of the secretion plug. Formation of the stratum corneum seems to be initiated in the autumn prior to hibernation, and the stratum corneum removes the outer part of the secretion plug in the next ecdysis; meanwhile, production of a new secretion plug is initiated.The anatomy of the femoral glands in Crotaphytus is similar to that of the described glands of other species of lizards.
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    Properties of isolated frog liver and kidney nucleiThe research was supported in part by grants C4410 and CA02018 from the National Cancer Institute, U.S.P.H.S., grant DRG-751 from the Damon Runyon Memorial Fund for Cancer Research, Inc., and by research fellowship grant GPM-13, 394-C1, U.S.P.H.S. (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966), S. 379-401 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In order for a nuclear preparation to be used for analytical purposes, the method of isolation and composition of the suspension medium must be carefully examined. Accordingly, satisfactory techniques for the isolation of frog liver and kidney nuclei were developed. The medium for frog liver nuclei consisted of: 55% glycerol, 0.001 M magnesium chloride, 0.033 M sodium β-glycerophosphate and/or 0.002 M KH2PO4, K2HPO4 (pH 6.8), however, the addition of 0.15 M sucrose was essential for satisfactory isolation of kidney nuclei. Inclusion of sucrose (0.15 M) in the isolation medium promoted nucleolar swelling and a decrease in nuclear volume in liver cell nuclei. Nucleolar migration and extrusion were noted in solutions with high cationic content.The morphological appearance of isolated nuclei was found to be extremely sensitive to the ionic strength of the isolation medium, as was the isolation procedure in toto. Effects were considered to be the result of precipitation and swelling of nucleoprotein. Dissociation of nucleoprotein was considered to be associated with temperature change. The uptake of supra-vital dyes aided in recognition of the morphological alterations and was also an indicator of nuclear viability.Trypsin readily altered the nuclear membrane and a rapid decrease in nuclear density occurred, but the nucleolus remained intact. The diverse response of liver and kidney nuclei as compared with the nucleated red blood cells (a contaminant) to treatment with trypsin was noted and its implications discussed.
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    Round-table discussion on the cytokinetics of the immune response (1966)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 67 (1966), S. ii 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040670403
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    CircadianThe term circadian derives from the Latin “circadiem” - about a day. activity rhythms in cockroaches. III. The role of endocrine and neural factorsThis third paper of a series includes some material which is part of a thesis presented to the Department of Biology of Princeton University (unpublished) in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. (1966)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 67 (1966), S. 473-486 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The control of circadian activity rhythms (diurnal rhythms) in insects has been suggested to result by periodic neuroendocrine secretions. More specifically, Harker ('56) claimed that the locomotor rhythm in the cockroach, Periplaneta americana, is timed by a secretory “clock” located in the subesophageal ganglion. Later experiments by Harker indicated that this “clock” function failed unless the retrocerebral organs were left intact; allatectomy was said (no evidence given) to abolish a rhythm. The procedure for demonstrating a “clock” function in the ganglion involved transplanting it from a rhythmic donor into the hemocoel of an arrhythmic host and observing that the host subsequently became rhythmic. This result (without explicit information about the phase of the rhythm) does not warrant the conclusion that the ganglion acts as a clock. Therefore, I have attempted to confirm and extend these important results. Employing techniques essentially identical to Harker's, and using the same species of roach, I have been unable to find any evidence to support the original claim: (1) in 20 test animals, implantation of ganglia from rhythmic donors failed to re-instate a rhythm, and (2) allatectomy (22 cases) or removal of the entire retrocerebral complex (20 cases) did not interfere with the rhythm.The results of another series of experiments show that the cockroach brain is involved in the control of the activity rhythm. When the brain is surgically bisected (mid-sagittal) through the pars intercerebralis, arrhythmic activity patterns are immediately evoked. These continue for many weeks, but in a few cases rhythms ultimately “regenerate”.
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    Primary structure of immunoglobulins and its relationship to antibody specificityThis research was carried out in part at Brook-haven National Laboratory under the auspices of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission and in part at the University of California at Berkeley where the investigation was supported by Public Health Service Research grants AI 07079 and AI 01267 from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. Public Health Service. (1966)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 67 (1966), S. 33-50 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Previous evidence that the specificity of antibodies is determined by differences in their primary structure was based on the finding of characteristic differences in the average amino acid compositions of five purified rabbit antibodies. These differences were shown to be independent of those associated with the allotypic specificities of rabbit γ G-immunoglobulins and independent of the charge on the determinant group of the antigens employed. Further support was provided by recent studies of the location of the amino acid differences in the antibody structures. (1) The differences were found to be distributed in both the light and heavy polypeptide chains, which correlated with immunological data indicating that both chains contribute to the formation of the active site. (2) The amino acid differences were all located in an active fragment obtained after cleavage of the C-terminal half of the heavy chain with cyanogen bromide. Further fractionation of this active fragment showed that the amino acid differences observed in the heavy chains were localized in the N-terminal half known to be involved in the active site. The simplest interpretation of these results is that antibody formation is a genetically controlled process. However, the finding that the light chain from any one antibody was heterogeneous with respect to its amino acid content despite its average characteristic composition raises the possibility that mechanism of antibody synthesis may not be analogous to that of other proteins. Proposed normal and abnormal mechanisms are discussed in relation to both these data on antibody primary structure and the data on the primary structure of the related myeloma proteins.
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    Histologic changes in the locally irradiated spleen related to the immune response (1966)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 67 (1966), S. 129-132 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040670411
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    Cytokinetics of antibody formationThis investigation was supported by a grant from the National Cancer Institute of Canada. (1966)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 67 (1966), S. 109-127 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The mediastinal nodes of untreated rats contain medullary cords populated by variously matured plasmocytes, classified into large, medium, and small on the basis of nuclear diameters. Since hemocytopoietic cells proliferate while maturing and since proliferation yields progressively greater numbers of mitoses, it follows that the order of mitotic increment of the variously matured plasmocytes can tell the position of each type in the plasmocytic series. Counts were carried out in 32 rats killed at four successive 6-hour intervals. For 3000 plasmocytes counted perrat, there was an average of 10, 26, and 34 mitoses of large, medium, and small plasmocytes respectively. On the basis of an equal mitotic duration for all plasmocytes, this indicated that the large plasmocytes yield the medium plasmocytes which, in turn, give rise to the small plasmocytes. The number of generations of each type of plasmocyte was determined by comparing the experimental ratios, for number of mitoses of a progeny type of plasmocyte over that of its progenitor type, with similar theoretical ratios expected for variable numbers of generations of progeny and progenitor cells. Comparisons indicated that there are likely four generations of large plasmocytes followed by two of medium plasmocytes and also two of small plasmocytes. As for the nature of the ultimate precursors of the large plasmocytes, it is postulated that they are the hypertrophied endothelial cells of the nodes' postcapillary venules. These cells would receive the appropriate stimulus for plasmocytic differentiation from the small lymphocytes which cross them to enter these venules.
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    Genetic regulation of immunoglobulin synthesis (1966)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 67 (1966), S. 77-108 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The genetics of immunoglobulins (Ig) has been discussed from the standpoint of the determinism of the antigenic specificities of different kinds that they carry: isotypic specificities, which are uniform in all individuals of the same animal species; allotypic specificities, which are not the same in all individuals, but are uniform within groups of individuals; idiotypic specificities, each of which not only is particular to the antibody against one given antigen but is, in addition, variable with individuals.Allotypic variants of the Ig are mainly these: in the rabbit, of the L polypeptide chains (ab group) and of the IgG chains (aa group); in man, of the L chains (Inv system) and of the IgG H chains (Gm system); in the mouse, of the IgG and IgA H chains. The control of the allotypic variants of the IgG H chains is mediated in man and mouse by alleles at several closely linked loci which were distinguished, with the help of myeloma proteins, because of differences in isotypic specificities. In the mouse, these loci are closely linked also to the locus which controls the IgA H chains. Several linked loci are also responsible for the IgG H chains of rabbits, and nearly certainly for their L chains.The cellular aspect of the genetics of immunoglobulins has been reviewed with the main conclusion that each cell seems to be specialized in the synthesis of Ig made of H and L chains of only one allotypic kind. The number of cells specialized in the synthesis of one kind of molecules seems to be proportional to the concentration of these molecules in serum.
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    Cytokinetics and regulation of progenitor cells (1966)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 67 (1966), S. 133-147 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Four different assay methods of bone marrow stem cells have been examined with regard to the kinetic pattern following perturbation of the steady-state system, e.g., by irradiation. Basically, the stem cell assays fall into two categories: those depending on grafting hemopoietic cells into suitably treated recipients, and those in which recovery of the population is allowed in the animal in which the perturbation was produced, without handling the cells. Evidence is accumulating which indicates that in the grafting techniques, a selective loss of stem cells may occur, especially stem cells in cell cycle; hence, in early stages of recovery of the population, unduly low numerical values might be noted. In view of this evidence, the concept of the colony-forming cell may have to be replaced by the concept of the colony-forming property of the stem cell.
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    The role of the thymus in the ontogeny of the immune systemThis work was supported by the Carden Fellowship Fund of the Anti-Cancer Council of Victoria. (1966)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 67 (1966), S. 149-167 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The proper development of the organs of the immune system is dependent on at least three factors: (1) the development of anlagen with the capacity to trap antigens and support the proliferation of lymphoid and plasma cell precursors; (2) the production by the bone marrow of lymphoid and plasma cell precursors which seed in the lymphoid organs; and (3) the thymus, which seeds reactive cells to the lymphoid organs and produces a humoral factor stimulating antigen-triggered proliferation of primitive lymphoid and plasma cells. Studies on cell population changes in the lymph nodes following thymectomy in mice confirm earlier evidence that most cells produced in the thymus do not seed to the lymphoid organs, but die locally in the thymus.
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    5-Hydroxytryptamine in frog's skin (1966)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 68 (1966), S. 25-34 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The amounts of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the skin of nine species of anurans were estimated by the fluorescence method. Relatively large quantities of 5-HT were found in the dorsal skin of five species of semi-terrestrial frogs, while in the skins of four highly aquatic species none, or only a trace, was found. Using the histochemical fluorescence method of Falck, 5-HT was located in the granules of the venom glands of Rana pipiens, a semi-terrestrial species, while no fluorescing glands were found in R. catesbeiana, a highly aquatic species. The results of Erspamer and others are discussed. It is suggested that the most probable role of 5-HT in frog skin is that of defense against land predators.
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    Effect of temperature on the activity of ribonuclease from Tetrahymena pyriformisThis investigation was supported in part by U.S.P.H.S. training grant 5-T1-P-07 and by U.S.P.H.S. Research grant GM-06461-06. (1966)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 68 (1966), S. 95-97 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Intracellular ribonuclease from the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis GL was purified 10-fold. After preheating for 20 minutes at 100°C of the ribonuclease preparation 80% of its activity was lost. Preheating under the same conditions, however, in the presence of RNA, did not affect the enzyme activity. Between 0°C and 41°C the apparent activation energy was 15,600 cal per deg. per mole.
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    Direct evidence for the binding or compartmentalization of acid-soluble metabolites in occyte cells (1966)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 68 (1966), S. 99-106 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Masthead (1966)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 68 (1966) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040680201
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    Cholinesterase activity of isolated giant synapsesThis work was done at the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass., during the summer of 1964 and supported, in part, by USPHS grant NB-03178, USPHS grant NB-03304, and by the National Science Foundation grant NSF-GB-1913. (1966)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 68 (1966), S. 107-108 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Isolated single giant synapses from the squid stellate gangalion, analyzed for cholinesterase activity with the microgasometric magnetic diyer method had a high activity compared to that of pieces of pre- and postsynaptic axons.
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    The effect of hematoporphyrin and light on human platelets. III. Release of potassium and acid phosphatase (1966)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 68 (1966), S. 109-111 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Human platelets, exposed to hematoporphyrin and light, were depleted of potassium and acid phosphatase. A linear relationship was demonstrated between the per cent depletion of potassium from irradiated platelets and the log dose of hematoporphyrin. The initial release of potassium and acid phosphatase from irradiated platelets was first order. Rate constants demonstrated that potassium was released five times faster than acid phosphatase. At 4°C, release of both potassium and acid phosphatase was the same as at 37°C. These results are compared to previous data on the release of serotonin from irradiated platelets.
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    Enzyme distribution in “naturally-decapitated” bull spermatozoa: Acetylcholinesterase, adenylpyrophosphatase and adenosinetriphosphataseThis work was undertaken at the Physiological Laboratory, University of Cambridge, England, under Research Career Development Award K3-GM-15,193 and with the aid of a grant from the Commonwealth Fund, New York. Publication no. 813 of Division of Basic Health Sciences, Emory University. (1966)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 68 (1966), S. 113-116 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Naturally-decapitated spermatozoa were separated into motile flagella and head and immotile flagella by differential and density gradient centrifugation. In preparations microscopically free of cross-contamination after repeated centrifugation, the heads appeared to be enzymatically inert, while there was virtually no change in the specific activity of the immotile flagella which had been subjected to as much manipulation as the heads. The non-motile flagella had almost twice the acetylcholinesterase and about one-third the apyrase activity of the motile flagella. The flagella appear to contain a structurally-bound adenosinetriphosphatase which may be identical with the “spermosin” extracted from bull sperm.
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    Phosphate transport in fertilized sea urchin eggs. II. Effects of metabolic inhibitors and studies on differentiationThis paper is dedicated to our friend and fellow scientist, Dr. Albert Tyler, on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday.This investigation was supported in part by a grant from the National Science Foundation to A. H. W. and by grant GB 2893 from the N.S.F. and grant GM 08497 from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, U. S. Public Health Service to E. L. C.Parts of this work were presented at the 10th International congress of Cell Biology, Paris, 1960, and at a Symposium of the International Institute of Embryology, Pallanza, Italy, 1960. (1966)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 68 (1966), S. 309-323 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Metabolic inhibitors were applied after the transport system was fully developed in concentrations sufficient to block cleavage. 0.5-1.0 × 10-4 M cyanide and anaerobiosis caused from negligible to moderate (40%) inhibition of phosphate uptake. The inhibition occurred late in the breeding season, and the inhibitory action of cyanide on uptake was associated with irreversible developmental effects. Azide (3 × 10-3 M) did not inhibit uptake when the chamber method was used, but the aliquot and Hopkins' tube methods gave considerable inhibition. Purified preparations of 2,4-dinitrophenol (1 × 10-4 M) did not inhibit uptake. Sodium iodoacetate (up to 0.05 M) and phlorizin (0.005 M) exerted no effect.Calculations of the minimal work requirement for the transport process reveal that this amounts to only a small fraction (0.24% at an external phosphate concentration of 2 μM) of the total available metabolic energy.Exposure of eggs at five minutes after insemination (lag phase) to cyanide (5 × 10-5 M), anaerobic conditions, or azide (3 × 10-3 M) blocked the expected increase of phosphate uptake. Removal of the inhibitors led to resumption of development and the appearance of the phosphate transport system in an essentially normal pattern.Exposure of eggs to 1.4-2.0 × 10-4 M p-chloromercuribenzoate (p-CMB) during the accumulation phase severely depressed phosphate uptake, but cleavage was not inhibited nor delayed; recovery from the inhibition was accelerated by 1 × 10-3 M cysteine. Exposure to p-CMB during the lag phase blocked the appearance of the transport system; cleavage proceeded normally. After the removal of p-CMB little reversal occurred until the addtion of 1 × 10-3 M cysteine, when the phosphate transport system developed in an essentially normal manner.Trypsin (0.001-0.01%) neither activates the transport system in unfertilized eggs, nor inactivates it in denuded fertilized eggs by removal of surface proteins.The data are consistent with the conclusion that (1) the phosphate transport system is newly synthesized at fertilization in energy dependent reactions, and (2) phosphate transport is a carrier mediated process not directly dependent on metabolic energy.
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    Electrical activity and structural correlates of giant nerve fibers in Kuruma shrimp (Penaeus japonicus) (1966)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 68 (1966), S. 361-383 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Morphology and recordings of electrical activity of Kuruma shrimp (Penaeus japonicus) giant medullated nerve fibers were carried out. A pair of giant fibers with external diameter of about 120 μ and 10 μ in myelin thickness were found in the ventral nerve cord. The diameter of the axon is about 10 μ. Thus there is a wide gap between the axon and the external myelin sheath. Each axon is doubly coated directly by Schwann cells and indirectly by the myelin sheath layer which is produced by those Schwann cells.Impulse conduction velocities of these giant fibers showed a range between 90-210 m/sec at about 22°C. Large action potentials (up to 113 mV, rise time of 0.16-0.3 msec, maximum rate of rise of 650-1250 V/sec, half decay time of 0.2-0.3 msec, maximum rate of fall of 250-450 V/sec and total duration of less than 1.5 msec) could be obtained by inserting microelectrodes or by longitudinal insertion of 25 μ diameter capillary electrodes into the gap but no DC-potential difference was observed across the myelin sheath. Transmyelin electrical parameters were very favorable for fast impulse conduction: myelin resistance of 3 × 104 Ω cm2; time constant of 0.38 msec; myelin capacitance of 1.35 × 10-8 F/cm2; gap fluid resistivity of 23 Ω cm. The existence of nodes of Ranvier could not be demonstrated morphologically, but electrophysiological evidence suggests that a type of saltatory conduction occurs in these giant fibers.
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    Membrane permeability changes in amphibian eggs at ovulationSupported in part by USPHS Research Grants GM-10757 and GM-04715 from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences and in part by Training Grants 5T1-GM-395 from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences and 2T1-NB5304 from the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness. (1966)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 67 (1966), S. 375-381 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Electropotential differences between the cytoplasm and external medium have been compared in the mature R. pipiens occyte and the ovulated unfertilized egg as a function of [Na]o, [K]o, [Ca]o and [Cl]o. In solutions containing 1.0 mM Ca++ the oocyte behaved as though it were predominantly permeable to K+ and Cl-, i.e., like a KCl electrode. However, the steady potential decreased with decreasing [Ca]o and in 5 × 10-4 mM [Ca]o the oocyte membrane behaved like a NaCl electrode. Studies on the steady potential as a function of [Na]o, [K]o and [Cl]o in 1.0 mM Ca++ or Ca-free solutions suggest that Ca++ controls the passive permeability of the oocyte membrane to Na+ and Cl-. In the ovulated unfertilized egg the K+ selectivity of the cell membrane disappeared and the system behaved like a NaCl electrode. No effect of external Ca++ or K+ concentration changes on the steady potential was observed. These results indicate that the ion permeability properties of the ovulated egg are similar to that of the ovarian oocyte in Ca-deficient medium, and suggests that the mechanism of ovulation may involve the removal of Ca++ regulation of ion permeability of the egg cell membrane.
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    The effect of phytohemagglutinin on glucose-U-C14 oxidation by peritoneal and blood white cells of the ratThe investigation reported upon in this paper was supported by U. S. Public Health Service Research Grant no. CA-06848 from the National Cancer Institute. (1966)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 67 (1966), S. 399-405 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Incubation of washed white cells with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) had a stimulatory effect on the rate of C14O2 evolution from uniformly C14-labeled glucose by the cells. The intensity of this effect depended not only on the concentration of PHA, but also on the duration of soaking of the cells in protein-free medium for tissue culture before PHA was added and on the length of incubation of the soaked cells with PHA before glucose-U-C14 was added. This effect of PHA on the rate of glucose-U-C14 oxidation by the cells was essentially the same, whether white blood cells or peritoneal white cells were used.
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    Introduction (1966)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 67 (1966), S. i 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040670402
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    Masthead (1966)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 68 (1966) 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040680101
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    Ontogenesis of erythrocytes and hemoglobin formationWork carried out under the Association EURATOM-CNR-CNEN contract no. 012-61-12 BIAI. (1966)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 67 (1966), S. 169-184 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Hemoglobin has been used in two ways as a tool in the study of cell differentiation. Because of its obvious value as a marker, cells synthesizing hemoglobin have been studied in the process of acquiring this specific function  -  a property determined by genetic, hormonal, and physiological factors which have been investigated. Alternatively, hemoglobins associated with specific developmental stages have been studied; the molecular relationships of these hemoglobins and the genetic determinants of their structure and of the timing of their appearance in development have been investigated. The following subjects are reviewed: (1) initiation of hemoglobin synthesis, (2) regulation of stem cell differentiation and hemoglobin formation, (3) hemoglobin types in the ontogenesis of erythrocytes, (4) hemoglobin and erythrocyte differentiation, and (5) control of the switch of developmental types of hemoglobin.Experiments bearing on the cytoplasmic control of hemoglobin synthesis in reticulocytes are presented. These experiments indicate that the peptide chains of hemoglobin are differentially released from polysomes: β chains are immediately released as soon as completed, whereas α chains are retained on polysomes after completion and are presumably released upon combination with β chains. Experiments on the accumulation of globin in reticulocytes in the presence of iron-chelating agents indicate that globin is an intermediate in the assembly of hemoglobin and that heme does not play a direct role in the release of hemoglobin chains from polysomes.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040670414
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    Concluding remarks: The regulation of hemoglobin and immunoglobulin synthesis (1966)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 67 (1966), S. 207-215 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An attempt is made to summarize and synthesize salient points from the conference. Considering the immunoglobulin-synthesizing and hemoglobin-synthesizing cell systems in parallel, first attention is given to aspects of cellular differentiation that deal with specialization in the formation of the predominant molecular products, the immunoglobulins and the hemoglobins. Primary structural considerations point to similar genetic mechanisms as the basis for phylogenetic diversity and similarities within each of the two classes of macromolecules, and to similar restrictions on the sorts of amino acid substitutions that can be tolerated while retaining the funcional integrity of the molecules. In the immunoglobulins, the appearance of “variable regions” in the component polypeptide chains, presumably associated with the diverse specificities required of these molecules in order that they may serve their functions, provides additional challenges for interpretation, and the significance of present knowledge in this context is evaluated. Other aspects of cellular differentiation are approached by way of the developmental shifts in molecular products found in both systems, and the explanations that have been suggested for these shifts. A striking difference in the two systems, the phenomenon of allele exclusion in immunoglobulin control, is discussed. The review concludes with discussions of more complicated aspects of differentiation in these cell series: the role of hormones and other humoral substances, particularly with regard to the immunoglobulin-synthesizing system, deriving from the thymus; parallels among cell-lineage patterns in the various hematopoietic series; and evidences of the causes of senescence in the immunoglobulin-synthesizing system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040670416
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    Differential effects of strychnine on crustacean slow, fast, and inhibitory neuromuscular systemsThe work reported here was supported by National Science Foundation grant GB-2785 to Professor C. A. G. Wiersma. (1966)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 68 (1966), S. 1-12 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The effect of strychnine was studied on the slow, fast, and inhibitory systems in the abdominal extensor muscles of the crayfish. Strychnine nitrate (0.1 mg/ml and up) caused rapid block of the fast responses of the deep abdominal extensor muscles. The nerve and muscle remained directly excitable, and the blocked preparation contracted with added glutamate. It is concluded that strychnine acts mainly presynaptically or to neutralize the transmitter substance. No marked effect was observed on the purely slow superficial extensor muscles or on inhibitory systems. Essentially the same results were obtained in other slow and fast systems of Pachygrapsus and Panulirus. The possibility of a common transmitter substance for the slow and fast neuromuscular systems is discussed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040680102
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    Potentiation of the colchicine effect on frog melanocytes by high hydrostatic pressure (1966)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 68 (1966), S. 13-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In dermal melanocytes of Rana pipiens, colchicine is known to produce a gradual, dosage-dependent dispersion of melanin granules, irreversible over several hours. This effect is potentiated by a number of chemical agents that normally produce a reversible dispersion of granules. In the present study we examined the effect of high hydrostatic pressure on changes induced in melanocytes by colchicine.In Ringer's solution, samples of skin from a single frog were incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature with or without colchicine, 9 × 10-5 M. Then two samples, one of which had been pretreated with colchicine, were successively subjected to 12,000 psi for one hour at 25 to 26°C. The degree of dispersion of melanin granules in melanocytes was observed before, during and after the period of pressure.In frog skin pretreated with colchicine, the usually gradual, irreversible dispersion of melanin granules in melanocytes was potentiated.Since high pressure is known to produce solational changes in protoplasm, such changes may accompany dispersion of melanin granules in melanocytes. If this be so, then sol-gel equilibria may be important in the action of dispersing and aggregating agents, many of which are hormones and other physiologically active agents. Finally, the present study supports the hypothesis that colchicine shifts protoplasmic sol-gel equilibria toward a less gelated condition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040680103
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    Growth and senescence of antibody-forming cellsResearch sponsored by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission under contract with the Union Carbide Corporation. (1966)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 67 (1966), S. 185-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Studies were performed on the capacity of mice for hemagglutinating antibody production throughout their life-span. An in vivo culture method was used for assessment of primary and secondary antibody-forming potentials of spleen cells of mice ranging in age from 1 to 130 weeks. There was a marked growth of potential for antibody formation during neonatal and juvenile life followed by a gradual decline in potential with advancing age. It was possible to show that the changes in potential were principally due to changes in the number of competent progenitor cells and not to changes in their performance. Death of very old animals was correlated with decline in number of immunologically competent progenitor cells. The decay in number of progenitor cells during aging of mice was random. Loss of progenitor cells was not entirely attributable to either generative failure of the pool of progenitor cells or the capacity of the milieu of the animal to support such cells. Thus, spleen cells from aged animals displayed increasing capacity for primary antibody formation during a 3-week period of culture in young, irradiated mice; identical cultures in old, irradiated recipients failed in respect to growth of primary antibody-forming potential. Progressive imparirment of the milieu of aging animals was suggested by the fact that spleen cells from very old animals were “toxic” when infused into lightly irradiated recipients which were themselves of advanced age but far short of the senescent phase of their life-span. These results lead to the argument that senescence may be, to a major degree, the result of progressive loss of progenitor, or “stem,” cells which are normally utilized to replace terminally differentiated, dying cells.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040670415
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