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  • Chemistry  (4,546)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1960-1964  (4,546)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1963  (4,546)
Collection
Publisher
Years
  • 1980-1984
  • 1960-1964  (4,546)
  • 1925-1929
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 269-272 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental pressure-volume-temperature data available in the literature for argon have been utilized to produce relationships for the prediction of densities for reduced temperatures up to TR = 3.38 and reduced pressures up to PR = 50. A plot of reduced pressure vs. reduced temperature for constant reduced density was made for argon, in which each isochor terminates at the vapor-pressure curve. This information was utilized to develop a third degree polynomial relationship between the normalized pressure and the normalized temperature for each isochor by the method of least squares. This method was also used to establish the dependence of the coefficients of the polynomials on reduced density.The resulting relationships permitted the calculation of desities for argon from the critical constants, vapor pressure function, and the saturated vapor and liquid densities of the substance with a trial-and-error procedure. For fifty-seven densities for the dense gaseous and liquid phases of argon an average deviation of 1.29% with a maximum value of 3.66% resulted between calculated and reported values. The relationships developed in theis study have also been found to be applicable to nitrogen, oxygen, carbon monoxide, and methane, whose critical compressibility factors are similar to that of argon.
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  • 2
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 273-277 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 3
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 277-279 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 4
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 9 (1963) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 5
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 290-432 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 6
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 365-370 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 7
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 383-385 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 8
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 386-390 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 9
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 390-393 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 10
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 11
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 424-425 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 12
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 426-426 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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  • 13
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 426-431 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 14
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 432-432 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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  • 15
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 9 (1963) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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  • 16
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 435-435 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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  • 17
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 436-572 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 18
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 223-228 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The rate of permeation of hydrogen through a highly purified iron (Ferrovac E) was measured over a pressure range of 1/30 to 300 atm. and a temperature range of 126° to 693°C. The effect of cold working of the annealed metal and of hydrogen purity were also studied. Permeability, diffusivity, and solubility were obtained from the data. Permeation rate was linear with square root of fugacity rather than pressure. No difference in φ or D between the annealed and cold worked tube was observed. Log D vs. 1/T was linear over the whole range of temperature, in disagreement with recent work showing a break in the plot at about 400°C. The calculated activation energy was lower than values reported in the literature. Solubility agreed well with most previous work and did not show the break in the solubility vs. temperature curve found by some recent investigators. No ageing effect was observed nor any difference between the two grades of hydrogen. All the evidence shows that diffusion through the metal is the controlling rate process in this case.
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  • 19
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 229-230 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 20
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 246-246 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 21
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 230-239 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 22
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 575-575 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 23
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 448-451 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The usefulness of the Pai power series representation for the velocity distribution has been limited because of the lack of knowledge about the functional dependence of the empirical integer constant on the Reynolds number. Correlations are given for this constant for both Newtonian and non-Newtonian materials; however, certain limitations are found as a result of actual velocity distribution calculations.The equation represents the distribution over most of the turbulent core at all Reynolds numbers, but deviates widely at about a y+ of 75 for Reynolds numbers greater than 100,000. Below this, the equation provides a satisfactory representation over the entire flow field.
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  • 24
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 442-447 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mass diffusion studies were carried out in a diaphragm diffusion cell with the liquid system methyl alcohol, n-propyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol. Experiments were conducted over a wide range of separating agent counterflow. The separation factor was approximately doubled and the yield decreased three orders of magnitude when the counterflow was increased one order of magnitude. Using the four ternary diffusion coefficients for the system and a diaphragm geometry based on previous calibration, the concentration and separation factors could be predicted within the range of experimental error. The theory indicates that at high counterflow considerably larger separation factors would be obtained if the diaphragm were uniform.
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  • 25
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 452-459 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 26
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 474-479 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 27
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 459-468 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Microorganisms undergo a cycle of maturation during their life-span in a proliferating culture. This gives rise to a distribution of degrees of cellular maturation in the culture. The gross rate of any metabolic process carried on by the culture is therefore an average over all degrees of maturation present.Equations embodying the life-cycle concept are developed for cultures of organisms which proliferate by binary fission and do not form spores. The equations are solved for the age distribution in the special case of a continuous, steady state fermentation. Expressions for calculating gross metabolic rates and cell size distributions are derived. Finally, the stability of the steady state fermentor is discussed.
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  • 28
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 469-474 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The absorption of carbon dioxide in pure diethanolamine was studied in a gas-liquid stirred reactor at 85°, 95°, and 105°F. Over forty runs were made but only nineteen were reported here since several were invalidated by difficulties with the stirring mechanism and reaction-temperature control. The absorption was followed by pressure-time measurements with the carbon dioxide pressure ranging between 30 and 4 cm. of mercury. Experimental data were consistent and reproducible.An equation describing the gas-liquid absorption system was derived and then simplified by considering only the kinetic region. The experimental data were correlated with the simplified equation by both integral and differential methods and indicate that the reaction follows a third-order rate equation: first order in carbon dioxide and second order in diethanolamine. A mechanism explaining the observed order is described.Justification for assuming kinetic control of the absorption was demonstrated by doubling and tripling the stirring speed which produced no significant change in the absorption rate. Also, the temperature dependence of the pseudo-rate constants was out of the range of ordinary mass transfer control. This agrees with the results of a theoretical model reported previously (6).
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  • 29
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 606-614 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The time-dependent behavior of Newtonian oscillating manometers was studied experimentally and mathematically. The manometers were simulated by numerically integrating the axial component of the equation of motion in cylindrical coordinates. Modifications in the driving-force term were made to include end effects of surface tension and flow reversal. The integrations showed that the velocity profiles in the manometer were not parabolic and contained many maxima and minima, particularly when the fluid had a low viscosity. Good agreement was obtained between experimental and simulation frequencies and damping factors.
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  • 30
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 490-494 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 31
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 485-490 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Reaction-rate measurements were made for the ortho-para hydrogen conversion at -196°C. at 1 atm. pressure with nickel oxide catalysts using alumina and silica gel as carriers. Data were obtained for fine particles for which pore-diffusion resistances were negligible, for large particles of silica catalysts containing only micropores, and for alumina pellets containing both micro- and macropores. From these data experimental effectiveness factors were evaluated.Theoretical effectiveness factors predicted by using a previous theory (7) agreed well with the experimental results. The application of the theory requires pore-geometry data. The measurement of these data and their use in predicting diffusion resistances are illustrated by experimental data and calculations for the several catalysts. It is shown that a satisfactory method of predicting the significance of diffusion within porous catalysts requires information on the pore volume and pore sizes.
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  • 32
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 507-508 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 33
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 653-659 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 34
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 660-663 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 35
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 77-81 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 81-84 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Pressure drop measurements were made across packed and distended beds having five layers of smooth plastic spheres, 1.23 in. in diamter, arranged in cubic, body-centered cubic, and face-centered cubic orientations of void fractions varying from 0.354 to 0.882. The distended beds were prepared by separating the spheres with permanently attached short lengths of fine rigid wire. Friction factors were calculated from the overall pressure drop measurements with the Ergun equation and were plotted against the corresponding modified Reynolds number which ranged from 2,550 to 64,900. A single relationship resulted for both types of beds which is independent of the geometric orientation and void fraction of the spheres of the bed.To eliminate entrance and exit effects of the air flowing through the bed pressure drop measurements were also made across the middle layer of each distended bed. Again a single relationship between the corresponding friction factors and modified Reynolds number was obtained which is independent of the geometric orientation and void fraction of the bed.From the two relationships between friction factors and modified Reynolds number the ratio Pk/fk for a packed or distended bed having five layers of spheres is 1.13. This ratio should decrease with increasing number of layers of spheres and approach the limiting value of 1 when the number of layers becomes very large.
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 677-680 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Rates of reaction were measured for the liquid phase hydrogenation of α-methyl styrene in a pulsed, fixed bed reactor. Data at 80 psia and 55°C., using 0.5 wt. % palladium on ⅛″ Al2O3 spheres as a catalyst, indicated that the mass transfer of dissolved hydrogen to the catalyst surface controlled the rate of conversion of styrene to cumene. Hence the data were employed to calculate mass transfer coefficients as a function of pulse frequency and amplitude.Comparison with non-pulse data at the same Reynolds number showed that pulsation increased the mass transfer rate as much as 80%.
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 689-693 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 681-688 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 694-702 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 702-703 
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 706-707 
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 704-706 
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 707-720 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method of evaluating catalytic effectiveness in systems of variable diffusivity is proposed. These systems are encountered when catalysts with bi-disperse pore-size distributions are employed or when multicomponent mixtures are involved. The diffusivity is taken to be a linear function of length, and an effectiveness factor is defined for this case. Application of the method is discussed and a numerical example is given.
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 566-566 
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 116-120 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Enthalpies of components in ideal gas mixtures can be computed from existing data. However the isothermal effects of pressure and composition on partial enthalpies of mixture components have not been completely characterized. An investigation of the application of the Redlich-Kwong equation of state to the calculation of partial enthalpies is reported here. Methods are developed for convenient hand calculations and for computations on the IBM-650.Calculated partial enthalpies are compared with values derived from experimental P-V-T-C data for binary hydrocarbon mixtures. The calculated values agree fairly well with the derived data for pressures up to 2,500 lb./sq. in. abs. Best agreement is generally obtained when the mixture is well above the critical temperature of the more abundant component. No consistent bias was indicated however.
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 724-729 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 741-744 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 730-740 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theoretical and experimental investigation of the effects of horizontal barriers on the separation of binary mixtures attained in thermogravitational thermal diffusion columns was undertaken in an attempt to further the understanding of these effects. The presence of horizontal barriers serves to reduce the internal convective flow and to divide tht column into a number of smaller columns with interconnecting end feeds. Equations developed from such a model serve to predict the effect of the number of barriers, temperature difference, barrier diameter, and other parameters on the steady state and transient behavior of a batch column and on the manner in which bulk flow through the column influences the steady state separation in continuous-flow columns.Data were taken in both batch and continuous columns to test the theory. Parameters varied experimentally (with an ethanol-water system) were number of barriers, (N = 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 50), temperature difference, and diameter of the cylindrical barriers. It was found that the theoretical developments were entirely adequate to explain the observed influence of number of barriers for both types of column operation. The slight dependence of steady state batch separation on temperature difference that was observed is consistent with data of other investigations, and the independence of this type of separation on barrier diameter is in agreement with theoretical predictions. The theoretical predictions with respect to changes in temperature difference and a semitheoretical analysis of the effect of barrier diameter making use of isothermal hydrodynamic determinations proved satisfactory in predicting the influence of changes in these two parameters on both the transient batch and steady state continuous-flow column operation.
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 751-754 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: No Abstrect.
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 744-750 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A representative paraffin hydrocarbon in the gas oil range, n-hexadecane, has been irradiated in the Industrial Reactor Laboratories' 5 mw. nuclear research reactor. In the vapor phase radiation-induced cracking proceeded efficiently, and G values for radiation conversion of n-hexadecane were 200 to 1,200 at temperatures near 750°F. Total conversions of n-hexadecane were less than 3 wt. % and were due only in part to the radiation effect. The distributions of products which were obtained were similar to those which result from thermal cracking of n-hexadecane. There were however significant increases in the yields of hydroger., reductions in the yields of very light hydrocarbons and small yields of high molecular weight products. At temperatures above 850°F. extensive thermal cracking obscured the effects of radiation.In liquid phase radiation-induced cracking at 750°F. conversions of n-hexadecane up to 15 wt. % have been obtained at liquid spaces velocities near 4 v./hr./v. In many exposures nearly one-half of this conversion was attributed to the direct utilization of radiation. The corresponding G values were 30 to 60. The products obtained have been accounted for by adding together the products which would be expected from a radiation-induced reaction producing primarily dimer, from radiation-initiated chain propagated cracking, and thermally initiated chain cracking. The product distribution from these reactions can be changed by variation of the cracking temperature and/or radiation dose.
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 755-760 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Theoretical and experimental work is described which leads to a novel hypothesis for explaining the selectivity in heterogeneous vapor phase hydrocarbon oxidation catalysis. Two essential postulates of the hypothesis are: The oxygen atoms must be distributed on the surface of a selective oxidation catalyst in an arrangement which provides for limitation of the number of active oxygen atoms in various isolated groups.The metal-oxygen bond energy of the active oxygen atoms, at the conditions of reaction, must be in a range where rapid removal (hydrocarbon oxidation) and addition (regeneration by oxygen) is assured. Monte Carlo methods are used to illustrate the distribution of isolated sites on catalytic surfaces under the dynamic conditions of hydrocarbon oxidation reactions. Differences in catalyst and process requirements between oxidation processes operating in an overall oxidizing or reducing atmosphere are discussed.
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 760-765 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Rates of carbon dioxide absorption by 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 molar sodium hydroxide solutions were measured at 25°C. for exposure times from 1.4 to 21.6 milliseconds with a laminar-jet technique. Absorption rates were calculated with a model based on one-dimensional diffusion occurring simultaneously with two consecutive irreversible chemical reactions. The resulting partial differential equations were solved with an IBM-709 computer. The calculated absorption rates agreed within 5% of the experimental values.
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  • 54
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    Notes: The application of thermal diffusion to the separation of a pair of salts in aqueous solution was investigated. Experiments were conducted with the system copper sulfate-cobalt sulfate-water with both static, single-stage cells and continuous, countercurrent flow contactors (or columns) of the horizontal Jury-Von Halle type which utilizes flow through a porous membrane. Design equations for the continuous columns were developed, based on an idealized representation of the combined hydrodynamic and diffusion problem. Data from the single-stage experiments were used in conjunction with these equations to predict stage separation factors and transfer unit heights. These mass transfer parameters were measured under various operating conditions on continuous units of two different sizes.The effects of size and operating conditions on the separation factor and transfer unit height were successfully predicted by use of the design equations. The accurate calculation of these quantities directly from single-stage separation data was less successful, owing to the highly idealized nature of the mathematical model employed.
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 253-260 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 139-141 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 287-288 
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 394-399 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Unpacked pipes or tubes, commonly called flow reactors, are often desirable for carrying out homogeneous reactions. Unless these reactors are properly designed and operated, axial mixing will alter both the rate of conversion and the distribution of products from successive reactions. Several hypothetical reaction schemes are analyzed here to show how axial mixing affects the production of an intermediate. The analysis represents mixing by an axial diffusion coefficient and is valid when mixing is not extreme. Results from several particular cases are compared, showing that reactor-product distribution is generally distorted in proportion to a reactor Peclet number. G. I. Taylor's theory of axial mixing is used to relate this Peclet number to the physical characteristics of the reactorAlthough the effects of axial mixing are concluded to be negligible in most commercial or large-scale equipment, they are serious in the case of experimental or pilot-scale apparatus. Charts are drawn to illustrate design problems for these reactors.
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 400-406 
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 207-210 
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 411-418 
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 422-424 
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 419-421 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the manufacture of catalyst pellets from particles of powder, for example alumina, one of the parameters is pellet density. The opposing effects of density on surface available for reaction and on pore diffusion result in a specific pellet density for maximum reaction rate per unit volume of reactor. The method for predicting the optimum density and rate is presented for a first-order reaction. The data required are pore volumes and pore-size distributions as a function of density, as well as kinetic measurements. Such data are available for the ortho-para hydrogen reaction using a nickel oxide-on-alumina catalyst. Using this system as an illustration, it can be seen that the optimum effectiveness factors are less than unity and range from about 0.68 for 1/8-in. diam. spherical catalyst pellets to 0.29 for 1-in. pellets. Corresponding optimum densities are from about 1.3 to 0.6 g./ccThe results demonstrate the possibility of a tailor-made pelleted catalyst for optimum reaction rate.
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 3-3 
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 19-24 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 216-222 
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    Notes: This paper deals with a new concept for predicting burnout conditions for forced convection of boiling water in fuel elements of nuclear boiling reactors.The concept states the importance of considering the ratio of heated channel perimeter to total channel perimeter.The perimeter ratio concept was arrived at from an experimental study of burnout conditions in rod clusters consisting of three rods of 13 mm. outside diameter and 830 mm. heated length. Data were obtained for pressures between 2.5 and 10 kg./sq. cm., surface heat fluxes between 50 and 120 W./ sq. cm., mass flow rates between 0.03 and 0.33 kg./sec., and steam qualities between 0.01 and 0.52.The rod clearance for the experiment were 2 and 6 mm. The diameter of the channel was 41.3 mm. Additional runs were also performed after unheated displacement rods were introduced in the channel. The rod clearance in this case was 6 mm.In the ranges investigated the measured burnout steam qualities at the outlet of the channel decrease with increasing heat flux and decreasing pressure. Furthermore it has been found that the influence of rod clearance is, in the range investigated, of small significance for engineering purposes.It has also been observed that the present burnout steam quality data for the rod clusters are much lower than those earlier obtained for round ducts. This may be explained physically by means of the perimeter ratio concept.It has also been found that the surface shear stress distribution around the channel perimeter and especially the position of maximum shear stress is of great importance for predicting burnout conditions for flow in channels.Finally the new method has helped in understanding and interpreting experimental results which earlier may have seemed inconsistent.
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 572-573 
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 573-575 
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 25-30 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method of predicting the critical pressures of multicomponent hydrocarbon mixtures of known composition has been developed. These mixtures include ternary, quaternary, and quinary systems consisting of normal and isoparaffins, olefins, acetylenes, naphthenes, and aromatics. The method, based upon the mole fraction of the low-boiling component in the mixture, graphically presents the ratio of the actual critical pressure to the pseudocritical pressure as a function of a boiling parameter. For mixtures of more than two components the pseudocritical pressure is based on the critical pressure of the pure low-boiling component and on the actual critical pressure of the mixture consisting of all the remaining higher-boiling components. From an analysis of twenty-seven binary systems (139 compositions) the average deviation of calculated values from reported values is 1.27%. For thirty-four mixtures containing from three to seven components the average deviation is 1.64%.Based upon a similar approach graphical relationships are presented for the estimation of the critical molar density of binary hydrocarbon mixtures of known composition, which also may contain normal and isoparaffins, olefins, nuphthenes, and aromatics. The same boiling point parameter is used to correlate the ratio of the critical density to the reciprocal of the molar average critical volume for nonmethane systems and the product of the critical pressure and the critical volume for methane systems. From an analysis of fifteen binary systems (eighty compositions) the average deviation of calculated values form reported values is 1.54%.
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 352-358 
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 358-361 
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 580-584 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The prediction of vapor-liquid equilibria with the Benedict-Webb-Rubin (BWR) equation of state has been restudied. It was found that the suitability of the equation of state to represent fully the behavior of the constituents is the main factor which affects the accuracy of the prediction. To improve the representation of the pure component data by means of equation of state it is necessary to modify the present form of the BWR equation of state. A tentative form of modification of the BWR equation of state has been chosen. Although the modified equation is still subject to further evaluation and refinement, satisfactory results have been obtained for the prediction of four binary systems containing nitrogen and carbon dioxide (nitrogen-methane. methane-carbon dioxide, propane-carbon dioxide, and n-butane-carbon dioxide).The method of nonlinear estimation has been used to fit the coefficients in the equation of state to either vapor-pressure data or P-V-T data.
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 495-503 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Observations on the rate of ion exchange in Dowex 50W resins are reported. These measurements were made under conditions where solid diffusion was the governing phenomenon for six pairs of ions sodium-zinc, sodium-silver, silver-aluminum, zinc-copper, zinc-aluminum, and aluminum-cerium (trivalent). The effects of temperature and of resin cross-linkage were studied with the first system. Exchange in both directions was studied for each pair except the last.Interpretation with a Fick's law model was accomplished, and diffusion coefficients were obtained for each pair. Values were greatly dependent on the direction of the exchange as well as on the particular pair.Interpretation with a Nernst-Planck model was also accomplished and diffusivities for each ion were obtained. Values were greatly influenced by the nature of the second ion except in the case of sodium. The interpretation in this case required numerical solution of the flux equations. These solutions are presented for valence ratios of 1/3 and 2/3 with diffusivity ratios of 5, 10, and 20 and for valence ratios of 3 and 3/2 with diffusivity ratios of 1/5, 1/10, and 1/20.Activation energies were found to be 4 to 6 kcal/g. mole for either model. Increasing the resin cross-linkage from 4 to 12% decreased the diffusion values by approximately 80%.The data were equally well represented with either model. In view of the simplicity of Fick's law, the use of this model is recommended for design purposes.
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 672-676 
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 93-98 
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    Notes: The permeation rate of hydrogen through cylindrical membranes of type 321 stainless steel was determined under a wide range of conditions. The pressure was varied from 0.1 to 30.0 atm. and the temperature from 300° to 800°C. Four permeation membranes were used with wall thicknesses of 0.0252, 0.1003, 0.1011, and 0.2475 cm.The permeation rate was found to deviate from the square-root-of-pressure and inverse-thickness relations predicted by the Richardson equation. Slow surface reactions are considered to be the cause of the observed deviations. The permeation data were correlated by a semiempirical interfacial resistance model.Permeation rates were observed to increase with time of membrane exposure to hydrogen. It is believed this resulted from changing surface activity.
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 98-102 
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963) 
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 561-566 
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 863-863 
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 723-723 
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 804-809 
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 810-820 
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    Notes: The time constant of a continuous stirred-tank reactor and the transfer function of a simulated second-order system with two random inputs were determined. In the first case the experimental result agreed within 11% of the known value; in the second case the results agreed with those predicted from a theoretical analysis. To determine the transfer matrix of a fifth-order system an impractical amount of medium speed computer time was required; the results were not considered satisfactory. However the length of calculation compares favorably with other methods of total identification for processes which have extraneous noise associated with them. Because of this the application of the present technique in adaptive control systems appears to be favorable.
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 826-830 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 831-841 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 852-859 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 841-843 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 854-856 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 857-860 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 862-862 
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 778-782 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 783-785 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 794-796 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 797-804 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 129-133 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A digital computer model of the adiabatic-fixed bed catalytic reactor is developed which includes axial dispersion of heat and mass, interparticle heat and mass transport, and intraparticle diffusion of reacting species. The influence of these transport processes upon conversion and yield is discussed. The model is readily extended to nonisothermal, nonadiabatic cases in the absence of radial gradients.The technique of computer solution avoids the inherent instability problem associated with explicit techniques as applied to flux boundary condition problems which involve flow, diffusion, and reaction.
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 121-128 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An elution gas that might be either a single component or a binary mixture, but which in any case was appreciably soluble in the fixed liquid phase on the column matrix material, was used to form a multicomponent liquid phase within the chromatographic column. Vapor-liquid equilibrium was studied both with the solute of interest at essentially infinite dilution conditions and with the solute present at some finite concentration in both phases. From the elution data vapor-liquid equilibrium ratios, or K values, were calculated by expressions relating the solute retention volume to the solute K value in the vapor-liquid system maintained within the chromatographic column.Data were taken for the solutes ethane, propane, and n-butane at infinite dilution in the methane-n-decane system at 160°, 70°, 40°, 0°, and -20°F from 20 to 2,000 lb./sq. in.; for propane at infinite dilution in methane-n-hexadecane at 70°F and 20 to 200 lb./sq. in.; and propane in the system methane-propane-n-decane at 40°F from 20 to 460 lb./sq. in. The univariant gas-liquid-solid locus was experimentally determined for the methane-n-decane binary system.The chromatographically determined K values for n-butane at infinite dilution in methane-n-decane were compared with published static equilibrium values and found to be in substantial agreement. Activity coefficients calculated from the data for all the solute isotherms were compared at atmospheric pressure with the results of the Brönsted and Koefoed relation for estimating activity coefficients of hydrocarbons, and close agreement was again found.
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 134-138 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 141-143 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 9 (1963), S. 144-144 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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