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  • Articles  (107)
  • Chemical Engineering  (107)
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  • 1955-1959  (107)
  • 1958  (107)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Convective heat transfer from hightemperature air inside a tube (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 37-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Local rates of convective heat transfer from air at high temperature to a cold wall were measured in the inlet region of a circular tube. Air entered the tube with a flat velocity and temperature profile at temperatures from 480° to 2,000°F. and flow rates corresponding to Reynolds numbers from 4,500 to 22,500. The inner surface of the 1.0-in. I.D. tube was maintained at approximately 100°F. by water cooling. Local rates of heat transfer were determined at 1.5, 4, 7, and 10 tube diameters from the entrance by measuring the radial temperature profile in thermally isolated, annular sections of the tube wall.The local rate data for all gas temperatures are well represented by previous correlations for small temperature differences if the gas properties are evaluated at the bulk temperature rather than at the film temperature. The data agree well with the data of previous investigators wherever the experimental ranges overlap.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040108
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heat transfer from superheated vapors to a horizontal tube (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 43-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental data are reported for condensing Freon-114 (tetrafluorodichloroethane) and steam at several pressures. The condition of the vapors ranged from saturation to 180°F. of superheat. The condensing tube containing embedded thermocouples was 3/4 in. in diameter and 3 ft. long. Visual observation showed that steam condensed by dropwise condensation in part. Increase of superheat in the vapor at constant pressure caused a lowering of the tube-wall temperature, which was indicative of a lowering of the surface temperature of the condensate. The lowering of the condensate-surface temperature below the saturation temperature was computed from the experimental tube-wall temperatures, the heat flux, and Nusselt's equation for the condensate-film resistance. The lowering of the condensate-surface temperature is correlated with degree of superheat. An interfacial coefficient of heat transfer between the superheated vapor and the condensate surface is reported based on the computed surface temperatures. Schrage's analysis and equations for relating mass and heat transfer with conditions at an interface were simplified and used to correlated the experimental condensing load with the degree of superheat.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040109
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new electric analogue model for nonsteady state flow problems (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 49-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new, simple electric analogue model is demonstrated which gives solutions, accurate within ten %, to problems in nonsteady state flow of heat, diffusion, and flow of liquids in porous media. The analogue consists essentially of a sandwich of electrical conducting paper, polyethylene or polyester sheeting, and metal foil. One- or two-dimensional problems can be treated. This analogue provides a medium with distributed resistance and capacitance rather than the finite steps of conventional analogues; therefore two-dimensional problems of complex shape can easily be modeled. The analogue is pulsed by a square wave generator and the transient potential response is displayed on a cathode-ray oscilloscope.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040110
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A graphical method for solution of freezing problems (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 53-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Problems in heat conduction involving a moving boundary are encountered in the freezing of liquids and in other situations. Such problems are difficult to solve, and exact solutions are almost unknown. A graphical method for obtaining numerical solutions to problems of this type which can be described in terms of one space coordinate is derived and is demonstrated in two examples involving the freezing of liquids. The method, which does not require specialized knowledge or equipment, takes into account both sensible heats and latent heat.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040111
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Film boiling from vertical tubes (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 58-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Heat transfer measurements were made with vertical stainless steel bayonet tubes, 3/8 to 3/4 in. O.D., with lengths from 2.6 to 6.5 in. The heat source was steam. The boiling film ΔT ranged from 154° to 314°F. for three organic liquids and from 547° to 788°F. for nitrogen, all at 1 atm. No forced convection was used. Benzene, carbon tetrachloride, and nitrogen on the longer tubes had h values two or three times greater than predicted by the Bromley equation; however, the Reynolds numbers were found to exceed 2,000. Nitrogen on the 2.6-in. length obeyed the equation; the Reynolds numbers were less than 2,000, the flow was proved by photography to be turbulent and the h values were much higher than predicted for viscous flow. A correlation is given which fits all the data except for methanol. It shows that a vertical orientation is superior to the horizontal for liquids boiling outside tubes.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040112
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fluid-particle heat transfer in packed beds (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 69-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Steady state heat transfer experiments were carried out in a 4-in. I.D. transite tube packed with 3/8-, 1/4-, and 5/32-in. steel spheres. Heat was generated in the pellets by means of a high-frequency induction coil surrounding the test section. Average heat transfer coefficients between the bed of spheres and a stream of air passing through the bed were calculated for Reynolds numbers of from 200 to 10,400. To ensure the reproducibility of the data, the bed was repacked six times for each pellet size.A study of the effect of the tube-to-pellet-diameter ratio indicates that this effect is large for low values of the ratio, but much smaller for higher ratios. The results are presented both graphically and in terms of empirical equations. The analogies among heat, mass, and momentum transfer are discussed, and it was found that no simple relation between the heat transfer coefficient and the friction factor exists for packed beds with a gas as the fluid.An attempt is made to predict the heat transfer rates for packed beds from heat transfer data for single spheres and from pressure-drop measurements for the packed bed; however, the rates predicted from the pressure-drop measurements are somewhat lower than the experimental results.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040114
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heat and momentum transfer in the flow of gases through packed beds (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 63-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Heat and momentum transfer studies have been made for the flow of gases through fixed beds consisting of randomly packed, solid metallic particles. The experimental technique employed in these studies made possible for the first time the procurement of gas-film heat transfer data under steady state conditions and in the absence of mass transfer effects. Electric current passed through the metallic particles of the bed created within the particles a steady generation of heat, which was continuously removed by gases flowing through the bed. Several direct temperature measurements of both gases and solids within the bed made possible the direct calculation of the heat transfer coefficient for the gas film to produce the Colburn heat transfer factor jh, which has been found to correlate with the modified Reynolds number, Reh = √ ApG/[µ(1 - ∊)ϕ]. The shape factor ϕ was established in these studies for cubes and cylinders and was found to be identical to their respective sphericities.Pressure-drop measurements produced a friction factor fk of the Blake type, which yielded separate curves for each shape when correlated with the modified Reynolds number Rem. No simple relationship was found to exist between the heat transfer and friction factors. A single correlation of the pressure-drop data was obtained for the modulus fkoϕn when correlated with a Reynolds number of the type Rem = √ ApG/[µ(1 - ∊)]. The exponent n varies with the particle shape.Experimental runs have been carried out for 3/16, 1/4, 5/16-in. spheres, 1/4 and 3/8-in. cubes, and regular cylinders using hydrogen and carbon dioxide to extend the range of molecular weights beyond that of air, used for the majority of these runs. A particle-size, column-diameter effect was found to exist for both heat and momentum transfer. This effect becomes significant in the low Reynolds region.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040113
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Local boiling coefficients on a horizontal tube (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 75-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Local boiling heat transfer coefficients were experimentally determined for nucleate boiling around the outer circumference of horizontal copper tubing. The tubes used were of 16 B.W.G. hard-temper copper with outside diameters of 1 1/4 and 2 in; the liquids boiled were methanol and n-hexane. The maximum peripheral variation occurred with the 1 1/4-in. tube in methanol where an over-all ΔT of 30.2°F. gave local outside coefficients varying between 249 and 548 B.t.u./(hr.)(sq. ft.)(°F.). The minimum variation was found to occur in the same system, in which an over-all ΔT of 72.3°F. gave coefficients varying between 856 and 910 B.t.u./(hr.)(sq. ft.)(F.°). The results, plotted in polar coordinates, showed a cardioid configuration for methanol with the maximum coefficients occurring at the bottom of the tube. The n-hexane results had the general shape of horizontal ellipses with maximum coefficients occurring at the sides of the tube.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040115
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Natural-convection heat transfer in regions of maximum fluid density (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 81-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: One of the important factors affecting the rate of heat transfer by natural convection is the temperature-density relationship of the convecting fluid. The importance of this factor is amplified when the heat is being transferred to a medium which has a maximum density.This investigation consisted of measuring the heat transfer rates, velocity gradients, and temperature profiles when heat is transferred from a flat vertical plate to water in the region of 4°C. In some experiments the flow in the boundary layer was observed to be downward while at other conditions of plate and fluid temperature a dual motion (both up and down) was noted, thus establishing a basic difference in the heat transfer mechanism and precluding a unified theory. Theoretical consideration is given to each mechanism and a criterion is derived to predict the flow regime which will prevail at fixed conditions of plate and bulk temperatures.An analogue computer was used to establish theoretical velocity and temperature profiles. The theoretical values agree reasonably well with the measured values; however, the experimental temperrature gradients near the wall were not sufficiently accurate to be extrapolated to determine a point heat transfer coefficent.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040116
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Film-penetration model for mass and heat transfer (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 97-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040118
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    Rates of flow through microporous solids (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 90-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Rates of flow of pure gases, both those with no adsorption and those with appreciable adsorption, were studied as a function of pressure level, pressure drop, and temperature for flow through 1/2-in.-diameter cylindrical plugs of activated carbon and of unsintered Vycor glass. Adsorption isotherms for the pure gases on Vycor glass were measured over the range of variables covered in the flow studies. A few measurements were made for bulk liquid flowing through a Vycor plug.Permeabilities, which are proportional to the rate of flow per unit of pressure drop, were satisfactorily correlated for hydrogen, helium, argon, and nitrogen by employing existing gas-phase flow theory. Permeabilities considerably larger than the values predicted from the nonadsorbed gas correlation, sometimes more than seventeen times as large, were observed for ethylene, propylene, and isobutane flowing through a Vycor plug. For the hydrocarbon-Vycor systems, permeabilities for vapor flow are as much as sixty times larger than for bulk liquid flow.The unusual flow phenomena for the hydrocarbon-Vycor systems are attributed to a rapid transport in the adsorbed layer. The total transport is treated as being the sum of gas-phase and adsorbed-layer flow. An equation describing adsorbed-layer movement is derived by utilizing a force balance together with thermodynamic principles. The resulting equation has just one empirical constant, and its use requires adsorption-isotherm data. It correlates very well the surface flow rates for the major range of the variables covered in this investigation. Rate measurements were made for adsorbed-layer concentrations ranging from about one tenth of a monolayer up through the capillary condensation region. Deviations in the one constant form of the equation are observed below one tenth of a monolayer. The available literature data on flow in adsorbed layers are reasonably well correlated by the same equation.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040117
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Axial dispersion and void-cell mixing efficiency in fluid flow in fixed beds (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 13M 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040121
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mass transfer from a soluble solid sphere (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 114-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mass transfer from 3/8- and 1/2-in.-diameter spheres of adipic acid and from 3/8-, 1/2-, 5/8- and 3/4-in.-diameter spheres of benzoic acid into a controlled stream of water passing in laminar flow through a 3-in.-diameter pipe is found to be correlated by the single equaton NSh = 2 + 0.95 NRe0.5 NSc0.33 for sphere Reynolds numbers between 100 and 700. The limitations on the application of this equation, due to mass transfer by natural convection, are discussed. Correlations are also obtained for transfer from separate regions of the sphere surface.Skin-friction-drag coefficients for single fixed spheres have been calculated from reported pressure distributions for Reynolds numbers between 100 and 1,000.Good agreement is obtained between the mass transfer j factor and other reported values for heat transfer, but comparison with the calculated frictional forces indicates that the equality proposed by Colburn (3) does not hold, because the distributions of the mass transfer and the skin friction over the surface differ.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040120
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    Heat transfer to water in turbulent flow in internally heated annuli (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 127-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Nearly 900 values of local heat transfer coefficients were correlated for water flowing through long annuli 1/8, 1/4, and 3/8 in. wide, electrically heated at their inner surfaces and containing three spacer ribs. Both cosine and uniform lengthwise heat-flux distributions were employed. All heat transfer coefficients were computed for positions corresponding to (L/De) ratios larger than 150. Several methods of correlation were attempted and compared, especially with respect to the method of evaluating physical properties. The proportionality of the Colburn j factor to the Prandtl and Reynolds numbers with their usual exponents was verified, and the dependence of j upon D2/D1 was analyzed. There was no significant effect of cosine heat-flux distribution on the heat transfer coefficients. Evaluating physical properties at the usual film temperature gave the best correlation. A simplified dimensional equation for water at moderate temperatures and pressures was also developed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040203
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimation of the stage efficiency of simple, agitated vessels used in mixer-settler extractors (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 202-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method of calcuation is presented by which estmates may be made of the stage efficiency of continuously operated, agitated, baffled vessels used in mixer-settler extractors. The calculations are limited to cases where the agitatiing impeller is a flat-blade turbine, and do not include estimates of the entrance and exit effects. The method has been tested with all the available experimental data, which include three different sizes of vessels, systems, and impeller sizes, and a variety of operating conditions including speeds of agitation, rates of flow, and ratios of contacted liquids. Because of limitations of the author's knowledge, the calculations are necessarily approximate, but they nevertheless correctly indicate the nature of the variations in stage efficiency to be expected with all of the design and operating variables for which tests could be applied.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040215
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  • 16
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    Viscous flow in multiparticle systems: Slow motion of fluids relative to beds of spherical particles (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 197-201 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical treatment is developed on the basis that two concentric spheres can serve as the model for a random assemblage of spheres moving relative to a fluid. The inner sphere comprises one of the particles in the assemblage and the outer sphere consists of a fluid envelope with a “free surface.” The appropriate boundary conditions resulting from these assumptions enable a closed solution to be obtained satisfying the Stokes-Navier equations omitting inertia terms. This solution enables rate of sedimentation or alternatively pressure drop to be predicted as a function of fractional void volume.Comparison of the theory is made with other relationships and data reported in the literature. Of special interest is its close agreement with the well known Carman-Kozeny equation which has been widely used to correlate data on packed beds as well as sedimenting and fluidized systems of particles. This is remarkable in view of the fact that the force on each particle in a packed bed can be up to several hundred times that exerted on a single particle in an undistrubed medium.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040214
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  • 17
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    Flow of two-phase carbon dioxide through orifices (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 207-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental flow rate data are presented for saturated liquid, saturated vapor, and two-phase liquid-vapor carbon dioxide through a convergent nozzle and a square-edged orifice. The data cover the range from the triple-point pressure to the critical pressure. Charts have been prepared for this complete range at critical flow. Results are also presented for subcritical flow.The tests at various back pressures indicate that the saturated liquid behaved as a cold liquid without evaporation ahead of the throat.Saturated vapor became supersaturated in the nozzle, and the vapor behaved as if no condensation occurred.Equations are presented for the flow rates of saturated vapor, and two-phase mixtures in the critical flow region.A Mollier (pressure-enthalpy) diagram is used to determine the flow rates of saturated vapor and two-phase mixtures where supersaturtation takes place. In these cases, the lines of constant specific volume or density are extrapolated from the superheated region into the normal two-phase region to obtain values corrected for supersaturation.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040216
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  • 18
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    Correlation of local velocities in tubes, annuli, and parallel plates (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 240-245 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A consistent method is presented for predicting local velocities in smooth tubes, concentric annuli, and parallel plates. Consideration is limited to the steady, isothermal, fully turbulent flow of constant-density fluids. Experimental data show the proposed correlation to be indepdent of Reynolds number and radius ratio. Intermediate quantities, calculated from friction data, permit local velocities to be determined over a wide range of operating conditions.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040221
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  • 19
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    A note on kinetics data (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 246 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040223
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  • 20
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    Freezing points of binary mixtures of methane (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 317-318 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The experimental freezing-point data of the methane-n-hexane and the methane-n-octane binaries are presented and compared with the methane-carbon dioxide system investigated by Donnelly and Katz. A step-by-step variation of the freezing point in the paraffin homologous series is exploited to provide reasonably accurate extrapolation of the experimental data on the two binaries and scattered freezing-point data on the methane-n-butane mixture to other paraffin hydrocarbon mixtures of methane in which the heavier constituent ranges from ethane to n-nonane, inclusive.A composite graph of the freezing points of the various binaries with methane, from ethane to n-nonane, is presented.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040316
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  • 21
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    Heat transfer in forced convection with internal heat generation (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 319-323 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A solution to the problem of heat transfer with simultaneous heat generation in viscous tubular flow is presented. The temperature profiles and heat transfer coefficients which are obtained apply to compressible as well as incompressible Newtonian and power-law non-Newtonian fluids with constant physical properties and to systems in which the heat generation is an arbitrary function of radius. An example of heat transfer with frictional heat generation in a non-Newtonian fluid is also presented, and the solution to the problem in which a fluid enters a tube in laminar flow with an arbitrary temperature profile is given, with a consideration of a first approximation to the case of heat transfer in a turbulent fluid in which heat is being generated.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040317
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  • 22
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    Generalized correlation for loading in packed towers with countercurrent gas-liquid flow (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 324-329 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experiments in which a liquid film runs over a vertical string of spheres surrounded by a concentric tube through which air is blown upward have shown that loading in a packed tower is due to the formation of standing waves on the liquid film. In the ball-and-tube system a wave is formed just below the equator of each ball, owing to the pressure gradient within the air stream as it accelerates through the narrowing gap between the ball and the tube. Interfacial shear and surface tension are of secondary importance. The similarity between the characteristics of the ball-and-tube system and those of the randomly packed tower suggests that loading in the latter system is also due to wave formation. With this concept of loading, a correlation has been dérived.
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    Shape factors for conductive heat flow (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 330-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Application of shape factors to problems of conductive heat flow eliminates the need for lengthy calculations by numerical approximation methods. Shape factors for several systems, determined bvy electrical analogues, are given in the accompanying article.
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    Local shell-side heat transfer coefficients in baffled tubular heat exchangers (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 332-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental study of local heat transfer coefficients in a baffled tubular heat exchanger for five baffle spacings and two tube spacings (23/16-in.-pitch, four-tube bundle, and 11/4-in.-pitch, fourteen-tube bundle) is reported. Shell-side air-flow rate was constant for all runs. The variation of the local heat transfer coefficient around the tubes and along the length of the tubes for each tube spacing and baffle spacing was investigated. Average shell-side heat transfer coefficients were evaluated from local values and were found to agree with average values reported in the literature. These average values varied with the six-tenths power of the mass velocity in the heat exchanger. The average Nusselt number and the pressure drop across the exchanger each increased at about the same rate as the number of baffles was increased from two to ten. The average heat transfer rate decreased with decreased tube spacing. This effect was evident from the local heat transfer coefficients, and it is explained on the basis of the mechanism of flow around tubes. An eddy flow zone was detected between the baffles. Average heat transfer rates in the eddy and crossflow zones were almost equal and were about 15% below the average rate in the longitudinal-flow zone. The variation of the average heat transfer coefficient along a tube definitely showed the effects of baffles. High coefficients occurred in the baffle holes and in the baffle windows.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040320
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    Electrolytic methods for measuring water velocities (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 338-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A convection-controlled mass transfer process in which the rate of mass transfer results in an electrical signal should have certain advantages as the working principle for a velocity-and turbulence-measuring device. The velocity can be read at a remote place as a calibrated electrical signal. Compensation for phase shift and amplitude attenuation of a fluctuating signal should be small because the measuring probe would have no capacity for the transferred quantity. In water, such processes are possible whenever electrolysis occurs under conditions of concentration polarization, and they exist in relatively uncomplicated from as the limiting currents of polarographic analysis. The investigation reported here was intended as a survey and evaluation of electrolytic methods for measuring water velocities.The series of experiments that was performed showed that a working instrument could be designed on the principle of convection-controlled electrolysis, but that the chemical reactions involved were unreliable for consistent trouble-free results. Practical instruments appear to be possible only after long development and considerable study of chemical mechanisms.
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    Diffusion in a pore of varying cross section (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 343-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The ratio of the effective to the normal diffusivity of a material diffusing within porous solids is less than unity. In the simple theory the porosity and tortuosity, or labyrinth, factors are used to explain the magnitude of this ratio and to account respectively for the reduced cross-sectional area and the increased diffusion distance. However, abnormally large values of the tortuosity factor are obtained from experimentally measured effective diffusivities within pelleted or extruded porous solids. This work is concerned with the quantitative effect of periodic pore constrictions on the effective diffusivity. The pore model assumed for this study is a hyperbola of revolution giving a pore constriction at the vertex of the hyperbola. Solutions to the steady state diffusion equation in a pore of this shape were obtained at various values of β, the ratio of the maximum to the minimum cross-section in the pore. Comparison of the rate of diffusive transport in this pore and an equivalent cylindrical pore indicates that δ, the ratio of the effective to the normal diffusivity, is about 0.33 at β = 25 for large pores. At the same value of β, δ would be smaller for diffusion in the Knudsen region.
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    Volumetric properties of nonpolar gaseous mixtures (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 430-435 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Volumetric data of nonpolar gaseous mixtures are analyzed in terms of the theory of corresponding states. Special attention is given to an analysis of the second virial coefficient and to the calculation of pseudocritical constants.Second virial coefficients are calculated from experimental data for ten binary systems. These coefficients, with those previously published, are correlated by means of a generalized equation involving three parameters for each component: the critical volume, the reduced temperature, and the acentric factor.Equations are derived for the pseudocritical temperature and pressure of mixtures. These equations are considerably more accurate than those given by Kay's rule. Because of the complexity of the proposed equations for the pseudocritical parameters, a simplified pseudocritical method is presented which is sufficiently accurate for most chemical engineering purposes, especially at reduced temperatures exceeding 1.3.
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    A theoretical-empirical approach to the mechanism of particle entrainment from fluidized beds (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 472-479 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A means of calculating the rate of entrainment of solids from commercial-size continuously operating fluidized beds was developed from the combined results of a theoretical and an empirical approach which through different channels arrived at the same fundamental mechanism. The calculation method shows agreement with data obtained from an apparatus simulating flow characteristics in large-scale equipment and compares favorably with smaller scale tests reported in the literature at pressures up to 200 1b./sq. in. gauge.
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    Note on the analogy between momentum transfer and heat or mass transfer for a homogeneous isotropic turbulent field (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 495-496 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    The derivation of an equation for predicting minimum spouting velocity (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 497-497 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    A new type of countercurrent column for the zirconium-hafnium separation (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 498-498 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Steady state absorption of a sparingly soluble gas in an agitated tank with simultaneous irreversible first-order reaction (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 499-500 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Masthead (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040101
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    You can't put tail-fins on data (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 1-1 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Heat transfer between fluidized-solids beds and boundary surfaces - correlation of data (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 15-23 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A broad empirical study of nine independent sets of data on fluidized-bed heat transfer is presented, with correlation of the data in two groups. A wide range of the many variables is covered, and some data on commercial units are included. Data for external (i.e., walls of the fluidizing vessel) and internal (i.e., tubes in the bed) heat transfer surfaces are correlated graphically. The correlations indicate the importance of heat transport by the mobile particles and of unsteady state conduction in the gas.
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    Radiant heat exchange in a gas-filled enclosure: Allowance for nonuniformity of gas temperature (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 3-14 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method is presented for predicting the effect of allowance for radiation exchange on the distribution of temperature and heat transfer within a furnace chamber. The system is divided into surface zones and gas zones, the number being dependent on the desired accuracy of the result. Direct-exchange factors are available for gas-gas, gas-surface, and surface-surface zone interchange. From these factors one can determine the net exchange factor for any zone pair, making due allowance for interaction with all other zones. The resultant factors are then fed into a set of energy balances, one on each zone, which by simultaneous solution permit a determination of the space distribution of gas and surface temperatures and the distribution of heat flux over the surfaces.
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    Entrapment of gas in the spreading of a liquid over a rough surface (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 24-26 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Conditions for the incomplete displacement of gas from the valley between two parallel ridges by a liquid-drop front advancing over the ridges are calculated. The significant parameters are found to be the liquid density, surface tension, contact angle, and geometry of the ridges. The solution may be obtained analytically or, more conveniently, graphically. Surface roughnesses are divided into four classes, one of which can stably switch from liquid - to gas - fill, and another vice versa. This may account for some of the hysteresis effects reported in bubble nucleation. It is pointed out that surfaces consisting predominately of cavities are more likely to follow these considerations than grooved surfaces, owing to displacement of gas by advance of liquid along the grooves. An example important in boiling and cavitation theory is worked out, and qualitative agreement with the literature is shown.
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    Distribution of eddy viscosity and mixing length in smooth tubes (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 27-32 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Profiles of eddy viscosity and Prandtl mixing length in fluids flowing steadily and isothermally in smooth tubes have been calculated from the velocity data of several investigators for Reynolds numbers between 1.2 × 103 and 3.2 × 106. In the transition range unusually high values of eddy viscosity and mixing length are obtained in some portions of the stream. In the fully turbulent range the effect of Reynolds number is small and the mixing length tends toward zero at the center of the tube. The parameters for turbulent flow between parallel plates have been correlated through the concept of an equivalent tube. The results are of importance in designing equipment for heat and mass transfer and mixing.
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    Control of flow distribution by mixing headers (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 33-36 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The coolant flow distribution among parallel passages in a nuclear reactor (or boiler or heat exchanger) can be very sensitive to variations in heat input, channel dimensions, etc. In a previous paper this flow sensitivity was defined in terms of certain partial derivatives, which were related by analytical expressions to fluid properties and operating characteristics. Flow sensitivity contributes largely to potential malfunction, reduced efficiency, or failures. The use of valves and orifices was quantitatively evaluated for supercritical water in the earlier paper. The scope of this paper is to consider the utility of mixing headers. These mixing chambers are located along the flow passage as a common receiver for parallel flow from many channels. The headers, in turn, supply subsequent lengths of heated passages in parallel. Analytical expressions are derived for the effect of headers on flow, outlet-fluid enthalpy, and channel-wall temperatures. The limiting cases of minimum and complete mixing in the headers are considered and numerical results for water at supercritical pressures are given to show the marked increase in stability obtained by use of intermediate mixing headers.
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    Effect of superatmospheric pressures on nucleate boiling of organic liquids (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 102-113 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Superatmospheric pressures greatly reduce the temperature differences in nucleate boiling of or ganic liquids. Since nucleate boiling is characterized by bubble formation at the heating surface, it seems logical to investigate the pressure difference that causes bubble formation. It has been found that for organic liquids the difference in vapor pressure corresponding to the temperature difference behaves in a regular manner with pressure but does not vary greatly. This regular behavior permits prediction of temperature differences at higher pressures with a knowledge of only vapor-pressure and boiling data at one pressure. New boiling data have been obtained in the investigation.
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    Velocity profile for fully developed turbulent flow in a pipe (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 132-136 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An equivalent Poiseuille's Law is derived for a homogeneous isotropic turbulent field. The derivation is based on an analogy between momentum transfer and heat and mass transfer, three coefficients being used to characterize the exchange process: (1) the molecular viscosity µ, (2) an intensity parameter to characterize the magnitude of the turbulent velocity fluctuations ν2, and (3) a scale parameter to characterize the scale of the turbulence T.
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    Mixing of fluids flowing through beds of packed solids (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 161-169 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    Wall effect for the fall of single drops (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 153-156 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Measurements were made of the rate of fall of drops of five organic liquids through an aqueous phase contained in eight vertical cylinders of various diameters. Newton's equation for the wall proximity effect for rigid spheres or cylinders predicts values somewhat in excess of the observed. A correction factor equation with the more convenient equivalent spherical diameter is presented. Its use is limited to d/D ratios less than one half. The ultimate velocity of a drop of specific size in an infinite medium can be calculated from that measured in a small tube by multiplying the latter by the ratio of the tube cross-sectional area to the area of the annular space between tube wall and drop.
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    The role of porosity in filtration part 3: Variable-pressure - variable-rate filtration (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 170-174 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Virtually all filtration literature has been concerned with constant rate or constant pressure with greater emphasis on the latter. In contrast to these types of operations, industrial filtrations involving centrifugal pumps are accomplished under variable-pressure - variable-rate conditions. In spite of its importance virtually no work has been reported in connection with variable-rate - variable-pressure filtration. Formulas developed for constant pressure and constant-rate filtration are not in general applicable to operations effected by centrifugal pumps. Methods solving variable-pressure - variable-rate filtration problems are presented.A method of determining average filtration resistance as a function of compressive pressure under variable-pressure - variable-rate conditions is discussed, and formulas for determining point filtration resistance from data for average resistances are presented.
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    Prediction of resistance in constant-pressure cake filtration (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 175-180 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Methods of predicting resistance in constant-pressure cake filtration have been classified into three groups, (1) basic particle and cake properties, (2) permeability tests, and (3) small-scale filtration tests. Methods 2 and 3 involve the concept of specific filtration resistance, a property characteristic of each unit mass of deposited cake, and these methods were extensively investigated in the laboratory. Specific resistances for three chemical slurries were determined by laboratory filtrations and filter- and compression-permeability tests. Results of these investigations showed that specific filtration resistance could be predicted from compression-permeability test data.Filtration tests made on commercial-scale equipment operating on pearl cornstarch illustrated the correlation between predicted and actual specific resistance values, the resistance predicted from compression-permeability test data agreeing very well with the actual resistance of the prefilt.
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    Momentum and mass transfer by eddy diffusioin in a wetted-wall channel (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 190-196 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The role of eddy diffusion of mass (water vapor) and momentum was investigated in a specially devised wetted-wall channel in which the rippling of the liquid film was eliminated. The experimental measurements of the turbulent exchange coefficients for mass and momentum transport were carried out in a fully developed turbulent flow of air within the range of Reynolds numbers of 8,00 to 160,000. A correlation with Reynollds number revealed an approximately linear relationship of the eddy diffusivties to Reynolds number revealed an approximately linear relationship of the eddy diffusivities to Reynolds number [Equation (4)]. From the hot-wire measurements it was found that within the main protion of the turbulent core eddy diffusivities remained fairly constant.
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    Heterogeneous phase equilibria of the methane - hydrogen sulfide system (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 211-217 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The experimental apparatus and procedures which were developed for the determination of the heterogeneous phase behavior of the methane-hydrogen sulfide system have been described in a previous paper (2). The apparatus and procedures were tested and employed at temperatures in the range of  - 300 to 300°F. and at pressures up to 2000 1b./sq. in. abs. The vapor-liquid, vapor-solid, liquid-vapor-solid, liquid-liquid-vapor and liquid-liquid-solid phase border curves were determined for six mixtures of methane and hydrogen sulfide. The phase compositions were determined at selected points along the three-phase univariant equilibrium lines. An invariant point (quadruple point) was found which involves the equilibrium of two liquid phases, a vapor phase, and a solid phase. These data are presented on P-T and T-X diagrams.The data contribute to the understanding of phase behavior of light hydrocarbons containing hydrogen sulfide.
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    Effect of liquid mixing on the performance of bubble trays (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 231-239 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    Heat transfer in film condensation (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 218-222 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this theoretical analysis of heat transfer in film condensation the total vapor-side resistance to heat transfer is obtained by adding the resistance to conduction through the condensate film to the resistance due to the condensation process at the vapor-liquid interface.The analysis shows that under ordinary conditions conduction in the condensate film is controlling, provided the condensation coefficient is greater than about 0.10. However, under conditions of low total pressure, low heat flux, or low condensation coefficient, the resistances of both processes must be considered.Experiments carried out on the condensation of methanol are in good agreement with the theory. Furthermore, values of the condensation coefficient for methanol are reported which show that small quantities of air will greatly reduce its magnitude. This is offered as an explantion of the commonly observed phenomenon of reduction of heat transfer rates when noncondensable gases enter a system.
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    Nuclear chemical engineering. (Part of the McGraw-Hill Series in Nuclear Engineering) Manson Benedict, Professor, Nuclear Engineering, M.I.T., and Thomas H. Pigford, Associote Professor, Nuclear Engineering, M.I.T. McGraw Hill Book Company, Inc., New York (1957). 594 pages. $9.50. (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 8J 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040225
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    Masthead (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958) 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040301
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    Federal aid (?) to education (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 247-247 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040302
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    Kinetics of nitrogen tetroxide absorption in water (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 249-256 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The rate of absorption of nitrogen peroxide into water at 25° and 40°C. has been found to be a linear function of the concentration of nitrogen tetroxide in the gas phase and directly proportional to the interfacial partial pressure of the same species.The rate of absorption is independent of gas velocity over a range of ReG from 170 to 350. The results plotted as absorption rate divided by interfacial partial pressure of nitrogen tetroxide show no effect of liquid rate or contact time between gas and liquid over a tenfold range of contact time from 0.03 to 0.3 sec. This indicates that the rate-controlling step during nitrogen dioxide absorption into water is the rate of hydrolysis of nitrogen tetroxide.The absorption rate decreases with increasing temperature from 25° to 40°C., owing to the shift of the equilibrium in the gas phase away from the reacting species nitrogen tetroxide toward nitrogen dioxide and owing to the the decreased solubility of nitrogen tetroxide in water. The effect of these factors on absorption more than offsets the effect of the increase in reaction rate and higher diffusivity on absorption at 40°C.The reaction rate constant for the hydrolysis of nitrogen tetroxide has been determined and the solubility of dissolved but unreacted nitrogen tetroxide in equilibrium with gaseous nitrogen tetroxide has been found.
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    Convergence pressures for close-boiling nonideal systems (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 263-265 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The unconventional behavior of equilibrium ratios and convergence pressures is illustrated for close-boiling systems with activity coefficients exceeding 1 throughout the two-phase region. Also presented is a correlation to predict convergence pressure, or the critical locus, of nonideal binary systems.
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    Phase relations of binary systems that form azeotropes: I. The ammonia-n-Butane system (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 293-296 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Binary systems that form azeotropes in the critical region of the system show a wide variation in their phase behavior. As part of an investigation of the factors responsible for this variation, the P-V-T-x relations of the ammonia-n-butane system were determined at the liquid-vapor phase boundaries from near room temperature to the highest temperature and pressure at which the liquid and vapor coexist. Ammonia and n-butane form an azeotrope whose composition varies from 81.7 mole % ammonia at 300 1b./sq. in. to 86.3 mole % at 1295 1b./sq. in. The critical locus possesses a minimum temperature point similar to other binary systems that form azeotropes in the critical region. The experimental results support the hypothesis that binary systems that form azetropes exhibit a characteristic pattern of P-T-x relations in the critical region that is distinctively different from systems that do not form azeotropes.
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    II. The ammonia - isooctane system (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 296-299 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Because of the paucity of data on the phase behavior of binary systems that form azeotropes, the P-V-T-x relations of the ammonia-isooctane system were determined at the liquid-vapor boundaries from room temperature to the critical temperature of issoctane. Evidence of an azeotrope existing over a very limited pressure and temperature range was obtained. The sistem is unique in that the critical locus contains a minimum temperature point as well as a minimum and a maximum pressure point. These relations are shown to fit a general pattern of phase relations characteristic of binary systems that form azeotropes in the critical region. This pattern serves as an aid for the qualitative prediction of the P-T-x relations of such systems.
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    A reactor-design equation based on a proposed distributed boundary-layer thickness (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 300-304 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An empirical equation is developed which seems applicable to the general problem of fixed-bed catalytic design and relates the reaction rate (in a differential reactor) or conversion (through an integral reactor) to the surface reaction rate, the flow rate through the bed, and the physical properties of the system. The development is based on the assumption that there exists a film of stagnant fluid surrounding each catalyst particle, through which mass is transferred only by molecular motion, and that the thickness of this film varies throughout the bed from zero to some upper limit in a manner which is described by a distribution function. The equation involves two empirical constants: the multiplying constant and the exponent in the usual jd-factor-Reynolds-number relationship.The application of this equation is illustrated. It appears to provide a basis for evaluation of the contribution of diffusional steps in the over-all mechanism and to provide a means for predicting an expected conversion rate at any flow rate through the bed, provided only that the surface (chemical) reaction rate is known at the operating temperature. It also appears possible to calculate values of the surface-reaction-rate constant and the temperature coefficient from data taken from a reactor operating in the diffusion-controlled range.
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    Drainage of packed beds in gravitational and centrifugal-force fields (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 305-316 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The basic differential equations are developed for the prediction of saturation-time curves for the drainage of packed beds in either gravitational or centrifugal fields. The only mathematical solution existing at present, a series solution, is provided for these equations. A film drainage function is included to describe the movement of liquid along the surface of the particles when the main liquid level has passed through the pores of the bed. This method of analysis has been used successfully to predict the drainage of packed beds in a 9-in.-diameter hydroextractor. The important value of capillary suction head is best found from ancillary tests with Haines apparatus, but the value can be found with reasonable accuracy from the change in drainage rate as the liquid surface enters the upper surface of the packed bed. When these two rates are available, the permeability can also be found, and all the major variables are obtained from the drainage test on either the hydroextractor cake or the packed bed under gravity drainage.
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    Heat transfer to a liquid fluidized bed (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 376-380 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental study of the rate of heat transfer from the retaining wall to a fluidized bed of solids was carried out for liquid water and glass spheres. The independent variables included mass velocity, particle size, bulk temperature, and wall temperature. Significant increases in heat transfer were observed, owing to the presence of the suspended solids, even to the extent of tripling the coefficient. For each of several particle sizes, the coefficient passed through a maximum corresponding to a particular mass velocity. The behavior of the bed at velocities below and above those for maximum coefficient was studied and categorized. Tentative correlations for both regions are offered.
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    Axial dispersion of mass in flow through fixed beds (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 367-375 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The axial dispersion of water flowing through fixed beds was determined by measuring and recording the dispersion of a pulse input of dye at one or two points downstream of the injection site. Dispersion coefficients at various flow rates were obtained in systems of 1/2-, 1-, 3-, and 5-mm. spheres and 2- and 6-mm. rings each packed in a 1.5-in. I.D. column. Data were also obtained with 3-mm. spheres in a 1-in. I.D. column. Bed length was varied from 6 to 36 in. Void fractions of from 0.365 to 0.645 were represented by the systems studied. One gas system was studied at Reynolds numbers below unity.The results of the water study indicate that the dispersion coefficient increases linearly with the Reynolds number in the range of Re = 0.5 to 100. Beyond that point the Reynolds number exponent decreases through 0.85 to a value of about 0.25 at a characteristic breakpoint in the region of Re = 350 to 400. Pressure-drop data secured for the systems studied clearly indicate that the cited breakpoint in dispersion behavior is identical with the well-known region of flow transition as characterized by the friction-factor-Reynolds-number relationship within a given system.The dispersion values for the 5- and 6-mm. particles, while obeying this Reynolds-number functionality, are of lower magnitude.A theory based upon bed-v⊙id cell-mixing efficiency is developed, and this efficiency is shown to be directly proportional to the Peclet number, which at the condition of perfect void-cell mixing should attain a value of about 2.Anomalous behavior was noted in two respects: (1) the pulse amplitude change between two stations is greater than that predicted by either diffusion or cell-mixing theory, lending strong support to a bed-capacitance effect, and (2) short-bed studies revealed unusually high dispersion coefficients, reflecting short-circuiting, that is, poor cell-mixing efficiencies in these shallow beds, presumably owing to entrance effects, yet independent of the mode of pulse injection.The dispersion of a pulse of air injected into a stream of helium flowing through a gas chromatographic column was briefly investigated. At Re 〈 1, E was found to be about equal to the calculated molecular diffusivity of this gas system.
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    Absorption into an accelerating film (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 382 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Masthead (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958) 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040401
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    Liquid-phase adsorption equilibria (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 383-388 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A correlating equation for liquid-phase adsorption equilibria, including the effects of temperature and pore diameter, is presented, together with a derivation of the equation ascribing the equilibration process of physical adsorption to van der Waal's forces. The derivation is based on the effect of temperature and surface configuration on the concentration of adsorbate at the surface. The correlating equation was tested with experimental data for the benzene-cyclohexane-silica-gel system and the toluene-isooctane-silica-gel system. Temperatures ranged between 23.9° and 99°C. and the pore diameters between 20.7 and 149.5 Å.
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    A general index of fractional distillation power for hydrocarbon mixtures (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 389-392 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Results from precise calculations for fractionation of multicomponent hydrocarbon mixtures show that the relative separations between components are rationalized in a simple manner in terms of the relative volatilities. A quantitative criterion for sharpness of fractionation with complex mixtures, the Fractionation Index, is suggested. This function is useful for general correlation purposes. It also enables prediction of the detailed compositions of the products from a proposed fractionation and thereby simplifies the computation procedures.
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    Gas-solid contacting with ozone decomposition reaction (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 403-408 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    Turbulent heat transfer inside tubes and the analogy among heat, mass, and momentum transfer (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 393-402 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of fluid physical properties on the rates of convective heat transfer (or mass transfer) to Newtonian fluids flowing turbulently inside tubes has been studied extensively but never resolved for a wide range of variables. In the absence of precise experimental data the conflicting predictions of the many semitheoretical approaches developed during the last two decades have served to confuse rather than to clarify the basic question. To extend the range of the available data an experimental heat transfer study of the heretofore undefined region of high Prandtl number was performed. Fluid properties, determined experimentally, represented a variation in Prandtl number from 50 to 600.For final correlation all the available data for heat transfer with moderate temperature differences except those on liquid metals were considered. The effect of the Prandtl number for the range of the data (NPr of 0.50 to 600) was not well represented by any of the generally accepted theories or empirical equations, although a semitheoretical correlation was deduced from the data with Reichardt's general formulation of the analogy between heat and momentum transfer. The resulting equation fits all the available data with a standard deviation of 9.4%. The applicability of the correlation to turbulent mass transfer in tubes is demonstrated for Schmidt numbers up to 3,000.
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    On phase equilibrium at the gas-liquid interface during absorption (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 439-444 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: That phase equilibrium exists at the gas-liquid interface during gas absorption is usually assumed in the analysis and design of absorption equipment, but the validity of this assumption has been in doubt since Higbie's pioneering gas-absorption studies. Accurate measurements are reported herein of the absorption rates at 25°C. of carbon dioxide into short water jets in which the liquid was in laminar flow. The jets issued from circular nozzles of about 1.5-mm. diam., flowed intact downward through an atmosphere of carbon dioxide at average velocities of from 75 to 550 cm./sec. over distances of 1 to 15 cm., and were collected in a receiver slightly larger in diameter than the nozzles. The measured absorption rates are in excellent agreement with predictions based on unsteady state diffusion theory, when one assumes interfacial equilibrium. It is concluded from these results and those of other investigators that equilibrium prevails at a freshly formed, relatively clean, carbon dioxide-water interface and that the same statement probably applies to the absorption of other slightly soluble gases in water.Evidence is discussed which indicates that an accumulation of minute quantitities of surface-active materials may seriously reduce the rate of gas absorption, either by affecting the hydrodynamic characteristics of the system or perhaps by offering resistance to the transfer of solute molecules across the interface.
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    Perforated plate efficiency-effect of design and operating variables (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 465-471 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental plate efficiency and pressure drop data were obtained on the n-octane-toluene system in a 5 plate, 6 in. diam. column at atmospheric pressure. Hole sizes of 1/16, 1/8, and 3/16 in.; 5.68 and 12.5% free areas; weir heights of 1, 2, and 3 in.; and plate spacings of 6, 12, 18, and 24 in. were studied. Reflux ratios of one, two, four, five, ten, and total were utilized to determine the effect on efficiency.It was found that hole diameter, free area, plate spacing, and a wide range of reflux ratio had relatively small effect on efficiency and pressure drop; however weir height and lower reflux showed relatively larger effects on both variables.Efficiencies and pressure drops were lower than those predicted from published correlations particularly at low flow rates.
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    Density: Reduced-state correlations for the inert gases (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 480-484 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The principle of corresponding states has been adopted to the correlation of densities and found to be applicable for nonopolar substances when the critical compressibility factor is introduced as an independent parameter. For the inert gases, densities available in the literature for the gaseous and liquid states have been referred to their critical densities to produce reduced-state correlations which are identical only when their corresponding critical compressibility factors are the same. As a result, a consolidated reduced density correlation for zc = 0.291 has been developed from experimental data for argon, krypton, and xenon. Although the zc values for helium and neon are essentially alike, different reduced-state correlations for these substances were found to exist. This behavior is expected in view of the radical nature of helium, which can be accounted for by its excessive quantum deviation. Therefore the reduced density correlation for neon (zc = 0.307) is selected as representative of that class of substances having similar zc values.The validity of both correlations has been extended beyond the monatomic gases to include substances having comparable critical compressibility factors. With the generalized chart for zc = 0.291 gaseous densities at elevated temperatures and pressures have been calculated for nitrogen, oxygen, carbon monoxide, and methane to produce an average deviation of 1.4% from reported values in the literature. For these substances the average deviation becomes 1.5% for densities in the liquid state. With the reduced density chart for neon (zc = 0.307) densities calculated for hydrogen (zc = 0.305) in the gaseous region produced an average deviation of 2.5% and covered pressures in excess of 500 atm. and temperatures as high as 500°C.
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    Erratum: Heats of vaporization of hydrogen bonded substances (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 493-493 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Applied mathematics in chemical engineering, 2 ed., Harold S. Mickley, Thomas K. Sherwood, and Charles E. Reed. McGraw-Hill Book Company. Inc., New York (1957). 413 pages. $9.00. (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 11D-12D 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Pseudocritical constants from volumetric data for gas mixtures (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 494-494 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Longitudinal dispersion in a packed bed (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 14M 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Errata (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 6M 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Masthead (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958) 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    The first transactions (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 125-125 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Calculation of the diffusion coefficient of dilute gases and of the self-diffusion coefficient of dense gases (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 137-142 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A corresponding-states correlation of low-density binary- and self-diffusion coefficients is presented. The equations are simple to use, are sufficiently accurate for most calculations, and correlate those data used in their derivation somewhat better than calculations based on the Lennard-Jones potential if potential parameters have to be estimated from the critical properties. The Enskog kinetic theory of dense gases is used in modified form to obtain an expression for the high-density diffusion coefficient for isotopic mixtures in terms of the viscosity and compressibility of the gas. Generalized viscosity and compressibility charts are then used to construct a graph for predicting a reduced self-diffusion coefficient as a function of reduced temperature Tr = T/Tc and reduced pressure pr = p/pc. The effect of the pressure on the Schmidt number, Sc = μ/ρD, is also discussed. Finally the extension of this chart to nonisotopic mixtures is considered.
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    Kinetic studies of carbonation reactions using radioactive tracers (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 143-152 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this study a radioactive tracer technique was used to determine the kinetic reaction rate constants in the CO2—NaHCO3—Na2CO3—H2O system at temperatures of 32, 50, and 68°F., and at various values of pH ranging from 5.6 to 7.6. By operating with this system at chemical equilibrium but at isotopic disequilibrium, it was possible to divorce the influence of the diffusion of CO2 into and out of the aqueous solution from the kinetic effects of the chemical reaction. Radioactive carbon-14 in the form of CO2 was analyzed by means of the Bernstein-Ballentine technique in order to measure the rates of reaction.By this treatment, without using intricate equipment, reaction rate constants were computed from simple, integrated first-order equations. Results showed that values for the forward rate constant of the reaction CO2 + H2O ⇌ HCO3- + H+ agreed well with the values published by previous investigators. On the other hand, the forward rate constants of the reaction CO2 + OH- ⇌ HCO3- were about 100 times as large as previously reported values. This difference is believed due to the complete elimination of any mass transfer effects in this study. In addition, values for the rate constants of the reverse reactions were measured for the first time, and the calculated values of the equilibrium constants for the two reactions agreed within 6% on the average with those given by Harned and Owen. The technique used, with its variations, is expected to have numerous applications in the study of the kinetics of heterogeneous systems.
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    Mathematical development of tube loading in horizontal condensers (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 157-160 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Equations were derived by Nusselt for condensation on a vertical bank of horizontal tubes employing several questionable assumptions. His theoretical results indicate that the average condensing coefficient for a tube in an n-tube vertical bank should be n-1/4 times the single-tube coefficient. An empirical modification for turbulence previously suggested by the present author changed the factor to n-1/6. To facilitate further experimental studies and design calculations, precise equations are developed for condensate loading for the different common tube layouts bounded by a circle. These equations use a generalized factor n-1/s where a value of s/4 〉 1.0 becomes an index of turbulence.
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    Individual film coefficients of mass transfer in liquid-liquid extractionThis paper is based on a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Carnegie Institute of Technology. (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 180-189 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study has been made of the individual film coefficients of mass transfer for two binary liquid-liquid systems of differing physical properties, namely methyl isobutyl carbinol-water and methylethyl ketone-water, in a 4-in. diam. extraction column operated as a spray column and with 1/2-in. Raschig ring packing. The value of Ht for the dispersed phase was found to be a constant, C1 for a given system in a given column. The Ht values for the continuous phase could be correlated by the equation, \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$(H_t )_c = C_2 (V_c /V_d )^n $$\end{document} Values of the constants C1, C2, and n are tabulated along with the values found by earlier investigators for other systems and column packings. The Ht values have been reduced to area base coefficients by the expression for droplet surface area proposed by Gaylor and Pratt (3).Presaturation of either phase was found to have no effect on mass transfer rates. There appears to be relatively little difference in the efficiency of spray and packed columns for systems of low interfacial tension, but for high interfacial-tension systems packed columns are considerably more efficient than spray columns.While no definitive correlations for the effect of physical properties are proposed, there are some indications that n is a function of the viscosity ratio of the two liquid phases and that C2 is a function of the 1/4 power of the groups (dΔργ/μ2c)(μc/μa) and (NS c)c. No correlation was found for the effect of physical properties on (Ht)d.
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    Gas absorption accompanied by a liquid-phase chemical reaction (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 223-230 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The rate of absorption of chlorine from chlorine-nitrogen mixtures into solutions of ferrous chloride in 0.203 N aqueous hydrochloric acid was studied in a short wetted-wall column. Dimensional analysis and the film and penetration theories were used to infer, from the absorption rate data, that the chemical reaction between chlorine and the ferrous ion is second order. The absorption-rate results for experiments with a dilute gas phase agreed with theoretical predictions for absorption accompanied by a second order reaction with a reaction rate constant of 188 liters/(g. mole) (sec.). The results for experiments with pure chlorine gas deviated from the rest of the results, and they did not agree with the theoretical equations. It was shown that the assumption of a three-step mechanism for the chemical reaction, including the formation of a complex ion and the decompositon of this complex ion, explains, at least qualitatively, the deviations observed for the pure chlorine gas runs.
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    Reply (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 6J 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Liquid-liquid extraction accompanied by chemical reaction (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 245 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: From time to time, A.I.Ch.E. Journal is going to present translations of certain technical articles written by our Japanese colleagues in their own language. These translations are to be made by Kenzi Etani, who received his B.S. in chemical engineering in 1953 at the Tokyo Institute of Technology and his M.S. in 1955 at M.I.T. He is associated with Stone & Webster and is an associate member of American Institute of Chemical Engineers. He is also a member of the Society of Chemical Engineers, Japan, and the Japan Oil Chemists' Society. His offer to help break down the language barrier is acknowledged.The following article (two will follow in the September and December issues, respectively) was published in Chemical Engineering (Japan), volume 21, pages 75 - 79 (1957).Abstracts, notation, literature cited, tables, and figure captions not published here appear in English in the original paper. No figures will be be reproduced in these translations.
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    Viscosity: Reduced-state correlation for the inert gases (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 257-262 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A reduced-state viscosity correlation has been constructed from the available data of the inert gases. For the development of this correlation, the fragmentary experimental data for argon were utilized along the lines proposed for thermal conductivities by Owens and Thodos (21) in order to determine the effect of pressure on viscosity. In addition, the only available low-pressure viscosity data for neon and helium have been incorporated in this correlation to produce for the first time the effect of subatmospheric pressures. This correlation covers the range of pressures included between PR = 40 and PR = 0.015 × 10-4 and extends up to temperatures of TR = 100. It has been found that the effect of subatmospheric pressures on viscosity does not become significant above pressures of 1 mm. of mercury. However, at lower pressures, viscosity is found to decrease rapidly, particularly in the regions below absolute pressures of 0.01 mm. of mercury.Viscosities calculated with the reduced state correlation produce an average over-all deviation of 0.93% for neon, argon, krypton, and xenon. In these comparisons the available viscosity data for the gaseous and liquid states of these substances have been included. Deviations of the same order of magnitude are produced for helium in the gaseous state; however, these deviations become excessive for viscosities of helium in the liquid state.The application of the final reduced state correlation has been extended to a number of diatomic and polyatomic gases and found to apply well to the diatomic gases only.
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    Discharge coefficients through perforated plates at reynolds numbers of 400 to 3,000 (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 266-268 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The correlation of Kolodzie and Van Winkle (3) for predicting dry plate orifice coefficients through perforated plates originally covering a Reynolds number range of 2000 to 20,000 has been extended to apply to Reynolds numbers as low as 400. The correlation applies to column diameters ranging from 3 to 15 in.
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    Regular solution theory for gas-liquid solutions (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 269-272 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Regular-solution equations developed by Hildebrand and others are useful for obtaining semiquantitative estimates of phase equilibria in nonpolar systems. These equations, however, do not take into account the volume change on mixing and therefore require modification for solutions of gases in liquids. The required modifications are presented in this paper, and the resulting equations give reasonable estimates of the solubilities of gases and of the temperature coefficient of solubility. In the modified form the regularsolution theory may be used to estimate gas-liquid phase equilibria at high pressures.
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    Drop formation in liquid-liquid systems from single nozzles (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 273-281 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Interfacial area is an important variable in mass transfer operations. In liquid-liquid extraction systems, where interfacial area comprises drop surfaces, the area can be computed if drop sizes are known. This work presents a new correlation which predicts volumes of drops formed from single nozzles to within 20% throughout the range of nozzle flow rates for which uniform drop sizes are obtained.
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    Pulsations in sieve-tray and bubble-cap distillation towers (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 282-284 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A periodic pulsation of the frothing mass of liquid and vapor on a sieve tray and a bubblecap tray is reported. An equation is proposed which relates the frequency of the oscillation to the velocity of sound, the physical dimensions of the systems, and the flow rates of the gas and liquid. The equation is a modification of the acoustical analogy to the classical Helmholtz resonance in electrical circuits having both capacitance and inductance. The oscillation is shown to decrease back-mixing on the tray, and thus to result in an increase in the Murphree vapor efficiency.
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    Combined laminar free- and forced-convection heat transfer in external flows (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 285-289 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method is presented for calculating the shear stress and the rate of heat transfer in external flows for combined laminar forced and free convection. The parameter Gr/Re2 is of fundamental importance in such problems. Numerical results are reported for the heating and cooling of upward flow past a vertical flat for three Prandtl numbers. It is found that the transition from forced to free convection is gradual, especially at high Prandtl numbers. The inflence of free convection on the separation point is also examined.
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    Some properties of the poisson distribution (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 290-292 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper lists various properties of the Poisson distribution and related functions which can be derived from elementary principles without reference to theories of probability or statistics. They are intended for use by persons who may have to deal with Poisson distributed variables but not from a satistical point of view. Limit values and sums of the Poisson distribution, the sums of related functions, and different relations between its sums and integrals are given.Differential and difference equations which lead to solutions in the form of a Poisson distribution are discussed. The general elution equation is derived by setting up the differential-difference equation for plate n in a chromatographic column and showing that the Poisson distribution is a solution to this equation. The complete solution is then obtained by applying the boundary conditions of the process.
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    The formation of interfacial area in immiscible liquids by orifice mixers (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 346-350 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper deals with the dispersion of one immiscible liquid in another (water in kerosene) by means of an orifice mixer. The degree of mixing was determined by measuring the area per unit volume of the dispersed phase. The area was measured with a photoelectric device, which had been calibrated photographically. The interfacial area formed at high Reynolds numbers (10,000 to 45,000, based on the diameter of the orifice) was found to increase with increases in both the volume fraction of water in the water-kerosene mixture and the change in kinetic energy across the orifice. In addition, other aspects such as the rate of coalescence of the dispersed phase downstream from the orifice are treated.
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    An improved experimental reactor for applied kinetic studies (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 351-355 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A recirculation type of reactor has been designed and tested on a rapid reaction which characteristically causes difficult temperature-control problems and high diffusional resistances (hydrogenation of propylene on nickel catalyst). Descriptions of the reactor and its operation are given, together with an assessment of errors and the advantages and disadvantages of the recirculation technique. A rate equation and rate constants are determined so that the data will be more readily comparable with the work of other investigators.
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    Critical temperatures and pressures of hydrocarbons (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 356-361 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A method has been developed for the calculation of van der Waals' constants both a and b for hydrocarbons usually encountered, including the aliphatic, naphthenic, and aromatic types. With these constants critical temperatures and pressures can be calculated directly.Methods recently made available (12, 13, 14, 15) allow the calculation of these constants through the use of substitution values involving the replacement of hydrogen atoms by methyl groups in a definitely prescribed pattern. In this study van der Waals' constants are directly calculated from a consideration only of the molecular structure of the hydrocarbon. This approach has become possible through the assignment of group contributions to different types of carbon atoms, which can be combined in any manner to produce the van der Waals' constants representative of the molecular structure of the hydrocarbon.
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    The viscosity of acetone-water solutions up to their normal boiling points (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 362-366 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The viscosity of acetone-water liquid solutions has been measured over the entire concentration range at temperatures from 20°C. to generally within 1° to 10°C. of the normal boiling point. A capillary suspended-level viscometer was used, and the authors estimate that the results are accurate to ±0.2%. Both kinematic and absolute viscosities are given, and the results have been extrapolated to the boiling point of the solutions. The calibration of the Cannon-Ubbelohde viscometer is discussed in detail.
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    Flow measurement with ball flow meters (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 380-382 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Condensation of vapor in the presence of noncondensing gas (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 413-417 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Wetting effects on boiling heat transfer: The copper-stearic acid system (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 409-412 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: In order to study effects of wetting on heat transfer in the nucleate boiling regime, stearic acid was boiled in contact with different crystal planes of single crystals of copper. One crystal plane being wetted by the acid more completely than the other, they are called wetted and nonwetted surfaces. In the region of low heat flux, where heat transfer is primarily nonboiling natural convection, the nonwetted crystal required higher values of temperature difference than the wetted crystal for the same flux. At high values of heat flux, though not in the vicinity of the critical temperature difference, the situation was reversed; that is, the nonwetted surface required lower temperature difference than the wetted surface.In the present studies, stearic acid was boiled at about 465°F., corresponding to a pressure of 17 mm. of mercury. Heat flux ranged from 3,450 to 63,300-B.t.u./(hr.)(sq. ft.), and temperature difference between the copper crystal and the stearic acid ranged from 38° to 132°F. The corresponding range of heat transfer coefficient was from 91 to 510 B.t.u./(hr.)(sq. ft.)(°F.).
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    Dissolution rates of solids in mercury and aqueous liquids: The development of a new type of rotating dissolution cell (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 418-422 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Surface dynamics of fluidized beds and quality of fluidization (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 423-429 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Solutions of linearized Navier-Stokes equations have been developed for the motion of arbitrary two-dimensional waves occurring at any interface between the emulsion phase of a fluidized bed and the particle-free, fluid phase. In all cases for which the bed particles are denser than the fluidizing fluid the solutions showed that the lower interface of a bed always is unstable and the upper, stable. The quality of fluidization is suggested to be related at least in part to the rate of growth of surface waves, this rate depending upon physical properties of the system and length of the disturbing wave.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040409
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    Kinetics of steady state phase transitions (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 436-439 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A fundamental investigation of the departure from equilibrium in steady-state phase transitions has been made in terms of irreversible thermodynamics and absolute rate theory. The present status of the concept of accommodation coefficients was reviewed and hypotheses were advanced for the reconciliation of opposing viewpoints. Formulas for the magnitude of the departure from equilibrium were derived for single- and multicomponent systems. The deviation from equilibrium appeared to be small for ordinary rates of phase change, but interpretation of the available data was hampered by lack of a detailed molecular picture of the phase-change process.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040411
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