ALBERT

Notes: Book reviewed in this article: The Federal Bulldozer: A Critical Analysis of Urban Renewal 1949–1962. By Martin Anderson. Housing in Latin America. By Albert G. H. Dietz, Marcia N. Koth and Julio A. Silva.

Notes: The purpose of this paper is to describe and evaluate the quarterly national income and product accounts of the United States (to be referred to henceforth as N.I.P.). The historical development of these accounts is reviewed first. Next, a summary of the statistical methodology underlying them is provided. An analysis of the errors to which they have been subject follows. An attempt is then made to define the area of their usefulness. Finally, suggestions for their improvement are formulated.The most general conclusions are as follows:〈list xml:id="l1" style="custom"〉1The quarterly N.I.P. estimates were developed in close response to an urgent need for them in economic analysis and policy formulation. Their development was a gradual process covering about two decades in which experience gained at one stage suggested improvements and extensions for the next.2The quarterly figures are based on abundant data sources. To be sure, the information is not as comprehensive as that available for the preparation of the annual estimates, but we are dealing only with differences in degree - there is no sharp contrast.3The series are subject to a considerable margin of error. There is bias in some of them - the initial estimates tend to be too low; and quite apart from bias they differ from the revised figures.4The margin of error attaching to the statistics disqualifies them from serving as precision instruments, but they are indispensable as a systematic framework for the order-of-magnitude analysis of the major forces determining the short-run movements of the economy. At present, the outstanding handicap in such analysis is not statistical error, but the inadequacy of economic theories and of our ability to test them.5The opportunities for mechanizing estimating techniques are assessed; the work on seasonals is discussed in this context; and a thorough investigation is proposed of the problems involved in the synchronization of the various components of the accounts. In addition, proposals for improving the data available for the estimation of specific income and product flows are formulated. Quarterly estimates of the physical volume of national output by industry, and quarterly accounts showing the financial transactions that mediate between saving and tangible investment are considered the two high-priority major extensions of the present accounts. Other, less basic, extensions of these accounts are also proposed.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Plasmodium fischeri n. sp. is described from the blood of Chamaeleo fischeri taken along the edge of the rain forest at Amani, Tanganyika. This parasite differs from P. acuminatum previously described from this host in the same area. P. fischeri can maintain a parasitemia for over a year in this host. No exoerythrocytic stages were seen. Both plasmodia have a very limited geographical distribution. Attempts to find a possible arthropod vector by exposing chameleons in an insect trap in the endemic area were unsuccessful.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Neustonic choanoflagellates can be found in marine tide pools in the San Juan Islands, Washington, and on the Monterey Peninsula, California. Several marine photo-synthetic Chrysophyceae (in the Pedinellaceae), which also occur in these regions, have a basic structure so similar to choanoflagellates that this family is placed in the Craspedomonadales. In pointing out this relationship, the derivation of the Craspedomonadales from pigmented Chrysophyceae is strongly indicated.In addition to the naked choanoflagellates, which are placed in the Codonosigaceae, these organisms produce loricae of two different types: 1) loricae possibly of cellulose and without visible structure in the light microscope (Salpingoecaceae), 2) loricae composed of silica strands, sometimes forming a mesh with large open spaces (Acanthoecaceae). Members of the latter family seem to be confined to a marine environment and are a prominent part of this investigation. Examination of several species with the electron microscope has revealed interesting details of lorica morphology that are not visible with the light microscope.Several new combinations of taxa are proposed in addition to new taxa, including 4 new species of Salpingoeca, 3 new species of Diploeca and 4 new species of Pleurasiga. Three new genera are described, Ellisiella gen. nov., Acanthoecopsis gen. nov., and Sportelloeca gen. nov.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. One-day-old chicks were less susceptible to experimental infection with E. acervidina than were 3-day-old chicks. Chicks fed intact oocysts when 3 days old produced 5.3, 6.7, and 42.7 times as many oocysts and had more extensive lesions than did those fed a similar number of oocysts when 1 day old. When oocyst suspensions that contained both liberated sporocysts and intact oocysts were administered, chicks infected when 3 days old produced only 1.8, 1.3, and 2.6 times as many oocysts as did those infected when 1 day old.Examination of gizzard and intestinal contents of chicks killed 2–1½ hr after receiving massive numbers of intact oocysts showed that only a few sporocysts were liberated from oocysts in the gizzard of 1-day-old chicks, whereas more were liberated in the gizzard of 3-day-old chicks. Very few sporozoites were found in the duodenum of the 1-day-old chicks. but there was a linear increase in the percentages in samples from lower levels of the small intestine. In 3-day-old chicks, excystation in the duodenum was high and, instead of increasing, remained at about the same level in the jejunum.The far smaller number of liberated sporocysts in the gizzards of 1-day-old chicks is attributed to less musculature and an incompletely developed grinding surface The delayed excystation of sporozoites in the intestine of 1-day-old chicks is thought to be due to suboptimal concentrations of trypsin and/or other pancreatic enzymes effecting excystation.The lighter infections observed in 1-day-old chicks, as compared to those in chicks 3 days old, are attributed to (a) a smaller number of liberated sporocysts leaving the gizzard, (b) delayed excystation in the intestine, and (c) less opportunity for sporozoites to penetrate epithelial cells.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Regeneration of different stocks of Blepharisma representing several species is retarded to different degrees by identical doses of UV radiation (2654 Å). UV susceptibility of regeneration is greater in some small-sized stocks than in some large-sized stocks and in stocks with a lesser amount of pigment than in the more deeply pigmented ones. For the same dose regeneration is retarded more by low-intensity than by high-intensity short wavelength UV radiation. The UV action spectrum for regeneration delay in the Rao A stock, determined with UV of similar intensity at various short UV wavelengths, resembles absorption by nucleoprotein more than ahsorption by other cell constituents. Post-regeneration division is also retarded by UV, and the aotion spectrum for division delay resembles that for regeneration delay, except that 2801 A is relatively more effective in retarding division than regeneration. Possible explanations for the results are considered.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Sporozoans belonging to the genus Babesiosorna were found in the erythrocytes of a young Catostomus collected in northern California. This is the first record of these parasites in a North American teleost. All stages of the schizogonic cycle and also the “gametocytes” were observed in the erythrocytes of the host Descriptions and measurements of these stages are given, and comparisons with the four known species of Babesiosoma are made. This parasite represents a new species, for which the name, Babesiosoma tetragonis, is proposed.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The relationship between Astasia longa and a streptomycin-bleached strain of Euglena grocilis has been examined by several criteria. The organisms differ in their sensitivity to actinomycin D and 8-azaguanine in their ability to incorporate C14-labeled leucine, and in their sensitivity to a new antibiotic called primycin. Euglena forms an induced acid phosphatase when grown in phosphate-deficient medium, but Astasia does not. On the basis of these and other differences, it is suggested that these two organisms are separate genera. Understanding of cell division in these cells has been increased by discovery of an array of tubular fibrils corresponding to a spindle apparatus in the nucleus of a dividing Astasia. This finding, plus the observation that presumptive pellicle complexes are formed during prophase, clarify the fission mechanisms in these organisms.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Antibodies to purified chloroplast preparations from Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris were prepared in rabbits. Success was achieved only after removal of lipids by forming acetone powders af chloroplasts. Ouchterlony agar-diffusion procedures showed that light-grown cells (containing chloroplasts) have at least 3 antigens reacting with these antibodies and not detectable in the dark-grown cells (which contained proplastids but no chloroplasts), The antigens uniquely associated with the chloroplast appear sequentially during the development of the proplastid into the chloroplast on light induction of the dark-grown cells. The first of these antigens appears at about 10 hr of development. Mutants of the parent strain showed varying numbers of antigens which were cor-related with their capacities to form plastid structures. Cells developing abnormal chloroplasts at low light intensities did not reveal any antigenic differences from cells developing normal chloroplasts. Various antigenic bands were also found which were common to all cell types studied. These can be ascribed either to non-chloroplast contaminants in the original preparation used to immunize the rabbits or to antigens which, although not in the chloroplasts, are cross-reacting with chloroplast materials. In the case of the dark-grown cells, it is likely that portions of the proplastids are cross-reacting with chloroplast materials.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Although the Haemosporidina are a large group, few of them arc well known. Those considered here are called the “lesser Haemosporidina” because they have, on the whole, much less impovtance than the malaria parasites of man. They are, nevertheleq far from insignificant because some cause serious disease in the lower animals and probably play an important role in the maintenance of biological balances. Their use as research tools has also often led to very useful discoveries directly applicable to human malaria.Only four species of the 60 or so now known in the genus plasmodium parasitize man; we are still ignorant of many of the most elemental facts relating to the biology of the rest. The rectors of many remain undiscovered and, partly as a result, their exoerythrocytic stages have never been observed. Even when such knowledge cxists. there are many lacunae in what we know of thcir physioloey. A really practical method of cultivating the various stapes would be of great help.We also need much more knowledge of the close relatives of the malaria parasites, comprising the genera Hueinoprofeits, Hepatocystis, and Lertcocytoroon. There are close parallels in their host occurrence which undoubtedly have evolutionary significance. Yet such facts are difficult to interpret, although it seems likely that Haenzoproteus may be the oldest of the four.Whether Babesia and Dactylosoma should be included in the Harniosporidimz has been questioned. It is the author's opinion that it would be better to retain them. Despite important differences there are basic similarities. Much remains unknown about Babesia and very little of importance is known about Dactylosoma. This genus is known from Anura all over the world, and seems usually to occur in frogs and toads, in which the species is usually thought to be D. Ranarum. Other species have been occasionally reported from other amphibia and even from fish. Nothing at all is known of its transmission or life cycle. Its occurrence in frogs in very widely separated areas may have the same significance which Metcalf many years ago attached to the similar occurrence of the opalinids: it may be evidence for the existence in remote times of land bridges connecting land masses now remote from one another.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Electron-microscopic observations of Spirostomum ambiguum have demonstrated additional details of superficial and deep tubular connections with peristomial and somatic kinetosomes. The superficial peristomial tubules appear to connect adjacent rows of kinetosomes. Anatomically, they course distally from the proximal kinetosomal plate. The deep tubules run proximally from the kinetosomal plate. Those in the somatic region appear to enter the endoplasm; those in the peristomial region leave the kinetosome as bundles of either 10 or 11 tubules which steadily converge to form 2 compact rows of 10 tubular bundles. These tubules connect to 2 of the 3 rows of 10 cilia each, the rows of 3 being separated by membranous folds protruding perpendicular to the peristomial groove. The rows of bundles converge further, enter the endoplasm and fan out again into tubular sheets, some of which appear to course in an antero-posterior direction. Another set of tubules arises from each of the kinetosomes in the 3rd row of 10 kinetosomes and courses proximally at a different angle from those arising from the 2 other kinetosome rows. Terminations have not been observed for the deep somatic or peristomial tubules. Their possible role in producing the forceful longitudinal contraction of Spirostomum is discussed.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Silver impregnation techniques were used to study the silverline system of three species in the genus Spirostomum. It was concluded that for those species studied in the general area of Washington, D.C., the average numbers of ciliary meridians in S. teres, S. minus and S. ambiguum are 18, 24 and 46 respectively. Seventy-six % of the measurements in S. teres and S. ambiguum and 84% of the measurements in S. minus deviate from the mean by less than 1 standard deviation.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Blepharisma seculum sp. nov. is described as a small-sized blepharisma with a compact, spheroid macronucleus and a distinct curvature of the body anteriorly. A comparison of this form with other species of the genus Blepharisma subgenus (Compactum) is given.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Lymphotropha tribolii gen. nov., sp. nov. (Neogregarinida, Schizocystidae) is described from the haemocoele of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae). The trophozoites are large, ovoid and uninucleate with distinct longitudinal striae. Schizogony occurs in one type of cycle only, each schizont giving rise to up to 8 merozoites. Gametocytes are uninucleate when they associate. Up to 16 oocysts each with 8 sporozoites are formed in each gametocyst. The oocysts are lemon-shaped, and sporozoites emerge from the poles.The parasite causes considerable mortality in young larvae, though its pathogenicity is probably inferior to that of Farinocystis tribolii Weiser.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Sarcocystis garnhami n. sp. is described from an opossum, Didelphis marsupialis. Its distinguishing characters are the spiny cyst wall, 6–8 μ thick, and the size of the spores, 5.3–6.9 μ in length and 1.3–1.9 μ in breadth. Sarcocystis darlingi, Brumpt 1913 is considered Besnoitia darlingi (Brumpt, 1913) n. comb.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. A morphological study on the ectoplasm and the proboscis in the ciliate Didinium nasutum, has been performed by means of an electron microscope. The ectoplasm and the endoplasm of Didinium are separated by a fibrous layer. In addition to the ciliary apparatus and the filament system, the ectoplasm is characterized by having ectoplasmic vacuoles enclosing cross-striated bodies and by having small rods surrounding the ciliary basal body.The filament system is composed of 4 types of tubular filaments: primary filaments originating from the basal body, secondary ones coursing longitudinally along the cell periphery, tertiary ones going down in cylindrical arrays from the periphery of the proboscis into the endoplasm, and finally kinetosomal ones from the base of the basal body into the endoplasm through the newly found pore of the fibrous layer.The fine morphology of the trichites in the proboscis is elucidated three-dimensionally and illustrated schematically. Moreover, the correlation among the small rod, ectoplasmic vacuole and trichite is discussed.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Animals arising spontaneously in a culture of Paramecium aurelia, variety 4, strain 51.8s, swam about three times as rapidly as normal 51.8s, 51.7s or 29.8 animals. When the 51-fast animals were mixed with 51.8 or 29.8 paramecia, a random sampling of swimming rates showed a bimodal distribution. The faster rate of 51-fast animals was maintained under such deleterious conditions as 48-hour starvation. “Fastness” or “slowness” could not be selected for in vegetative clones. The 51-fast paramecia would not mate with 51.7, 51.8 or 29.8 animals, although fission rate, serotype and general appearance indicated that 51-fast probably arose from strain 51.8.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Silver stains of the free-swimming sessiline peritrich Opisthonecta henneguyi reveal the adoral infraciliature as the bases of two membranes, a haplokinety and a polykinety, which diverge at the buccal overture and spiral down the infundibulum to end at the cytostome. A second polykinety parallels the adoral polykinety in the oral half of the infundibulum, and the two form a peniculus. The haplokinety appears as a single row of kinetosomes, the adoral polykinety as a series of transverse rows of three kinetosomes. The peniculus is six kinetosomes in width.The electron microscope shows that the haplokinety is a double row of staggered kinetosomes. Only the external row bears cilia. The polykinety is a complex ciliary membrane, three kinetosomes wide. The three kinetosomes are connected with one another by fibrous bundles passing beneath them. They are linked orally and apically into longitudinal rows of thick, zig-zag, fibrous connections. The kinetosomes of the internal longitudinal row are attached by a dense fiber to a strand of fibrous material interrupted at regular intervals by dense nodes.A section of the wall of the infundibulum is thrown up into longitudinal folds with tubular fibrils running parallel to the folds. These structures, the crests, appear to continue into the cytopharynx. Beneath and around the adoral and infundibular infraciliature and the crests is a fibrous matrix with dense nodes, resembling the reticulated infundibular fiber described by Faureé-Fremiet.The trochal band in silver stains appears as short diagonal rows of kinetosomes. The electron microscope shows 5 to 7 kinetosomes per diagonal row. The kinetosomes of the diagonal rows are linked to thick dense rods which originate just above the trochal band and continue antapically past the kinetosomes for a distance of 10 to 15 μ. The kinetosomes are joined to one another by fibrous strands and each is also connected by a dense fiber to the diagonal rod to its left. Running below the kinetosomes and at right angles to the rods is a system of striated fibers.At the aboral end of the body, a ring, 2 μ in diameter, of argentophilic granules is shown by the electron microscope to be a small circle of kinetosomes. Sessile stages have not been reported for Opisthonecta. The aboral ring is probably a vestigial or non-functioning scopula.The argyrome is represented by circular striae around the body. Each stria bears argentophilic dots on either its apical or its antapical side. Electron microscopy reveals that these dots are pores in the cuticle. The striae themselves may be points of adhesion between the inner cuticle and the outer cuticle, or ridges of cytoplasm between flattened alveoli of the inner cuticle. A dense fiber runs below and parallel to each stria. Opisthonecta shows at least three different kinds of ciliary membranes. Some speculations are offered on the taxonomic affinities of peritrichs based on their infraciliature.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Colligocineta furax gen. nov., sp. nov., parasitizes the epithelial cells of the peristomial cirri of the sabellid polychaete Laonome kröyeri Malmgren. The material studied was dredged in West Sound of Orcas Island, San Juan Archipelago, Washington. In general, the pattern of ciliation of Colligocineta resembles that of Hypocomella and Heterocinetopsis. However, of the ten kineties which constitute the ciliary system, two from the extreme right side appear to be continuous with two from the left side. During division, the posterior part of the ciliary field is conferred upon the opisthe, and in the proter all of the ten kineties are for a time completely separate.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The effect of hexamethonium chloride, an acetyl-choline competitor, on the ciliary and myonemal systems of Spirostomum intermedium and S. ambiguum was investigated. Although the drug caused immobilization of the cilia, severe cell damage often ensued indicating an unspecific action. The general reaction was usually more severe and the ciliary inhibition less in S. ambiguum than in S. intermedium. It is postulated that the general reaction is the result of either membrane depolarization or binding of hexamethonium at the surface. Fed animals were more susceptible to drug action than starved ones. Raising the external potassium level did not affect the drug action.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Haplosporidium mytilovum Field, 1924, a sporozoan (?) parasite in the ova of the mussel Mytilus edulis L., is found to be morphologically similar to, and deemed to be congeneric with, the type species of genus Chytridiopsis Schneider, C. socius S., 1884, in beetles. It is compared also with the only other reported species of Chytridiopsis in a mollusc, C. ovicola Léger and Hollande, 1917, in ova of the European oyster, Ostrea edulis L. These two parasites in ova of bivalve molluscs are much alike but, since they seem to have some slight morphological differences, it would be premature to conclude that they belong to the same species. Chytridiopsis, a genus of uncertain affinities, has been considered by various authors to be related to the Chytridiales, the Haplosporida, the Mycetozoa or the Microsporida. New evidence favors the hypothesis that it is microsporidian in nature, although proof in the form of a clearly demonstrated polar filament has not yet been produced.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Leptomonas costoris n. sp. is described from Gerris comatus. It differs from other species of Leptomonas in the structure of the reservoir which has ultramicroscopic thickenings in its wall, matched by corresponding thickenings in the adjacent flagellar membrane. The one or two diagonal lines seen in the reservoirs of Giemsa-stained specimens are thought to be manifestations of these ultramicroscopic fibrils. The reservoir structure suggests a close relationship between this species and Cryptobia, (family Bodonidae) in which somewhat similar structures have been described. Blastocrithidia veliae is redescribed and differentiated from B. gerridis.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and the level of reduced glutathione were assayed in host-parasite interactions in which the malaria parasites preferentially invade: 1. mature erythrocytes (Plasmodium lophurae in the duck) and 2. reticulocytes (P. berghei in the mouse). Assay for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was by the dye decolorization test of Motulsky and Campbell. In P. berghei infected mouse erythrocytes with parasitemias ranging from 28–78% there was no deficiency in enzyme except at the 78% level. Similarly, P. lophurae-infected duck erythrocytes with parasitemias of 29–114% showed no enzyme deficiency except above the 80% level. No linear relationship existed between parasitemia and enzyme level. The reduced glutathione stability test of Beutler in duck erythrocytes infected with P. lophurae in the range 27–67% showed no glutathione instability.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Axenic cultures of Tetrahymena pyriformis W were used to obtain fractions rich in kinetosomes by alcoholdigitonin extraction techniques followed by centrifugation. The morphology of the kinetosomes was examined in the electron microscope at various stages during the isolation procedure, and compared to the morphology of the in situ kinetosome. In the latter preparation the well known cartwheel structure was present, and in addition 9 electron dense dots were displayed at the end of each spoke of the cartwheel.The prepared kinetosomes could easily be identified during the entire process, and there was no apparent change until after the digitonin step. However, with the further fractionation, alteration was found to have taken place in the interior and in the kinetosome wall. The inside appeared “empty,” and we were not able to find 9 triplets in the wall but only doublets.In view of the morphological alterations in the kinetosomerich fractions, chemical analysis still appears to us to be premature.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Excystment of Didinium nasutum is solely dependent upon dense bacterial populations and is independent of the type of medium in which the bacteria have been grown. Beers' hypothesis of the need for a factor from proteose-peptone is thereby not confirmed, but the need for living, intact bacteria as postulated by him is fully shown. The process of excystment is initiated by bacteria, but their presence is not required throughout the excystment. Axenically grown paramecia, shown to be adequate as food organisms for didinia, will not induce excystment. Five types of bacteria including Gram-positive, Gram-negative, aerobic and anaerobic all suffice to induce excystment, suggesting that the initiation of this process is caused by some general metabolic process or product of bacteria.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The amount, distribution and some properties of catalase activity in Tetrahymena pyriformis W have been determined. The enzyme specific activity is about 10% that of rat liver and is found principally in a particulate fraction that may be sedimented at 1500 X g. The enzyme is insensitive to pH changes but is destroyed by heating above 50°. The effect of catalase inhibitors on the growth, respiration and enzyme activity of the protozoa was investigated. Allylisopropylacetamide, an inhibitor that is effective in preventing catalase synthesis in rats, renders the protozoa more sensitive to irradiation with 500,000 r of γ-rays.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. A spontaneous albino mutant of the red heterotrichous ciliate Blepharisma intermedium has been isolated and studied. In addition to its apparent lack of pigment, the albino differs from the parental stock in its manner and frequency of conjugation, high incidence of cannibalism and reduced intensity of micronuclear stainability. The conjugation pattern of the albino is compared to that of the pigmented form as described in the literature. The albinistic character thus far has bred true. Alcoholic extracts of the albino yielded only a trace of pigment. Absorption spectra of alcoholic extracts of the pigmented, the artificially bleached, and the albino organisms were compared.As far as is known, no conjugation or other type of internal nuclear reorganization was observed preceding the phenotypic expression of the mutation; this raises several questions pertaining to the site of mutation and means of its expression. These questions are discussed.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Eimeria bandipurensis n. sp., is described from the gut of an Indian palm squirrel, Funumbulus palmarum, obtained from a village, Bandipur, in West Bengal. Spherical and egg-shaped oocysts were encountered, the former averaging 17 μ in diameter and the latter 18 by 16 μ. Oocystic residuum was absent while the sporocystic residuum was represented by refractile globules. A Stieda body was present in the sporocyst. Sporozoites were banana-shaped with one end broader and the other pointed with a clear globule at each end.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Nutritional and cultural factors influenced growth of Chlamydomonas mundana at different H-ion concentrations. Growth at acid pH (5.5–6.0) primarily depended on the acetate and chelated iron concentration and on the method of preparation of the medium. The organism had increased Na, Ca, and Mn requirements at an acid pH. Sensitivity to increased levels of phosphate was greater at low than at high pH. The requirement for chelated as compared with non-chelated Fe was qualitatively easier to demonstrate at low pH. The procedure followed in preparing the growth media was more important with higher levels of chelator and Fe and with media of low pH. All 6 synthetic chelators studied were more effective, as measured by growth, if combined with iron before addition to the media. At high pH (7.0–7.5), the organism was much more adept at utilizing over-chelated Fe. This latter finding, and the greater sensitivity at low pH to trace-metal imbalance in ill-prepared media, indicate that the organism absorbs Fe much more efficiently at neutral or slightly alkaline pH.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. With the technique of preselecting pure suspensions of trypanosomes for subsequent electron microscopy and with epoxy resin embedding after glutaraldehyde fixation, we have re-examined the ultrastructure of Trypanosoma lewisi with particular reference to the flagellum and pellicle. The peripheral flagellar tubules exhibit clockwise asymmetry; however, sub-tubule B of the peripheral tubules is divided into a doublet by a diagonally running anti-clockwise arm that originates from the median diaphragm. Projections which seem to be continuous with the counter-clockwise arms extend into a “basket shaped” intra-flagellar structure. This structure, originating distal to the flagellar pocket and running anteriorly within the flagellar membrane, may play a role in maintaining the rigidity of the flagellum.The central flagellar tubules have a double helical substructure and dense cross-striae (diameter 50 Å), and are regularly arranged at distances of approximately 250 Å. The central tubules arise from separate kinetosomal plates that lie at two different elevations. One central flagellar tubule originates from a flattened kinetosomal plate which makes contact with the peripheral tubules. The other central tubule passes through the flattened plate to fuse with an underlying “disc-like” plate.The primary kinetosome exhibits the uniform triplet pattern of tubules at its most proximal region. A pair of tubules closely associated with one of the triplets represents two of the four subpellicular tubules which penetrate the cytoplasm in the region of the flagellar pocket. Sub-pellicular tubules of dimensions similar to the flagellar tubules form a uniform cytoskeleton in all regions of the cell except in the area of the flagellar pocket.A desmosome-like structure maintains continual cell membrane contact with the flagellum and the pellicle. This structure is designated the attachment zone. The fine structure of the kinetoplast is demonstrated. The dense intra-mitochondrial elements (presumably containing DNA) are actually tubules, embedded in a moderately dense matrix. Morphological observations indicate that this organelle is probably primarily concerned with the ontogenesis of mitochondria, and several mitochondria extend from it into the cytoplasm of the cell.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The incorporation of H3-uridine during the pretransition period of heat-synchronized cells of Tetrahymena pyriformis occurs in two peaks, one at 20 and the other at approximately 40 min following the end of the last synchronizing heat treatment (EH). Although Actinomycin D tends to produce substantial inhibition of both peaks it has a significant effect on cell division only if applied before or during the first peak of incorporation. It appears that the production of new RNA is required for the first synchronous division and that it is synchronized with the division process. Actinomycin D seems to increase, slightly, the degree of incorporation of H3-uridine into RNA when applied at 0 and 10 min past EH. This effect may be correlated with the positive excess delays of division which result when cells are exposed to the inhibitor at these times. A similar effect of Actinomycin on incorporation at 30 or 40 minutes past EH, however, does not appear to be associated with any strong effects of the inhibitor on division.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Three stock cultures of E. histolytica, strains 200, K9, and 22, have each been shown by microisolation methods to consist of at least two substrains or variants differing in size. Cultures were grown with Trypanosoma cruzi in Phillips medium, and on egg slants with mixed bacteria and a single species of bacteria. For each strain, the variant that was bigger in one medium was also bigger in the other two media, in spite of the fact that absolute sizes changed greatly depending upon the medium. This shows that size patterns were primarily determined by endogenous factors, although absolute size was strongly influenced by the culture medium. In all cases the small variants remained larger than E. hartmanni.In the initial weeks after microisolation, the variants showed consistent size patterns. After a few months, the big substrains of E.h. K9 and 22 showed a spontaneous reduction in size, eventually becoming smaller than the corresponding small variants. The change in E.h. K9 was shown to be due to a shift in the entire population, rather than to selection of individual mutants. In the E.h. 200 cultures, big and small variants retained their distinctive sizes throughout the 17 months during which they were observed.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Heliochona psychra n. sp. (Ciliata: Chonotrichi-da), an ectocommensal on the pleopodal bristles of Gammarus setosa Dementieva from Nuwuk Lake, a marine halocline lake at Point Barrow, Alaska is described. H. psychra differs from the older species H. scheutenii Stein and H. sessilis Plate in its size, outline of the cytosome, and appearance of the funnel rays.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The ciliate, Paranophrys marina n. g., n. sp., is described from a marine hydroid, Plumularia sp., collected in the San Juan Archipelago, Washington. Morphological studies were made on specimens treated with the Chatton-Lwoff silver impregnation technique. Particular attention is given to the infraciliature of the buccal apparatus and its importance in generic and familial assignment within the order HYMENOSTOMATIDA.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Micronuclear abnormalities that probably lead to progeny death appear in strain D6 (variety 1, mating type II), Tetrahymena pyriformis, during sexual reproduction. There are two categorical types of nuclear irregularities: those characteristic of the cell before it enters conjugation, and those manifested as a result of the conjugation process. These abnormalities are characteristic of senescent cells.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Globigerina bulloides and Globigerinoides ruber, two pelagic foraminifera from the North Atlantic, were fixed in modified Zenker or Bouin solutions directly after collection and studied cytochemically. They have two unusual organelles: a vesicular system and an organelle provisionally named a “cryptosome.” The vesicular system occurs chiefly in the newest formed chambers and consists of a pair of intertwined tubules with helical fine structure which terminate in a bouquet of approximately 20 vesicles or loops. The function of this system is unknown. The detailed morphology of the vesicular system is different in each species. The cryptosome is a structure which varies greatly in its morphology. It is better developed in G. bulloides than it is in G. ruber. At times a cryptosome may occupy up to 2/3 of the protoplasm of a chamber. In Himes-Moriber-stained preparations crypto-somes stain with naphthol yellow S and contain within them an azure A-Schiff staining spongy reticulum. Both of the pelagic foraminifera studied are heterokaryotic. Agamonts of G. ruber may have a graded series of nuclear sizes but those of G. bulloides typically have a single somatic nucleus. The zooxanthellae of G. ruber are similar to Symbiodinium microadriaticum and may collectively occupy almost 4/5 the volume of a chamber.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Electron-microscope studies have revealed the ciliature and infraciliature of Blepharisma undulans to include tubular filaments about 24 mμ in diameter. As these filaments pass from the kinetosomes into the surrounding cytoplasm they appear to divide into double helical subfilaments, each with a diameter of about 12 mμ. In the somatic region the ciliary rows are composed of series of paired kinetosomes. Connected with the anterior member of a pair are the cilium and transverse filaments, the posterior member giving rise to the posterior kinetodesmal fiber. From between the two kinetosomes arises the anterior kinetodesmal fiber. The kinetodesmal fiber system is associated with the subpellicular fibril system which lines the area just beneath the pellicle of the animal.In the oral region a series of these filaments extends from the proximal portion of the adoral zone of membranelle kinetosomes into the cytoplasm. They traverse the oral area to connect with the undulating membrane on the right margin of the mouth. Also present are fibers comparable to the kinetodesmal fibers and transverse fibers of the somatic region. The functional significance of this system is discussed.The nucleus and nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions are described, including pigment granules, storage products, the Golgi apparatus, mitochondria and vacuole systems.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. An organism was isolated which in the first instance appeared to be Gymnodinium mirabile and in subsequent cultures took on characteristics similar to those of Gyrodinium fissum. It is not known at present whether the pleomorphism exhibited by this strain is frequent among the naked flagellates, but this finding raises the question of whether naked dinoflagellates can be identified by examination of collected samples, whether living or preserved, or whether culture studies are necessary for all such identifications.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Electron micrographs of sections of Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax schwetzi and P. ovale in chimpanzees, and of P. gonderi in mangabeys and P. coatneyi in rhesus monkeys showed that all these malaria parasites feed on their host cell by pinocytosis. As in P. lophurae and P. berghei droplets of host cytoplasm are engulfed by the parasites through invaginations of the plasma membrane with the subsequent formation of food vacuoles. Digestion of the content of the food vacuoles follows two patterns. In P. falciparum as in P. lophurae digestion takes place within the food vacuoles, in which hemozoin, the residue of hemoglobin digestion, accumulates. In P. vivax schwetzi, P. ovale, P. gonderi and P. coatneyi vesicles are pinched off from the food vacuoles and digestion takes place in these small vesicles. As in P. berghei hemozoin is not present in the food vacuole proper but only in the small vesicles, indicating that they are the site of hemoglobin digestion.Malaria parasites are surrounded by two membranes, and they contain all the major nuclear and cytoplasmic organelles present in other cells with the exception of mitochondria, which were found only in P. lophurae and possibly in P. falciparum. All other plasmodia possess instead a structure composed of concentric double membranes. It is assumed that this structure performs mitochondrial functions.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Euglena gracilis strain Z cells cultured in an inorganic medium with glucose as carbon and energy source differ from cells grown on acetate. Over optimal ranges of pH and substrate concentration, both glucose and acetate support essentially the same rates of growth, and mass and protein synthesis. Glucose, however, yields population densities 10X greater than acetate. Furthermore, in adapted cells glucose does not stimulate respiration above endogenous levels, whereas O2 consumption on acetate is 4X greater than endogenous; and acetate-grown cells have 50% more RNA than glucose-grown cells.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Histological examination of organs from 72 infected birds exhibited schizogonic stages in hepatic, spleen and, to a lesser extent, kidney cells; little or no distortion of the host cell was noted. Feulgen-positive schizonts were small and occurred abundantly in scattered sections of the infected organs. No megaloschizonts were found. Evidence is presented that gametocytes found in the circulating blood develop exclusively in lymphocytes.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Labeled fatty acids were produced by adding 10 mc acetate-1,2-C14 to cultures of Ochrosonas danica, with a recovery of 21.4% of the radioactivity as mixed methyl esters.Individual esters, or mixtures of isomers, were isolated in amounts between 2 and 200 mg by liquid-liquid chromatography followed by gas-liquid chromatography. Several esters, including Δ8,11,14-C20, Δ5,8,11,14,17-C20, Δ7,10,13,16-C22 and Δ4,7,10,13,18-C22 were obtained pure. Linoleate and arachidonate contained not more than 4% isomers; isomerism was more pronounced with C18:3 and C20:2.The effect of different culturing conditions on fatty acid yield, composition and incorporation of C14 was explored. The radioactive level of acids from the preparative run varied within a factor of 3, the average being about 1 μc/mg.All analytical and preparative procedures are described in detail and discussed.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Merozoites from Plasmodiunz gallinaceum (exoerythrocytic forms) have been observed with the electron microscope in thin sections of infected tissue cultures. When still in segmenter formation, at the end of the intracellular cycle, a small canaliculum can be observed in their proximal part which runs from the nuclear region down into the cytoplasmic core of the segmenter, where, in some sections, it continues directly into the endoplasmic reticulum of the core.Large, vacuole-like empty spaces in the merozoites recall swollen mitochondria. They show short villi at the periphery, instead of the typical cristae; they resemble the mitochondria of starved tissue cells.In the distal pole of the merozoites, one or two oval bodies of great electron density are present, among several smaller granules, both structures still being of unknown significance. The rest of the cytoplasm is of great electron density and shows a fine granulation.In the young trophozoites the oval bodies and the smaller granules disappear. Also, mitochondria are not found just after parasites enter a cell. These, however, reappear soon.The contact of the trophozoites with the cytoplasm of the host is intimate. Both surface membranes of the parasite are visible, mostly intact, but showing also openings which are considered artifacts, since no images have been obtained which indicate a passage of material through them from the host to the parasite. It is believed, however, that the parasite takes up material from the host through the membranes by an osmotic process. The fading of the electron density and the greater distance between the particles of its cytoplasm in the growing parasite seem to prove this. The particles which are responsible for the electron density of the merozoites, and of the young trophozoites, do not differ in their aspect from the RNA particles of the host cells.The nucleus, which in the merozoites and in the very first intracellular stages shows a homogenous fine and dense granulation, develops a darker region later, of irregular shape, which is located eccentrically, and is considered the nucleolus of these forms.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The life cycle of R. globularis is shown to include a Tretomphalus stage identified as T. bnlloides. The life cycle is further complicated by successive asexual division producing typica1 agamonts. A brief synonymy is given for the genus. Basic experiments with light and substrate variation have shown no direct response.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Five experiments using newborn Holstein-Friesian and weaner Hereford calves were conducted to observe the effects caused by parenteral injections of oocysts of Eimeria bovis. Sporulated oocysts were given intraperitoneally (IP), subcutaneously (SC), intramuscularly (IM) and intravenously (IV). Unsporulated oocysts or merozoites were given IP or IM.Coccidiosis developed in calves in three experiments after they were inoculated IP with sporulated oocysts. Immunity to reinfection resulted from these infections. No infections occurred at any time after SC, IM or IV inoculation with sporulated oocysts or after IP or IM inoculation with unsporulated oocysts or merozoites.Coccidiosis failed to occur in two experiments when special precautions were used to prevent puncture of the intestines during IP inoculations. There was no detectable immunological response to any of the inoculations unless intestinal infections occurred.In one experiment sporulated oocysts were exposed to 60,000 r irradiation by x-ray in an attempt to attenuate the oocysts. Calves became infected when given orally administered oocysts irradiated at this level.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Two new species of Microsporidea, Plistophora salmonae from steelhead and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdntri) and Plistophora crpedianar from gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) are described. Schizonts to spores of P. cepedianae were found at one time within the same cyst, while only sporonts and spores of P. salmonae were found within the cyst.An illustrated synopsis of the known Microsporidea of freshwater and euryhaline fishes is given.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Trypanosoma microti and Haemobartonella microti were found in 1 (17%) of 6 yellow-bellied voles Microtus ochrogastev, and T. iowensis was found in 7 (11.5%) of 60 thirteen-lined ground squirrels Spermophilus tridecemlineatus in Illinois. Reports of lewisi group trypanosomes from Microtus and Spermophilus are summarized. Those from different rodent host genera are considered to belong to different species. All of the 6 species named from the host genus Sperinophilus may belong to a single species; if so, their correct name would be T. otospermophili. However, until adequate cross transmission studies are carried out, it is considered preferable to retain the names originally assigned to the North American species.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Twenty-one different stocks of Paramecittm bursaria, belonging t o 4 separate varieties (syngens), whose endosymbiotic chorellae had been removed, were tested for reinfection by several strains of Chorella, some previously isolated from P. bursaria, and others free-living. In addition, infection of P. bursaria by a single strain of the green alga Scenedesmus sp., and an unidentified strain of yeast was attempted. Most combinations involving Chlorella yielded infected paramecia, and all those with Scenedesmus or the yeast did so. The failures with Chlorella were attributed to low infectibility of the stocks of Paramecium concerned, rather than to inability of the Chlorella to survive inside the paramecia. Little evidence was found that the strains of P. bursaria differed genetically in ability to maintain the symbiotic organisms.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. For the first time the chrysomonad Prymnesium parvum was grown in the dark; glycerol was necessary and could not be replaced by any other metabolite tested. The dark-grown cultures, as compared to light-grown ones, atteined an almost 2-fold optical density per cell number, caused possibly by a partial pigment-bleaching in the light or a higher pigment formation in the dark. Ichthyotoxic activity of Prymnesium cultures was greater for the dark-grown cultures in which no photoinactivation of this toxin occurs. Therefore light is not required for synthesis of this toxin.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. An analysis of the pigments from the protozoan Blepharismn undtulans is reported. Methods of isolation and separation by paper chromatography are described. along with subsequent spectrophotometric and chemical analysis. Since the two major pigments were available only in amounts insufficient for thorough chemical analysis, these pigments were compared with the known pigment hypericin. Although similarities in the visible spectra indicate that the B. unduluns pigments possess the same mesodianthrone structure as hypericin, infrared spectra and chemical reactions disclose differences in the position, and possibly in the number, of the functional groups. A tentative structure is proposed.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Several hypocholesteremic agents inhibit multiplication of Ochromonas danica, Euglena grucilis, and Tetrahy-menu pyriformis. Inhibiting O. danica are benzmalecene, triparanol, diazacholestanol. 3-β-(2-diethylaminoethoxy) androst-5-en-17-one, α-phenylbutyric acid, β-diethylaminoethyldiphenyl-n-propylacetate (SKF-525A) 2,2-diphenyl-1- (β-dimethylaminoethoxy)pentane (SKF-3301A), trans-3-(p-chlorophenyl)-2-[p-(2-diethylaminoethoxy)phenyll-2-pentenenitrile (P-3429), frans-3-[p-(2-diethylaminoethoxy) phenyll-2-pentenenitrile (P-3013), vanadyl SO† and L-thyroxine but not nicotinic acid, 3-pyridylacetic acid, 3-pyridylacetamide, nicotinuric acid, p-aminosalicylic acid. tris-(2-dimethylaminoethyl) phosphate (SKF-7732-A3), tris- (2-diethylaminoethyl) phosphate (SKF-7997-A3), 2,3-bis[p-(2-diethylaminoethoxy) phenyl] acrylonitrile bis (P-2681).Inhibition of Ochromonas multiplication by benzmalecene, triparanol, diazacholestanol, SKF-525A. SKF-3301A, P-3013, and P-3429 was annulled by lecithin, TEM, and specifiically by oleic acid. The following compounds equimolar with oleic acid were ineffective: stearic, palmitic, myristic, and lauric acids; cholesterol, stigmasterol, ergosterol, lanosterol, and β-sitosterol; mevalonic acid lactone, geranyl acetate, farnesol, and squalene.Evidence is presented for the usefulness of protozoa as detectors of toxicity and possible harmful side effects of inhibitors of lipid metabolism in mammals.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The process of conjugation in a strain of Stylonychia muscorum Kahl is described. It follows the general pattern reported earlier in other Oxytrichidae, but the following peculiarities can be noted: 1) mating never occurs between individuals possessing only two micronuclei, 2)exchange of small macronuclear lobes can be occasionally observed, and 3) the reorganization of the exconjugants involves the quick, successive passage of a series of reorganization bands.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Studies on the metabolism or arginine, citrulline, and ornithine by Tetrahymena pyriformis confirmed that these compounds do not participate in a urea cycle in this organism. No evidence for the enzymes of the cycle or for the presence of urea or urease was found. However, conversion of arginine to ornithine takes place. This system consists of two enzymes, arginine desimidase and a citrulline-hydrolyzing enzyme. This is different from the arginine dihydrolase enzymes reported for bacteria and yeast, since no labile phosphate is produced in the conversion of citrulline to ornithine. The enzyme responsible for the latter conversion was purified 44-fold. The pH optimum of the enzyme, its substrate specificity, and the effect of inhibitors on its activity were investigated. The enzyme appears entirely hydrolytic in nature.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Lipid content of axenic cultures of 3 species of soil amoebae was investigated. The strains studied were Acanthamoeba sp., Hartmannella rhysodes and Mayorella palestinensis. No appreciable differences were apparent in the amount of sterols and free fatty acids present in the different strains. The sterols were “fast acting” and were present mostly in free form. There was a difference in the quantities of glycerides, Acanthamoeba sp. containing the highest amount. Sterol of H. rhysodes was isolated and identified as ergosterol by chemical and physical criteria. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Eimeria aurati n. sp. is described from the intestine of the goldfish, Carassius auratus, from Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Oocysts were very numerous in long, whitish, opaque fecal casts. They were 16 to 24 by 14 to 17 μ (mean, 20.1 by 16.3) and were non-sporulated when passed but sporulated 2 to 5 days later.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Confusion has long existed in the literature concerning both the taxonomy and the nomenclature of ciliates belongin: to the astomatid family Haptophryidae. Most of the controversy has centered around the names and concepts of “Haptophrya” and “Sieboldiellina.” The latter name, widely used for certain species found as parasites (endocommensals) of turbellarians, must fall as a junior synonym of the former, which has commonly been restricted to the astomatous ciliate parasites (endocommensals) of various amphibians But the species of “Haptophrya” are then left without a generic vehicle, since Haptophrya Stein, 1867, must, in effect, be used to replace Sieboldiellina Collin, 1911, as the proper generic name of the turhellarian parasites Fortunately a name is available for the amphibian species: Cepedietta Kay, 1942.The problem is further complicated because of the recognition of subfamilial groups, the name of one of these having been formed from Sieboldiellina and having become associated with certain species parasitic in turbellarians. With the realization that, by the international rules of zoological nomenclature, Haptophrya must be used with reference to these particular turbellarian parasites, the subfamilial name associated with the amphibian forms must be changed. We propose Cepediettinae n. nom. in solution of this particular problem. We recognize a third subfamily, Ckpkde's Lachmannellinae, to contain the three remaining acceptable genera comprising the family Haptophryidae: Anndophrya, Lachmanndla, and Steinella.At the generic and specific levels numerous errors of a nomenclatural nature have been committed in the older literature, many unwittingly perpetuated in recent papers. These are all corrected in the present work. For the sake of future clarity we have included a series of figures, both original and from the literature, and have designated neotypes of the two principal species involved in the overall controversy.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Streptomycin inhibited formation of flagella by myxamoebae of the true slime mold Didymium nigripes. If streptomycin was removed before differentiation was complete, inhibition was removesd proportional to the time streptomycin was in contact with the differentiating mysamoebae. If streptomycin was added 10 min after differentiation began, its inhibitory effect was halved. The early stages of differentiation of flagella were those most sensitive to streptomycin.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Over 2000 paramecia affected by kappa were isolated; 93 of the animals survived, and the clones derived from these cells were analyzed. Sine affected cells produced killer clones, two produced clones immune to kappa toxin, and the remaining cells gave rise to sensitive clones. The immune (nonkiller) lines contained altered kappa particles. The immune paramecia, when deprived of particles by growth a t 33.8°C, transformed into sensitives. I t is concluded that immunity was due to the presence of particles in the cytoplasm, rather than to some modification of the cytoplasm.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. 3H-thymidine autoradiographs, jointly with direct observation of living cells, have shown that the apparently dividing blood-stream trypanosomes found after urea induction of T. mega are actually blocked in the process of division. Implications of the results are discussed.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The chief sterol of the trypanosomatid, Leptomonas culicidarum, was isolated and identified as ergosterol. Its isolation was aided by devising a better method for mass cultivation of Trypanosomatidae. This consisted of growing the parasites in suspension with shaking instead of the usual stationary condition. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Of set-era1 strains of Eiztarnocha isolated from human patients diagnosed to have mild. chronic amebiasis, two strains (AG and JA) Were found to have the ability to grow well at room temperature, in addition to growing at 37°C. Subsequent genetic analysis has shown these two strains to be very closely related to the well-known “Laredo strain of Entamoeba histolytica.” The implications of the marked differences from “true”E. histolitica are discussed.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The Eugregarine Gregarina garnhami is parasitic in the mid-intestine and caecae of the desert locust Schistocerra gregaria (Forsk). The penetration oi the sporozoite and its development into a three-segmented cephalont is described. At no time in its development is the Fregarine completely intracellular; the so-called intracellular stages of other workers are shown to be the breakdoan products of the intestinal host cells themselves.After penetrating the host intestinal cell the sporozoite grows rapidly and the anterior intracellular region outgrows the posterior estracellular region. Once the intracellular region reaches a size 13–16 μ in diameter. growth oi this region ceases and growth is now concentrated in the posterior region. When this latter region has reached 20 μ in diameter an annulus appears. This, by growing diametrically across the posterior epimerite region, divides the extracellular region into protomerite and deutomerite.Detachment of the cephalont is considered to be a passive and not an active process and is dependent on the breakdown and extrusion of host cells. In this process the epimerite may or may not become detached from the protomerite.A system of lonpitudinal fibres (myonemes) exists within the protomerite, and these play an important role in converting the protomerite into an adhesil-e disc prior to conjugation.Extensive folding of the epicyte occurs in both the protomerite and deutomerite in the three-segmented cephalont; this folding could not be observed prior to the division of the gregarine into three regions. The epimerite has a dual function in the early stages of development, serving both as an attachment organelle and as an absorptive region across which iood materials may pass from the host cell.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Twelve derivatives of 5-nitrofuran were tested on Euglena grarzlis. All rendered the organism permanently apoplastidic and, at somewhat higher concentrations, killed. The furan analogues of 3 of these compounds had no effect on the chloroplast system and were less toxic than the nitrcfurans. Low concentrations of nitrofurantoin and nitroiuraldehyde inhibited formation of chlorophyll when etiolated cells irere illuminated.Exposure of euglena to low concentrations of these agents for about 2 generation times. followed by plating on drug-free mediurn. resulted in a high proportion of bleached colonies. It is theretore concluded that the nitrofurans induce apotplastidy by causing permanent damage to the chloroplast system rather than by inhibiting its replication temporarily. Since one of the nitrofurans which was found to bleach euglena, NFT–3-amino-6[-2-(5-nitro-2-furyl) vinyl]-1,2,4-triazine–is known to cause specific inhibition of DNA synthesis in bacteria, nitrofurans may perhaps bleach euglena through selective damage to chloroplast-DNA or to the DNA-synthesizing system of the chloroplast.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Food vacuole-free P. multimicronucleatum and T. pyriformis readily ingest non-nutritive Dow polystyrene latex particles (PLP) and form vacuoles containing PLP at a rate comparable to the formation of vacuoles containing bacteria. The particles aggregate within the vacuoles and are egested as balls of the size of the vacuoles. PLP containing vacuoles rapidly acquire acid phosphatase activity, which is demonstrated by histochemical (alpha-naphthyl phosphatehexazonium salt or lead phosphate) methods as a peripheric staining. The total activity of the cell does not significantly change as a consequence of PLP uptake as suggested by the histochemical preparations and confirmed in T. pyriformis by measuring the splitting of p-nitrophenyl phosphate at pH 5. Accordingly, no selection between nutritive and non-nutritive particles could be revealed. The vacuole formation is induced by the mechanical action of the particles. The appearance of acid phosphatase activity in the vacuole seems to be dependent on the vacuole formation and not on its content. This early appearance of activity is due to a redistribution of the preexistent activity.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Telotrochidium henneguyi was cultured axenically. The major nutrients in medium T-3 were liver extract (1:20 National Biochemicals Co.), hydrolyzed yeast nucleic acid, glucose, and dl-β-hydroxybutyric acid; these were fortified with phosphate buffer, EDTA, and penicillin. The supplements were: 18 amino acids, 7 vitamins, 10 salts supplying trace-metals; uridylic, cytidylic, guanylic, and adenylic acids; thymidine-5-diphosphate, nicotinamide mononucleotide, and choline. Optimum conditions for axenic cultivation were obtained with phosphate buffer 2 × 10−1M, penicillin 5,000 U.S.P. units/ml, 23°C, pH 6.8. A monoxenic maintenance medium (“T-broth”) allowed prolific growth and produced trxmendous populations. It was composed of Bacillus cereus in an aqueous broth-concoction of Proteose-peptone, Cerophyl, and wheat kernels. Axenic T-3 medium supported serial subculture; yields of peritrichs were comparable to those in T-broth. Axenic yields were poorer in medium lacking the T-3 supplemenits but containing the major nutrients fortified with acid-hydrolyzed gelatin, serine, riboflavin, EDTA, CaCL, FeCI3, KCI, MgSO4·7 H2O, phosphate buffer, and penicillin. For rapid axenination, excystment was induced by vibrating encysted peritrichs ∼ 30 sec in a Vortex Jr. mixer. Freshly excysted animals were washed by centrifugation. A salt solution, not distilled water, was used for washing inoculants. Inocula consisting of 1 × 103 or more animals were obtained by conventional centrifuge methods.Extension of this investigation to construction of a chemically defined medium is discussed.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Whole cells of Polytoma obtusum do not utilize glucose or other hexoses, but cell-free extracts show glucokinase activity having a pH optimum at 8.5 and a Q10 of 2.4 between 0–20°C. Lack of glucom utilization by whole cells reflects a permeability barrier to all sugars.To determine whether inability of acetate-grown cells to utilize butyrate also denoted a permeability barrier, permeability to acetate and butyrate was studied in acetate- and butyrate-grown cells However, acetate-grown cells accumulated C-14 labeled butyrate against a concentration gradient. Therefore inability of acetate-grown cells to utilize butyrate does not denote a permeability barrier.Acetate-kinase activity was consktently demonstrated in cell-free extracts of both acetate- and butyrate-grown cells. Butyrate kinase was consistently found only in butyrate-grown cells. However, the absence of buttymte kinase in acetate-grown cells cannot be claimed since occasionally butyrate kinase activity was demonstrated in extracts of acetate-grown cells.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. An electron microscope study of regenerating trichocysts in Frontonia vesirztlosa showed that these organelles oripnate from primordial, membrane-limited vesicles which appear randomly in the endoplasm. The characteristic pattern of development leading to the first definitive organization of the trichocyst involves the elaboration of the amorphous intravesicular substance into a series of closely packed fibrous sheets. These densely staining elements, laid down in two dimensional arrays, constitute the fundamental plan upon which the various structural subdivisions of the organelle are subsequently formed. Maturation involves, however, the re-transformation of the distinctly fibrillar pattern of the body into a homogeneous, structureless matrix.The mature trichocyst, consisting of the tip, cap and body, is a pyriform structure bounded by a thin external membrane which is continuous with the pellicle. Extrusion of the organelle results in the transformation of the homogeneous tip and body into a slender shaft with transverse striations having a familiar periodicity of about 560 Å. During discharge the entire organelle is ejected, but the cap does not participate in the formation of the shaft. Elementary units of 120Å and 250 Å periodicities are also described in intracellularly discharged trichocysts. These observations are discussed in relation to current theories on the nature of the extrusion process.The endoplasmic origin of trichocysts in Frontonia does not support the classical theory of the morphogenetic pluripatency of kinetosomes insofar as i t relates to the direct derivation of these organelles from pre-existing ciliary basal bodies.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. A species of Nosema parasitizing the skeletal musculature of the crab, Callinectes sapidzrs Rathbun in the Patuxent River and Chesapake Bay, Maryland, is reported. Spores, in life, are ovoid and measure 2.2 μ by 1.7 μ When stained they are about 1.7 μ by 1.2 μ They closely resemble those of N. pulvis Pérez. 1905, in the muscles of Carcinides maenas (L.) but may he slightly larger Lysis of muscle fibers acoompanying heavy infection was noted, but the impontance of the parasite as a mortality factor in crabs is unknown.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. So called “inclusion” bodies in the cytoplasm of Iodamorba biretschlii cysts from rhesus monkeys (Mocaca mulatta) and domestic pips appeared to be hyper-parasites of unknown taxonomic position (posubly a protozoon or a fungus), They had a dot-like Feulgen-positive nucleus, cytoplasmic alkaline phosphatase, periodic acid Schiff -positive material, and proteins reacting to the bromophenol blue test. Their nuclei appeared to divide by budding and ultimately to produce six to eight minute, round or oval spore-like bodies. The Iodamoeba cysts mntaining these bodies had highly vacuolated cytoplasm, suggesting that the hyper-parasites had a degenerating effect on their host.