ALBERT

Description: This chapter outlines the principles and pitfalls of oxygen isotope stratigraphy, and presents a compilation of δ18O data representing 3.8 Ga of Earth history. The record is based on more than 64,000 analyses of Phanerozoic fossils and microfossils (carbonate and phosphate), including data for benthic foraminifera (N = 39,675), planktonic foraminifera (N = 10,800), belemnites (N = 4352), bivalves (N = 605), brachiopods (N = 4784), and conodonts and fish teeth (N = 3898), as well as 10,080 analyses of Precambrian rocks.

Description: Data from Enhanced late Miocene chemical weathering and altered precipitation patterns in the watersheds of the Bay of Bengal recorded by detrital clay radiogenic isotopes in Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology. Marine sediment samples from the late Miocene (approximately 9 to 5 million years ago) were taken from International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Site U1443 located on the top of the Ninety East ridge in the southern Bay of Bengal. Samples were taken along the composite sediment section or splice and the age model based on shipboard calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy was refined using the stable carbon isotopes of benthic foraminifera. The detrital silicates of the clay size fraction were isolated and measured for their radiogenic Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope composition by multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) to investigate the provenance of clays produced by weathering in the surrounding watersheds.

Description: Plant protection products in the environment are partly responsible for the progressive loss of biodiversity. The mostly insufficient ecological status of surface waters is often explained by habitat degradation and excessive nutrient input. But what role do plant protection products play in this context? The Kleingewässermonitoring (KgM) project provides a worldwide unique quantitative assessment of the impact of pesticides from diffuse agricultural sources on small and medium-sized streams. The dataset comprises 124 monitoring stream sections all over Germany covering a wide pollution gradient where consistent measurements were carried out in 2018 and 2019 during the major pesticide application period from April to July. These measurements include event-driven sampling to record surface rainfall-induced short-term peak concentrations in addition to regular grab sampling of pesticides and a wide range of other pollutants resulting in more than 1,000 water samples. All further relevant anthropogenic and environmental parameters reigning ecological stream quality were recorded comprehensively (morphological and stream bed structure, temperature, flow velocity, dissolved oxygen, pH, catchment land use, stream profile). The dataset also contains effect monitoring data featuring sampled invertebrate communities and bioassay analyses of water samples. The data enables an assessment of pesticide exposure and related effects as well as the analysis of complex causal relationships in streams.

Description: We determined dissolved stable silicon isotopes along with silicic acid concentrations in geochemically well-characterized seawater samples recovered during the expeditions TRANSDRIFT-XX (TI12, March and April 2012), TRANSDRIFT-XXI (VB13, August and September 2013) and TRANSDRIFT-XXII (VB14, September and October 2014) to the Laptev Sea. During the winter TRANSDRIFT-XX expedition, samples were collected using 2-l-Niskin bottles mounted on a frame at several helicopter stations to the sea ice, while during the summer expeditions TRANSDRIFT-XXI and TRANSDRIFT-XXII the samples were recovered with a carousel water sampler equipped with 12 Niskin bottles (2.5 L) under ice-free conditions onboard the Russian research vessel RV Viktor Buynitskiy on the entire Laptev Sea shelf and above the shelf slope. The dataset includes dissolved stable silicon isotope and silicic acid concentration data, which provide important information on the distribution and biogeochemical cycling of silicon and other nutrients in the Laptev Sea.

Description: Sediment core PS93/031-5 was obtained during RV POLARSTERN expedition PS93.1 in the northwestern Fram Strait on the Northeast Greenland continental margin from 2,135 m water depth. Sediment slices of approx. 5 mm thickness were taken from sediment core PS93/031-5 every 0.5 cm (~30 g dry sediment per sample). Sediments were freeze-dried, weighed, and washed with deionized water through a 63 µm mesh. The remaining coarse fraction was dried at 50°C. Radiocarbon datings were performed on 9 samples of sediment core PS93/031-5 at the AMS-14C facility of the Leibniz Laboratory for Age Determination and Isotope Research of Kiel University from August 2018 to April 2019 on ~2,000 specimens of N. pachyderma (morphotype 1-2) per sample (identification following the morphotype concept of Eynaud, 2011). According to the radiocarbon datings (no reservoir correction applied) the sediment core covers the Late Quaternary time interval from 4,023 to 18,135 years before present (1950 CE). No sediments are present from the interval 11,170-15,950 years before present (hiatus at 25 cm core depth). When a conversion to calibrated years is performed with the program Calib 8.2 (http://calib.org/calib/), using the IntCal20 data set and applying a reservoir correction of 550 years, the core covers the interval of 3,750-23,230 years before present, with the hiatus covering the interval 12,660-18,550 years.

Description: This is a compilation of all Concordia station datasets that were/are published in the frame of BSRN. The collection will be updated regularly with recent data. The data are subject to the data release guidelines of BSRN (https://bsrn.awi.de/data/conditions-of-data-release/).

Description: The data are obtained via an in-house Matlab script (developed by Dr. Baofang Song) to compute the non-modal transient growth of disturbances in pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flows. In this study, a Newtonian fluid driven by pulsatile and oscillatory flow rate flows in a straight pipe. In pulsatile flow, there are three governing parameters: steady Reynolds number (defined by the steady flow component), pulsation amplitude (ratio of oscillatory and steady flow component) and Womersley number (dimensionless pulsation and oscillation frequency). In oscillatory flow, due to vanishment of steady flow component, oscillatory Reynolds number (defined by the oscillation flow component) and Womersley number. The Reynolds number defined by the thickness of Stokes layer is alternatively used for the oscillatory Reynolds number. The study was carried out in a manner that one governing parameter varies while other governing parameters are fixed. The data file 'OptimalPerturbation_time_VortZ_helical.dat' shows the streamwise vorticity of the optimal helical perturbation in the radial-radial cross-section. This file includes three columns: the first two column 'x' and 'y' indicate Cartesian coordinates in the radial-radial cross-section; the third column 'VortZ' indicates streamwise vorticity.

Description: The data are obtained via an in-house Matlab script (developed by Dr. Baofang Song) to compute the non-modal transient growth of disturbances in pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flows. In this study, a Newtonian fluid driven by pulsatile and oscillatory flow rate flows in a straight pipe. In pulsatile flow, there are three governing parameters: steady Reynolds number (defined by the steady flow component), pulsation amplitude (ratio of oscillatory and steady flow component) and Womersley number (dimensionless pulsation and oscillation frequency). In oscillatory flow, due to vanishment of steady flow component, oscillatory Reynolds number (defined by the oscillation flow component) and Womersley number. The Reynolds number defined by the thickness of Stokes layer is alternatively used for the oscillatory Reynolds number. The study was carried out in a manner that one governing parameter varies while other governing parameters are fixed. The data file 'OptimalPerturbation_time_VortZ_classic.dat' shows the streamwise vorticity of the optimal classic perturbation in the radial-radial cross-section. This file includes three columns: the first two column 'x' and 'y' indicate Cartesian coordinates in the radial-radial cross-section; the third column 'VortZ' indicates streamwise vorticity.

Description: The data are obtained via an in-house Matlab script (developed by Dr. Baofang Song) to compute the non-modal transient growth of disturbances in pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flows. In this study, a Newtonian fluid driven by pulsatile and oscillatory flow rate flows in a straight pipe. In pulsatile flow, there are three governing parameters: steady Reynolds number (defined by the steady flow component), pulsation amplitude (ratio of oscillatory and steady flow component) and Womersley number (dimensionless pulsation and oscillation frequency). In oscillatory flow, due to vanishment of steady flow component, oscillatory Reynolds number (defined by the oscillation flow component) and Womersley number. The Reynolds number defined by the thickness of Stokes layer is alternatively used for the oscillatory Reynolds number. The study was carried out in a manner that one governing parameter varies while other governing parameters are fixed. The data file 'Uz_profile_classic.dat' shows the streamwise velocity profile corresponding to the optimal classic perturbation. This file includes two columns: the first column 'r' indicates radial coordinate; the second column 'uz' indicates streamwise velocity.

Description: The data are obtained via an in-house Matlab script (developed by Dr. Baofang Song) to compute the non-modal transient growth of disturbances in pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flows. In this study, a Newtonian fluid driven by pulsatile and oscillatory flow rate flows in a straight pipe. In pulsatile flow, there are three governing parameters: steady Reynolds number (defined by the steady flow component), pulsation amplitude (ratio of oscillatory and steady flow component) and Womersley number (dimensionless pulsation and oscillation frequency). In oscillatory flow, due to vanishment of steady flow component, oscillatory Reynolds number (defined by the oscillation flow component) and Womersley number. The Reynolds number defined by the thickness of Stokes layer is alternatively used for the oscillatory Reynolds number. The study was carried out in a manner that one governing parameter varies while other governing parameters are fixed. The data file 'Uz_profile_helical.dat' shows the streamwise velocity profile corresponding to the optimal helical perturbation. This file includes two columns: the first column 'r' indicates radial coordinate; the second column 'uz' indicates streamwise velocity.

Description: The data are obtained via an in-house Matlab script (developed by Dr. Baofang Song) to compute the non-modal transient growth of disturbances in pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flows. In this study, a Newtonian fluid driven by pulsatile and oscillatory flow rate flows in a straight pipe. In pulsatile flow, there are three governing parameters: steady Reynolds number (defined by the steady flow component), pulsation amplitude (ratio of oscillatory and steady flow component) and Womersley number (dimensionless pulsation and oscillation frequency). In oscillatory flow, due to vanishment of steady flow component, oscillatory Reynolds number (defined by the oscillation flow component) and Womersley number. The Reynolds number defined by the thickness of Stokes layer is alternatively used for the oscillatory Reynolds number. The study was carried out in a manner that one governing parameter varies while other governing parameters are fixed. The data file 'OptimalPerturbation_time_energy_classic.dat' shows the time series of the energy of the optimal classic perturbation. This file includes four columns: the first column indicates dimensionless time; the second column indicates the time normalized by period; the third column indicates the energy of the perturbation; the fourth column indicates the energy of the perturbation normalized by the energy at the initial perturbation time.

Description: The data are obtained via an in-house Matlab script (developed by Dr. Baofang Song) to compute the non-modal transient growth of disturbances in pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flows. In this study, a Newtonian fluid driven by pulsatile and oscillatory flow rate flows in a straight pipe. In pulsatile flow, there are three governing parameters: steady Reynolds number (defined by the steady flow component), pulsation amplitude (ratio of oscillatory and steady flow component) and Womersley number (dimensionless pulsation and oscillation frequency). In oscillatory flow, due to vanishment of steady flow component, oscillatory Reynolds number (defined by the oscillation flow component) and Womersley number. The Reynolds number defined by the thickness of Stokes layer is alternatively used for the oscillatory Reynolds number. The study was carried out in a manner that one governing parameter varies while other governing parameters are fixed. The data file 'OptimalPerturbation_time_StreamwiseVel_helical.dat' shows the streamwise velocity of the optimal helical perturbation in the streamwise-radial cross-section. This file includes three columns: the first two column 'x' and 'y' indicate Cartesian coordinates in the streamwise-radial cross-section; the third column 'uz' indicates streamwise velocity.

Description: The data are obtained via an in-house Matlab script (developed by Dr. Baofang Song) to compute the non-modal transient growth of disturbances in pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flows. In this study, a Newtonian fluid driven by pulsatile and oscillatory flow rate flows in a straight pipe. In pulsatile flow, there are three governing parameters: steady Reynolds number (defined by the steady flow component), pulsation amplitude (ratio of oscillatory and steady flow component) and Womersley number (dimensionless pulsation and oscillation frequency). In oscillatory flow, due to vanishment of steady flow component, oscillatory Reynolds number (defined by the oscillation flow component) and Womersley number. The Reynolds number defined by the thickness of Stokes layer is alternatively used for the oscillatory Reynolds number. The study was carried out in a manner that one governing parameter varies while other governing parameters are fixed. The data file 'OptimalPerturbation_time_VortZ_classic.dat' shows the streamwise vorticity of the optimal classic perturbation in the radial-radial cross-section. This file includes three columns: the first two column 'x' and 'y' indicate Cartesian coordinates in the radial-radial cross-section; the third column 'VortZ' indicates streamwise vorticity.

Description: The data are obtained via an in-house Matlab script (developed by Dr. Baofang Song) to compute the non-modal transient growth of disturbances in pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flows. In this study, a Newtonian fluid driven by pulsatile and oscillatory flow rate flows in a straight pipe. In pulsatile flow, there are three governing parameters: steady Reynolds number (defined by the steady flow component), pulsation amplitude (ratio of oscillatory and steady flow component) and Womersley number (dimensionless pulsation and oscillation frequency). In oscillatory flow, due to vanishment of steady flow component, oscillatory Reynolds number (defined by the oscillation flow component) and Womersley number. The Reynolds number defined by the thickness of Stokes layer is alternatively used for the oscillatory Reynolds number. The study was carried out in a manner that one governing parameter varies while other governing parameters are fixed. The data file 'OptimalPerturbation_time_VortZ_helical.dat' shows the streamwise vorticity of the optimal helical perturbation in the radial-radial cross-section. This file includes three columns: the first two column 'x' and 'y' indicate Cartesian coordinates in the radial-radial cross-section; the third column 'VortZ' indicates streamwise vorticity.

Description: The data are obtained via an in-house Matlab script (developed by Dr. Baofang Song) to compute the non-modal transient growth of disturbances in pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flows. In this study, a Newtonian fluid driven by pulsatile and oscillatory flow rate flows in a straight pipe. In pulsatile flow, there are three governing parameters: steady Reynolds number (defined by the steady flow component), pulsation amplitude (ratio of oscillatory and steady flow component) and Womersley number (dimensionless pulsation and oscillation frequency). In oscillatory flow, due to vanishment of steady flow component, oscillatory Reynolds number (defined by the oscillation flow component) and Womersley number. The Reynolds number defined by the thickness of Stokes layer is alternatively used for the oscillatory Reynolds number. The study was carried out in a manner that one governing parameter varies while other governing parameters are fixed. The data file 'OptimalPerturbation_time_energy_helical.dat' shows the time series of the energy of the optimal helical perturbation. This file includes four columns: the first column indicates dimensionless time; the second column indicates the time normalized by period; the third column indicates the energy of the perturbation; the fourth column indicates the energy of the perturbation normalized by the energy at the initial perturbation time.

Description: The data are obtained via an in-house Matlab script (developed by Dr. Baofang Song) to compute the non-modal transient growth of disturbances in pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flows. In this study, a Newtonian fluid driven by pulsatile and oscillatory flow rate flows in a straight pipe. In pulsatile flow, there are three governing parameters: steady Reynolds number (defined by the steady flow component), pulsation amplitude (ratio of oscillatory and steady flow component) and Womersley number (dimensionless pulsation and oscillation frequency). In oscillatory flow, due to vanishment of steady flow component, oscillatory Reynolds number (defined by the oscillation flow component) and Womersley number. The Reynolds number defined by the thickness of Stokes layer is alternatively used for the oscillatory Reynolds number. The study was carried out in a manner that one governing parameter varies while other governing parameters are fixed. The data file 'OptimalPerturbation_helical_time_vel_vort.dat' shows the time series of the three velocity components and three vorticity components of the optimal classic perturbation. This file includes eight columns: the first column indicates dimensionless time; the second column indicates the time normalized by period; the third column indicates the radial velocity of the perturbation; the fourth column indicates the azimuthal velocity of the perturbation; the fifth column indicates the streamwise velocity of the perturbation; the sixth column indicates the radial component of vorticity; the seventh column indicates the azimuthal component of vorticity; the eighth column indicates the streamwise component of vorticity.

Description: Multibeam bathymetry raw data was recorded in the Atlantic during cruise M160 that took place between2019-11-23 and 2019-12-20. The data was collected using the ship's own Kongsberg EM 122. This data is part of the DAM (German Marine Research Alliance) underway research data project.

Description: The data are obtained via an in-house Matlab script (developed by Dr. Baofang Song) to compute the non-modal transient growth of disturbances in pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flows. In this study, a Newtonian fluid driven by pulsatile and oscillatory flow rate flows in a straight pipe. In pulsatile flow, there are three governing parameters: steady Reynolds number (defined by the steady flow component), pulsation amplitude (ratio of oscillatory and steady flow component) and Womersley number (dimensionless pulsation and oscillation frequency). In oscillatory flow, due to vanishment of steady flow component, oscillatory Reynolds number (defined by the oscillation flow component) and Womersley number. The Reynolds number defined by the thickness of Stokes layer is alternatively used for the oscillatory Reynolds number. The study was carried out in a manner that one governing parameter varies while other governing parameters are fixed. The data file 'OptimalPerturbation_helical_time_vel_vort.dat' shows the time series of the three velocity components and three vorticity components of the optimal classic perturbation. This file includes eight columns: the first column indicates dimensionless time; the second column indicates the time normalized by period; the third column indicates the radial velocity of the perturbation; the fourth column indicates the azimuthal velocity of the perturbation; the fifth column indicates the streamwise velocity of the perturbation; the sixth column indicates the radial component of vorticity; the seventh column indicates the azimuthal component of vorticity; the eighth column indicates the streamwise component of vorticity.

Description: The data are obtained via an in-house Matlab script (developed by Dr. Baofang Song) to compute the non-modal transient growth of disturbances in pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flows. In this study, a Newtonian fluid driven by pulsatile and oscillatory flow rate flows in a straight pipe. In pulsatile flow, there are three governing parameters: steady Reynolds number (defined by the steady flow component), pulsation amplitude (ratio of oscillatory and steady flow component) and Womersley number (dimensionless pulsation and oscillation frequency). In oscillatory flow, due to vanishment of steady flow component, oscillatory Reynolds number (defined by the oscillation flow component) and Womersley number. The Reynolds number defined by the thickness of Stokes layer is alternatively used for the oscillatory Reynolds number. The study was carried out in a manner that one governing parameter varies while other governing parameters are fixed. The data file 'OptimalPerturbation_time_StreamwiseVel_helical.dat' shows the streamwise velocity of the optimal helical perturbation in the streamwise-radial cross-section. This file includes three columns: the first two column 'x' and 'y' indicate Cartesian coordinates in the streamwise-radial cross-section; the third column 'uz' indicates streamwise velocity.

Description: The data are obtained via an in-house Matlab script (developed by Dr. Baofang Song) to compute the non-modal transient growth of disturbances in pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flows. In this study, a Newtonian fluid driven by pulsatile and oscillatory flow rate flows in a straight pipe. In pulsatile flow, there are three governing parameters: steady Reynolds number (defined by the steady flow component), pulsation amplitude (ratio of oscillatory and steady flow component) and Womersley number (dimensionless pulsation and oscillation frequency). In oscillatory flow, due to vanishment of steady flow component, oscillatory Reynolds number (defined by the oscillation flow component) and Womersley number. The Reynolds number defined by the thickness of Stokes layer is alternatively used for the oscillatory Reynolds number. The study was carried out in a manner that one governing parameter varies while other governing parameters are fixed. The data file 'Uz_profile_classic.dat' shows the streamwise velocity profile corresponding to the optimal classic perturbation. This file includes two columns: the first column 'r' indicates radial coordinate; the second column 'uz' indicates streamwise velocity.

Description: The data are obtained via an in-house Matlab script (developed by Dr. Baofang Song) to compute the non-modal transient growth of disturbances in pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flows. In this study, a Newtonian fluid driven by pulsatile and oscillatory flow rate flows in a straight pipe. In pulsatile flow, there are three governing parameters: steady Reynolds number (defined by the steady flow component), pulsation amplitude (ratio of oscillatory and steady flow component) and Womersley number (dimensionless pulsation and oscillation frequency). In oscillatory flow, due to vanishment of steady flow component, oscillatory Reynolds number (defined by the oscillation flow component) and Womersley number. The Reynolds number defined by the thickness of Stokes layer is alternatively used for the oscillatory Reynolds number. The study was carried out in a manner that one governing parameter varies while other governing parameters are fixed. The data file 'Uz_profile_helical.dat' shows the streamwise velocity profile corresponding to the optimal helical perturbation. This file includes two columns: the first column 'r' indicates radial coordinate; the second column 'uz' indicates streamwise velocity.

Description: Multibeam bathymetry raw data was recorded in the North Atlantic during cruise M80/3 that took place between 2009-12-29 and 2010-02-01. The data was collected using the ship's own Kongsberg EM 120. This data is part of the DAM (German Marine Research Alliance) underway research data project. Sound velocity profiles (SVP) were applied on the data for calibration. SVP data are part of this dataset publication.

Description: Laminar flows through pipes driven at steady, pulsatile or oscillatory rates undergo a subcritical transition to turbulence. We carry out an extensive linear non-modal stability analysis of these flows and show that for sufficiently high pulsation amplitudes the stream-wise vortices of the classic lift-up mechanism are outperformed by helical disturbances exhibiting an Orr-like mechanism. In oscillatory flow, the energy amplification depends solely on the Reynolds number based on the Stokes-layer thickness, and for sufficiently high oscillation frequency and Reynolds number, axisymmetric disturbances dominate. In the high-frequency limit, these axisymmetric disturbances are exactly similar to those recently identified by Biau (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 794, 2016, R4) for oscillatory flow over a flat plate. In all regimes of pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flow, the optimal helical and axisymmetric disturbances are triggered in the deceleration phase and reach their peaks in typically less than a period. Their maximum energy gain scales exponentially with Reynolds number of the oscillatory flow component. Our numerical computations unveil a plausible mechanism for the turbulence observed experimentally in pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flow.

Description: Laminar flows through pipes driven at steady, pulsatile or oscillatory rates undergo a subcritical transition to turbulence. We carry out an extensive linear non-modal stability analysis of these flows and show that for sufficiently high pulsation amplitudes the stream-wise vortices of the classic lift-up mechanism are outperformed by helical disturbances exhibiting an Orr-like mechanism. In oscillatory flow, the energy amplification depends solely on the Reynolds number based on the Stokes-layer thickness, and for sufficiently high oscillation frequency and Reynolds number, axisymmetric disturbances dominate. In the high-frequency limit, these axisymmetric disturbances are exactly similar to those recently identified by Biau (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 794, 2016, R4) for oscillatory flow over a flat plate. In all regimes of pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flow, the optimal helical and axisymmetric disturbances are triggered in the deceleration phase and reach their peaks in typically less than a period. Their maximum energy gain scales exponentially with Reynolds number of the oscillatory flow component. Our numerical computations unveil a plausible mechanism for the turbulence observed experimentally in pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flow.

Description: Laminar flows through pipes driven at steady, pulsatile or oscillatory rates undergo a subcritical transition to turbulence. We carry out an extensive linear non-modal stability analysis of these flows and show that for sufficiently high pulsation amplitudes the stream-wise vortices of the classic lift-up mechanism are outperformed by helical disturbances exhibiting an Orr-like mechanism. In oscillatory flow, the energy amplification depends solely on the Reynolds number based on the Stokes-layer thickness, and for sufficiently high oscillation frequency and Reynolds number, axisymmetric disturbances dominate. In the high-frequency limit, these axisymmetric disturbances are exactly similar to those recently identified by Biau (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 794, 2016, R4) for oscillatory flow over a flat plate. In all regimes of pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flow, the optimal helical and axisymmetric disturbances are triggered in the deceleration phase and reach their peaks in typically less than a period. Their maximum energy gain scales exponentially with Reynolds number of the oscillatory flow component. Our numerical computations unveil a plausible mechanism for the turbulence observed experimentally in pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flow.

Description: Coastlines globally are increasingly being illuminated with Artificial Light At Night (ALAN) from various urban infrastructures such as houses, offices, piers, roads, ports and dockyards. Artificial sky glow can now be detected above 22% of the world's coasts nightly and will dramatically increase as coastal human populations more than double by the year 2060. One of the clearest demonstrations that we have entered another epoch, the urbanocene, is the prevalence of ALAN visible from space. Photobiological life history adaptations to the moon and sun are near ubiquitous in the surface ocean (0-200m), such that cycles and gradients of light intensity and spectra are major structuring factors in marine ecosystems. The potential for ALAN to reshape the ecology of coastal habitats by interfering with natural light cycles and the biological processes they inform is increasingly recognized and is an emergent focus for research. This dataset is derived from two primary satellite data sources: an artificial night sky brightness world atlas (Falchi et al., 2016) and an in-water Inherent Optical Property (Lee et al., 2002) dataset derived from ESA's Ocean Colour Climate Change Initiative (OC-CCI https://www.oceancolour.org/). These primary datasets are both used in conjunction with in-situ derived measurements and radiative transfer modelling in order to quantify the critical depth (Zc) to which biologically relevant ALAN penetrates throughout the global ocean's estuarine, coastal and near shore regions, in particular the area defined by an individual country's Exclusive Economic Zone. The critical depth is defined as the depth at which the modelled light level in the water column, illuminated by ALAN, drops below 0.102 µWm-2, the minimum irradiance of white light that elicits diel vertical migration in adult female Calanus copepods (Batnes et al., 2015). This is function of incident ALAN irradiance at the surface as well as the in-water transparency (governed by in-water optically active constituents). This dataset is an updated version of https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.922885.

Description: Seismic reflection data collected on the Amundsen Sea shelf during cruise PS104 with RV Polarstern in 2017. 2 GI-guns were used a seismic source, the data were recorded with a 600 m (active length) long streamer. The data are fully processed to time migration. No gain, filter or mute have been applied. The data are in SEGY format. See cruise report of PS104 or 20170012_segy_info.txt file for more information on acquisition and processing parameters.

Description: In coastal marine environments, physical and biological forces can cause dynamic pH fluctuations from microscale (diffusive boundary layer [DBL]) up to ecosystem‐scale (benthic boundary layer [BBL]). In the face of ocean acidification (OA), such natural pH variations may modulate an organism's response to OA by providing temporal refugia. We investigated the effect of pH fluctuations, generated by the brown alga Fucus serratus' biological activity, on the calcifying epibionts Balanus improvisus and Electra pilosa under OA. For this, both epibionts were grown on inactive and biologically active surfaces and exposed to (1) constant pH scenarios under ambient (pH 8.1) or OA conditions (pH 7.7), or (2) oscillating pH scenarios mimicking BBL conditions at ambient (pH 7.7–8.6) or OA scenarios (pH 7.4–8.2). Furthermore, all treatment combinations were tested at 10°C and 15°C. Against our expectations, OA treatments did not affect epibiont growth under constant or fluctuating (BBL) pH conditions, indicating rather high robustness against predicted OA scenarios. Furthermore, epibiont growth was hampered and not fostered on active surfaces (fluctuating DBL conditions), indicating that fluctuating pH conditions of the DBL with elevated daytime pH do not necessarily provide temporal refugia from OA. In contrast, results indicate that factors other than pH may play larger roles for epibiont growth on macrophytes (e.g., surface characteristics, macrophyte antifouling defense, or dynamics of oxygen and nutrient concentrations). Warming enhanced epibiont growth rates significantly, independently of OA, indicating no synergistic effects of pH treatments and temperature within their natural temperature range.

Description: One of the objectives of the SFB 754 was the reconstruction of the factors controlling the intensity and the spatial extent of the OMZ in the Eastern Tropical Pacific, specifically off Peru, since the Last Glacial Maximum (21000 years ago). For the purpose of these paleoceanographic studies, long gravity cores were recovered during four scientific expeditions (M77/1, M77/2, M92, and M135; see Figure 4). During the cruises M77/1 and M77/2 in 2008, 51 sediment cores were retrieved below and in the centre of the OMZ, from ~17° S to the equator (Pfannkuche et al., 2011; see Figure 4). Most of the records collected in the core of the OMZ (i.e. ~200 to ~500 m depth), from ~8 to 15° S, show sedimentary discontinuities during the Holocene (last 11700 years), which preclude high resolution paleoceanographic reconstructions in this area (Erdem et al., 2016; Salvatteci et al., 2014, 2016). Based on the information collected during M77/1 and M77/2 and also on the scientific literature, cruise M135 aimed specifically at finding the most complete Holocene sequence in the Eastern Tropical South Pacific. For this purpose, a detailed paleoceanographic survey took place at ~17° S, an area that is less affected by processes that can produce sediment discontinuities. Six sediment cores were retrieved, two of which contained the most complete sediment sequences for the last 10 000 years (Salvatteci et al., 2019).

Description: The Antarctic Circumpolar Current is the world's largest current system connecting all major ocean basins of the global ocean. Its flow, driven by strong westerly winds, is constricted to its narrowest extent in the Drake Passage, located between South America and the Antarctic Peninsula. Due to the remoteness of the area, harsh weather conditions and strong bottom currents, sediment recovery is difficult and data coverage is still inadequate. Here, we report on the composition of 51 surface sediments collected during the R/V Polarstern PS97 expedition (February-April 2016) across the western and central Drake Passage, from the Chilean/Argentinian continental margin to the South Shetland Islands and the Bransfield Strait (water depth: ∼100-4000 m). We studied microfossils (diatoms), bulk sediment composition and geochemical proxies (biogenic opal, organic carbon, calcium carbonate, carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes, sterols and photosynthetic pigments), and evaluated how they respond to, and reflect oceanic domains and polar to subpolar frontal systems in this region. Our multi-proxy approach shows a strong relationship between the composition of surface sediments and ocean productivity, terrigenous input, intensity of ocean currents, and ice proximity, clearly differentiating among 4 biogeographical zones. The Subantarctic Zone was characterized by warmer-water diatoms, high carbonate (〉45%) and low organic carbon contents (avg. 0.26%), as well as low concentrations of pigments (avg. 1.75 μg/g) and sterols (avg. 0.90 μg/g). A general N-S transition from carbonate-rich to opal-rich sediment was observed at Drake Passage sites of the Polar Front and Permanently Open Ocean Zone. These sites were characterized by low organic carbon content (0.22%), high relative abundances of heavily silicified diatoms (≥60% Fragilariopsis kerguelensis), and abundant foraminifera at shallower stations. Approaching the Antarctic Peninsula in the Transitional Zone, an increase in the concentrations of pigments and sterols (avg. 2.57 μg/g and 1.44 μg/g, respectively) and a strong decrease in carbonate content was observed. The seasonal Sea-Ice Zone in the southern section of the study area, had the highest contents of biogenic opal (avg. 14.6%) and organic carbon (avg. 0.7%), low carbonate contents (avg. 2.4%), with the occurrence of sea-ice-related diatoms and sterols. In all zones, terrigenous input was detected, although carbon/nitrogen ratios and δ13Corg suggest a predominance of marine-derived organic matter; lower values of δ13Corg occurred south of the Polar Front. The new results presented here constitute a highly valuable reference dataset for the calibration of microfossil and geochemical proxies against observational data and provide a useful regional baseline for future paleo-research.

Description: This dataset contains measured dissolved trace element concentrations (Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) of station depth profiles sampled in Fram Strait (North Greenland Sea) during GEOTRACES expedition GN05 (PS100) between 21 July and 1 September 2016. Samples were collected strictly following GEOTRACES guidelines (Cutter et al., 2017; https://www.geotraces.org) and analysed exactly as per Rapp et al., 2017 ( Anal. Chim. Acta; doi:10.1016/j.aca.2017.05.008). Concentrations were intercalibrated with GEOTRACES reference materials SAFe S and GSC (Bruland Research Lab), with exception of dissolved Cd data. Information on the analytical procedure including reference materials and limits of detection can be found in related published manuscripts, the PhD thesis of Stephan Krisch (Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel) or can be obtained from the authors upon request. Table caption: Measured concentrations of dissolved trace elements in Fram Strait sampled during GEOTRACES expedition GN05 (PS100) between 21 July-1 September 2006. Uncertainty is calculated as one standard deviation (1σ, STD) to replicate measurements via ICP-MS. ND = no data. Use of quality flags (QF) according to GEOTRACES policy (https://www.geotraces.org/geotraces-quality-flag-policy/). Plesae note, dissolved Cd data is not quality controlled. Somes samples were pooled (indicated in column "Bottle") from different bottles at one depth; the concentrations reflects the mean and the corresponding uncertainty is calculated as the standard deviation to replicate measurements. Trace metal concentrations at station 24 may show larger variations between different bottles at one specific depth. Because station 24 is located at Dijmphna Sund entrance sill, we associate these discrepancies to the water column's strong lateral and vertical turbulence (see ucCTD physical oceanography data) (e.g. Mortensen et al. 2011, 2013, Carroll et al. 2017) that goes in hand with localized TM aggregation-dissolution and sediment resuspension processes, thus affecting TM fractionation (e.g. Homoky et al. 2012).

Description: This is a compilation of all short-wave and long-wave radiation datasets from Yushan that were and are published in the frame of BSRN. New data will be added regularly. The data are subject to the data release guidelines of BSRN (https://bsrn.awi.de/data/conditions-of-data-release/).

Description: This study simulated a 9-months warming scenario on the common seagrass Zostera marina from winter into summer (December 2015 - August 2016) in the Western Baltic Sea (Kiel Fijord), using outdoor mesocosms. Two treatments were applied: Ambient temperature regime (Ambient) and Ambient + 3.6C (Heat) over the entire course of the experiment. Temperature regimes were compared to the 22-year temperature average in the area. A number of seagrass response parameters were measured throughout the experiment including parameters related to shoot mortality and reproduction (shoot abundance, growth of new shoots, abundance of flowering shoots), (ii) shoot growth (growth rate, leaf production, lengths of the 3rd leaf, number of green leaves per shoot), (ii) biomass (above and below ground biomass per shoot) and (iv) pigmentation (chlorophyll-a, beta-carotene).

Description: The greenhouse to icehouse climate transition from the Eocene into the Oligocene is well-documented by sea surface temperature records from the southwest Pacific and Antarctic margin that show evidence of pronounced long-term cooling. However, identification of a driving mechanism depends on a better understanding of whether this cooling was also present in terrestrial settings. Here, we present a semi-continuous terrestrial temperature record spanning from the middle Eocene to the early Oligocene (~41-33 Ma), using bacterial molecular fossils (biomarkers) preserved in a sequence of SE Australian lignites from two locations. We reconstruct terrestrial temperatures and compare them to existing sea-surface temperature records from the Southern Hemisphere from the middle Eocene to Early Oligocene.

Description: Here the data are archived that belong to the paper: The medial offshore record of explosive volcanism along the central to eastern Aegean Volcanic Arc, part 1: Tephrostratigraphic correlations submitted for publication at G-Cubed. In table 2a average major and trace element compositions are given for analyses correlative land tephras. In Table 2b the entire set of individual glass shard measurements are given. In Table 3a the average major and trace element compositions of marine tephras found in the cores of Table 1 are given. Table 4 represents the microprobe reference measurements on Lipari and VGA99 with respective reference values as well as List standard N612 and BCR2 for trace element measurements, Table 5 show the results of the principal component analyses and the extracted eigenvectors of 88 parameter reduced to 10 principal components.

Description: Nutrient data are from Nisken Bottle samples collected and measured onboard Meteor Expedition 148/2 “EreBUS”. Concentrations of dissolved inorganic phosphate (PO4), nitrite (NO2), NOx (nitrate+nitrite), and dissolved silicate (Si) were measured with the QuAAtro39 autoanalyser (Seal Analytical) using the method based on Strickland and Parsons, 1972. OSIL Seawater Low-Nutrient Standards were employed as secondary standards to check primary standard calibrations. Nitrate values are the calculated difference between NOx and nitrite. To determine Minimal Quantifiable Limit (MQL) for NOx, nitrite, phosphate and silicate we examined the variability (standard deviation, σ) around OSIL low-nutrient seawater concentrations and set MQL = 0 + 3σ. Ammonium (NH4+) was measured shipboard using the ortho-Phthaldialdehyde (OPA) fluorescence method (Holmes et al. 1999). MQLs for the offshore stations were based on values that fell below zero after calculating the concentration based on the calibration curves established for each station. We used these values as true undetectable values, because the zero values established from the calibration curve blanks tended to be greater (i.e. they have residual OPA fluorescence). MQLs were established for each station based on the mean fluorescence of undetectable samples plus three times the standard deviation of those fluorescence values. Oxygen was measured on selected samples by Winkler titration for the purpose of calibrating the CTD O2 sensor data (not calibrated in this data set). Temperature, Salinity, Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen data are included for as reference bottle information and derive originally from Mohrholz, IOW data storage server :https://www.io-warnemuende.de/en_iowdb.html (Data publicly available after 20.07.2021). Related to Ferdelman et al., (2019) “EreBUS: Processes Controlling Greenhouse Gas Emmissions from the Benguela Upwelling System, Cruise No. 148/2, July 2 - July 20, 2018, Walvis Bay (Namibia) - Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Spain) https://doi.org/10.2312/cr_m148_2

Description: These data are trace element concentrations and U-Pb isotope ratios from phosphate nodules in Carboniferous-age carbonates, shales and phosphorites in Co. Clare, western Ireland. Sampling locations (both in degrees and as UTM coordinates) are also included. Mineralogically, the analysed material is apatite (species: carbonate-fluorapatite). These data are being used to support a paper which is currently under review. Data were collected by LA-Q-ICPMS in the National Centre for Isotope Geochemistry in University College Dublin, and at the iCRAG Lab @ Trinity College Dublin. Both labs are in Dublin, Ireland. Spots or portions of ablations intercepting inclusions of non-apatite phases have been excluded to ensure the accuracy of reported data. Appropriate reference materials (RMs) were used to reduce and quality-control data, including: Madagascar Fluorapatite; NIST612 glass; BHVO2G glass; Durango Fluorapatite; McClure Mountain Fluorapatite; and Bamble 2 Flour/Chlor-apatite. All secondary RMs reproduced their respective U-Pb isotopic ages or element concentrations within acceptable ranges. These processed data were reduced from raw data using Iolite 3 software. The analysis was chiefly funded under an Irish Research Council Postdoctoral Fellowship Award awarded to Gary J O'Sullivan (GOIPD/2019/906).

Description: This data set includes water column nitrate+nitrite and phosphate concentrations and ancillary CTD variables from the deep-water region in the southern Gulf of Mexico (GoM). These measurements were used to estimate water mass fractions using an Optimum Multi-parameter analysis that requires semiconservative parameters (NO and PO4* parameters) calculated with nitrate+nitrite, phosphate and dissolved oxygen concentrations. Water samples were collected with a rosette equipped with 12 20-L Niskin bottles during the XIXIMI-5 oceanographic cruise that took place during June 10–25, 2016. The southern region of the GoM (20–26º N, 86–97º W) comprises the deep-waters of the GoM, including the continental slope and abyssal plain. A total of 35 stations were sampled on board R/V Justo Sierra of the National Autonomous University of Mexico. Data columns include sampling Date/Time stamp in ISO format, Longitude, Latitude, Depth, Pressure, temperature and salinity from CTD. The CTD sensors were previously calibrated by the manufacturer, and the accuracy of the measurements was ± 0.001 ºC for temperature, ± 0.002 for salinity, and 2% for DO. Data from the DO sensor were calibrated with data from the Niskin bottle samples, analyzed with the microWinkler method. The accuracy and precision of the microWinkler method were 0.1% and ~ 1.3 µmol/kg, respectively. Nitrate+nitrite and phosphate analyses were performed with a SEAL-AA3-HR auto-analyzer (SEAL Analytical Ltd., Norderstedt, Germany), following the guidelines described in the GO-SHIP Repeat Hydrography Manual. Accuracy and precision were estimated with measurements of certified reference material (CRM) for nutrients (Lots CD and CC; Kanso Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan). The Ocean Data Standards from the UNESCO were used to assign Quality Flags (QF) for nutrients. The limits of detection (3 SD, n = 11) for nitrate+nitrite and phosphate were 0.037 and 0.028 µmol/kg, respectively. The mean values obtained for nitrate+nitrite from the CD and CC lots were 5.514±0.012 µmol/kg and 30.958±0.047 µmol/kg, respectively. The sum of the certified values for nitrate and nitrate from the CD and CC lots is 5.516±0.050 µmol/kg and 30.996±0.240 µmol/kg, respectively. The mean values obtained for phosphate from the CD and CC lots were 0.447±0.010 µmol/kg and 2.092±0.012 µmol/kg, respectively. The certified values for phosphate from the CD and CC lots is 0.446±0.008 µmol/kg and 2.080±0.019 µmol/kg, respectively. This research has been funded by the Mexican National Council for Science and Technology - Mexican Ministry of Energy - Hydrocarbon Fund, project 201441. This is a contribution of the Gulf of Mexico Research Consortium (CIGoM, http://www.cigom.info). We acknowledge PEMEX's specific request to the Hydrocarbon Fund to address the environmental effects of oil spills in the Gulf of Mexico. Project: Implementación de redes de observación oceanográficas (físicas, geoquímicas, y ecológicas) para la generación de escenarios ante posibles contingencias relacionadas a la exploración y producción de hidrocarburos en aguas profundas del Golfo de México.

Description: In Gobabeb, Namibia SWD, LWD and DIR are each measured redundant with two instruments of the same make (not in this data base). The differences between the pairs are used in the quality control. This is done manually by inspecting plots of half-day diurnal courses of the pairs and their differences. Values are removed mostly in the morning due to daily cleaning. Other reasons for larger differences are birds, insects, or people at the station. There are regular fog events varying in frequency over the year. Usually, the fog appears in the second half of the night and disappears a few hours after sunrise. The case temperatures of pyrgeometers practically never drop below dewpoint but there can be water deposition of the dome.

Description: In Gobabeb, Namibia SWD, LWD and DIR are each measured redundant with two instruments of the same make (not in this data base). The differences between the pairs are used in the quality control. This is done manually by inspecting plots of half-day diurnal courses of the pairs and their differences. Values are removed mostly in the morning due to daily cleaning. Other reasons for larger differences are birds, insects, or people at the station. There are regular fog events varying in frequency over the year. Usually, the fog appears in the second half of the night and disappears a few hours after sunrise. The case temperatures of pyrgeometers practically never drop below dewpoint but there can be water deposition of the dome.

Description: This study simulated a 9-months warming scenario on the common seagrass Zostera marina from winter into summer (December 2015 - August 2016) in the Western Baltic Sea (Kiel Fijord), using outdoor mesocosms. Two treatments were applied: Ambient temperature regime (Ambient) and Ambient + 3.6C (Heat) over the entire course of the experiment. Temperature regimes were compared to the 22-year temperature average in the area. This dataset shows daily values of salinity in each benthocosms and in the adjacent fjord. Benthocosms A1, A2, C1, C2, E1, E2 = Heat; Benthocosms B1, B2, D1, D2, F1, F2 = Ambient.

Description: This study simulated a 9-months warming scenario on the common seagrass Zostera marina from winter into summer (December 2015 - August 2016) in the Western Baltic Sea (Kiel Fijord), using outdoor mesocosms. Two treatments were applied: Ambient temperature regime (Ambient) and Ambient + 3.6C (Heat) over the entire course of the experiment. Temperature regimes were compared to the 22-year temperature average in the area. This dataset shows monthly or bi-monthly measurements taken of each shoot: Number of shoots [no. per box], Number of new shoots at counting event [no. per box], number of new shoots per month [no. per box per month], and number of flowering shoots [no. per box]. Derived data in %: Number of shoots [% of original shoots], number of new shoots [% of original shoots], number of flowering shoots [% of original shoots]. The organization of the data is hierarchical: Treatment (Heat, Ambient), Benthocosms number (6 benthocosms per treatment), Seagrass box number (4 boxes per benthocosm), shoot number (originally 6 shoots per box, some were lost throughout the experiment).

Description: In Gobabeb, Namibia SWD, LWD and DIR are each measured redundant with two instruments of the same make (not in this data base). The differences between the pairs are used in the quality control. This is done manually by inspecting plots of half-day diurnal courses of the pairs and their differences. Values are removed mostly in the morning due to daily cleaning. Other reasons for larger differences are birds, insects, or people at the station. There are regular fog events varying in frequency over the year. Usually, the fog appears in the second half of the night and disappears a few hours after sunrise. The case temperatures of pyrgeometers practically never drop below dewpoint but there can be water deposition of the dome.

Description: In Gobabeb, Namibia SWD, LWD and DIR are each measured redundant with two instruments of the same make (not in this data base). The differences between the pairs are used in the quality control. This is done manually by inspecting plots of half-day diurnal courses of the pairs and their differences. Values are removed mostly in the morning due to daily cleaning. Other reasons for larger differences are birds, insects, or people at the station. There are regular fog events varying in frequency over the year. Usually, the fog appears in the second half of the night and disappears a few hours after sunrise. The case temperatures of pyrgeometers practically never drop below dewpoint but there can be water deposition of the dome.

Description: This study simulated a 9-months warming scenario on the common seagrass Zostera marina from winter into summer (December 2015 - August 2016) in the Western Baltic Sea (Kiel Fijord), using outdoor mesocosms. Two treatments were applied: Ambient temperature regime (Ambient) and Ambient + 3.6C (Heat) over the entire course of the experiment. Temperature regimes were compared to the 22-year temperature average in the area. This dataset shows continues temperature data for each benthocosm and the adjacent fjord. Benthocosms A1, A2, C1, C2, E1, E2 = Heat; Benthocosms B1, B2, D1, D2, F1, F2 = Ambient.

Description: This study simulated a 9-months warming scenario on the common seagrass Zostera marina from winter into summer (December 2015 - August 2016) in the Western Baltic Sea (Kiel Fijord), using outdoor mesocosms. Two treatments were applied: Ambient temperature regime (Ambient) and Ambient + 3.6C (Heat) over the entire course of the experiment. Temperature regimes were compared to the 22-year temperature average in the area. This dataset shows monthly or bi-monthly measurements taken of each shoot: Growth [cm per day], time to grow new leaf (PL, [days]), lenghts of 3rd leaf [cm] and number of green leaves [no. per shoot]. The organization of the data is hierarchical: Treatment (Heat, Ambient), Benthocosms number (6 benthocosms per treatment), Seagrass box number (4 boxes per benthocosm), shoot number (originally 6 shoots per box, some were lost throughout the experiment).

Description: A literature retrieval was performed for whole rock geochemical analyses of sedimentary, magmatic and metamorphic rocks in the catchment of River Thuringian Saale for the past 600 Ma. Considering availability and coincidence with paleontological an facies data the following indicators seem suitable to detect environmental and climatic changes: biogenic P for Paleoproductivity, STI Index for weathering intensity, Ni/Co-ratio for redox conditions, relative enrichments of Co, Ba and Rb versus crustal values for volcanic activity at varying differentiation. The Mg/Ca-ratio as proxy for salinity is applicable in evaporites. The binary plot Nb/Y versus Zr/TiO2 indicates a presently eroded volcanic level of the Bohemian Massif as catchment area for the Middle Bunter, whereas higly differentiated volcanics provided source material for Neoproterozoic greywackes. A positive Eu-anomaly is limited to the Lower Bunter and implies mafic source rocks perhaps formerly located in the Bohemian Massif.

Description: In Gobabeb, Namibia SWD, LWD and DIR are each measured redundant with two instruments of the same make (not in this data base). The differences between the pairs are used in the quality control. This is done manually by inspecting plots of half-day diurnal courses of the pairs and their differences. Values are removed mostly in the morning due to daily cleaning. Other reasons for larger differences are birds, insects, or people at the station. There are regular fog events varying in frequency over the year. Usually, the fog appears in the second half of the night and disappears a few hours after sunrise. The case temperatures of pyrgeometers practically never drop below dewpoint but there can be water deposition of the dome.

Description: This study simulated a 9-months warming scenario on the common seagrass Zostera marina from winter into summer (December 2015 - August 2016) in the Western Baltic Sea (Kiel Fijord), using outdoor mesocosms. Two treatments were applied: Ambient temperature regime (Ambient) and Ambient + 3.6C (Heat) over the entire course of the experiment. Temperature regimes were compared to the 22-year temperature average in the area. This dataset shows concentration of dissolved oxygen per treatment (Ambient, Heat) as the mean and confidence interval (CI) across all benthcosms per treatment (n=6).

Description: This study simulated a 9-months warming scenario on the common seagrass Zostera marina from winter into summer (December 2015 - August 2016) in the Western Baltic Sea (Kiel Fijord), using outdoor mesocosms. Two treatments were applied: Ambient temperature regime (Ambient) and Ambient + 3.6C (Heat) over the entire course of the experiment. Temperature regimes were compared to the 22-year temperature average in the area. This dataset shows monthly chlorophyll-a and beta-carotene concentration of one shoot per box. Unit is µg per mg of leaf dry weight. The organization of the data is hierarchical: Treatment (Heat, Ambient), Benthocosms number (6 benthocosms per treatment), Seagrass box number (4 boxes per benthocosm).

Description: Samples for nutrient concentrations in sea ice were collected during the Polarstern expedition PS106.1. The ice drift expedition took place between 4 - 15 June 2017, north of Svalbard (Macke and Flores, 2018). Sea ice cores were collected using a Kovacs Mark II 9cm drill ice corer. In all ice stations, the first ice core was used for in situ ice temperature measurements, and the second one for methane concentration, stable carbon isotopic signature of methane, bulk ice salinity and nutrient concentrations (Verdugo et al., 2021). Nutrient concentrations in bulk ice (nitrate+nitrite, phosphate, silicate, nitrite, and ammonia) were analyzed on a four channel SEAL Analytical nutrient AutoAnalyzer 3 (AA3, Grasshoff et al., 1983).

Description: In Gobabeb, Namibia SWD, LWD and DIR are each measured redundant with two instruments of the same make (not in this data base). The differences between the pairs are used in the quality control. This is done manually by inspecting plots of half-day diurnal courses of the pairs and their differences. Values are removed mostly in the morning due to daily cleaning. Other reasons for larger differences are birds, insects, or people at the station. There are regular fog events varying in frequency over the year. Usually, the fog appears in the second half of the night and disappears a few hours after sunrise. The case temperatures of pyrgeometers practically never drop below dewpoint but there can be water deposition of the dome.

Description: In Gobabeb, Namibia SWD, LWD and DIR are each measured redundant with two instruments of the same make (not in this data base). The differences between the pairs are used in the quality control. This is done manually by inspecting plots of half-day diurnal courses of the pairs and their differences. Values are removed mostly in the morning due to daily cleaning. Other reasons for larger differences are birds, insects, or people at the station. There are regular fog events varying in frequency over the year. Usually, the fog appears in the second half of the night and disappears a few hours after sunrise. The case temperatures of pyrgeometers practically never drop below dewpoint but there can be water deposition of the dome.

Description: This study simulated a 9-months warming scenario on the common seagrass Zostera marina from winter into summer (December 2015 - August 2016) in the Western Baltic Sea (Kiel Fijord), using outdoor mesocosms. Two treatments were applied: Ambient temperature regime (Ambient) and Ambient + 3.6C (Heat) over the entire course of the experiment. Temperature regimes were compared to the 22-year temperature average in the area. This dataset shows concentrations of NO2+NO3, NH4, PO4 of each treatment (Ambient, Heat) as the mean and confidence interval (CI) across all benthocosms per treatment (n=6).