ALBERT

Description: The present review of published data as well as the new results demonstrate the versatility of conodonts in documenting and explaining global environmental fluctuations related to the Kačák Episode (KE) in the latest Eifelian. Although the conodont zonation of the KE interval is ambiguous and requires revision, the compilation of conodont stratigraphic ranges shows their potential for a precise worldwide correlation of relevant marine strata. Conodont biofacies may serve to document environmental changes connected with KE, in particular the sealevel rise at its beginning, followed by a regressive trend. Nevertheless, the familiar Icriodus/Polygnathus ratio should be carefully applied as an indication of water depth and nearshore vs. offshore position, being controlled also by other factors, such as paleolatitude and/or climate. Oxygen isotopes in conodont apatite, studied using secondary ion mass spectrometry technique evidence a warming at the onset of KE, based on the new data from the open marine facies of the Prague Basin. At the same time, they indicated climate-controlled salinity fluctuations in the epeiric Belarusian Basin. The present investigations as well as previous results suggest caution when analyzing thermally altered conodonts which may result in biased oxygen isotope signatures. The present experience suggests the conodont colour alteration index CAI 3 as a boundary value above which the caution is necessary.

Description: This paper investigates the potential of performing orbit determination directly in the Earth-fixed frame based on Inter-Satellite Ranging (ISR) measurements as primary observables, combined with Ground-to-Satellite Ranging (GSR) measurements from a small regional ground network. Current Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs) use L-band pseudo-range and carrier phase measurements from global or regional ground station networks to perform dynamic Orbit Determination and Time Synchronization (ODTS), whereas sparse Satellite Laser Ranging measurements are mainly used for validation. Future GNSSs may be equipped with inter-satellite links (ISLs) to enable inter-satellite clock offset estimation, ranging and data relay. These capabilities carry the potential to significantly improve ODTS procedures. In this work, we assume a fully connected constellation via pair-wise ISLs, with measurement topology assigned by appropriate link schedulers. The satellite orbits are parametrized with the standard 15 Galileo broadcast perturbed Keplerian elements, estimated by using ISR and GSR measurements. This processing strategy eliminates the complex modeling of gravitational and non-gravitational forces, making it particularly suitable for on-board applications and offering an alternative to classical GNSS orbit determination processing architectures. The proposed orbit determination scheme can be used in case of a ground segment failure as a back-up procedure to estimate the orbits of the GNSS satellites onboard of each satellite and guaranteeing a continuous navigation message generation for the system users. The performance of the proposed method depends on a number of factors, such as the length of the data fitting interval, the measurement quality (precision and accuracy), the scheduling and geometry of ISR and GSR measurements, the number and distribution of ground stations, and the accuracy of the ground station coordinates. Preliminary results show that an orbit-only Signal-in-Space Range Error (SiSRE) in the order of 7–9 cm can be obtained by processing 2 to 3 h data with a limited set of supporting ground stations. In this study, the orbit determination scheme proposed is tested on different scenarios, providing a first assessment of attainable performance.

Description: Here we present the concentrations of inorganic nutrients, dissolved organic carbon, nitrogen and phophorus and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) from discrete water samples collected with a CTD-rosette during the European Iron Fertilization Experiment (EIFEX). The experiment was carried out from February 11 to March 20, 2004 in the 60-km diameter, rotating core of an eddy, formed by a meander of the Antarctic Polar Front (centred at around 49°10' S and 2°10' E). Samples were taken within the eddy inside and outside the fertilized patch, and in a few cases outside the eddy. Inorganic nutrients (silicate, phosphate, nitrate, nitrite and ammonium) were measured with a Technicon Autoanalyser II system using standard methods. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was determined by high temperature combustion using a TOC-VCPH/CPN (Shimadzu) according to Skoog et al. (1997). Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) was measured on an Evolution continuous flow analyser (Alliance Instruments) after Valderrama (1981). Dissolved inorganic carbon was measured by coulometric titration (Johnson et al., 1987) using a SOMMA system with gas loop calibration with a reproducibility of 2 mmol/kg. DIC was calibrated against certified reference materials from Andrew Dickson at Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO).

Description: Raw data acquired by two thermosalinographs (SBE21, SeaBird GmbH) on board RV Polarstern were processed to yield a calibrated and validated data set of temperature, conductivity and salinity during expedition PS122/4. Both sensors were equipped with a more accurate external temperature sensor (SBE38, Sea-Bird GmbH). Data were downloaded from the DAVIS SHIP data base (https://dship.awi.de) with a resolution of 1 sec. The raw hex data were converted to temperature and conductivity while a sensor drift correction was applied using calibration coefficients from before and after the expedition. Salinity was calculated according to the instructions from the Practical Salinity Scale PSS-78, using the obtained (internal) temperature and conductivity data and a pressure of 11 dbar which represents the water depth of the inlet of the TSG system on Polarstern. Processed data are provided as 10min means of salinity and water temperature aligned with position data taken from master track of the respective cruise. A speed filter was not applied to the PS122 dataset because of the slow drift speed. This slow movement may lead to an overestimation of the mixed-layer temperature; in particular, small heat fluxes from the ship may raise the temperature in adjacent water in the lee, i.e. during times of drift in the direction opposite to the TSG inlet. The effect is expected to be small, but can potentially be higher than the accuracy of the temperature measurement. Further details and evaluation of the data is outlined in the data processing report found at the EPIC repository under URL (https://hdl.handle.net/10013/epic.7fffb528-06bd-48ae-8489-cea0444c4eab).

Description: Raw data acquired by two thermosalinographs (SBE21, SeaBird GmbH) on board RV Polarstern were processed to yield a calibrated and validated data set of temperature, conductivity and salinity during expedition PS122/2. Both sensors were equipped with a more accurate external temperature sensor (SBE38, Sea-Bird GmbH). Data were downloaded from the DAVIS SHIP data base (https://dship.awi.de) with a resolution of 1 sec. The raw hex data were converted to temperature and conductivity while a sensor drift correction was applied using calibration coefficients from before and after the expedition. Salinity was calculated according to the instructions from the Practical Salinity Scale PSS-78, using the obtained (internal) temperature and conductivity data and a pressure of 11 dbar which represents the water depth of the inlet of the TSG system on Polarstern. Processed data are provided as 10min means of salinity and water temperature aligned with position data taken from master track of the respective cruise. A speed filter was not applied to the PS122 dataset because of the slow drift speed. This slow movement may lead to an overestimation of the mixed-layer temperature; in particular, small heat fluxes from the ship may raise the temperature in adjacent water in the lee, i.e. during times of drift in the direction opposite to the TSG inlet. The effect is expected to be small, but can potentially be higher than the accuracy of the temperature measurement. Further details and evaluation of the data is outlined in the data processing report found at the EPIC repository under URL (https://hdl.handle.net/10013/epic.7fffb528-06bd-48ae-8489-cea0444c4eab).

Description: Raw data acquired by two thermosalinographs (SBE21, SeaBird GmbH) on board RV Polarstern were processed to yield a calibrated and validated data set of temperature, conductivity and salinity during expedition PS122/1. Both sensors were equipped with a more accurate external temperature sensor (SBE38, Sea-Bird GmbH). Data were downloaded from the DAVIS SHIP data base (https://dship.awi.de) with a resolution of 1 sec. The raw hex data were converted to temperature and conductivity while a sensor drift correction was applied using calibration coefficients from before and after the expedition. Salinity was calculated according to the instructions from the Practical Salinity Scale PSS-78, using the obtained (internal) temperature and conductivity data and a pressure of 11 dbar which represents the water depth of the inlet of the TSG system on Polarstern. Processed data are provided as 10min means of salinity and water temperature aligned with position data taken from master track of the respective cruise. A speed filter was not applied to the PS122 dataset because of the slow drift speed. This slow movement may lead to an overestimation of the mixed-layer temperature; in particular, small heat fluxes from the ship may raise the temperature in adjacent water in the lee, i.e. during times of drift in the direction opposite to the TSG inlet. The effect is expected to be small, but can potentially be higher than the accuracy of the temperature measurement. Further details and evaluation of the data is outlined in the data processing report found at the EPIC repository under URL (https://hdl.handle.net/10013/epic.7fffb528-06bd-48ae-8489-cea0444c4eab).

Description: At the end of the summer 2021, an increase in CO2 emissions at Vulcano brought to an increase in the alert level and, as a consequence, to the upgrade of the monitoring activities by increasing the number of instruments deployed and the rate of the surveys. One of the new devices installed was a geodetic GNSS mobile network for a Real-Time and High-Frequency monitoring of ground deformation, to increase the detail with respect to the existing permanent network. The whole dataset provided here, consists of 1022 files for a total of 13GB of GNSS RINEX raw data. The GNSS data archive is organized in 4 folders, one for each station, named with the site abbreviation (namely, VCAM, VCOA, VCST and VPRT). Within each folder, there are all the raw data files for that station, one for each day of acquisition. Names of the files are structured following the RINEX 3 standard, the first 4 digits being the station code, that is an S and the last 3 digits of the receiver serial number. The date of acquisition is given by the 11 digits in the central part of the name, in the format YYYYDDDHHMM; namely, 4 digits for the year, followed by 3 digits for the day of the year (from 1 to 365 or 366 for leap years) and then 2 digits for the hour and 2 for the minute of the starting time.

Description: At the end of the summer 2021, an increase in CO2 emissions at Vulcano brought to an increase in the alert level and, as a consequence, to the upgrade of the monitoring activities by increasing the number of instruments deployed and the rate of the surveys. One of the new devices installed was a geodetic GNSS mobile network for a Real-Time and High-Frequency monitoring of ground deformation, to increase the detail with respect to the existing permanent network. The whole dataset provided here, consists of 1022 files for a total of 13GB of GNSS RINEX raw data. The GNSS data archive is organized in 4 folders, one for each station, named with the site abbreviation (namely, VCAM, VCOA, VCST and VPRT). Within each folder, there are all the raw data files for that station, one for each day of acquisition. Names of the files are structured following the RINEX 3 standard, the first 4 digits being the station code, that is an S and the last 3 digits of the receiver serial number. The date of acquisition is given by the 11 digits in the central part of the name, in the format YYYYDDDHHMM; namely, 4 digits for the year, followed by 3 digits for the day of the year (from 1 to 365 or 366 for leap years) and then 2 digits for the hour and 2 for the minute of the starting time.

Description: Raw data acquired by two thermosalinographs (SBE21, SeaBird GmbH) on board RV Polarstern were processed to yield a calibrated and validated data set of temperature, conductivity and salinity during expedition PS122/5. Both sensors were equipped with a more accurate external temperature sensor (SBE38, Sea-Bird GmbH). Data were downloaded from the DAVIS SHIP data base (https://dship.awi.de) with a resolution of 1 sec. The raw hex data were converted to temperature and conductivity while a sensor drift correction was applied using calibration coefficients from before and after the expedition. Salinity was calculated according to the instructions from the Practical Salinity Scale PSS-78, using the obtained (internal) temperature and conductivity data and a pressure of 11 dbar which represents the water depth of the inlet of the TSG system on Polarstern. Processed data are provided as 10min means of salinity and water temperature aligned with position data taken from master track of the respective cruise. A speed filter was not applied to the PS122 dataset because of the slow drift speed. This slow movement may lead to an overestimation of the mixed-layer temperature; in particular, small heat fluxes from the ship may raise the temperature in adjacent water in the lee, i.e. during times of drift in the direction opposite to the TSG inlet. The effect is expected to be small, but can potentially be higher than the accuracy of the temperature measurement. Further details and evaluation of the data is outlined in the data processing report found at the EPIC repository under URL (https://hdl.handle.net/10013/epic.7fffb528-06bd-48ae-8489-cea0444c4eab).

Description: At the end of the summer 2021, an increase in CO2 emissions at Vulcano brought to an increase in the alert level and, as a consequence, to the upgrade of the monitoring activities by increasing the number of instruments deployed and the rate of the surveys. One of the new devices installed was a geodetic GNSS mobile network for a Real-Time and High-Frequency monitoring of ground deformation, to increase the detail with respect to the existing permanent network. The whole dataset provided here, consists of 1022 files for a total of 13GB of GNSS RINEX raw data. The GNSS data archive is organized in 4 folders, one for each station, named with the site abbreviation (namely, VCAM, VCOA, VCST and VPRT). Within each folder, there are all the raw data files for that station, one for each day of acquisition. Names of the files are structured following the RINEX 3 standard, the first 4 digits being the station code, that is an S and the last 3 digits of the receiver serial number. The date of acquisition is given by the 11 digits in the central part of the name, in the format YYYYDDDHHMM; namely, 4 digits for the year, followed by 3 digits for the day of the year (from 1 to 365 or 366 for leap years) and then 2 digits for the hour and 2 for the minute of the starting time.