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  • ASFA_2015::T::Taxonomy  (5)
  • Boundary currents  (3)
  • Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.  (5)
  • American Meteorological Society  (3)
  • Oxford University Press
  • Public Library of Science (PLoS)
  • Springer Nature
  • 2020-2023  (8)
  • 2020  (8)
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  • Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.  (5)
  • American Meteorological Society  (3)
  • Oxford University Press
  • Public Library of Science (PLoS)
  • Springer Nature
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  • 2020-2023  (8)
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  • 1
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-07-05
    Description: Although several studies have dealt with the description of morphological characters in Cichlidae, usually aiming for phylogenetic inference, little attention has been given to their musculature. The complete striated musculature of a cichlid species, Geophagus sveni Lucinda, Lucena & Assis, was described for the first time, with illustrations of all muscles and a protocol for the dissection of specimens. The striated musculature of at least of species of each genus in tribe Geophagini, among other cichlids, was compared, and 98 characters were described with the purpose of analysing their relation with the group’s phylogeny. This character matrix was employed to produce two unconstrained phylogenetic analyses, one weighted and the other unweighted. The myological characters were mapped upon a pre-existing phylogenetic hypothesis, for understanding the correlation among the characters and trophic specialisations of each taxon. The conclusion is that Geophagini specialised in sifting substrate (winnowers) tend to present a few convergent adaptations, manifested in the shape and degree of development of muscles such as adductor mandibulae, levator arcus palatini, dilatator operculi, adductor branchialis 1 and obliqui ventrales 1–2. This study facilitates future investigations on the functions of the striated muscles in fishes and their role in the processes of adaptive radiation, i.e., functional diversification.
    Description: Apesar de diversos estudos terem tratado da descrição de caracteres morfológicos em Cichlidae, geralmente para fins de inferência filogenética, muito pouco se estudou sobre sua musculatura. Descreveu-se, pela primeira vez, a musculatura estriada completa de uma espécie de ciclídeo, Geophagus sveni Lucinda, Lucena & Assis, com ilustrações de todos os músculos e um protocolo para a dissecção de exemplares. Comparou-se a musculatura esquelética de pelo menos uma espécie de cada gênero da tribo Geophagini, dentre outros ciclídeos, e descreveram-se 98 caracteres com o propósito de analisar sua relação com a filogenia do grupo. Essa matriz de caracteres foi empregada para produzir duas análises filogenéticas sem restrição, uma com pesagem e outra sem pesagem. Mapearam-se os caracteres miológicos sobre uma hipótese filogenética pré-existente, para a compreensão da correlação entre os caracteres e as especializações tróficas de cada táxon. Conclui-se que os Geophagini especializados em peneirar o substrato (winnowers) tendem a apresentar algumas adaptações convergentes, manifestadas na forma e no grau de desenvolvimento de músculos como adductor mandibulae, levator arcus palatini, dilatator operculi, adductor branchialis 1 e obliqui ventrales 1–2. Este estudo possibilita futuras investigações acerca das funções dos músculos estriados em peixes e seu papel nos processos de irradiação adaptativa, i.e., diversificação funcional.
    Description: PhD
    Keywords: Geophagini (Acanthopterygii, Cichlidae) “cará” ; Peixes de água doce ; Filogenia ; Morfologia ; Musculatura esquelética ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater fish ; ASFA_2015::T::Taxonomy ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::M::Morphology (organisms) ; ASFA_2015::P::Phylogeny ; ASFA_2015::M::Musculoskeletal system
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 234pp.
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  • 2
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-06-28
    Description: In Neotropical rivers the predation by fish and the structuring of the habitat by macrophytes influence the dynamics of the zooplankton community, altering the richness and composition of species and the richness and functional composition of the zooplankton and thus the functioning of the ecosystem. We analyzed the influence of macrophytes bank structure and predation by forage fish species on taxonomic and functional zooplankton diversity, estimated by different diversity indices (taxonomic and functional richness, taxonomic beta diversity and functional beta diversity). Thus, we assume that different levels of macrophytes structure and fish predation will alter the taxonomic and functional composition of the zooplankton (alpha and beta) between the analyzed points. Beta diversity was split into two distinct components, turnover and nesting. The zooplankton species richness was positively associated with the macrophytes richness and the macrophytes diversity. In turn, the functional richness of zooplankton had a positive association with fish richness and macrophytes richness. For the variation of total taxonomic beta diversity of zooplankton, the Generalized Dissimilarity Modeling (GDM) explained 32.58% of the total among the predictor variables. The macrophytes biomass represented the taxonomic turnover. The variation in total functional beta diversity of the zooplankton explained 9.98% by the GDM model. The abundance of fish represented the functional nesting. Macrophytes structure represented the taxonomic components and predation represented the functional components. The limnological heterogeneity of the coastal region of the Bay River made possible the colonization by multispecies macrophytes banks, influencing the alteration of the fish and zooplankton community and the more heterogeneous the environmental conditions, the greater is the capacity of colonization of different species, which can present different functional traits. The results indicate the importance of maintaining heterogeneous locations, the need to preserve the tributaries in river floodplain systems as they serve as nursery for fish spawning and contribute to a greater richness of fish, which causes an increase in the functional diversity of zooplankton.
    Description: Em rios neotropicais a predação por peixes e a estruturação do habitat por macrófitas influenciam na dinâmica da comunidade zooplanctônica, alterando a riqueza e composição de espécies e a riqueza e composição funcional do zooplâncton e, assim, o funcionamento do ecossistema. Analisou-se a influência da estruturação dos bancos de macrófitas e a predação por espécies de peixes forrageiras sobre a diversidade taxonômica e funcional zooplanctônica, estimadas por diferentes índices de diversidade (riqueza taxonômica e funcional, diversidade beta taxonômica e diversidade beta funcional). Assim, supõe-se que diferentes níveis de estruturação por macrófitas e predação por peixes alterarão a composição taxonômica e funcional do zooplâncton (alfa e beta) entre os pontos analisados. A diversidade beta foi particionada em dois componentes distintos, o turnover e o aninhamento. A riqueza de espécies do zooplâncton associou-se de forma positiva com a riqueza de macrófitas e a diversidade de macrófitas. Por sua vez, a riqueza funcional do zooplâncton teve associação positiva com a riqueza de peixes e a riqueza de macrófitas. Para a variação da diversidade beta total taxonômica do zooplâncton, a Modelagem de Dissimilaridade Generalizada (GDM) explicou 32,58% do total dentre as variáveis preditoras. A biomassa de macrófitas representou o turnover taxonômico. A variação da diversidade beta total funcional do zooplâncton, explicou 9,98% pelo modelo da GDM. A abundância de peixes representou o aninhamento funcional. A estruturação por macrófitas representou os componentes taxonômicos e a predação representou os componentes funcionais. A heterogeneidade limnológica da região litorânea do rio Baía possibilitou a colonização por bancos de macrófitas multiespecíficos, influenciando na alteração da comunidade de peixes e de zooplâncton e quanto mais heterogêneas as condições ambientais, maior é a capacidade de colonização de diferentes espécies, que podem apresentar distintos traços funcionais. Os resultados indicam a importância da manutenção de locais heterogêneos, a necessidade de preservação dos tributários em sistemas rio-planície de inundação por servirem como berçário para desova de peixes e contribuir para uma maior riqueza de peixes, o que causa um aumento na diversidade funcional do zooplâncton.
    Description: Masters
    Keywords: Zooplâncton de água doce ; Riqueza taxonômica e funcional ; Diversidade beta ; Taxonomic richness ; Functional richness ; Beta diversity ; Nestedness ; Turnover ; Comunidades, Ecologia de ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::Y::Zooplankton ; ASFA_2015::M::Macrophytes ; ASFA_2015::T::Taxonomy ; ASFA_2015::C::Communities (ecological) ; ASFA_2015::P::Predation
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 49pp.
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2020. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 50(4), (2020): 887-905, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-19-0110.1.
    Description: The Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) encounters the Galápagos Archipelago on the equator as it flows eastward across the Pacific. The impact of the Galápagos Archipelago on the EUC in the eastern equatorial Pacific remains largely unknown. In this study, the path of the EUC as it reaches the Galápagos Archipelago is measured directly using high-resolution observations obtained by autonomous underwater gliders. Gliders were deployed along three lines that define a closed region with the Galápagos Archipelago as the eastern boundary and 93°W from 2°S to 2°N as the western boundary. Twelve transects were simultaneously occupied along the three lines during 52 days in April–May 2016. Analysis of individual glider transects and average sections along each line show that the EUC splits around the Galápagos Archipelago. Velocity normal to the transects is used to estimate net horizontal volume transport into the volume. Downward integration of the net horizontal transport profile provides an estimate of the time- and areal-averaged vertical velocity profile over the 52-day time period. Local maxima in vertical velocity occur at depths of 25 and 280 m with magnitudes of (1.7 ± 0.6) × 10−5 m s−1 and (8.0 ± 1.6) × 10−5 m s−1, respectively. Volume transport as a function of salinity indicates that water crossing 93°W south (north) of 0.4°S tends to flow around the south (north) side of the Galápagos Archipelago. Comparisons are made between previous observational and modeling studies with differences attributed to effects of the strong 2015/16 El Niño event, the annual cycle of local winds, and varying longitudes between studies of the equatorial Pacific.
    Description: This work was supported by National Science Foundation (Grants OCE-1232971 and OCE-1233282) and the NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowship Program (Grant 80NSSC17K0443).
    Keywords: Tropics ; Boundary currents ; Topographic effects ; Transport ; Upwelling/downwelling ; In situ oceanic observations
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 4
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-09-02
    Description: Several studies have presented phylogeny of Geophagini based on morphological and molecular characters; however, neuroanatomical characters have not been explored for the tribe yet. Fish encephalon shows interspecific morphological variation, even in related groups, and can be used to build cladograms. The phylogeny of Geophagini is presented using the neuroanatomical characters mapped on a previous cladogram. This approach showed how the encephalon of Geophagini species have diversified among clades and how ecological features of some species can be related to changes (increase or decrease) of a particular structure. The morphological description of the encephalon of Geophagus sveni was also performed, with an illustration of the major encephalon structures and the origin of the cranial nerves, as well as a comparison of the morphometric differences between males and females.
    Description: Diversos estudos apresentaram a filogenia de Geophagini com base em caracteres morfológicos e moleculares, entretanto, caracteres neuroanatômicos ainda não foram explorados para a tribo. Os cérebros de peixes apresentam variação morfológica interespecífica, mesmo em grupos aparentados, podendo ser utilizados para construção de cladogramas. A filogenia de Geophagini é apresentada com a utilização dos caracteres neuroanatômicos mapeados sobre um cladograma prévio. Esta abordagem evidenciou como o encéfalo de Geophagini se diversificou entre os clados e como características ecológicas de cada espécie podem estar relacionados com modificações (aumento ou diminuição) de uma estrutura em particular. Foi realizada também a descrição morfológica do encéfalo de Geophagus sveni, com ilustração das principais estruturas do encéfalo e origem dos nervos cranianos, assim como a comparação das diferenças morfométricas entre machos e fêmeas.
    Description: Masters
    Keywords: Geophagini (Cichliformes: Cichlidae: Cichlinae) ; Filogenia ; Encéfalo ; Morfologia ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater fish ; ASFA_2015::P::Phylogeny ; ASFA_2015::M::Morphology (organisms) ; ASFA_2015::B::Brain ; ASFA_2015::A::Anatomical structures ; ASFA_2015::T::Taxonomy
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 137pp.
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  • 5
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-09-02
    Description: Biodiversity encompasses multiple aspects or facets changing in space and time. Before a loss of biodiversity in response to anthropogenic impacts it is of the utmost importance to determine what facets of biodiversity are altered and the determinants of such changes. By using information from species abundance, their evolutionary relatedness, and ecological traits we determine how the dissimilarity in composition of fish communities is influenced by temporal changes in land use and changes in environmental heterogeneity across space. In the first approach, we can see that changes in land use over time affected mainly the substitution of evolutionary lineages and functional traits. In the second approach, we find evidence of taxonomic and functional homogenization over time, likely following a decrease in diversity of traits related to habitat use. Furthermore, we found that ecological traits contributed differently to the changes in functional composition as well in their response to environmental heterogeneity. These results support recently evidence showing that anthropogenic impacts are driving changes in biological communities through a taxonomic and functional homogenization.
    Description: A biodiversidade está constituída por múltiplos aspectos ou facetas que mudam no espaço e tempo. Ante um cenário de perda de diversidade em resposta a impactos antropogênicos é urgente determinar quais aspectos da biodiversidade estão sendo alterados e os determinantes de tais mudanças. Usando informação de abundância de espécies, suas relações evolutivas e características ecológicas, determinamos como dissimilaridade da composição entre comunidades de peixes é influenciada por mudanças no uso da terra ao longo do tempo e mudanças da heterogeneidade ambiental no espaço. Na primeira abordagem, podemos ver que ao longo do tempo as mudanças no uso da terra afetam principalmente a substituição de linhagens evolutivas e características ecológicas. Na segunda abordagem, encontramos evidência de que as comunidades estão sendo homogeneizadas taxonômica e funcionalmente ao longo do tempo, provavelmente devido à perda de diversidade em características relacionadas ao uso de habitat. Ademais, encontramos que as características ecológicas contribuem de forma diferente para as mudanças na composição funcional e apresentam diferenças na resposta à heterogeneidade ambiental. Esses resultados suportam evidências de que impactos antropogênicos estão levando a mudanças nas comunidades biológicas, as quais estão tendendo a perder diversidade mediante homogeneização taxonômica e funcional
    Description: PhD
    Keywords: Peixes de água doce ; Comunidades, Ecologia de ; Impactos ambientais antropogênicos ; Mudanças espaciais e temporais ; Diversidades funcional e filogenética ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater fish ; ASFA_2015::C::Communities (ecological) ; ASFA_2015::L::Land use ; ASFA_2015::P::Phylogenetics ; ASFA_2015::F::Functional analysis ; ASFA_2015::E::Ecological diversity ; ASFA_2015::T::Temporal variations ; ASFA_2015::T::Taxonomy ; ASFA_2015::E::Environmental impact
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 89pp.
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  • 6
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-07-04
    Description: We evaluated the effects of El Niño Southern Oscillation in the fish assemblages of the upper Paraná River floodplain. Specifically, we tested if: (i) reservoirs regulate ENSO effects on the hydrometric level in the rivers that compose the plain (Rio Paraná – intensely dammed and Rio Ivinhema – not dammed); (ii) ENSO events influence the structure of the fish assemblages of the study rivers; and that (iii) the hydrometric level and the ENSO events will act synergistically on the structure of the fish assemblage of the Rio Paraná and Rio Ivinhema. ENSO data was gathered at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), using as proxy the “Oceanic Niño Index” (ONI). Water level data were gathered from the hydrological stations located in the sampled area. Fish samplings were carried out quarterly between the years 2000 and 2018. In general, ENSO events were correlated with the hydrometric level of the Rio Paraná and Rio Ivinhema, but with lower correlation for the Rio Paraná, probably due to the effects of dams upstream the plain. The fish assemblages of the Rio Paraná and Rio Ivinhema presented distinct structures, and the ENSO events appeared to influence this differentiation. Migratory species were negatively correlated with ONI, but the greatest abundances were found one year after the events of El Niño ("Lag" of one year). Higher values of the attributes of the fish assemblages were recorded for the Rio Ivinhema, in all events of ENSO (La Niña, Neutral and El Niño), probably because it presents more pristine conditions. The hydrometric level and the ENSO events act synergistically, but distinctively in the study rivers, which should be related to their degree of impacts. Thus, the influence of ENSO in the studied area is apparently minimized, especially in the Rio Paraná, due to the flow control imposed by dams located upstream of the area.
    Description: Avaliou-se os efeitos do El Niño Oscilação Sul (El Niño Southern Oscillation-ENSO) nas assembleias de peixes da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná. Especificamente, foram testados: (i) os reservatórios minimizam os efeitos do ENSO no nível hidrométrico nos rios que compõem a planície (rios Paraná - intensamente represado e Ivinhema - não represado); (ii) os eventos ENSO influenciam a estrutura das assembleias de peixes dos rios estudados; (iii) o nível hidrométrico e os eventos ENSO atuam sinergicamente na estrutura da assembleia de peixes dos rios Paraná e Ivinhema. Coletaram-se os dados do ENSO no National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), utilizando como proxy o "Índice Niño Oceânico" (Oceanic Niño Index-ONI). Os dados do nível hidrométrico foram coletados nas estações fluviométricas localizadas na área de estudo. As amostragens de peixes transcorreram trimestralmente entre os anos 2000 e 2018. Em geral, os eventos ENSO correlacionaram-se com o nível hidrométrico dos rios Paraná e Ivinhema, mas com menor correlação para o rio Paraná, provavelmente devido aos efeitos de barragens a montante da planície. As assembleias de peixes dos respectivos rios apresentaram estruturas distintas, e os eventos ENSO pareciam influenciar essa diferenciação. As espécies migradoras possuem correlação negativa com o ONI, mas com registro de maiores abundâncias um ano após os eventos de El Niño ("Lag" de um ano). Maiores valores de riqueza e abundancia total de espécies registradas para o rio Ivinhema, em todos os eventos do ENSO (La Niña, Neutro e El Niño), provavelmente por apresentar condições mais pristinas. O nível hidrométrico e os eventos do ENSO atuam sinergicamente, mas de maneira distinta nos rios estudados, o que deve estar relacionado ao grau de impacto antrópico. Assim, a influência do ENSO na área de estudo é aparentemente minimizada, principalmente no rio Paraná, devido ao controle de vazão imposto por barragens localizadas a montante da área.
    Description: Masters
    Keywords: Peixes de água doce, Assembleia de ; El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) ; Diversidade taxonômica ; Mudanças climáticas ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater fish ; ASFA_2015::A::Assemblages ; ASFA_2015::E::El Nino phenomena ; ASFA_2015::C::Climatic changes ; ASFA_2015::T::Taxonomy
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 41pp.
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2020. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 50(5),(2020): 1227-1244, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-19-0280.1.
    Description: The Nordic seas are commonly described as a single basin to investigate their dynamics and sensitivity to environmental changes when using a theoretical framework. Here, we introduce a conceptual model for a two-basin marginal sea that better represents the Nordic seas geometry. In our conceptual model, the marginal sea is characterized by both a cyclonic boundary current and a front current as a result of different hydrographic properties east and west of the midocean ridge. The theory is compared to idealized model simulations and shows good agreement over a wide range of parameter settings, indicating that the physics in the two-basin marginal sea is well captured by the conceptual model. The balances between the atmospheric buoyancy forcing and the lateral eddy heat fluxes from the boundary current and the front current differ between the Lofoten and the Greenland Basins, since the Lofoten Basin is more strongly eddy dominated. Results show that this asymmetric sensitivity leads to opposing responses depending on the strength of the atmospheric buoyancy forcing. Additionally, the front current plays an essential role for the heat and volume budget of the two basins, by providing an additional pathway for heat toward the interior of both basins via lateral eddy heat fluxes. The variability of the temperature difference between east and west influences the strength of the different flow branches through the marginal sea and provides a dynamical explanation for the observed correlation between the front current and the slope current of the Norwegian Atlantic Current in the Nordic seas.
    Description: We thank Ilker Fer and two anonymous reviewers whose comments improved this paper. S. L. Ypma and S. Georgiou were supported by NWO (Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research) VIDI Grant 864.13.011 awarded to C. A. Katsman. M. A. Spall was supported by National Science Foundation Grants OCE-1558742 and OPP-1822334. E. Lambert is funded by the ERA4CS project INSeaPTION. The model data analyzed in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. This study has been conducted using E.U. Copernicus Marine Service Information. The altimeter products were produced by Ssalto/Duacs and distributed by Aviso+, with support from CNES (https://www.aviso.altimetry.fr).
    Description: 2020-10-27
    Keywords: Boundary currents ; Deep convection ; Eddies ; Fronts ; Instability ; Meridional overturning circulation
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2019. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 49(11), (2019): 2781-2797, doi: 10.1175/JPO-D-19-0111.1.
    Description: To ground truth the large-scale dynamical balance of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre with observations, a barotropic vorticity budget is constructed in the ECCO state estimate and compared with hydrographic observations and wind stress data products. The hydrographic dataset at the center of this work is the A22 WOCE section, which lies along 66°W and creates a closed volume with the North and South American coasts to its west. The planetary vorticity flux across A22 is quantified, providing a metric for the net meridional flow in the western subtropical gyre. The wind stress forcing over the subtropical gyre to the west and east of the A22 section is calculated from several wind stress data products. These observational budget terms are found to be consistent with an approximate barotropic Sverdrup balance in the eastern subtropical gyre and are on the same order as budget terms in the ECCO state estimate. The ECCO vorticity budget is closed by bottom pressure torques in the western subtropical gyre, which is consistent with previous studies. In sum, the analysis provides observational ground truth for the North Atlantic subtropical vorticity balance and explores the seasonal variability of this balance for the first time using the ECCO state estimate. This balance is found to hold on monthly time scales in ECCO, suggesting that the integrated subtropical gyre responds to forcing through fast barotropic adjustment.
    Description: We thank Alonso Hernández-Guerra, M. Dolores Pérez-Hernández, and María Casanova-Masjoan for providing the inverse model results from Casanova-Masjoan et al. (2018). The A22 section is part of the WOCE/CLIVAR observing effort, with all data available at http://cchdo.ucsd.edu/. We thank Carl Wunsch, Patrick Heimbach, Chris Hill, and Diana Lees Spiegel for their assistance with the ECCO fields. The state estimates were provided by the ECCO Consortium for Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean funded by the National Oceanographic Partnership Program (NOPP) and can be downloaded at http://www.ecco-group.org/products.htm. The citable URL for the ECCO version 4 release 2 product is http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/102062. We are grateful to Joseph Pedlosky and Glenn Flierl for their comments on an earlier version of this work. IALB and JMT were supported financially by U.S. NSF Grants OCE-0726720, 1332667, and 1332834. MS was supported by the U.S. NASA Sea Level Change Team (Contract NNX14AJ51G) and through the ECCO Consortium funding via the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. We thank two anonymous reviewers, whose thoughtful comments led to improvements.
    Description: 2020-04-17
    Keywords: North Atlantic Ocean ; Barotropic flows ; Boundary currents ; Ocean circulation ; Gyres ; Vorticity
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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