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  • American Meteorological Society  (32)
  • Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution  (23)
  • Oxford University Press  (15)
  • Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.  (15)
  • Public Library of Science (PLoS)
  • Springer Nature
  • 2020-2023  (93)
  • 2020  (93)
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  • 11
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    Effects of dam operation on stability, species interactions, and the mechanisms underlying the synchrony of fish in reservoirs. (2020)
    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-31
    Description: The construction of dams is among the main anthropogenic impacts in natural freshwater systems. The first consequence of impoundments is the formation of reservoirs upstream, which represents a completely new environment compared to the natural river. In addition to this primary impact, the variations in the reservoir water level may be considered another facet of disturbances. Although several studies investigated the processes that occur in reservoirs, there is a shortfall regarding the effects of the dam operation scheme on ecosystem health. Most dams are designed to operate under two almost contrasting schemes: storage (STR) and run-of-river (ROR). These alternative operation schemes result in very different temporal variations, with STR reservoirs presenting rapid fluctuations while ROR reservoirs have a relatively constant volume. Likewise, this difference in the temporal dynamics of water level likely affects the stability of these ecosystems. In order to investigate how the dam operation scheme could affect the temporal stability of freshwater ecosystems, we used the fish communities from two reservoirs in the Iguaçu River that operate under contrasting schemes. The hypothesis was that the STR reservoir would be less stable, considering the environmental heterogeneity created by frequent water level variations, and the interactions among species would be less important for the structure of the resident fish community. In the first approach, the focus was on stability in terms of the ability to resist and recover (i.e., resistance and resilience) to disturbances. In the second approach, empirical data and simulations were used to assess which mechanism (species interactions, environmental or demographic stochasticity) underlie the synchrony of fish communities. Contrary to the expectation, the results showed the ROR reservoir as less stable than the STR, and the mechanisms underlying species synchrony coincided between reservoirs but played opposite roles. More specifically, the temporal dynamics imposed by ROR operation may have weakened the species-environment relationships, which led to a less stable community. Although the results were consistent, they were only primary evidence and such cause-effect relationships between dam operation and its effects on ecosystem stability require further investigations.
    Description: A construção de barragens está entre os principais impactos antropogênicos em ambientes de água doce. A primeira consequência dos barramentos é a formação de um reservatório à montante, que representa um ambiente completamente modificado, em relação ao rio natural. Impactos secundários, como as variações no nível da água, também podem ser considerados outros tipos de distúrbio. Embora vários estudos investigaram os processos que ocorrem em reservatórios, existe uma lacuna a respeito dos efeitos do modo de operação da barragem sobre a estado dos ecossistemas. A maioria das barragens é projetada para operar sob dois modos: acumulação (ACU) e fio d’água (FDA). Esses modos alternativos resultam em variações temporais muito distintas, com reservatórios ACU apresentando flutuações rápidas, enquanto reservatórios FDA possuem volume relativamente constante. Do mesmo modo, essa diferença na dinâmica temporal do nível da água provavelmente afeta a estabilidade desses ecossistemas. A fim de investigar como o modo de operação da barragem pode afetar a estabilidade temporal dos ambientes de água doce, foram utilizadas comunidades de peixes de dois reservatórios do rio Iguaçu, que operam sob modos diferentes. A hipótese testada foi que o reservatório ACU seria menos estável, considerando a heterogeneidade ambiental criada pelas variações frequentes no nível da água, e as interações entre as espécies seriam menos importantes para a estrutura da comunidade de peixes. Na primeira abordagem, o foco foi na estabilidade em termos da habilidade em resistir e se recuperar (i.e., resistência e resiliência) aos distúrbios. Na segunda abordagem, dados empíricos e simulações foram utilizados para verificar quais mecanismos (interações entre espécies, ou estocasticidade ambiental/demográfica) seriam subjacentes à sincronia das comunidades de peixes. Ao contrário do esperado, os resultados mostraram que o reservatório FDA foi menos estável do que o reservatório ACU e os mecanismos subjacentes à sincronia das espécies coincidiram entre os reservatórios, mas com papéis opostos. Mais especificamente, a dinâmica temporal imposta pela operação do reservatório FDA provavelmente enfraqueceu as relações espécie-ambiente, o que levou a uma comunidade menos estável. Embora os resultados sejam consistentes, são apenas indícios primários e as relações de causa-e-efeito entre o modo de operação da barragem e a estabilidade dos ecossistemas requer investigações futuras.
    Description: PhD
    Keywords: Peixes de água doce ; Reservatórios de água doce ; Environmental stochasticity ; Reservatórios ; Comunidades, Ecologia de ; Competição interespecífica ; Impactos ambientais antropogênicos ; Manejo ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater fish ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::N::Niches ; ASFA_2015::C::Communities (ecological) ; ASFA_2015::I::Impacts ; ASFA_2015::C::Competition ; ASFA_2015::R::Reservoirs (water) ; ASFA_2015::S::Species diversity ; ASFA_2015::I::Interactions ; ASFA_2015::I::Impoundments
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 98pp.
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  • 12
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    Aspectos ecológicos e taxonômicos da fauna ectoparasitária de Plagioscion squamosissimus (Heckel, 1840) (Sciaenidae) no rio Tapajós, Bacia Amazônica, Brasil. (2020)
    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-09-01
    Description: Plagioscion squamosissimus (Heckel, 1840) (Sciaenidae), known as “corvina” is a native species of Amazon basin and it is a model for studding their parasites. Intending to analyze ectoparasites ecological aspects, such as distribution and interactions, gills of twenty specimens were analyzed, from rio Tapajós, in the region of Santarém-PA, Brazil. Ecological analyzes considered distribution of parasites between host specimens and also microhabitats occupied by ectoparasites. Eighteen ectoparasites species were founded, fourteen monogenetic and four copepods. Considering species abundance, monogenetic were the dominant group and Euryhaliotrema thatcheri was the most abundant in all analyzed hosts. There was a significate correlation between some parasite species abundance and prevalence with total length and host condition factor. Each species of parasite presented an aggregate distribution pattern. The community of P. squamosissimus ectoparasites were interactive. Considering the distribution of the species in the gills, there was a significant difference in the composition between arches, segments and regions. It is suggested that this distribution is related to factors related to microhabitat, such as water flow and area available for fixation of parasites, as well as the structures of fixation of each species and interactions such as positive associations and competition. During the investigation of the material, specimens that differed from the species already described were founded, so three new monogenetic species were proposed, belonging to the genus Aetheolabes, Anakohnia and Euryhaliotrema, based on their morphological characteristics.
    Description: A corvina de água doce ou pescada branca, Plagioscion squamosissimus (Heckel, 1840) (Sciaenidae) se distribui pela bacia Amazônica e que como hospedeira, consiste em um modelo para o estudo de seus parasitas. Analisou-se os aspectos ecológicos da fauna ectoparasitária de P. squamosissimus, tais como a distribuição e as interações e entre as espécies, por meio das brânquias de vinte espécimes coletados no rio Tapajós, região de Santarém-PA. Considerou-se a distribuição de parasitas entre os espécimes de hospedeiros e também, a partir dos microhabitats que os ectoparasitas ocupavam nesses espécimes. Foram encontradas dezoito espécies de ectoparasitas, dentre os quais catorze monogenéticos e quatro copépodes. Em relação a abundância das espécies, os monogenéticos destacaram-se como grupo dominante e, dentre estas espécies, Euryhaliotrema thatcheri apresentou-se como a mais abundante em todos os hospedeiros analisados. Houve correlação da abundância e da prevalência de algumas espécies de parasitas com o comprimento total e o fator de condição dos hospedeiros. Cada espécie de parasita apresentou padrão de distribuição agregado. A comunidade de ectoparasitas de P. squamosissimus foi considerada interativa. Em relação à distribuição das espécies nas brânquias, houve diferença significativa na composição entre os arcos, segmentos e regiões. Sugere-se que esta distribuição se relaciona com fatores referentes ao microhabitat, como o fluxo de água e a área disponível para fixação dos parasitas, bem como as estruturas de fixação de cada espécie e também interações como associações positivas e competição. Durante a investigação do material, os espécimes encontrados diferiram das espécies previamente descritas, de modo que realizou-se a proposta de três novas espécies de monogenéticos pertencentes aos gêneros Aetheolabes, Anakohnia e Euryhaliotrema a partir de suas características morfológicas.
    Description: PhD
    Keywords: Fauna ectoparasitária ; Monogenea ; Copepoda ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater fish ; ASFA_2015::P::Parasites ; ASFA_2015::E::Ectoparasites ; ASFA_2015::E::Ectoparasitism
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
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  • 13
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    New insights into the marine oxygen cycle from manganese oxide minerals and reactive oxygen species (2020)
    Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Oceanography and Applied Ocean Science and Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution February 2020.
    Description: The redox cycling of oxygen between O2, water, and intermediate redox states including hydrogen peroxide and superoxide, has profound impact on the availability and distribution of dissolved O2, the habitability of the marine biosphere, and cellular metabolic and physiological reactions that utilize O2. The sum total of processes that produce, consume, and exchange atoms with O2 in the atmosphere, oceans, and subsurface leave their isotopic fingerprints on the abundance of the three stable isotopes of O2 in the environment. In this thesis, I explore two aspects of the oxygen cycle in the past and present. First, I investigate the ability of manganese (Mn) oxide minerals to capture and retain the oxygen isotopic signature of dissolved O2 during the oxidation of aqueous Mn(II) to Mn-oxide minerals. I determine that approximately half of the oxygen atoms in Mn(III,IV) oxides are directly incorporated from dissolved oxygen, and use isotope labeling techniques to further constrain how the dissolved oxygen isotope signature may be determined from that of Mn oxides. I perform an in-depth characterization of a ferromanganese crust from the central Pacific and, using triple oxygen isotope measurements, demonstrate that Mn oxides in ferromanganese crusts from around the world retain signatures of dissolved oxygen for at least 30 million years. I next turn to a previously unconsidered aspect of the global oxygen cycle: dark, extracellular superoxide production by marine microbes. I measure extracellular superoxide production rates by some of the ocean’s most abundant organisms. I use these rates along with previous measurements to estimate that extracellular superoxide production yields a net sink of 5-19% of marine dissolved oxygen. Ultimately, the degree to which superoxide production is a sink of oxygen lies in the fate of its primary decay product, hydrogen peroxide. I determine the range of oxidative and reductive decay of hydrogen peroxide across a range of environmental conditions in a meromictic pond, thus validating several assumptions from our global estimate. Altogether, this thesis illuminates a path toward investigating the oxygen cycle on million-year timescales in Earth’s recent past and demonstrates the importance of microbial superoxide production in the biogeochemical cycling of O2.
    Description: This work was funded by the following grants and organizations: NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowship (NNX15AR62H), MIT Praecis Presidential Graduate Fellowship, NASA Exobiology (NNX15AM046), NSF-OCE grant 1355720, WHOI Ocean Ventures Fund, MIT Student Assistance Fund, WHOI Academic Programs Office, and the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource. Use of the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences under Contract No. DEAC02-76SF00515.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Thesis
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  • 14
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    Protein regulation in Trichodesmium and other marine bacteria: observational and interpretive biomarkers of biogeochemical processes (2020)
    Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Chemical Oceanography and Microbial Biogeochemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution February 2020.
    Description: Marine microbes play key roles in global biogeochemistry by mediating chemical transformations and linking nutrient cycles to one another. A major goal in oceanography is to predict the activity of marine microbes across disparate ocean ecosystems. Towards this end, molecular biomarkers are important tools in chemical oceanography because they allow for both the observation and interpretation of microbial behavior. In this thesis, I use molecular biomarkers to develop a holistic, systems biology approach to the study of marine microbes. I begin by identifying unique patterns in the biochemical sensory systems of marine bacteria and suggest that these represent a specific adaptation to the marine environment. Building from this, I focus on the prevalent marine nitrogen fixer Trichodesmium, whose activity affects global nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, and trace metal cycles. A metaproteomic survey of Trichodesmium populations identified simultaneous iron and phosphate co-stress throughout the tropical and subtropical oceans, demonstrating that this is caused by the biophysical limits of membrane space and nutrient diffusion. Tackling the problem at a smaller scale, I investigated the metaproteomes of individual Trichodesmium colonies captured from a single field site, and identified significant variability related to iron acquisition from mineral particles. Next, I investigated diel proteomes of cultured Trichodesmium erythraeum sp. IMS101 to highlight its physiological complexity and understand how and why nitrogen fixation occurs in the day, despite the incompatibly of the nitrogenase enzyme with oxygen produced in photosynthesis. This thesis develops a fundamental understanding of how Trichodesmium and other organisms affect, and are affected by, their surroundings. It indicates that a reductionist approach in which environmental drivers are considered independently may not capture the full complexity of microbechemistry interactions. Future work can focus on benchmarking and calibration of the protein biomarkers identified here, as well as continued connection of systems biology frameworks to the study of ocean chemistry.
    Description: This work was supported by an MIT Walter A. Rosenblith Presidential Fellowship and a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Program Fellowship under grant number 1122274 [N.Held]. This work was also supported by the WHOI Ocean Ventures fund [N.Held], Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation grant number 3782 [M.Saito], National Science Foundation grant numbers OCE-1657766 [M.Saito], EarthCube-1639714 [M.Saito], OCE-1658030 [M.Saito], and OCE-1260233 [M.Saito], and funding from the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) under grants awarded to C.M. (NE/N001079/1) and M.L. (NE/N001125/1). This thesis was completed during a writing residency at the Turkeyland Cove Foundation.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 15
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    The Iceland Greenland Seas Project (2020)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Renfrew, I. A., Pickart, R. S., Vage, K., Moore, G. W. K., Bracegirdle, T. J., Elvidge, A. D., Jeansson, E., Lachlan-Cope, T., McRaven, L. T., Papritz, L., Reuder, J., Sodemann, H., Terpstra, A., Waterman, S., Valdimarsson, H., Weiss, A., Almansi, M., Bahr, F., Brakstad, A., Barrell, C., Brooke, J. K., Brooks, B. J., Brooks, I. M., Brooks, M. E., Bruvik, E. M., Duscha, C., Fer, I., Golid, H. M., Hallerstig, M., Hessevik, I., Huang, J., Houghton, L., Jonsson, S., Jonassen, M., Jackson, K., Kvalsund, K., Kolstad, E. W., Konstali, K., Kristiansen, J., Ladkin, R., Lin, P., Macrander, A., Mitchell, A., Olafsson, H., Pacini, A., Payne, C., Palmason, B., Perez-Hernandez, M. D., Peterson, A. K., Petersen, G. N., Pisareva, M. N., Pope, J. O., Seidl, A., Semper, S., Sergeev, D., Skjelsvik, S., Soiland, H., Smith, D., Spall, M. A., Spengler, T., Touzeau, A., Tupper, G., Weng, Y., Williams, K. D., Yang, X., & Zhou, S. The Iceland Greenland Seas Project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 100(9), (2019): 1795-1817, doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0217.1.
    Description: The Iceland Greenland Seas Project (IGP) is a coordinated atmosphere–ocean research program investigating climate processes in the source region of the densest waters of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. During February and March 2018, a field campaign was executed over the Iceland and southern Greenland Seas that utilized a range of observing platforms to investigate critical processes in the region, including a research vessel, a research aircraft, moorings, sea gliders, floats, and a meteorological buoy. A remarkable feature of the field campaign was the highly coordinated deployment of the observing platforms, whereby the research vessel and aircraft tracks were planned in concert to allow simultaneous sampling of the atmosphere, the ocean, and their interactions. This joint planning was supported by tailor-made convection-permitting weather forecasts and novel diagnostics from an ensemble prediction system. The scientific aims of the IGP are to characterize the atmospheric forcing and the ocean response of coupled processes; in particular, cold-air outbreaks in the vicinity of the marginal ice zone and their triggering of oceanic heat loss, and the role of freshwater in the generation of dense water masses. The campaign observed the life cycle of a long-lasting cold-air outbreak over the Iceland Sea and the development of a cold-air outbreak over the Greenland Sea. Repeated profiling revealed the immediate impact on the ocean, while a comprehensive hydrographic survey provided a rare picture of these subpolar seas in winter. A joint atmosphere–ocean approach is also being used in the analysis phase, with coupled observational analysis and coordinated numerical modeling activities underway.
    Description: The IGP has received funding from the U.S. National Science Foundation: Grant OCE-1558742; the U.K.’s Natural Environment Research Council: AFIS (NE/N009754/1); the Research Council of Norway: MOCN (231647), VENTILATE (229791), SNOWPACE (262710) and FARLAB (245907); and the Bergen Research Foundation (BFS2016REK01). We thank all those involved in the field work associated with the IGP, particularly the officers and crew of the Alliance, and the operations staff of the aircraft campaign.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 16
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    Stable aerobic and anaerobic coexistence in anoxic marine zones (2020)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Zakem, E. J., Mahadevan, A., Lauderdale, J. M., & Follows, M. J. Stable aerobic and anaerobic coexistence in anoxic marine zones. ISME Journal, 14, (2019): 288–301, doi: 10.1038/s41396-019-0523-8.
    Description: Mechanistic description of the transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism is necessary for diagnostic and predictive modeling of fixed nitrogen loss in anoxic marine zones (AMZs). In a metabolic model where diverse oxygen- and nitrogen-cycling microbial metabolisms are described by underlying redox chemical reactions, we predict a transition from strictly aerobic to predominantly anaerobic regimes as the outcome of ecological interactions along an oxygen gradient, obviating the need for prescribed critical oxygen concentrations. Competing aerobic and anaerobic metabolisms can coexist in anoxic conditions whether these metabolisms represent obligate or facultative populations. In the coexistence regime, relative rates of aerobic and anaerobic activity are determined by the ratio of oxygen to electron donor supply. The model simulates key characteristics of AMZs, such as the accumulation of nitrite and the sustainability of anammox at higher oxygen concentrations than denitrification, and articulates how microbial biomass concentrations relate to associated water column transformation rates as a function of redox stoichiometry and energetics. Incorporating the metabolic model into an idealized two-dimensional ocean circulation results in a simulated AMZ, in which a secondary chlorophyll maximum emerges from oxygen-limited grazing, and where vertical mixing and dispersal in the oxycline also contribute to metabolic co-occurrence. The modeling approach is mechanistic yet computationally economical and suitable for global change applications.
    Description: We are grateful for the thorough and thoughtful comments of two anonymous reviewers. We also thank Andrew Babbin for helpful comments. EJZ was supported by the Simons Foundation (Postdoctoral Fellowship in Marine Microbial Ecology). AM was supported by the Office of Naval Research (ONR #N000-14-15-1-2555). JML was supported by U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF #OCE-1259388). MJF was supported by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (GBMF #3778) and the Simons Foundation: the Simons Collaboration on Ocean Processes and Ecology (SCOPE #329108) and the Simons Collaboration on Computational Biogeochemical Modeling of Marine Ecosystems (CBIOMES #549931).
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  • 17
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    A phylogenomic approach to clarifying the relationship of Mesodinium within the Ciliophora: a case study in the complexity of mixed-species transcriptome analyses (2020)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Lasek-Nesselquist, E., & Johnson, M. D. A phylogenomic approach to clarifying the relationship of Mesodinium within the Ciliophora: a case study in the complexity of mixed-species transcriptome analyses. Genome Biology and Evolution, 11(11), (2019): 3218–3232, doi:10.1093/gbe/evz233.
    Description: Recent high-throughput sequencing endeavors have yielded multigene/protein phylogenies that confidently resolve several inter- and intra-class relationships within the phylum Ciliophora. We leverage the massive sequencing efforts from the Marine Microbial Eukaryote Transcriptome Sequencing Project, other SRA submissions, and available genome data with our own sequencing efforts to determine the phylogenetic position of Mesodinium and to generate the most taxonomically rich phylogenomic ciliate tree to date. Regardless of the data mining strategy, the multiprotein data set, or the molecular models of evolution employed, we consistently recovered the same well-supported relationships among ciliate classes, confirming many of the higher-level relationships previously identified. Mesodinium always formed a monophyletic group with members of the Litostomatea, with mixotrophic species of Mesodinium—M. rubrum, M. major, and M. chamaeleon—being more closely related to each other than to the heterotrophic member, M. pulex. The well-supported position of Mesodinium as sister to other litostomes contrasts with previous molecular analyses including those from phylogenomic studies that exploited the same transcriptomic databases. These topological discrepancies illustrate the need for caution when mining mixed-species transcriptomes and indicate that identifying ciliate sequences among prey contamination—particularly for Mesodinium species where expression from stolen prey nuclei appears to dominate—requires thorough and iterative vetting with phylogenies that incorporate sequences from a large outgroup of prey.
    Description: We thank David Beaudoin and Holly V. Moeller for their assistance in collecting cells and extracting RNA. We thank the Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution at the Marine Biological Laboratory for the generous use of their servers. This work was supported in part by a National Science Foundation grant to both authors (IOS 1354773).
    Keywords: Mesodinium ; Litostomatea ; ciliate phylogenomics ; mixed-species transcriptomes ; sequence contamination
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  • 18
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    Comparative proteomics of related symbiotic mussel species reveals high variability of host-symbiont interactions (2020)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Ponnudurai, R., Heiden, S. E., Sayavedra, L., Hinzke, T., Kleiner, M., Hentschker, C., Felbeck, H., Sievert, S. M., Schlüter, R., Becher, D., Schweder, T., & Markert, S. Comparative proteomics of related symbiotic mussel species reveals high variability of host-symbiont interactions. ISME Journal, 14, (2019): 649–656, doi: 10.1038/s41396-019-0517-6.
    Description: Deep-sea Bathymodiolus mussels and their chemoautotrophic symbionts are well-studied representatives of mutualistic host–microbe associations. However, how host–symbiont interactions vary on the molecular level between related host and symbiont species remains unclear. Therefore, we compared the host and symbiont metaproteomes of Pacific B. thermophilus, hosting a thiotrophic symbiont, and Atlantic B. azoricus, containing two symbionts, a thiotroph and a methanotroph. We identified common strategies of metabolic support between hosts and symbionts, such as the oxidation of sulfide by the host, which provides a thiosulfate reservoir for the thiotrophic symbionts, and a cycling mechanism that could supply the host with symbiont-derived amino acids. However, expression levels of these processes differed substantially between both symbioses. Backed up by genomic comparisons, our results furthermore revealed an exceptionally large repertoire of attachment-related proteins in the B. thermophilus symbiont. These findings imply that host–microbe interactions can be quite variable, even between closely related systems.
    Description: Thanks to captain, crew, and pilots of the research vessels Atlantis (ROV Jason cruise AT26–10 in 2014) and Meteor (cruise M82–3 in 2010). We thank Jana Matulla, Sebastian Grund, and Annette Meuche for excellent technical assistance during sample preparation, MS measurements in the Orbitrap Classic, and TEM imaging preparation, respectively. We appreciate Nikolaus Leisch’s help with TEM image interpretation, Inna Sokolova’s advice on bivalve physiology, and Marie Zühlke’s support during manuscript revision. RP was supported by the EU-funded Marie Curie Initial Training Network ‘Symbiomics’ (project no. 264774) and by a fellowship of the Institute of Marine Biotechnology e.V. TH was supported by the German Research Foundation DFG (grant MA 6346/2–1 to SM). The Atlantis cruise was funded by a grant of the US National Science Foundation’s Dimensions of Biodiversity program to SMS (OCE-1136727).
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  • 19
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    Coordinated transformation of the gut microbiome and lipidome of bowhead whales provides novel insights into digestion (2020)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Miller, C. A., Holm, H. C., Horstmann, L., George, J. C., Fredricks, H. F., Van Mooy, B. A. S., & Apprill, A. Coordinated transformation of the gut microbiome and lipidome of bowhead whales provides novel insights into digestion. ISME Journal, 14, (2019): 688-701, doi: 10.1038/s41396-019-0549-y.
    Description: Whale digestion plays an integral role in many ocean ecosystems. By digesting enormous quantities of lipid-rich prey, whales support their energy intensive lifestyle, but also excrete nutrients important to ocean biogeochemical cycles. Nevertheless, whale digestion is poorly understood. Gastrointestinal microorganisms play a significant role in vertebrate digestion, but few studies have examined them in whales. To investigate digestion of lipids, and the potential contribution of microbes to lipid digestion in whales, we characterized lipid composition (lipidomes) and bacterial communities (microbiotas) in 126 digesta samples collected throughout the gastrointestinal tracts of 38 bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) harvested by Alaskan Eskimos. Lipidomes and microbiotas were strongly correlated throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Lipidomes and microbiotas were most variable in the small intestine and most similar in the large intestine, where microbiota richness was greatest. Our results suggest digestion of wax esters, the primary lipids in B. mysticetus prey representing more than 80% of total dietary lipids, occurred in the mid- to distal small intestine and was correlated with specific microorganisms. Because wax esters are difficult to digest by other marine vertebrates and constitute a large reservoir of carbon in the ocean, our results further elucidate the essential roles that whales and their gastrointestinal microbiotas play in the biogeochemical cycling of carbon and nutrients in high-latitude seas.
    Description: Devonshire Foundation (to CAM), Marine Mammal Center, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI; to CAM), WHOI Ocean Life Institute (to AA and CAM), Dalio Foundation’s Dalio Ocean Initiative (now ‘OceanX’) (to AA), National Science Foundation (OCE-1756254 and OPP-1543328 to BASVM). Samples were collected under Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service permit numbers 17350-00, 17350-01, and 17350-02 to North Slope Borough Department of Wildlife Management.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 20
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    On the steadiness and instability of the Intermediate Western Boundary Current between 24 degrees and 18 degrees S (2020)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2019. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 49(12), (2019): 3127-3143, doi: 10.1175/JPO-D-19-0011.1.
    Description: The Intermediate Western Boundary Current (IWBC) transports Antarctic Intermediate Water across the Vitória–Trindade Ridge (VTR), a seamount chain at ~20°S off Brazil. Recent studies suggest that the IWBC develops a strong cyclonic recirculation in Tubarão Bight, upstream of the VTR, with weak time dependency. We herein use new quasi-synoptic observations, data from the Argo array, and a regional numerical model to describe the structure and variability of the IWBC and to investigate its dynamics. Both shipboard acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) data and trajectories of Argo floats confirm the existence of the IWBC recirculation, which is also captured by our Regional Oceanic Modeling System (ROMS) simulation. An “intermediate-layer” quasigeostrophic (QG) model indicates that the ROMS time-mean flow is a good proxy for the IWBC steady state, as revealed by largely parallel isolines of streamfunction ψ⎯ and potential vorticity Q⎯; a ψ⎯−Q⎯ scatter diagram also shows that the IWBC is potentially unstable. Further analysis of the ROMS simulation reveals that remotely generated, westward-propagating nonlinear eddies are the main source of variability in the region. These eddies enter the domain through the Tubarão Bight eastern edge and strongly interact with the IWBC. As they are advected downstream and negotiate the local topography, the eddies grow explosively through horizontal shear production.
    Description: We thank Frank O. Smith for copy editing and proofreading this manuscript. This study was financed in part by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—CAPES, Brazil—Finance Code 001 and by Projeto REMARSUL (Processo CAPES 88882.158621/2014-01), Projeto VT-Dyn (Processo FAPESP 2015/21729-4) and Projeto SUBMESO (Processo CNPq 442926/2015-4). Rocha was supported by a WHOI Postdoctoral Scholarship.
    Description: 2020-06-06
    Keywords: South Atlantic Ocean ; Instability ; Mesoscale processes ; Intermediate waters ; In situ oceanic observations ; Quasigeostrophic models
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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