ALBERT

Description: The hydrodynamic model TRIM-NP in a barotropic mode is used to simulate the strong storm tide in March 1906 forced by ECMWF ERA-20C and CERA-20C ensemble of coupled climate reanalyses (https://www.ecmwf.int). The model area covers the region of 20W to 30E and 42N to 65N with a spatial resolution of 12.8x12.8 km for grid 1. At the lateral boundaries of grid 1, the water level is calculated with tide model FES2004. TRIM-NP calculates one way nested with higher resolution the North Sea (with 6.4km, grid2), southern North Sea (with 3.2km, grid3) and the German Bight (with 1.6km, grid4). In this data bank, the datasets are available hourly for grid 2 and grid 4. Please contact the authors for grid 1 and grid 3.

Description: The hydrodynamic model TRIM-NP in a barotropic mode is used to simulate the strong storm tide in March 1906 forced by NOAA-CIRES-DOE Twentieth Century Reanalysis (20CR) version 2c and 3. datasets (https://portal.nersc.gov/project/20C_Reanalysis/). The model area covers the region of 20W to 30E and 42N to 65N with a spatial resolution of 12.8x12.8 km for grid 1. At the lateral boundaries of grid 1, the water level is calculated with tide model FES2004. TRIM-NP calculates one way nested with higher resolution the North Sea (with 6.4km, grid2), southern North Sea (with 3.2km, grid3) and the German Bight (with 1.6km, grid4). In this data bank, the datasets are available hourly for grid 2 and grid 4. Please contact the authors for grid 1 and grid 3.

Description: Source code of the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM1.2) adopted to the project PRIMAVERA for the comparison of four different ocean vertical mixing schemes.

Description: ICON 2.5 km simulations over the tropical Atlantic ([65W:15E],[10S:20N] for the months of December 2013 (NARVAL1 : 30 days) and August 2016 (NARVAL2 : 30 days). The grid spacing, computed as the square root of the triangular grid cells, amounts to 2.5 km. In the vertical, a stretched vertical coordinate is used with 75 layers, whereby 12 layers are located in the first kilometer. The simulations are conducted for the months of December 2013 and July 2016. They are started every day at 00 UTC from the analysis of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and integrated for 36 hours. Boundary data are taken from the ECMWF forecasts and updated every 3 hours. At the bottom boundary, the Sea Surface Temperature (SST) is taken from the ECMWF analysis. It is kept fixed at its initial value during the 36-h integration period. The simulations were conducted using the ICOsahedral Non-hydrostatic (ICON) model (Zängl et al., 2015). Given the horizontal grid spacing, no convective parameterization is employed and convection is explicitly resolved by the bulk microphysics scheme that predicts cloud water, rain, snow, ice and graupel (Baldauf et al., 2011). The parameterizations for gravity wave drag and subgrid-scale orography are also switched off, otherwise the model employs the same parameterizations as the operational model version in use at the German Weather Service (DWD), see Zängl et al. (2015) and Klocke et al. (2017) for further details.

Description: ICON 2.5 km simulations over the tropical Atlantic ([65W:15E],[10S:20N] for the months of December 2013 (NARVAL1 : 30 days) and August 2016 (NARVAL2 : 30 days). The grid spacing, computed as the square root of the triangular grid cells, amounts to 2.5 km. In the vertical, a stretched vertical coordinate is used with 75 layers, whereby 12 layers are located in the first kilometer. The simulations are conducted for the months of December 2013 and July 2016. They are started every day at 00 UTC from the analysis of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and integrated for 36 hours. Boundary data are taken from the ECMWF forecasts and updated every 3 hours. At the bottom boundary, the Sea Surface Temperature (SST) is taken from the ECMWF analysis. It is kept fixed at its initial value during the 36-h integration period. The simulations were conducted using the ICOsahedral Non-hydrostatic (ICON) model (Zängl et al., 2015). Given the horizontal grid spacing, no convective parameterization is employed and convection is explicitly resolved by the bulk microphysics scheme that predicts cloud water, rain, snow, ice and graupel (Baldauf et al., 2011). The parameterizations for gravity wave drag and subgrid-scale orography are also switched off, otherwise the model employs the same parameterizations as the operational model version in use at the German Weather Service (DWD), see Zängl et al. (2015) and Klocke et al. (2017) for further details.

Description: HadCRU_MLE_v1.0 is a dataset of monthly gridded surface temperatures for the Earth during the instrumental period (since 1850). The name ‘HadCRU_MLE_v1.0’ reflects the dataset’s use of maximum likelihood estimation and observational data primarily from the Met Office Hadley Centre and the Climate Research Unit of the University of East Anglia. Source datasets used to create HadCRU_MLE_v1.0 include land surface air temperature anomalies of HadCRUT4, sea surface temperature anomalies of HadSST4, sea ice coverage of HadISST2, the surface temperature climatology of Jones et al. (1999), the sea surface temperature climatology of HadSST3, land mask data of OSTIA, surface elevation data of GMTED2010, and climate model output of CCSM4 for a pre-industrial control scenario. HadCRU_MLE_v1.0 was generated using information from the Met Office Hadley Centre, the Climate Research Unit of the University of East Anglia, the E.U. Copernicus Marine Service, the U.S. Geological Survey, and the University Corporation of Atmospheric Research. The primary motivation to develop HadCRU_MLE_v1.0 was to correct for two biases that may exist in global instrumental temperature datasets. The first bias is an amplification bias caused by not adequately accounting for the tendency of different regions of the planet to warm at different rates. The second bias is a sea ice bias caused by not adequately accounting for changes in sea ice coverage during the instrumental period. Corrections to these biases increased the estimate of global mean surface temperature change during the instrumental period. The new dataset has improvements compared to the Cowtan and Way version 2 dataset, including an improved statistical foundation for estimating model parameters, taking advantage of temporal correlations of observations, taking advantage of correlations between land and sea observations, and accounting for more sources of uncertainty. To properly correct for amplification bias, HadCRU_MLE_v1.0 incorporates the behaviour of the El Niño Southern Oscillation. HadCRU_MLE_v1.0 includes mean surface temperature anomalies for each month from 1850 to 2018 and for each 5° latitude by 5° longitude grid cell. Future versions of HadCRU_MLE may become available to extend the temporal coverage beyond 2018. The maximum likelihood estimation approach allows for the estimated field of surface temperature anomalies to be temporally and spatially complete for the entire instrumental period and for the entire surface of the Earth. A 5° by 5° gridded 1961-1990 temperature climatology for HadCRU_MLE_v1.0 is available, although caution is advised when interpreting this temperature climatology since the source datasets used for temperature climatologies do not correspond perfectly with the source datasets used for temperature anomalies. Other information of HadCRU_MLE_v1.0 is available, including the estimated local amplification factors, the magnitude of the corrections for sea ice bias, and the impact of the El Niño Southern Oscillation on surface temperature anomalies.

Description: The hydrodynamic model TRIM-NP in a barotropic mode is used to simulate the strong storm tide in March 1906 forced by reconstructed weather data by the Deutsche Wetterdienst (DWD) and Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht. From georeferenced historical station data, pressure maps are drawn, digitised, and wind speed calculated from them. The model area covers the region of 20W to 30E and 42N to 65N with a spatial resolution of 12.8x12.8 km for grid 1. At the lateral boundaries of grid 1, the water level is calculated with tide model FES2004. TRIM-NP calculates one way nested with higher resolution the North Sea (with 6.4km, grid2), southern North Sea (with 3.2km, grid3) and the German Bight (with 1.6km, grid4). In this data bank, the datasets are available hourly for grid 2 and grid 4. Please contact the authors for grid 1 and grid 3. The datasets are visualised https://doi.org/10.5446/49529 or https://www.dkrz.de/projects-and-partners/projects/focus/stormtide1906. In additional experiments, the tides at the lateral boundaries are shifted backwards (up to minus six hours) or forward (up to plus six hours) in time to calculate the peak of the storm tide. The atmospheric forcing is not changed. Only the water levels from grid4 of this experiment are stored.

Description: Ensemble of MPI-ESM1-2-HR CMIP6 historical simulations without solar and ozone variability (i.e., set to the year 1850). The simulations are performed within the BMBF project "Solar contribution to climate change on decadal to centennial timescales" (SOLCHECK) of the "Role of the middle atmosphere in climate" (ROMIC II: https://romic2.iap-kborn.de/en/romic/strategy). The experimental setup is identical to the MPI-ESM1-2-HR historical CMIP6 simulations except for the solar and ozone variability. Please refrain from using the following variables since their computations where either erroneous or do not comply with the CMIP6 protocol: Eyr_fracLut, 6hrPlevPt_sfcWind, Amon_mc, CFday_mc, CFmon_dmc, CFmon_smc, CFmon_mcd, CFmon_mcu, Omon_o2sat, Oyr_o2sat, Omon_uo, Omon_umo, Omon_hfx Omon_tauuo Technical details: Ensemble run on bullx B700 Mistral at DKRZ