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  • Springer Nature  (48.158)
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  • 1
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    Applying the Values of Geoethics for Sustainable Speleotourism Development (2020)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-09-01
    Beschreibung: Establishing sustainable and responsible speleotourism development is a major challenge and involves complex activities. Adequate theoretical starting point is the application of geoethical values related to the conservation and protection of the caves to be used for touristic purposes. Positive and negative cases of human behaviors towards speleological geoheritage are discussed, in order to highlight what should be done in cave management to avoid malpractices and on what elements could be founded adequate strategies aimed at promoting sustainable speleotourism. This is important to tourism management organizations involved in the promotion of caves and in creating economic opportunities for local populations, while respecting cave ecosystems. Modern cave management must be focused on the protection of the cave ecosystems, finding ways to achieve at the same time an economic development of local communities. But this approach needs the adoption of a geoethical framework of values to be shared by all stakeholders involved so that successful cooperation can be achieved despite differences in interests and expectations. The aim of this paper is to raise the awareness about the need to apply the values of geoethics to speleotourism, stimulating new fields of discussion within the scientific and technical communities involved in studies and activities related to geotourism and geoheritage. The possibilities of developing new ways to manage caves, in order to promote a sustainable socio-economic development of local communities, have to be balanced with the protection of natural environments as much as possible. The proposed theoretical frameworks have the goal to increase the discussion on the best ways of connecting speleotourism to sustainable and responsible cave management, presenting two case studies, and pointing out potential solutions.
    Beschreibung: Open access funding provided by Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia within the CRUI-CARE Agreement
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: id 73
    Beschreibung: 7SR AMBIENTE – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Beschreibung: 1TM. Formazione
    Beschreibung: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Geoethics ; Responsibility ; Sustainability ; Caves ; Speleotourism ; 05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 2
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    Magnitude-dependent epidemic-type aftershock sequences model for earthquakes (2020)
    American Physical Society
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    Publikationsdatum: 2020-10-16
    Beschreibung: We propose a version of the pure temporal epidemic type aftershock sequences (ETAS) model: the ETAS model with correlated magnitudes. As for the standard case, we assume the Gutenberg-Richter law to be the probability density for the magnitudes of the background events. Instead, the magnitude of the triggered shocks is assumed to be probabilistically dependent on that of the relative mother events. This probabilistic dependence is motivated by some recent works in the literature and by the results of a statistical analysis made on some seismic catalogs [Spassiani and Sebastiani, J. Geophys. Res. 121, 903 (2016)10.1002/2015JB012398]. On the basis of the experimental evidences obtained in the latter paper for the real catalogs, we theoretically derive the probability density function for the magnitudes of the triggered shocks proposed in Spassiani and Sebastiani and there used for the analysis of two simulated catalogs. To this aim, we impose a fundamental condition: averaging over all the magnitudes of the mother events, we must obtain again the Gutenberg-Richter law. This ensures the validity of this law at any event's generation when ignoring past seismicity. The ETAS model with correlated magnitudes is then theoretically analyzed here. In particular, we use the tool of the probability generating function and the Palm theory, in order to derive an approximation of the probability of zero events in a small time interval and to interpret the results in terms of the interevent time between consecutive shocks, the latter being a very useful random variable in the assessment of seismic hazard.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 042134
    Beschreibung: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 3
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    Niche-based assembly of bacterial consortia on the diatom Thalassiosira rotula is stable and reproducible (2020)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3The Isme Journal, Springer Nature
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-03-26
    Beschreibung: With each cell division, phytoplankton create new space for primary colonization by marine bacteria. Although this surface microenvironment is available to all planktonic bacterial colonizers, we show the assembly of bacterial consortia on a cosmopolitan marine diatom to be highly specific and reproducible. While phytoplankton–bacteria interactions play fundamental roles in marine ecosystems, namely primary production and the carbon cycle, the ecological paradigm behind epiphytic microbiome assembly remains poorly understood. In a replicated and repeated primary colonization experiment, we exposed the axenic diatom Thalassiosira rotula to several complex and compositionally different bacterial inocula derived from phytoplankton species of varying degrees of relatedness to the axenic Thalassiosira host or natural seawater. This revealed a convergent assembly of diverse and compositionally different bacterial inocula, containing up to 2071 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), towards a stable and reproducible core community. Four of these OTUs already accounted for a cumulative abundance of 60%. This core community was dominated by Rhodobacteraceae (30.5%), Alteromonadaceae (27.7%), and Oceanospirillales (18.5%) which was qualitatively and quantitatively most similar to its conspecific original. These findings reject a lottery assembly model of bacterial colonization and suggest selective microhabitat filtering. This is likely due to diatom host traits such as surface properties and different levels of specialization resulting in reciprocal stable-state associations.
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: Article , isiRev
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  • 4
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    Circadian regulation of diel vertical migration (DVM) in Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) and its link with photoperiod and circadian clock activity (2020)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Scientific Reports, Springer Nature
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-11-25
    Beschreibung: Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) are high latitude pelagic organisms which play a key ecological role in the ecosystem of the Southern Ocean. To synchronize their daily and seasonal life-traits with their highly rhythmic environment, krill rely on the implementation of rhythmic strategies which might be regulated by a circadian clock. A recent analysis of krill circadian transcriptome revealed that their clock might be characterized by an endogenous free-running period of about 12–15 h. Using krill exposed to simulated light/dark cycles (LD) and constant darkness (DD), we investigated the circadian regulation of krill diel vertical migration (DVM) and oxygen consumption, together with daily patterns of clock gene expression in brain and eyestalk tissue. In LD, we found clear 24 h rhythms of DVM and oxygen consumption, suggesting a synchronization with photoperiod. In DD, the DVM rhythm shifted to a 12 h period, while the peak of oxygen consumption displayed a temporal advance during the subjective light phase. This suggested that in free-running conditions the periodicity of these clock-regulated output functions might reflect the shortening of the endogenous period observed at the transcriptional level. Moreover, differences in the expression patterns of clock gene in brain and eyestalk, in LD and DD, suggested the presence in krill of a multiple oscillator system. Evidence of short periodicities in krill behavior and physiology further supports the hypothesis that a short endogenous period might represent a circadian adaption to cope with extreme seasonal photoperiodic variability at high latitude.
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: Article , isiRev
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  • 5
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    Travel Time and Source Variation Explain the Molecular Transformation of Dissolved Organic Matter in an Alpine Stream Network (2020)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  EPIC3JGR Biogeosciences, Wiley-Blackwell, ISSN: 2169-8961
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-09-21
    Beschreibung: Streams and rivers are important components of the carbon cycle as they transport and transform dissolved organic matter (DOM). Using high‐resolution Fourier‐transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, we studied the spatial distribution of DOM at the molecular level at more than 100 sites across a stream network during summer and winter baseflow. We developed a model approximating the time DOM spent in the fluvial network, a key constraint on the biogeochemical processing of DOM. Discharge‐weighted travel time explained the compositional changes of DOM, which differed markedly in summer and winter. We attribute these seasonal differences to variation in source material, putatively reflecting the dynamics of freshly produced DOM in summer and DOM with an imprint of leaf litter in winter. Hydrological mixing was an important driver of the spatial dynamics of DOM. From the convergence rate of DOM compound intensities to the network‐wide average, we inferred the spatial distribution of sources within the catchment. Finally, we estimated network‐wide apparent mass transfer coefficients (vf app) of individual DOM compounds, which describe the vertical velocity at which DOM compounds are removed by biotic and abiotic processes. We identified the oxidative state of carbon as an important factor explaining vf app, which we consequently attribute to biological uptake of thermodynamically favorable DOM compounds. This work contributes to our understanding of the spatial processes, temporal constraints, and chemical properties of DOM that regulate the transformation and diagenesis of DOM at the fluvial network scale.
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: Article , isiRev
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  • 6
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    On the curious case of the recent decade, mid-spring precipitation deficit in central Europe (2020)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, Springer Nature, 3(1), pp. 49, ISSN: 2397-3722
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-01-04
    Beschreibung: Central Europe has experienced a severe drought almost every April for the last 14 years consecutively, driven by record high temperatures, low flows, high evapotranspiration, and high soil moisture deficit. The dynamic of this recent and recurrent mid-spring dryness is not yet understood. Here we show that the period 2007â€``2020 was characterized by a reduction of ~50% of the usual April rainfall amount over large areas in central Europe. The precipitation deficit and the record high temperatures were triggered by a multiyear recurrent high-pressure system centered over the North Sea and northern Germany and a decline in the temperature gradient between the Arctic region and the mid-latitudes, which diverted the Atlantic storm tracks northward. From a long-term perspective, the precipitation, temperature, and soil moisture anomalies observed over the last 14 years have reached the highest amplitudes over the observational record. Our study provides an in-depth analysis of the hydroclimate extremes in central Europe over the last 140 years and their atmospheric drivers, enabling us to increase our dynamical understating of long-term dry periods, which is vital to enhance forecasting and mitigation of such events.
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: Article , isiRev
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  • 7
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    Energetic, antioxidant, inflammatory and cell death responses in the red muscle of thermally stressed Sparus aurata (2020)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Comparative Physiology B, Springer Nature, ISSN: 0174-1578
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-06-21
    Beschreibung: For a comprehensive understanding of fish responses to increasing thermal stress in marine environments, we investigated tissue energetics, antioxidant levels, inflammatory and cell death responses in Sparus aurata (gilthead seabream) red muscle during exposure to elevated temperatures (24 °C, 26 °C, 30 °C) compared to the control temperature of 18 °C. Energetic aspects were assessed by determining lactate, glucose and lipids levels in blood plasma, ATP, ADP and AMP levels, and AMPK phosphorylation as an indicator of regulatory changes in energy metabolism, in tissue extracts. Oxidative defence was assessed by determining superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione reductase maximum activities. Moreover, xanthine levels were determined as an indicator of purine conversion to xanthine and associated ROS production. In the context of inflammatory response and cell death due to oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory cytokines (IkBα phosphorylation, IL-6 and TNFα) levels, and LC3 II/I ratio and SQSTM1/p62 as indicators of autophagic-lysosomal pathway were also determined. A recovery in the efficacy of ATP production after a marked decrease during the 1st day of exposure to 24 °C is observed. This biphasic pattern is paralleled by antioxidant enzymes’ activities and inflammatory and autophagy responses, indicating a close correlation between ATP turnover and stress responses, which may benefit tissue function and survival. However, exposure beyond 24 °C caused tissue’s antioxidant capacity loss, triggering the inflammatory and cell death response, lead-ing to increased fish mortality. The results of the present study set the thermal limits of the gilthead seabream at 22–24 °C and establish the used cellular and metabolic indicators as tools for the definition of the extreme thermal limits in marine organisms.
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: Article , isiRev
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  • 8
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    Rebuilding marine life (2020)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature, Springer Nature, 580(7801), pp. 39-51, ISSN: 0028-0836
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-06-25
    Beschreibung: Sustainable Development Goal 14 of the United Nations aims to “conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development”. Achieving this goal will require rebuilding the marine life-support systems that deliver the many benefits that society receives from a healthy ocean. Here we document the recovery of marine populations, habitats and ecosystems following past conservation interventions. Recovery rates across studies suggest that substantial recovery of the abundance, structure and function of marine life could be achieved by 2050, if major pressures—including climate change—are mitigated. Rebuilding marine life represents a doable Grand Challenge for humanity, an ethical obligation and a smart economic objective to achieve a sustainable future.
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: Article , peerRev
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  • 9
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    Resource partitioning of phytoplankton metabolites that support bacterial heterotrophy (2020)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-25
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Ferrer-González, F. X., Widner, B., Holderman, N. R., Glushka, J., Edison, A. S., Kujawinski, E. B., & Moran, M. A. Resource partitioning of phytoplankton metabolites that support bacterial heterotrophy. ISME Journal, (2020), doi:10.1038/s41396-020-00811-y.
    Beschreibung: The communities of bacteria that assemble around marine microphytoplankton are predictably dominated by Rhodobacterales, Flavobacteriales, and families within the Gammaproteobacteria. Yet whether this consistent ecological pattern reflects the result of resource-based niche partitioning or resource competition requires better knowledge of the metabolites linking microbial autotrophs and heterotrophs in the surface ocean. We characterized molecules targeted for uptake by three heterotrophic bacteria individually co-cultured with a marine diatom using two strategies that vetted the exometabolite pool for biological relevance by means of bacterial activity assays: expression of diagnostic genes and net drawdown of exometabolites, the latter detected with mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance using novel sample preparation approaches. Of the more than 36 organic molecules with evidence of bacterial uptake, 53% contained nitrogen (including nucleosides and amino acids), 11% were organic sulfur compounds (including dihydroxypropanesulfonate and dimethysulfoniopropionate), and 28% were components of polysaccharides (including chrysolaminarin, chitin, and alginate). Overlap in phytoplankton-derived metabolite use by bacteria in the absence of competition was low, and only guanosine, proline, and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine were predicted to be used by all three. Exometabolite uptake pattern points to a key role for ecological resource partitioning in the assembly marine bacterial communities transforming recent photosynthate.
    Beschreibung: This work was supported by grants from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (5503) and the National Science Foundation (IOS-1656311) to MAM, ASE, and EBK, and by the Simons Foundation grant 542391 to MAM within the Principles of Microbial Ecosystems (PriME) Collaborative.
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Materialart: Article
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  • 10
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    Stable aerobic and anaerobic coexistence in anoxic marine zones (2020)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Zakem, E. J., Mahadevan, A., Lauderdale, J. M., & Follows, M. J. Stable aerobic and anaerobic coexistence in anoxic marine zones. ISME Journal, 14, (2019): 288–301, doi: 10.1038/s41396-019-0523-8.
    Beschreibung: Mechanistic description of the transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism is necessary for diagnostic and predictive modeling of fixed nitrogen loss in anoxic marine zones (AMZs). In a metabolic model where diverse oxygen- and nitrogen-cycling microbial metabolisms are described by underlying redox chemical reactions, we predict a transition from strictly aerobic to predominantly anaerobic regimes as the outcome of ecological interactions along an oxygen gradient, obviating the need for prescribed critical oxygen concentrations. Competing aerobic and anaerobic metabolisms can coexist in anoxic conditions whether these metabolisms represent obligate or facultative populations. In the coexistence regime, relative rates of aerobic and anaerobic activity are determined by the ratio of oxygen to electron donor supply. The model simulates key characteristics of AMZs, such as the accumulation of nitrite and the sustainability of anammox at higher oxygen concentrations than denitrification, and articulates how microbial biomass concentrations relate to associated water column transformation rates as a function of redox stoichiometry and energetics. Incorporating the metabolic model into an idealized two-dimensional ocean circulation results in a simulated AMZ, in which a secondary chlorophyll maximum emerges from oxygen-limited grazing, and where vertical mixing and dispersal in the oxycline also contribute to metabolic co-occurrence. The modeling approach is mechanistic yet computationally economical and suitable for global change applications.
    Beschreibung: We are grateful for the thorough and thoughtful comments of two anonymous reviewers. We also thank Andrew Babbin for helpful comments. EJZ was supported by the Simons Foundation (Postdoctoral Fellowship in Marine Microbial Ecology). AM was supported by the Office of Naval Research (ONR #N000-14-15-1-2555). JML was supported by U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF #OCE-1259388). MJF was supported by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (GBMF #3778) and the Simons Foundation: the Simons Collaboration on Ocean Processes and Ecology (SCOPE #329108) and the Simons Collaboration on Computational Biogeochemical Modeling of Marine Ecosystems (CBIOMES #549931).
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Materialart: Article
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