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Analyzing bacterial extracellular vesicles in human body fluids by orthogonal biophysical separation and biochemical characterization (2019)

Tulkens, Joeri ; De Wever, Olivier ; Hendrix, An

Springer Nature

In: Nature Protocols. 2019; 15(1): 40-67. Published 2019 Nov 27. doi: 10.1038/s41596-019-0236-5.

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Publikationsdatum: 2019-11-27

Print ISSN: 1754-2189

Digitale ISSN: 1750-2799

Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

Publiziert von Springer Nature

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Adaptation of muscle activation after patellar loading demonstrates neural control of joint variables (2019)

Barroso, Filipe O. ; Alessandro, Cristiano ; Tresch, Matthew C.

Springer Nature

In: Scientific Reports. 2019; 9(1): 20370. Published 2019 Dec 01. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-56888-9.

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Publikationsdatum: 2019-12-01

Beschreibung: We evaluated whether the central nervous system (CNS) chooses muscle activations not only to achieve behavioral goals but also to minimize stresses and strains within joints. We analyzed the coordination between quadriceps muscles during locomotion in rats before and after imposing a lateral force on the patella. Vastus lateralis (VL) and vastus medialis (VM) in the rat produce identical knee torques but opposing mediolateral patellar forces. If the CNS regulates internal joint stresses, we predicted that after imposing a lateral patellar load by attaching a spring between the patella and lateral femur, the CNS would reduce the ratio between VL and VM activation to minimize net mediolateral patellar forces. Our results confirmed this prediction, showing that VL activation was reduced after attaching the spring whereas VM and rectus femoris (RF) activations were not significantly changed. This adaptation was reversed after the spring was detached. These changes were not observed immediately after attaching the spring but only developed after 3–5 days, suggesting that they reflected gradual processes rather than immediate compensatory reflexes. Overall, these results support the hypothesis that the CNS chooses muscle activations to regulate internal joint variables.

Digitale ISSN: 2045-2322

Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

Publiziert von Springer Nature

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Chronic oral exposure to field-realistic pesticide combinations via pollen and nectar: effects on feeding and thermal performance in a solitary bee (2019)

Azpiazu, Celeste ; Bosch, Jordi ; Viñuela, Elisa ; [weitere]

Springer Nature

In: Scientific Reports. 2019; 9(1): 13770. Published 2019 Sep 24. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-50255-4.

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Publikationsdatum: 2019-09-24

Beschreibung: Pesticide use is one of the main causes of pollinator declines in agricultural ecosystems. Traditionally, most laboratory studies on bee ecotoxicology test acute exposure to single compounds. However, under field conditions, bees are often chronically exposed to a variety of chemicals, with potential synergistic effects. We studied the effects of field-realistic concentrations of three pesticides measured in pollen and nectar of commercial melon fields on the solitary bee Osmia bicornis L. We orally exposed females of this species throughout their life span to 8 treatments combining two neonicotinoid insecticides (acetamiprid, imidacloprid) and a triazole fungicide (myclobutanil) via pollen and sugar syrup. We measured pollen and syrup consumption, longevity, ovary maturation and thermogenesis. Although bees consumed larger amounts of syrup than pollen, pesticide intake via syrup and pollen were similar. At the tested concentrations, no synergistic effects emerged, and we found no effects on longevity and ovary maturation. However, all treatments containing imidacloprid resulted in suppressed syrup consumption and drastic decreases in thoracic temperature and bee activity. Our results have important implications for pesticide regulation. If we had measured only lethal effects we would have wrongly concluded that the pesticide combinations containing imidacloprid were safe to O. bicornis. The incorporation of tests specifically intended to detect sublethal effects in bee risk assessment schemes should be an urgent priority. In this way, the effects of pesticide exposure on the dynamics of bee populations in agroecosystems will be better assessed.

Digitale ISSN: 2045-2322

Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

Publiziert von Springer Nature

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Inactivation of Ppp1r15a minimises weight gain and insulin resistance during caloric excess in female mice (2019)

Patel, Vruti ; Bidault, Guillaume ; Chambers, Joseph E. ; [weitere]

Springer Nature

In: Scientific Reports. 2019; 9(1): 2903. Published 2019 Feb 27. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-39562-y.

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Publikationsdatum: 2019-02-27

Beschreibung: Phosphorylation of the translation initiation factor eIF2α within the mediobasal hypothalamus is known to suppress food intake, but the role of the eIF2α phosphatases in regulating body weight is poorly understood. Mice deficient in active PPP1R15A, a stress-inducible eIF2α phosphatase, are healthy and more resistant to endoplasmic reticulum stress than wild type controls. We report that when female Ppp1r15a mutant mice are fed a high fat diet they gain less weight than wild type littermates owing to reduced food intake. This results in healthy leaner Ppp1r15a mutant animals with reduced hepatic steatosis and improved insulin sensitivity, albeit with a possible modest defect in insulin secretion. By contrast, no weight differences are observed between wild type and Ppp1r15a deficient mice fed a standard diet. We conclude that female mice lacking the C-terminal PP1-binding domain of PPP1R15A show reduced dietary intake and preserved glucose tolerance. Our data indicate that this results in reduced weight gain and protection from diet-induced obesity.

Digitale ISSN: 2045-2322

Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

Publiziert von Springer Nature

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Brainstem and spinal cord MRI identifies altered sensorimotor pathways post-stroke (2019)

Karbasforoushan, Haleh ; Cohen-Adad, Julien ; Dewald, Julius P. A.

Springer Nature

In: Nature Communications. 2019; 10(1): 3524. Published 2019 Aug 06. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-11244-3.

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Publikationsdatum: 2019-08-06

Beschreibung: Damage to the corticospinal tract is widely studied following unilateral subcortical stroke, whereas less is known about changes to other sensorimotor pathways. This may be due to the fact that many studies investigated morphological changes in the brain, where the majority of descending and ascending brain pathways are overlapping, and did not investigate the brainstem where they separate. Moreover, these pathways continue passing through separate regions in the spinal cord. Here, using a high-resolution structural MRI of both the brainstem and the cervical spinal cord, we were able to identify a number of microstructurally altered pathways, in addition to the corticospinal tract, post stroke. Moreover, decreases in ipsi-lesional corticospinal tract integrity and increases in contra-lesional medial reticulospinal tract integrity were correlated with motor impairment severity in individuals with stroke.

Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723

Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

Publiziert von Springer Nature

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Age-dependent carry-over effects in a long-distance migratory bird (2019)

López Calderón, Cosme ; Balbontín Arenas, Javier ; Hobson, Keith A. ; [weitere]

Springer Nature

In: Scientific Reports. 2019; 9(1): 12032. Published 2019 Aug 19. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-47374-3.

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Publikationsdatum: 2019-08-19

Beschreibung: Migratory birds usually respond to climate change by modifying breeding and/or wintering areas, as well as by reproducing earlier. In addition, changes in winter habitat use or breeding phenology could have important carry-over effects on subsequent breeding success. Here, we studied age- and sex-dependent carry-over effects from wintering to the breeding stage of a small aerial insectivorous long-distance migratory bird, the barn swallows (Hirundo rustica) breeding in Denmark during 1984–2013. First, we used stable isotope analyses combined with ringing recoveries to identify wintering areas. Second, we found that environmental conditions as inferred by Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) have improved at the wintering grounds. Third, we used confirmatory path analysis to quantify the indirect effect of winter conditions on subsequent breeding success. Males delayed onset of breeding and raised fewer fledglings in the first brood when ecological conditions during the previous winter improved. This response was age dependent, since yearlings did not respond to this environmental cue but the response was increasingly stronger as males aged. Females showed a similar response to winter conditions, although not statistically significant. These results highlight the importance of studying carry-over effects within the context of climate change, especially in relation to age of individuals.

Digitale ISSN: 2045-2322

Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

Publiziert von Springer Nature

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