ALBERT

Beschreibung: When cumulonimbus clouds aggregate, developing into a single entity with precipitation covering a horizontal scale of hundreds of kilometers, they are called mesoscale convective systems (MCSs). They account for much of Earth’s precipitation, generate severe weather events and flooding, produce prodigious cirriform anvil clouds, and affect the evolution of the larger-scale circulation. Understanding the inner workings of MCSs has resulted from developments in observational technology and modeling. Time–space conversion of ordinary surface and upper-air observations provided early insight into MCSs, but deeper understanding has followed field campaigns using increasingly sophisticated radars, better aircraft instrumentation, and an ever-widening range of satellite instruments, especially satellite-borne radars. High-resolution modeling and theoretical insights have shown that aggregated cumulonimbus clouds induce a mesoscale circulation consisting of air overturning on a scale larger than the scale of individual convective up- and downdrafts. These layers can be kilometers deep and decoupled from the boundary layer in elevated MCSs. Cooling in the lower troposphere and heating aloft characterize the stratiform regions of MCSs. As a result, long-lived MCSs with large stratiform regions have a top-heavy heating profile that generates potential vorticity in midlevels, thus influencing the larger-scale circulation within which the MCSs occur. Global satellite data show MCSs varying in structure, depending on the prevailing large-scale circulation and topography. These patterns are likely to change with global warming. In addition, environmental pollution affects MCS structure and dynamics subtly. Feedbacks of MCSs therefore need to be included or parameterized in climate models.

Beschreibung: The central change in understanding of the ocean circulation during the past 100 years has been its emergence as an intensely time-dependent, effectively turbulent and wave-dominated, flow. Early technologies for making the difficult observations were adequate only to depict large-scale, quasi-steady flows. With the electronic revolution of the past 50+ years, the emergence of geophysical fluid dynamics, the strongly inhomogeneous time-dependent nature of oceanic circulation physics finally emerged. Mesoscale (balanced), submesoscale oceanic eddies at 100-km horizontal scales and shorter, and internal waves are now known to be central to much of the behavior of the system. Ocean circulation is now recognized to involve both eddies and larger-scale flows with dominant elements and their interactions varying among the classical gyres, the boundary current regions, the Southern Ocean, and the tropics.

Beschreibung: Although atmospheric observing systems were already an important part of meteorology before the American Meteorological Society was established in 1919, the past 100 years have seen a steady increase in their numbers and types. Examples of how observing systems were developed and how they have enabled major scientific discoveries are presented. These examples include observing systems associated with the boundary layer, the upper air, clouds and precipitation, and solar and terrestrial radiation. Widely used specialized observing systems such as radar, lidar, and research aircraft are discussed, and examples of applications to weather forecasting and climate are given. Examples drawn from specific types of chemical measurements, such as ozone and carbon dioxide, are included. Sources of information on observing systems, including other chapters of this monograph, are also discussed. The past 100 years has been characterized by synergism between societal needs for weather observations and the needs of fundamental meteorological research into atmospheric processes. In the latter half of the period, observing system improvements have been driven by the increasing demands for higher-resolution data for numerical models, the need for long-term measurements, and for more global coverage. This has resulted in a growing demand for data access and for integrating data from an increasingly wide variety of observing system types and networks. These trends will likely continue.

Beschreibung: The polar regions present several unique challenges to meteorology, including remoteness and a harsh environment. We summarize the evolution of polar meteorology in both hemispheres, beginning with measurements made during early expeditions and concluding with the recent decades in which polar meteorology has been central to global challenges such as the ozone hole, weather prediction, and climate change. Whereas the 1800s and early 1900s provided data from expeditions and only a few subarctic stations, the past 100 years have seen great advances in the observational network and corresponding understanding of the meteorology of the polar regions. For example, a persistent view in the early twentieth century was of an Arctic Ocean dominated by a permanent high pressure cell, a glacial anticyclone. With increased observations, by the 1950s it became apparent that, while anticyclones are a common feature of the Arctic circulation, cyclones are frequent and may be found anywhere in the Arctic. Technology has benefited polar meteorology through advances in instrumentation, especially autonomously operated instruments. Moreover, satellite remote sensing and computer models revolutionized polar meteorology. We highlight the four International Polar Years and several high-latitude field programs of recent decades. We also note outstanding challenges, which include understanding of the role of the Arctic in variations of midlatitude weather and climate, the ability to model surface energy exchanges over a changing Arctic Ocean, assessments of ongoing and future trends in extreme events in polar regions, and the role of internal variability in multiyear-to-decadal variations of polar climate.

Beschreibung: The field of atmospheric science has been enhanced by its long-standing collaboration with entities with specific needs. This chapter and the two subsequent ones describe how applications have worked to advance the science at the same time that the science has served the needs of society. This chapter briefly reviews the synergy between the applications and advancing the science. It specifically describes progress in weather modification, aviation weather, and applications for security. Each of these applications has resulted in enhanced understanding of the physics and dynamics of the atmosphere, new and improved observing equipment, better models, and a push for greater computing power.

Beschreibung: Over the past century, the atmospheric and related sciences have seen incredible advances in our understanding of Earth’s environment and our ability to monitor and predict its behavior. These advances have had a profound impact on society and have been integrated into every aspect of daily life. The American Meteorological Society (AMS) has been instrumental in supporting these advances throughout its first 100 years of existence as a scientific and professional society serving the community of professionals in the atmospheric and related oceanic and hydrologic sciences. AMS has provided opportunities for researchers and practitioners to share their scientific findings and build fruitful collaborations to further the science and its application. Through strategic initiatives at key points in its history, AMS has pushed the science forward—highlighting areas ripe for development, creating frameworks for interdisciplinary interactions, and providing innovative approaches to the dissemination of research results. As a society made up of the scientific community and led by many of the most prominent scientists of their time, AMS has been able to respond to, and often anticipate, the needs of its community.

Beschreibung: A century ago, meteorologists regarded tropical cyclones as shallow vortices, extending upward only a few kilometers into the troposphere, and nothing was known about their physics save that convection was somehow involved. As recently as 1938, a major hurricane struck the densely populated northeastern United States with no warning whatsoever, killing hundreds. In the time since the American Meteorological Society was founded, however, tropical cyclone research blossomed into an endeavor of great breadth and depth, encompassing fields ranging from atmospheric and oceanic dynamics to biogeochemistry, and the precision and scope of forecasts and warnings have achieved a level of success that would have been regarded as impossible only a few decades ago. This chapter attempts to document the extraordinary progress in tropical cyclone research over the last century and to suggest some avenues for productive research over the next one.

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: January 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Progress in Oceanography, Volume 170〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Alba María Martínez–Pérez, Teresa S. Catalá, Mar Nieto–Cid, Jaime Otero, Marta Álvarez, Mikhail Emelianov, Isabel Reche, Xosé Antón Álvarez–Salgado, Javier Arístegui〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) in the Mediterranean Sea was analysed by excitation–emission matrix (EEM) spectroscopy and parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis during the cruise HOTMIX 2014. A 4–component model, including 3 humic–like and 1 protein–like compounds, was obtained. To decipher the environmental factors that dictate the distributions of these components, we run generalized additive models (GAMs) in the epipelagic layer and an optimum multiparametric (OMP) water masses analysis in the meso– and bathypelagic layers. In the epipelagic layer, apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) and temperature presented the most significant effects on the variability of the marine humic-like peak M fluorescence, suggesting that its distribution was controlled by the net community respiration of organic matter and photobleaching. On the contrary, the variability of the soil humic-like peak E and the protein–like peak T fluorescence was explained mainly by the prokaryotic heterotrophic abundance, which decreased eastwards. In the meso– and bathypelagic layers, water mass mixing and basin–scale mineralization processes explained 〉72% and 63% of the humic–like and protein–like fluorescence variability, respectively. When analysing the two basins separately, the OMP model offered a better explanation of the distribution of fluorescence in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, as expected from the reduced biological activity in this ultra–oligotrophic basin. Furthermore, while western Mediterranean deep waters display the usual trend in the global ocean (increase of humic–like fluorescence and decrease of protein–like fluorescence with higher AOU values), the eastern Mediterranean deep waters presented an opposite trend. Different initial fluorescence intensities of the water masses that mix in the eastern basin, with Adriatic and Aegean origins, seem to be behind this contrasting pattern. The analysis of the transect–scale mineralization processes corroborate this hypothesis, suggesting a production of humic–like and a consumption of protein–like fluorescence in parallel with water mass ageing. Remarkably, the transect–scale variability of the chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) absorbing at the excitation wavelength of the humic–like peak M indicates an unexpected loss with increasing AOU, which suggests that the consumption of the non–fluorescent fraction of CDOM absorbing at that wavelength exceeded the production of the fluorescent fraction observed here.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects, Volume 1863, Issue 2〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Mathilde Ménard, Florent Meyer, Ksenia Parkhomenko, Cédric Leuvrey, Grégory Francius, Sylvie Bégin-Colin, Damien Mertz〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Human serum albumin (HSA) nanoparticles emerge as promising carriers for drug delivery. Among challenges, one important issue is the design of HSA nanoparticles with a low mean size of ca. 50 nm and having a high drug payload. The original strategy developed here is to use sacrificial mesoporous nanosilica templates having a diameter close to 30 nm to drive the protein nanocapsule formation. This new approach ensures first an efficient high drug loading (ca. 30%) of Doxorubicin (DOX) in the porous silica by functionalizing silica with an aminosiloxane layer and then allows the one-step adsorption and the physical cross-linking of HSA by modifying the silica surface with isobutyramide (IBAM) groups. After silica template removal, homogenous DOX-loaded HSA nanocapsules (30–60 nm size) with high drug loading capacity (ca. 88%) are thus formed. Such nanocapsules are shown efficient in multicellular tumor spheroid models (MCTS) of human hepatocarcinoma cells by their significant growth inhibition with respect to controls. Such a new synthesis approach paves the way toward new protein based nanocarriers for drug delivery.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0304416518303416-ga1.jpg" width="500" alt="Unlabelled Image" title="Unlabelled Image"〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: January 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research, Volume 1866, Issue 1〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): 〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: November 2018〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Comptes Rendus Geoscience, Volume 350, Issue 7〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Ilias Fountoulakis, Christos S. Zerefos, Alkiviadis F. Bais, John Kapsomenakis, Maria-Elissavet Koukouli, Nozomu Ohkawara, Vitali Fioletov, Hugo De Backer, Kaisa Lakkala, Tomi Karppinen, Ann R. Webb〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Spectral UV records of solar irradiance at stations over Europe, Canada, and Japan were used to study long-term trends at 307.5 nm for a 25-year period, from 1992 to 2016. Ground-based measurements of total ozone, as well as satellite measurements of the Aerosol Index, the Total Cloud Cover and the surface reflectivity were also used in order to attribute the estimated changes of the UV to the corresponding changes of these factors. The present study shows that over the Northern Hemisphere, the long-term changes in UV-B radiation reaching the Earth's surface vary significantly over different locations, and that the main drivers of these variations are changes in aerosols and total ozone. At high latitudes, part of the observed changes may also be attributed to changes in the surface reflectivity. Over Japan, the UV-B irradiance at 307.5 nm has increased significantly by ∼3%/decade during the past 25 years, possibly due to the corresponding significant decrease of its absorption by aerosols. It was found that the greatest part of this increase took place before the mid-2000s. The only European station, over which UV radiation increases significantly, is that of Thessaloniki, Greece. Analysis of the clear-sky irradiance for the particular station shows increasing irradiance at 307.5 nm by ∼3.5%/decade during the entire period of study, with an increasing rate of change during the last decade, possibly again due to the decreasing absorption by aerosols.〈/p〉〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 1 December 2018〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Solid State Ionics, Volume 327〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): W.G. Wang, X.Y. Li, T. Liu, G.L. Hao〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The electrical performances and relaxation behaviors of the Na〈sub〉0.525〈/sub〉Bi〈sub〉0.475〈/sub〉TiO〈sub〉2.975〈/sub〉 and Bi-deficient Na〈sub〉0.51〈/sub〉Bi〈sub〉0.48〈/sub〉TiO〈sub〉2.975〈/sub〉 sample were investigated. The grain conductivity of the Na〈sub〉0.525〈/sub〉Bi〈sub〉0.475〈/sub〉TiO〈sub〉2.975〈/sub〉 sample is able to reach 1.51 × 10〈sup〉−3〈/sup〉 S/cm at 673 K. In the temperature range of measurement, the grain conductivity of the Bi-deficient Na〈sub〉0.51〈/sub〉Bi〈sub〉0.48〈/sub〉TiO〈sub〉2.975〈/sub〉 sample is lower than that of the Na〈sub〉0.525〈/sub〉Bi〈sub〉0.475〈/sub〉TiO〈sub〉2.975〈/sub〉 sample. By the internal friction and dielectric relaxation spectrum, the activation energy and relaxation time at infinite temperature were determined as (0.82 eV, 2.47 × 10〈sup〉−14〈/sup〉 s), (0.67 eV, 5.82 × 10〈sup〉−12〈/sup〉 s) and (0.85 eV, 5.8 × 10〈sup〉−13〈/sup〉 s), (0.52 eV, 2.55 × 10〈sup〉−10〈/sup〉 s) for the Na〈sub〉0.525〈/sub〉Bi〈sub〉0.475〈/sub〉TiO〈sub〉2.975〈/sub〉 and Na〈sub〉0.51〈/sub〉Bi〈sub〉0.48〈/sub〉TiO〈sub〉2.975〈/sub〉 samples at the different temperature regions. In the Na〈sub〉0.525〈/sub〉Bi〈sub〉0.475〈/sub〉TiO〈sub〉2.975〈/sub〉 compound, there is larger specific free volume, higher mobile oxygen vacancy content and better oxygen vacancy mobility, which cause the higher grain conductivity in the Na〈sub〉0.525〈/sub〉Bi〈sub〉0.475〈/sub〉TiO〈sub〉2.975〈/sub〉 compound. To some extent, by the Bi-deficient method, oxygen vacancies can be introduced into the Na〈sub〉0.51〈/sub〉Bi〈sub〉0.48〈/sub〉TiO〈sub〉2.975〈/sub〉 compound and the grain conductivity may be improved, but the other side of Bi-deficiency harms the oxygen vacancy diffusion capacities in the Na〈sub〉0.5〈/sub〉Bi〈sub〉0.5〈/sub〉TiO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 compound.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 1 December 2018〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Solid State Ionics, Volume 327〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Yonrapach Areerob, Ju Yong Cho, Won Kweon Jang, Kwang Youn Cho, Won-Chun Oh〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉A cost effective and efficient alternative counter electrode (CE) to replace commercially existing platinum (Pt)-based CEs for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) is necessary to make DSSCs competitive. Herein, we report the model-controllable synthesis of Graphene-La〈sub〉6〈/sub〉W〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O〈sub〉15〈/sub〉 doped NiSe-CoSe quantum dot (GLW-NiCoSe) nanosheets with various NiCoSe content via simple hydrothermal method and used as CE for DSSC application. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results confirmed that the as-synthesized GLW-NiCoSe nanosheets quantum dot exhibited good electrocatalytic properties and a low charge transfer resistance at the electrolyte-electrode interface. In addition, Thermal images and Photocurrent also demonstrate stability effect of material with more exposed edge sites and appropriate NiCoSe ratio. GLW-NiCoSe nanosheets performed rough surfaces, well-defined interior voids, large specific surface areas and outstanding catalytic actives. Finally, the mechanism of this material has been reported. All of these results showed a high energy conversion efficiency of up to 8%, which was comparable to the Pt CE (7%). The simple fabricated and good electrocatalytic properties of GLW-NiCoSe nanosheets make them as an alternative CE for DSSCs.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0167273818304910-ga1.jpg" width="314" alt="Unlabelled Image" title="Unlabelled Image"〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 1 December 2018〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Solid State Ionics, Volume 327〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Ho-Young Jung, Geon-O Moon, T. Sadhasivam, Chang-Soo Jin, Won-Shik Park, Hee-Tak Kim, Sung-Hee Roh〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉To confirm the viability of a porous polyethylene (PE) separator for using in vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs), we conduct a comparative electroanalytical and chemical stability studies of the PE separator and Nafion 212 membrane. We characterize the physicochemical properties of the separator, such as water uptake, dimensional change, and ion conductivity, and analyze its structural and compositional features using thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. We also test the chemical stability of the separator against highly oxidative V〈sup〉5+〈/sup〉 ions and the cell performance of VRFB using PE separator to assess practical applicability. In chemical stability, the change of VO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉〈sup〉+〈/sup〉 ion to VO〈sup〉2+〈/sup〉 ion is considerably lowered by the PE separator (0.01 mmol/L) than the Nafion 212 (0.27 mmol/L), which indicates that the PE separator possesses higher chemical stability. The energy efficiency of the VRFB with the PE separator is lower than that obtained with Nafion 212. However, the chemical stability of PE separator is 27 times higher than that of Nafion 212, indicating that its use will promote the long-term operation of the VRFB system. Hence, the PE separator can be considered a cost-effective option for VRFB operation, with appropriate modifications to its thickness, surface properties and pore structure.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Surface Science, Volume 681〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Qingjun Chen, Ingeborg-Helene Svenum, Ljubisa Gavrilovic, De Chen, Edd A. Blekkan〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Trace amounts of potassium (K) have a significant influence on the activity and selectivity of cobalt-based catalysts in Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS), in which hydrogen adsorption and dissociation is one of the initial and most important steps. In this work, hydrogen adsorption and dissociation behavior on typical facets ((0001), (10–11), (10–12), (10–15) and (11–20)) of hcp Co with and without adsorbed K were systematically studied. H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 molecular adsorption results showed that H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 mainly adsorbed in the perpendicular mode and close to the state of free H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉. Different facets and pre-adsorbed K did not show obvious effects on the H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 adsorption energy. Atomic hydrogen adsorption was site and facet dependent, but the maximum hydrogen adsorption energy on the different facets of hcp Co were similar (-2.64 to -2.67 eV) with the exception on the (11–20) facet where the adsorption energy was significantly lower (-2.44 eV). K had a slight destabilizing effect on the H atom adsorption on the former Co surfaces due to a very weak repulsive interaction between K and H atoms. The initial H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 dissociation had negligible energy barriers (0–0.07 eV) on the clean surface of hcp Co, suggesting the direct dissociative adsorption of H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉. The energy barriers for H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 dissociation are mainly caused by the approach of molecular H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 towards the Co surface and the rotation of the H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 molecule from the perpendicular mode to the parallel mode. The H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 dissociation energy barriers increase by 0.02–0.17 eV after the pre-adsorption of K, indicating a slight inhibition of H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 dissociation by K. However, the energy barriers for H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 dissociation in the presence of K were also small (0.05–0.21 eV). This indicates that H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 dissociates readily at typical Co-based FTS reaction temperatures (210–240 °C), both in the absence and presence of K. Different K species (K and KOH) exhibit similar effects on H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 dissociation on hcp Co. The B〈sub〉5〈/sub〉 sites on the stepped facets, the preferred sites for K adsorption are not the most favorable site for H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 dissociation, and K slightly hinders H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 dissociation at the B〈sub〉5〈/sub〉 site of hcp Co.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0039602818305144-fx1.jpg" width="301" alt="Image, graphical abstract" title="Image, graphical abstract"〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: January 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Fish & Shellfish Immunology, Volume 84〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Xing-Wei Xiang, Jin-Xing Xiao, Yu-Fang Zhou, Bin Zheng, Zheng-Shun Wen〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The black seabream (〈em〉Sparus macrocephlus〈/em〉) is an economically pivotal aquaculture species cultured in China and Southeast Asian countries. To understand the molecular immune mechanisms underlying the response to 〈em〉Vibrio parahaemolyticus〈/em〉, a comparative gene transcription analysis were performed with utilized fresh livers of 〈em〉V. parahaemolyticus〈/em〉-immunized 〈em〉Sparus macrocephlus〈/em〉 with a control group through RNA-Seq technology. A total of 256663 contigs were obtained after excluded the low-quality sequences and assembly. The average length of contigs collected from this research is 1066.93 bp. Furthermore, blast analysis indicates 30747 contigs were annotated based on homology with matches in the NT, NR, gene, and string databases. A gene ontology analysis was employed to classify 21598 genes according to three major functional categories: molecular function, cellular component, and biological process. A total of 14470 genes were discovered in 303 KEGG pathways. RSEM and EdgeR were introduced to estimate 3841 genes significantly different expressed (False Discovery Rate〈0.001) which includes 4072 up-regulated genes and 3771 down-regulated genes. A significant enrichment analysis of these differentially expressed genes and isogenes were conducted to reveal the major immune-related pathways which refer to the toll-like receptor, complement, coagulation cascades, and chemokine signaling pathways. In addition, 92175 potential simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and 121912 candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected and identified sequencely in the 〈em〉Sparus macrocephlus〈/em〉 liver transcriptome. This research characterized a gene expression pattern for normal and the 〈em〉V. parahaemolyticus〈/em〉 -immunized 〈em〉Sparus macrocephlus〈/em〉 for the first time and not only sheds new light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the host-〈em〉V. parahaemolyticus〈/em〉 interaction but contribute to facilitate future studies on 〈em〉Sparus macrocephlus〈/em〉 gene expression and functional genomics.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: January 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Fish & Shellfish Immunology, Volume 84〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Yi-Hong Chen, Jian-Guo He〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The shrimp aquaculture industry is plagued by disease. Due to the lack of deep understanding of the relationship between innate immune mechanism and environmental adaptation mechanism, it is difficult to prevent and control the diseases of shrimp. The shrimp innate immune system has received much recent attention, and the functions of the humoral immune response and the cellular immune response have been preliminarily characterized. The role of environmental stress in shrimp disease has also been investigated recently, attempting to clarify the interactions among the innate immune response, the environmental stress response, and disease. Both the innate immune response and the environmental stress response have a complex relationship with shrimp diseases. Although these systems are important safeguards, allowing shrimp to adapt to adverse environments and resist infection, some pathogens, such as white spot syndrome virus, hijack these host systems. As shrimp lack an adaptive immune system, immunization therapy cannot be used to prevent and control shrimp disease. However, shrimp diseases can be controlled using ecological techniques. These techniques, which are based on the innate immune response and the environmental stress response, significantly reduce the impact of shrimp diseases. The object of this review is to summarize the recent research on shrimp environmental adaptation mechanisms, innate immune response mechanisms, and the relationship between these systems. We also suggest some directions for future research.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: January 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Fish & Shellfish Immunology, Volume 84〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Yinnan Mu, Shimin Zhou, Ning Ding, Jingqun Ao, Xinhua Chen〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Chemokines are a superfamily of structurally related chemotactic cytokines exerting significant roles in regulating cell migration and activation. Currently, five subgroups of fish specific CXC chemokines, named CXCL_F1-CXCL_F5, have been identified in teleost fish. However, understanding of the functions of these fish specific CXC chemokines is still limited. Here, a new member of fish specific CXC chemokines, 〈em〉Lc〈/em〉CXCL_F6, was cloned from large yellow croaker 〈em〉Larimichthys crocea〈/em〉. Its open reading frame (ORF) is 369 nucleotides long, encoding a peptide of 122 amino acids (aa). The deduced 〈em〉Lc〈/em〉CXCL_F6 protein contains a 19-aa signal peptide and a 103-aa mature polypeptide, which has four conserved cysteine residues (C〈sup〉28〈/sup〉, C〈sup〉30〈/sup〉, C〈sup〉56〈/sup〉, and C〈sup〉72〈/sup〉), as found in other known CXC chemokines. Phylogenetic analysis showed 〈em〉Lc〈/em〉CXCL_F6 formed a separate clade with sequences from other fish species, tentatively named CXCL_F6, distinct from the clades formed by fish CXCL_F1-5 and mammalian CXC chemokines. The 〈em〉Lc〈/em〉CXCL_F6 transcripts were constitutively expressed in all examined tissues and significantly up-regulated in the spleen and head kidney tissues by poly (I:C) and 〈em〉Vibrio alginolyticus〈/em〉. Its transcripts were also detected in primary head kidney leukocytes (HKLs), peripheral blood leucocytes (PBLs), and large yellow croaker head kidney (LYCK) cell line, and significantly up-regulated by poly(I:C), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and peptidoglycan (PGN) in HKLs. Recombinant 〈em〉Lc〈/em〉CXCL_F6 protein (r〈em〉Lc〈/em〉CXCL_F6) could not only chemotactically attract monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes from PBLs, but also enhance NO release and expression of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and CXCL8) in monocytes/macrophages. These results indicate that 〈em〉Lc〈/em〉CXCL_F6 plays a role in mediating the inflammatory response.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: January 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Volume 138〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Jae-Woong Min, Nicholas S. Vonortas, YoungJun Kim〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉This study explores the factors that contribute to the commercialization of technologies transferred from universities and public research institutes (U&PRIs) to companies. We take a step further than the established literature focusing on technology transfer to examine factors that also affect the chances of the successful commercialization of the transferred technologies through an empirical analysis of 669 technology transfer cases in Korea. The study shows that the intensity of market competition is a key factor in moderating the effects of partnership and absorptive capacity on the successful commercialization of transferred technologies. While collaboration with U&PRIs exerts a positive effect on commercialization success, this effect is weakened by the intensity of market competition. The intensity of market competition boosts the importance of company absorptive capacity for the commercialization success of the transferred technology. We conclude that strategic management of the absorptive capacities of companies and their partnership with U&PRIs are necessary ingredients of the success of technology transfer in concordance with the intensity of competition that the company faces in the market.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 10 February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Electrochimica Acta, Volume 296〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Saheed Bukola, Stephen E. Creager〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Transmission rates for protons and deuterons across single-layer graphene embedded in Nafion | graphene | Nafion sandwich structures are measured as a function of temperature in electrochemical hydrogen pump cells. Rates of ion transmission through graphene are obtained in the form of area-normalized ion-transfer resistances, and are interpreted in terms of ion-exchange current densities and standard heterogeneous ion-transfer rate constants. An encounter pre-equilibrium model for the ion-transfer step is then used to provide rate constants for the fundamental microscopic step of ion (proton or deuteron) transmission across graphene. Application of this rate model to interpret variable-temperature data on proton and deuteron transmission rates provides values for the activation energy and pre-exponential factor for the fundamental ion transmission step across graphene. Activation energies obtained from the Arrhenius plots for proton and deuteron transmission are as follows; for proton, E〈sub〉act〈/sub〉 = 48 ± 2 kJ/mole (0.50 ± 0.02 eV) and for deuteron, E〈sub〉act〈/sub〉 = 53 ± 5 kJ/mole (0.55 ± 0.05 eV). The difference between these two values of approximately 5 kJ/mole is in good agreement with the expected difference in vibrational zero-point energies for O〈img src="https://sdfestaticassets-eu-west-1.sciencedirectassets.com/shared-assets/16/entities/sbnd"〉H and O-D bonds, albeit with some uncertainty given the uncertainties in the activation energy values. Pre-exponential frequency factor values of 8.3 ± 0.4 × 10〈sup〉13〈/sup〉 s〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 and is 4.7 ± 0.5 × 10〈sup〉13〈/sup〉 s〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 were obtained for proton and deuteron transmission respectively across graphene. These pre-factor values are both quite large, on the order of the values predicted from the Eyring – Polanyi equation with a transmission coefficient near one. The ratio of 1.8 for the rate pre-factors (H/D) is in reasonable agreement with the value of 1.3 for the ratio of bond vibrational frequencies for O〈img src="https://sdfestaticassets-eu-west-1.sciencedirectassets.com/shared-assets/16/entities/sbnd"〉H and O-D stretching, respectively. Taken together, these data support a model in which proton and deuteron transmission across graphene are largely adiabatic processes for which the differences in transmission rate at room temperature are due largely to differences in activation energies.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 31 October 2018〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 European Polymer Journal〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Ali Behnood, Mahsa Modiri Gharehveran〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉 〈p〉Asphalt binders play an integral role in the performance and properties of asphalt mixtures. Increased traffic-related factors on the roadways such as heavier loads, higher traffic volume, and higher tire pressure combined with substantial variation in daily and seasonal temperatures of the pavement have been responsible for the asphalt pavements failure. To prevent or mitigate these failures, many attempts have been made by polymer scientists and civil engineers to improve the performance of asphalt pavements by modifying the properties of asphalt binders. A good modifier changes the failure properties such that binder yields more stresses and strains before failure. Modification of asphalt binders through the addition of a polymer to improve their rheological and physical properties has a long history in asphalt industry. Once the polymer is properly mixed with the asphalt binder, a swallowed polymer network is formed, which contributes to the changes in viscoelastic behavior. However, polymer-modified asphalt binders may have some drawbacks related to the poor solubility of polymers. Understanding the internal structure of polymer-modified asphalt binders has been the subject of numerous research studies.〈/p〉 〈p〉Available studies regarding the affecting parameters on the properties of the polymer-modified asphalt binders are reviewed here. Various types of polymers used in asphalt industry and their effects on the rheological, morphological, physical and mechanical properties of polymer-modified asphalt binders are also discussed in this paper. In addition, this paper provides a review on the techniques used to overcome/mitigate the shortcomings of conventional polymer-modified asphalt binders.〈/p〉 〈/div〉 〈/div〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0014305718318019-ga1.jpg" width="341" alt="Graphical abstract for this article" title=""〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: January 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, Volume 122〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): 〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: January 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 99〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Pablo Quero García, Javier García Sanabria, Juan Adolfo Chica Ruiz〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉In recent years the European Union has firmly committed itself to energy from oceans as a means of decarbonising the European energy system. Despite a favourable political landscape, the development of offshore renewables still faces economic and technological barriers, which are coupled with the inherent difficulties of an increasingly industrialised marine environment, such as complex evolving regulation, lack of knowledge regarding the possible environmental impact of such an activity, as well as spatial conflicts with other traditional and emerging uses. Most of the coastal Member States have adopted Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) as a fundamental tool for integrated and sustainable management of human activities in the marine environment. MSP is capable of definitively driving the use of offshore renewable facilities. Its proper application supports decision making, simplifies and accelerates the process of obtaining permits, improves compatibility of uses, integrates stakeholders in planning, prevents environmental deterioration of sensitive areas, enhances the availability of information and promotes cross-border co-operation. This paper aims to evaluate the influence of maritime spatial planning processes on the advance of blue energy within the framework of the European Union. The results show positive relationships between MSP and the development of offshore renewable energy in countries such as Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0308597X1830304X-fx1.jpg" width="477" alt="fx1" title="fx1"〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 1 January 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Ocean & Coastal Management, Volume 167〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Uxío Labarta, M〈sup〉a〈/sup〉 José Fernández-Reiriz〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉 〈p〉The mussels industry with a production that accounts for more than twenty five percent of the fresh product landings from the sea, and the full-time employment of more than 8000 people, is by far the largest productive activity of the Galician sea.〈/p〉 〈p〉In the 1980s was noticed an increase in productivity related to processes of innovation in the industry of mussel. Together with it, the first organizational forms of the Galician-based production sector was constituted, with a spatial and administrative reordering for mussel rafts and crops. A new reality of the sector was maintained in both the marketing guidelines and the fact of initiating a vertical integration between the mussel industry and the commercialization. Everything was accompanied by changes in markets and strong tensions: derived from red tides that limit the operating cycle and even its profitability and also from the conflicts between the producing and transforming organizations, added to the competition in the markets of other countries, mainly Chile.〈/p〉 〈p〉The reality of mussel culture and markets leads to a reformulation in the industry, with strategies for territorial diversification of suppliers, new technological improvements in production and even organizational, economic, and bioecological innovations.〈/p〉 〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 1 February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Electrochimica Acta, Volume 295〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Kaili Jin, Man Zhou, Hong Zhao, Shixiong Zhai, Fengyan Ge, Yaping Zhao, Zaisheng Cai〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉With the large theoretical capacity and environmental benignity, copper sulfide (CuS) becomes a prospective candidate electrode material for supercapacitors. In this work, electroconductive mesoporous carbonized clothes (Cc) was obtained by carbonizing the waste cotton fabrics. Then the CuS was galvanostatic electrodeposited on 〈em〉Cc〈/em〉 to prepare the binder-free 〈em〉g〈/em〉-CuS/Cc electrode. In the galvanostatic electrodeposition process, CuS grew along the crystal surface to form regular nanosheets, and a part of Cu〈sup〉2+〈/sup〉 were reduced to Cu〈sup〉1.1+〈/sup〉. In addition, on account of the synergistic effect of electrochemical double layer capacitance with pseudocapacitance and the high specific surface area (450.76 m〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 g〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉), the 〈em〉g〈/em〉-CuS/Cc composite displayed not only outstanding areal specific capacitance (4676 mF cm〈sup〉−2〈/sup〉 at 2 mA cm〈sup〉−2〈/sup〉) but also excellent cycling performance (89.8% retention after 10000 cycles). Meanwhile, the symmetrical flexible supercapacitor (SC) based on 〈em〉g〈/em〉-CuS/Cc electrodes with PVA-KOH gel electrolyte (〈em〉g〈/em〉-CuS/Cc-SC) accomplished a high specific capacitance of 1333 mF cm〈sup〉−2〈/sup〉 at 2 mA cm〈sup〉−2〈/sup〉 as well as ultrahigh energy density of 0.96 Wh cm〈sup〉−2〈/sup〉 at the power density of 4.36 W cm〈sup〉−2〈/sup〉. Therefore, 〈em〉g〈/em〉-CuS/Cc shows a great potential for applications in the next generation of flexible energy storage devices.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0013468618324447-fx1.jpg" width="384" alt="Image 1" title="Image 1"〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 1 February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Electrochimica Acta, Volume 295〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Kang Li, Zhanwei Xu, Xuetao Shen, Kai Yao, Jianshe Zhao, Ronglan Zhang, Jun Zhang, Li Wang, Jianfeng Zhu〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Commercial lithium/thionyl chloride (Li/SOCl〈sub〉2〈/sub〉) batteries cannot meet the 3.15 V platform required for most instruments. A 〈em〉hovenia acerba〈/em〉-like assembly constructed with cobalt tetrapyridinoporphyrazine of thickness of 5–15 nm is anchored on acid-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CoTAP/MWCNTs), which were prepared using an 〈em〉in situ〈/em〉 solid synthesis process. The discharge time of Li/SOCl〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 batteries with a voltage greater than 3.15 V catalyzed by CoTAP/MWCNTs is found to be 11 min longer than batteries without catalysts and 4 min longer than those catalyzed by CoTAP alone. The energy of Li/SOCl〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 batteries with a voltage greater than 3.15 V catalyzed by CoTAP/MWCNTs is discovered to be 11.44-times higher than batteries with AF-MWCNTs and 6.17-times higher than those catalyzed by bulk CoTAP. This is due to the fact that more CoTAP ultrafine nanoparticulates are anchored on the AF-MWCNTs. These nanoparticulates provide more active sites for the catalytic reaction of SOCl〈sub〉2〈/sub〉. The assemblies are shown to have an adsorption-coordination effect on Li ions and to delay the deposition of lithium chloride passive films enhancing battery voltage platforms.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉A 〈em〉hovenia acerba〈/em〉-like assembly constructed with cobalt tetrapyridinoporphyrazine of thickness of 5–15 nm is anchored on acid-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CoTAP/MWCNTs), which were prepared using an 〈em〉in situ〈/em〉 solid synthesis process. The discharge time of Li/SOCl〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 batteries with a voltage greater than 3.15 V catalyzed by CoTAP/MWCNTs is found to be 11 min longer than batteries without catalysts and 4 min longer than those catalyzed by CoTAP alone.〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0013468618324319-fx1.jpg" width="270" alt="Image 1" title="Image 1"〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: January 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 99〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Bong-Tae Kim, Christopher L. Brown, Do-Hoon Kim〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉We assess the vulnerability to climate change of Korean aquaculture based on predicted changes in seawater temperature and salinity in adjacent sea areas of the Korean Peninsula according to representative concentration pathways (RCP) scenarios. Unlike previous studies that have been conducted mostly on a national scale, we classify 14 farming species in major production regions of the Republic of Korea, and assess their vulnerability for each region, using the indicator-based method and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's definition of vulnerability in order to overcome limitations in developing specific adaptation strategies within a country. First, for each exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity, specific and proper indicators are selected. Subsequently, these indicators are estimated and weighted to analyze vulnerability to climate change. The results show that the absolute level of vulnerability is high in a long-term period of RCP8.5 in which exposure becomes severe, whereas the relative vulnerability is similar among farming species and regions. Specifically, vulnerability is at the highest level in seaweed, such as laver and sea mustard, while fish, shrimp, and abalone are relatively less vulnerable to climate change.〈/p〉〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: December 2018〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Transport Geography, Volume 73〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Chengxi Liu, Yusak O. Susilo, Dimas B.E. Dharmowijoyo〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The activity space of an individual is defined as the activity-travel environment which a traveller is using for his or her activities (Axhausen et al., 2002). It is limited by this individual's ability and resources, such as available time for travel as well as his or her anchor points. However, most existing studies have focused on single individual activity space, ignoring the fact that individuals' activities often interact with that of his or her family members'. In this paper a multivariate model is proposed where the correlation between travel time of fathers and mothers, and the correlation between the activity space and travel time are modelled explicitly. The estimated correlations from these joint distributions provide insights into both the intra-household interactions in daily travel and the intrinsic relationships of the hidden limits in the dimensions of space and time. The travel time limits are modelled using a stochastic frontier model component, which can estimate an unobserved upper or lower limit for travel time expenditure. This limit usually refers to the maximum travel time budget or minimum travel time need, which denotes the maximum or minimum amount of travel time that an individual is willing or able to allocate per day. The concept of the confidence ellipse is used as a measure of activity space constructed from the multi-day travel diary data. It is hypothesised that the unobserved travel time limits and activity space sizes of fathers and mothers are correlated with each other, due to a similar spatial knowledge and accessibility to various facilities. The daily variations in the travel time expenditure of parents are also assumed to be correlated because of daily household task allocation and joint household travel. Data collected from a three-week household travel diary in the Bandung Metropolitan Area in Indonesia are used for estimation in this study. The estimated frontier model component shows that neither parent has reached their maximum travel time budget and/or minimum travel time need that they inherently must spend. Compared with other attributes, the perceived accessibility attributes play the most important role in influencing the activity space limits. For households with fully employed fathers, a trade-off mechanism is found in travel time expenditure between parents, which is likely due to the redistribution of household tasks. On the other hand, for households with fathers who are not fully employed, a complementary effect is found, arising from the joint travel among household members. The travel time budget and activity space limits of fathers are positively correlated with those of mothers. These findings call for the formulation of transport policies that consider the household as a unit, especially in developing countries such as Indonesia, to fulfil the mobility needs of different market segments, e.g., households with fully employed fathers and those with fathers who are not fully employed.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 15 December 2018〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Volume 502〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): X.Y. Wang, S.L. Zhang, S.D. Feng, L. Qi, R.P. Liu〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The structures of the Ti〈sub〉75〈/sub〉Al〈sub〉25〈/sub〉 alloy during rapid-quenching with and without external pressure are investigated by using molecular dynamic techniques. The amorphous phase can be obtained at the cooling rate 10.0 K/ps without pressure. The alloy is composed of crystal and amorphous phase at the cooling rate 0.1 and 1.0 K/ps without pressure, but the pure amorphous phase can be formed when the pressure exceeds the critical value. The critical pressure is about 20 and 30 GPa when the cooling rate is 0.1 and 1.0 K/ps, respectively. H-A indices analysis indicates that high pressure favors the formation of the ideal icosahedral structures in the amorphous Ti〈sub〉75〈/sub〉Al〈sub〉25〈/sub〉 alloy, and the content of 1551 bond-type can reach near to 50% when the pressure is 30 GPa. The amorphous state can be maintained if the external pressure is removed from the alloy step-by-step. The content of 1551 bond-type decreases with the deceasing of the pressure, but the 1541 and 1431 bond-types increase in this process.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: January 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, Volume 124〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): 〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 15 December 2018〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Volume 502〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): 〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 15 February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Applied Surface Science, Volumes 467–468〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): S.P. Sun, J.L. Zhu, S. Gu, X.P. Li, W.N. Lei, Y. Jiang, D.Q. Yi, G.H. Chen〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The surface stability and equilibrium morphology of MoO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 were investigated by the first principles calculations. The thermodynamic energies of the stoichiometric surfaces of MoO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 are in the order (0 1 0) 〈 (1 0 1) 〈 (0 0 1) 〈 (1 0 0). It is found that the (0 1 0) surface has a lowest surface energy, which agrees well with the previous calculations. The energies of the non-stoichiometric surfaces were evaluated as functions of temperature and oxygen partial pressure. The results show that the energies of Mo-terminated surfaces decrease with temperatures, and increase with oxygen partial pressures, while the energies of O-terminated surfaces show the opposite rule. The equilibrium morphology of MoO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 was predicted by using the Gibbs-Wulff model, and then was compared with the other’s experiments and theoretical results.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 15 February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Applied Surface Science, Volumes 467–468〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Sanju Gupta, Nicholas Dimakis〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The interfacial interactions between transition metal oxides (vanadium oxide VO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉, vanadium pentoxide V〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O〈sub〉5〈/sub〉, cobalt oxide CoO and Co〈sub〉3〈/sub〉O〈sub〉4〈/sub〉, manganese oxide MnO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉) and water adsorbates on graphene supports as solvated interfaces and influence of defects in graphene are studied using periodic density functional theory (DFT) calculations in view of their significance for applied electrochemistry. DFT complemented and synergized our experimental work. The optimized metal oxide adatom-graphene geometries identified the preferred adatom sites, whereas metal oxide-graphene strengths are correlated with the adatom distance from the graphene plane, the Metal-C overlap populations, and the adsorption energies. The presence of finite electronic density of states (DOS) near Fermi level and charge transfers between the adatom top layer and graphene supports reflect primarily covalent bonding nature. The presence of small orbital overlap integral of bonds between the s and p (and d) orbitals of the nearest carbon (graphene), carbon oxide (graphene oxide) and metal oxide atoms reveal localized orbital re-hybridization resulting in changes in DOS yielding high electrochemical activity. Moreover, for increased adatom coverage the extent of charge transfer reverses resulting in limited electroactivity. In fact, DFT calculations are corroborated with experimental findings, where graphene-based supports decorated with optimal mass loaded nanostructured Co〈sub〉3〈/sub〉O〈sub〉4〈/sub〉 and MnO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 (as well as V〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O〈sub〉5〈/sub〉) were capable of delivering maximum specific energy storage capacity (C〈sub〉s〈/sub〉) 〉 550 F·g〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 (Gupta et al. J. Mater. Res. 32, 301 (2017)) in contrast to higher or lower loading. The presence of defects in graphene materials results in new electronic states to endow unique functionalities that is not otherwise possible in the bulk and with adsorbed water molecules besides optimum C/O ratio in graphene oxide nanosheets that show redshift thus a decreasing bandgap and finite charge transfer from graphene to water molecules. The case examples studied in this work represent a first glimpse of what may become routine and integral step in materials design and discovery for alternative energy and sustainable environmental technologies.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 15 December 2018〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Volume 502〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Anne-Isabelle Bidegaray, Andrea Ceglia, Maria Rita Cicconi, Van-Thai Pham, Amandine Crabbé, El Amine Mernissi Cherigui, Karin Nys, Herman Terryn, Daniel R. Neuville, Stéphane Godet〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The analysis of iron, manganese and antimony in silicate glass is of great interest in chemistry, materials science, earth sciences and archaeological sciences. Yet, conclusions from different fields appear to be contradictory and many questions about redox reactions in glass remain. The purpose of this study is thus to discuss whether and how these multivalent elements interact in glass. Soda-lime silicate melts containing iron along with manganese and/or antimony have been analysed at different high temperatures under argon atmosphere. Using 〈em〉in-situ〈/em〉 XANES at the Fe K-edge, redox thermodynamics, kinetics and diffusivities have been assessed for the different compositions. The data obtained show that antimony is more efficient at oxidising iron compared to manganese at all temperatures. The oxidising power trend would thus be Sb 〉 Sb + Mn 〉 Mn. Furthermore, hypotheses on the formation of Fe-Mn complexes are also reported in glasses with stoichiometric proportions of iron and manganese. Based on the determination of redox diffusivities, it appears that presence of other multivalent elements does not significantly affect the iron redox mechanisms and that diffusivity is essentially controlled by the mobility of calcium.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 15 December 2018〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Volume 502〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Wentao Zhang, Feng He, Junlin Xie, Xiaoqing Liu, De Fang, Hu Yang, Zhihong Luo〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Glass ceramics from modified molten blast furnace (BF) slag were prepared. The crystallization behavior of the modified BF slag was characterized using differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). The crystallization kinetics results indicated that the crystallization activation energy initially decreased and subsequently increased with increasing CaO/SiO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉. The crystallization temperature and the crystallization index (n) decreased from 916 to 867 °C, and 5.66–1.13, respectively. The crystallization mechanism transformed from bulk crystallization to surface crystallization. By XRD analyzing, Melilite was developed as the main crystal phase, and the transformation of crystal from akermanite to gehlenite was observed. The rapid surface crystallization was beneficial for maintaining the shape of glass ceramics. The complex replacement in melilite crystals resulted in the micro cracks in glass ceramics, therefore led to the decrease of flexural strength of glass ceramics〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 15 December 2018〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Volume 502〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): B.C. Jamalaiah〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Different amounts of GeO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 activated tellurite tungstate glasses were prepared by melt quenching technique. Thermal stability and glass forming ability were studied using differential scanning calorimetry. The chemical composition, homogeneity and amorphous nature of studied glasses were investigated. The phonon energy was estimated to be 721.34 cm〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉. Experimentally determined refractive indices were compared with those determined from optical band gap (E〈sub〉g〈/sub〉) and optical electronegativity (Δ〈em〉χ〈/em〉〈sup〉∗〈/sup〉). The dielectric constant (K) and electronic polarizability (α) were determined using refractive index value. The presence of disorder was estimated in terms of Urbach energy (E〈sub〉U〈/sub〉). The average electronegativity (〈em〉χ〈/em〉〈sub〉〈em〉ave〈/em〉〈/sub〉), oxide ion polarizability (〈em〉α〈/em〉〈sub〉〈em〉O〈/em〉〈/sub〉〈sup〉2−〈/sup〉) and covalent character (C〈sub〉cov〈/sub〉) were determined. The content of GeO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 was optimized to be 10.0 mol% to design a novel host material for solid state lasers and fiber devices.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 15 December 2018〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Volume 502〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Chunhe Jiang, Kejiang Li, Jianliang Zhang, Qinghua Qin, Zhengjian Liu, Minmin Sun, Ziming Wang, Wang Liang〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉SiO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉-Al〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O〈sub〉3〈/sub〉-CaO-MgO is the most significant slag system in the blast furnace ironmaking process and it is very important to investigate the microstructure and viscosity of the system. In this paper, molecular dynamics simulations were carried out to explore the effects of MgO/Al〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 ratio on structure and properties of the system. Based on the self-diffusion coefficients, the viscosities were calculated by Einstein-Stokes equation and compared with the experimental value and the Factsage value. The results showed that with the increase of MgO/Al〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 ratio, the stability of [SiO〈sub〉4〈/sub〉]〈sup〉4−〈/sup〉 and [AlO〈sub〉4〈/sub〉]〈sup〉5−〈/sup〉 tetrahedron became weaken and the relative proportions of bridge and non-bridge oxygen showed a decrease. And due to the increase of MgO, more Mg〈sup〉2+〈/sup〉 ions are used as network modifiers to reduce the degree of polymerization of the system, resulting in a decrease in the viscosity, which is consistent with experimental results. Finally, based on the present study, in the case of increasing Al〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 content of blast furnace slag, the fluidity of slag could be adjusted by controlling MgO/Al〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 ratio, thereby providing a basis for stable operation of blast furnace ironmaking.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 15 December 2018〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Volume 502〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): A.I. Popov〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The definition of glassy state presented by the authors of the article “The glassy state of matter: Its definition and ultimate fate” E. Zanotto and J. Mauro is considered. The importance of the contribution to the glassy state problem made in the article is emphasized. At the same time consideration of the glassy state as unstable state of matter causes definite objections. It is more correctly to consider the glassy state as metastable state of matter.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 15 December 2018〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Volume 502〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): M.G. Syamala Rao, M.A. Pacheco-Zuñiga, L.A. Garcia-Cerda, G. Gutiérrez-Heredia, J.A. Torres Ochoa, M.A. Quevedo López, R. Ramírez-Bon〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉In this work, we developed a novel inorganic-organic hybrid gate dielectric by combining zirconium and hafnium components to form zirconium hafnium oxide strongly linked with polymethyl methacrylate (ZrHfO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉-PMMA) and deposited at low temperature (200 °C) by sol-gel method. The obtained 108 nm thick, high-quality hybrid gate dielectric showed an exceptionally low surface roughness (0.9-nm), a low leakage current density (7.7 × 10〈sup〉−6〈/sup〉 A/cm〈sup〉2〈/sup〉) and reasonable dielectric properties such as gate capacitance along with dielectric constant (77 nF/cm〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 & 9.4 @1 kHz) respectively. To examine the ZrHfO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉-PMMA hybrid dielectric electrical properties we constructed thin-film transistors (TFTs) with room temperature r.f sputtered n-type metal oxide semiconductors, a-IGZO and ZnO, as active channels. The bottom gate fabricated a-IGZO TFTs driving at as low as below 6 V, with extracted field effect mobility of 2.45 cm〈sup〉2〈/sup〉/V. s, a low threshold voltage of 1.2 V with large ON/OFF current ratio 10〈sup〉7〈/sup〉 respectively. On the other hand, for comparison we employed ZnO TFTs by applying same hybrid dielectric system, the obtained parameters of bottom gate ZnO TFTs were good field effect saturation mobility of 12.8 cm〈sup〉2〈/sup〉/V. s, threshold voltage of 1.8 V and ON/OFF current ratio of 10〈sup〉3〈/sup〉.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 15 December 2018〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Volume 502〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Weidi Zhu, Mark Lockhart, Bruce Aitken, Sabyasachi Sen〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The viscoelastic properties of supercooled As〈sub〉x〈/sub〉Se〈sub〉100-x〈/sub〉 (0 ≤ x ≤ 30) and As〈sub〉x〈/sub〉Se〈sub〉100-x-y〈/sub〉I〈sub〉y〈/sub〉 (x = 20, 30 and y = 10, 20) liquids are studied using oscillatory parallel plate rheometry. In addition to the α-relaxation process, the shear relaxation of liquids with selenium chains longer than ~ 3 atoms is also characterized by a low-frequency polymeric mode. The temporal decoupling of this low-frequency soft/floppy relaxation mode from that of the α-relaxation mode is a unique function of the average selenium chain length. The floppy mode abruptly vanishes for liquids with average chain lengths shorter than ~ 3 Se atoms, thus implying a dynamical rigidity transition. When taken together, these results indicate that, contrary to the conventional wisdom, the pertinent structural variable associated with such transition in the viscoelastic behavior is not the average coordination number but instead the intermediate-range structural elements such as the average selenium chain length.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 15 December 2018〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Volume 502〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): M.S.A. Mohd Saidi, S.K. Ghoshal, K. Hamzah, R. Arifin, M.F. Omar, M.K. Roslan, E.S. Sazali〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉We report the influence of silver (Ag) and titania (TiO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉) nanoparticles (ATNPs) co-embedment on the photoluminescence (PL) properties of dysprosium ions (Dy〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉) doped zinc-magnesium tellurite glass system prepared using conventional melt quenching method. Both up- and down- converted PL spectra of glasses revealed three emission bands located at 482 (blue: 〈sup〉4〈/sup〉F〈sub〉9/2〈/sub〉 → 〈sup〉6〈/sup〉H〈sub〉15/2〈/sub〉), 574 (yellow: 〈sup〉4〈/sup〉F〈sub〉9/2〈/sub〉 → 〈sup〉6〈/sup〉H〈sub〉13/2〈/sub〉) and 664 nm (weak red: 〈sup〉4〈/sup〉F〈sub〉9/2〈/sub〉 → 〈sup〉6〈/sup〉H〈sub〉11/2〈/sub〉), where the band intensities were enhanced with the inclusion of ATNPs. Glasses with 0.2 mol% of ANPs and up to 0.3 mol% of TNPs disclosed highest PL intensity enhancement, which was majorly attributed to the ATNPs mediated localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and large field enhancement (called hot spot) effects in the proximity of Dy〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉 ions. Absorption spectra of glasses displayed two plasmon bands characteristics of each type of nanoparticle. It was inferred that the superposition of localized SP modes from ATNPs could generate new hybridized modes (strong local field in the vicinity of Dy〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉 ions) shifted with respect to the single type of NPs resonance. HRTEM images showed the existence of both Ag and titania NPs inside the glass matrix. Glasses containing ATNPs exhibited anatase phase with (103) and (112) nanocrystalline lattice plane orientation. Proposed glass system may be useful for the development of solid state laser and photonic devices.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 15 March 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Volume 474〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Muhammad Arshad, M. Asghar, Muhammad Junaid, Muhammad Farooq Warsi, M. Naveed Rasheed, M. Hashim, M.A. Al-Maghrabi, Muhammad Azhar Khan〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉In this study Co-Ni co-doped nanocrystalline manganese ferrites were fabricated via co-precipitation method. The annealing of as prepared nanoferrites was done at 950 °C for 7 h. The powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed that all samples possessed cubic spinel structure. The crystallite size was determined by Scherrer’s equation that lies in the range of 27–35 nm. The spectral analysis confirmed bending and stretching of bonds at octahedral (B) and tetrahedral (A) sites. The spectral bands were shifted towards the longer wavelength side and these indicate the incorporation of dopants cations (Co-Ni). The magnetic parameters were measured from the M-H loops of nanoferrites. With the increase of Co-Ni contents, the saturation magnetization (Ms) increased up to x = 0.15 and then it decreased. The dielectric properties of all compositions were studied in 1 MHz–3 GHz range and were discussed in the light of Debye-type reduction phenomenon by following the Koop’s theory. The dielectric and magnetic behavior evaluation suggested that synthesized ferrites are suitable for microwave devices fabrication.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0304885318319127-ga1.jpg" width="282" alt="Graphical abstract for this article" title=""〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: January 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Infrared Physics & Technology, Volume 96〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Chunyan Guo, Yaoyao Sun, Qingxuan Jia, Zhi Jiang, Dongwei Jiang, Guowei Wang, Yingqiang Xu, Tao Wang, Jinshou Tian, Zhaoxin Wu, Zhichuan Niu〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉A kind of wide spectrum infrared detectors based on InAs/GaSb type-II superlattices (T2SLs) operating from 0.5 μm to 5 μm wavelength range is reported. The materials were grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) on GaSb substrates. Diverse types and sizes microstructure are fabricated on the surface of the detector to form the photon traps (PTs) array. PTs decrease the reflectivity and increase the light absorption of epitaxial material. Compared with the planar mesa detectors without antireflection (AR) film, detectors with PTs array exhibits a high responsivity of 0.86 A/W at 1160 nm and maximum D* reaches to 10〈sup〉9〈/sup〉 cm Hz〈sup〉1/2〈/sup〉/W in visible wavelength. Also, the PTs processed on detector augment spectral response and QE in infrared wavelength. The peak responsivity of the detector with PTs is to 1.35 A/W and QE can exceed to 0.76 in the infrared wavelength. The infrared detector with PTs is attractive for numerous applications.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: November 2018〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Solid State Sciences, Volume 85〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): 〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: November 2018〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Solid State Sciences, Volume 85〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): 〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: November 2018〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Solid State Sciences, Volume 85〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): 〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: January 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Volume 128〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): J.M. Kranabetter〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Forest floor carbon (C) sequestration has been negatively correlated with manganese (Mn) availability, possibly due to reduced efficacy of Mn-peridoxase enzymes produced by Agaricomycete fungi. I examined a soil C and Mn dataset from a podzolization gradient, along with fungal sporocarp Mn concentrations, to potentially corroborate this finding. An inverse power relationship between soil C and soil Mn content across temperate rainforests was confirmed, which provides further evidence of a Mn bottleneck in C turnover. Average Mn concentrations of saprotrophic sporocarps were greater than those of ectomycorrhizal fungi, and displayed a similar inverse correlation with increasing soil C. The absence or limited effectiveness of select saprotrophic fungi across Mn-depleted forest soils may be one mechanism behind impeded turnover of recalcitrant organic matter.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: January 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Volume 128〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Charles R. Warren〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Phospholipids are isolated from crude lipid extracts by silica solid phase extraction (SPE), but for soils we don't know if phospholipids are the only fatty acid-based lipids present in the polar lipid fraction. Lipids extracted from three soils were fractionated with a silica SPE protocol commonly used for soils, with “neutrals” eluted by chloroform, “glycolipids” eluted by acetone, and “phospholipids” eluted by methanol. Fatty acid-based lipids were identified and quantified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Phospholipids were recovered in the methanol fraction, but this fraction also included betaine lipids. In two soils the methanol fraction was 3–6% betaine lipid while in one soil betaine lipids accounted for 48% of lipids in the methanol fraction. Clearly the fraction obtained by eluting lipids from silica with methanol is not purely phospholipid but can contain significant amounts of other polar lipids.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 15 February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Applied Surface Science, Volumes 467–468〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Xu Wu, Yalin Feng, Yali Du, Xuezhen Liu, Chunlei Zou, Zhe Li〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉LDHs templates (marked as CoAl-MnO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉-LDH and CoMnAl-CO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉-LDH) were fabricated via ion-exchange/redox reaction and hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) hydrolysis methods respectively. CoMnAl mixed metal oxides (marked as MnO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉/CoAl-LDO and CoMnAl-LDO) from the as-prepared LDHs templates were novelly prepared and tested as low-temperature NH〈sub〉3〈/sub〉-SCR catalysts. Catalytic evaluation pronouncedly affirmed that the catalytic performances of the as-acquired catalysts were vulnerable to the preparation method of precursor template, where MnO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉/CoAl-LDO presented preferable DeNOx activity (over 90% NOx conversion), N〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 selectivity and SO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 resistance in much broader working temperature window (90–300 °C) than CoMnAl-LDO. Multiple characterizations revealed that the excellent catalytic performance of the MnO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉/CoAl-LDO could be attributed to its higher specific surface area which could promote dispersion of abundant Mn〈sup〉4+〈/sup〉 and Co〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉 species, and resultantly afforded stronger redox ability and more acid sites. Moreover, dynamic calculation confirmed that the relatively lower activation energy on MnO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉/CoAl-LDO for low-temperature NH〈sub〉3〈/sub〉-SCR reaction should be closely related to the occurrence of a more rapid redox cycle and in agreement with the excellent DeNOx performance.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0169433218329702-ga1.jpg" width="413" alt="Graphical abstract for this article" title=""〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 15 February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Applied Surface Science, Volumes 467–468〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Sandra Jendrzej, Leonard Gondecki, Jörg Debus, Henning Moldenhauer, Peter Tenberge, Stephan Barcikowski, Bilal Gökce〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The lubricant is a central element in the transmission design. It primarily separates the two contact partners through a pressure-induced solidification in the lubrication gap, thus enabling the operation of heavily loaded sliding-rolling contacts. On the one hand, the quality and properties of a lubricant depend on the base oils, which differ by their viscosity and process-technological parameters. The addition of particulate additives gives the lubricants further functional properties that are not contained in the base oil. In this study, the influence of laser-synthesized yttria-stabilized zirconia nano- or submicrometer spheres as dispersed functional elements in the lubricant is studied, and their impact on wear and fatigue on the tooth flank is investigated. The work includes systematic investigations on the influence of the particle’s shape and size by running tests on a FZG gear test rig. Finally, the potential of the laser-generated particles as a lubricant additive is evaluated in a first conclusion.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: January 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Nuclear Materials, Volume 513〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Matic Pečovnik, Sabina Markelj, Anže Založnik, Thomas Schwarz-Selinger〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The influence of grain size on deuterium transport and retention in tungsten was studied. For this purpose an experiment was carried out on three polycrystalline tungsten samples with different grain sizes and a single crystal sample with surface orientation 〈100〉. In order to increase deuterium retention and hence the sensitivity for detection, samples were first damaged by high energy W ions. After damaging, the samples were exposed to a flux of deuterium atoms at 600 K for 70 h. During the exposure the depth profile of the retained deuterium was measured by Nuclear Reaction Analysis using a 〈sup〉3〈/sup〉He ion beam. After the exposure the samples were also analysed by Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy. A clear difference in the time dependence of deuterium uptake was noticed between different samples. The experimental results were modeled using a rate-equation model. The influence of different grain size was modeled by changing the effective height of the potential barrier for deuterium atoms to enter into the bulk. We managed to successfully describe the transport of deuterium into the bulk of tungsten by reducing the potential barrier for samples with smaller grain sizes while the barrier for the sample with larger grain size was close to the value for the damaged single crystal sample.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0022311518307256-fx1.jpg" width="256" alt="Image 1" title="Image 1"〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: January 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Nuclear Materials, Volume 513〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): P.A. Burr, E. Kardoulaki, R. Holmes, S.C. Middleburgh〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The stability, diffusivity and clustering behaviour of defects in uranium diboride (UB〈sub〉2〈/sub〉) was investigated in light of the potential application as a burnable absorber in nuclear fuel. UB〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 was found to accommodate limited deviations from stoichiometry, which should be a consideration when manufacturing and operating the material. Self-diffusivity of both U and B was found to be sluggish (10〈sup〉−14〈/sup〉 cm〈sup〉2〈/sup〉/s for B and 10〈sup〉−19〈/sup〉 cm〈sup〉2〈/sup〉/s for U at 2000K) and highly anisotropic, with migration along the basal planes being orders of magnitude faster than 〈em〉c〈/em〉-axis migration. The anisotropy of defect migration (both interstitials and vacancies) is predicted to hinder recombination of defects produced by collision cascades, thus limiting the radiation tolerance of the material. Boron and uranium vacancies exhibit a drive to cluster. Boron vacancies in particular, which are mobile on basal planes, are predicted to cluster into strongly bound di-vacancy, which in turn are less mobile. These are then predicted to grow into larger two-dimensional vacancy clusters on the B plane, leading to anisotropic swelling. We provide an analytical expression to predict the stability of these clusters based on purely geometrical considerations. Finally, the accommodation of Li, He and Xe onto vacancy clusters was considered. Li appears to stabilise the structure upon U depletion, while the retention of He and Xe appears to rise with increasing B depletion, through the formation of vacancy clusters.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 1 February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Physica B: Condensed Matter, Volume 554〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): D. Bessas, I. Kantor, D. Bourazani, K. Georgalas, N. Biniskos, L. Zhang, A.I. Dugulan, E. Syskakis〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Bulk Sr〈sub〉2〈/sub〉PdO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 was synthesized by a modified solid state reaction and a detailed characterization was carried out using both microscopic and macroscopic experimental techniques. Pd site exhibits an electric field gradient of 5.9(1) ⋅ 10〈sup〉17〈/sup〉 V/cm〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 due to the anisotropic local atomic configuration. A Curie - paramagnetic susceptibility indicating antiferromagnetic interactions superimposed to a core diamagnetic state is confirmed. A linear volume thermal expansion with a coefficient of 3.0(1) ⋅ 10〈sup〉−5〈/sup〉 K〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 at room temperature is extracted. A collection of Einstein oscillators, with an Einstein temperature of about 115 K, is involved in the thermal transport. Large atomic displacements were observed in Sr vibrations. No Pd or Sr valence change is observed up to 900 K. A moderate anharmonicity is identified and quantified in a macroscopic Grüneisen parameter of 2.5(1) at room temperature. The electrical resistivity reveals a semiconducting behaviour. A systematic reduction in electrical resistivity and a change in the conduction mechanism is observed upon thermal cycling which indicates that a peculiar electronic mechanism is involved.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 1 November 2018〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): S. Monzani, A. Andreazza, M. Citterio, P. Fontana, M. Ianna, T. Lari, V. Liberali, F. Ragusa, C. Sbarra, A. Sidoti, A. Stabile〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Monochromatic X and gamma rays are a standard calibration tool for semiconductor detector. For finely segmented pixel detectors, like the ones foreseen for HL-LHC detector upgrades, the single pixel spectrum is affected by charge sharing across nearby pixels, due to diffusion and the finite range of photoelectrons, resulting in a low energy continuum below the photoelectric peak. In this paper a systematic simulation study will be presented. The shape of the transition between the photoelectric peak and the continuum is determined by diffusion and needs to be unfolded for a correct estimation of the energy resolution. Simulation results are compared with data collected with different high-resistivity CMOS devices with 50 × 250 〈math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" overflow="scroll" altimg="si1.gif"〉〈mi mathvariant="normal"〉μ〈/mi〉〈/math〉m〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 pixel size and photon energies between 13 and 60 keV. They show a good agreement, highlighting the potential usage of the whole single pixel spectrum to derive device characteristics.〈/p〉〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 1 December 2018〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Volume 501〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): G. Gorni, M.J. Pascual, A. Caballero, J.J. Velázquez, J. Mosa, Y. Castro, A. Durán〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The crystallization mechanism of LaF〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 in sol-gel oxyfluoride glass-ceramics in the system SiO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉-LaF〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 has been studied using DTA, XRD, FTIR, HRTEM and NMR. Based on classical calculations of non-isothermal DTA curves involving Ozawas's plots, a diffusion-controlled process should be responsible for the fluorides crystallization similarly to that obtained for melt-quenching oxyfluoride glass-ceramics. Therefore, an increase of the crystal size and fraction is expected when increasing the time and/or temperature of the treatment. Nevertheless, XRD, FIR, HRTEM and NMR demonstrated that neither bigger crystals nor higher crystal fraction are obtained for treatment times longer than 1 min at 550 °C. However, further heat treatment causes that the structural order of the crystals is lost. On the other hand, typical fluorides crystallization temperatures (~300 °C) in sol-gel materials are much lower than T〈sub〉g〈/sub〉 of the matrix (~1130 °C) thus being very different to what observed for oxyfluoride glasses prepared by melt-quenching. The proposed crystallization mechanism is a fast process that occurs when crystallization temperature is reached. This behavior is explained as a chemical reaction from the xerogels, followed by the fast precipitation of the nanocrystals without energy barrier. The nanocrystals are unstable in the surrounding SiO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 matrix for aging at crystallization or higher temperatures. These treatments lead to a dissolution process, favored by the compositional gradient between matrix and crystals, which drive the material to reach the equilibrium.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 1 December 2018〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Volume 501〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Jürn W.P. Schmelzer, Alexander S. Abyzov, Vladimir M. Fokin, Christoph Schick〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉General relations for the dependence of the thermodynamic driving force of crystallization and the specific interfacial energy melt-crystal of critical crystal clusters on temperature and pressure are derived. Its application to the analysis of experimental data on crystal nucleation seems to support at a first glance a proposal by Kauzmann on the existence of a pseudo-spinodal curve in melt-crystallization. Provided this assumption is true, Kauzmann temperature (and for pressure-induced nucleation, the Kauzmann pressure) cannot be reached by a metastable liquid due to intensive crystallization processes occurring in its vicinity. However, such suggestion cannot be retained taking into account the kinetic terms (diffusion coefficients, viscosity) in the expression for the nucleation rate. The absence of a pseudo-spinodal in melt-crystallization can be verified also in an alternative way by considering the characteristic time scales of crystallization and relaxation. Finally, it is shown that the phenomenon denoted commonly as Kauzmann paradox is merely an untypical as compared to normal conditions type of behavior. Neither in its original formulation nor in its consequences it results in any contradictions with basic laws of nature. They are prevented either by normal (not associated with a pseudo-spinodal) crystallization or a conventional glass transition.〈/p〉〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 1 December 2018〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Volume 501〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): J. Gilabert, M.P. Gómez-Tena, V. Sanz, S. Mestre〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉 〈p〉The effect of a post-synthesis thermal treatment on CoCr〈sub〉2−2Ψ〈/sub〉Al〈sub〉2Ψ〈/sub〉O〈sub〉4〈/sub〉 (0.0 ≤ Ψ ≤ 1.0) ceramic pigments synthesized by Solution Combustion Synthesis (SCS) has been studied. As-synthesized SCS pigments were treated at two different calcination temperatures (800 °C and 1000 °C) to study changes in mineralogy, microstructure and thermal behaviour, as well as their effect over the colouring power.〈/p〉 〈p〉Spinel-type 〈em〉Fd〈/em〉-3〈em〉m〈/em〉 crystalline structure was developed in all cases. Nevertheless, crystallinity parameters were highly affected by both analysed processing parameters: composition (Ψ) and post-synthesis calcination temperature (T〈sub〉c〈/sub〉). A Cr(III) enrichment along with T〈sub〉c〈/sub〉 increase favoured ion rearrangement to promote sample crystallization and crystallite growth. Fast kinetics of SCS makes Al-rich spinels with transition metals difficult to be synthesized. The application of a secondary thermal treatment resulted in a favourable evolution towards a well-crystallized structure. Lattice parameter did not seem to be affected by T〈sub〉c〈/sub〉, although it evolved indeed with composition. From a microstructural point of view, as-synthesized pigments were foamy, with a very low bulk density and nanometric grain size. After the thermal treatment, larger grain sizes were obtained, especially for the samples richer in Al and treated at higher T〈sub〉c〈/sub〉.〈/p〉 〈p〉All pigments developed intense colours in a transparent glaze without showing heterogeneities, indicating a stable behaviour against glazing process. Glaze colour evolved from green to perfectly blue shades, indicating an important dependence on composition. Nevertheless, colouring power seemed to be rather affected by calcination process.〈/p〉 〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: December 2018〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Radiation Measurements, Volume 119〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Alessio Parisi, Luana de Freitas Nascimento, Olivier Van Hoey, Patrice Mégret, Hisashi Kitamura, Satoshi Kodaira, Filip Vanhavere〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Lithium fluoride thermoluminescent radiation detectors with different dopant concentrations (〈sup〉7〈/sup〉LiF:Mg,Ti and 〈sup〉7〈/sup〉LiF:Mg,Cu,P) were exposed to 〈sup〉1〈/sup〉H and 〈sup〉4〈/sup〉He ions at the Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator in Chiba (HIMAC) in order to investigate their response to energetic light charged particles. Computer simulations with the Monte Carlo code PHITS were performed for a better interpretation of the experimental data. The results were compared with literature efficiency data and with the results of a recently developed microdosimetric efficiency model. In case of the main peak signal of 〈sup〉7〈/sup〉LiF:Mg,Ti detectors, the determined efficiency values are in good agreement with previous investigations. Discrepancies in the efficiency of high temperature signal due to well-known non-linearity effects are reported. For 〈sup〉7〈/sup〉LiF:Mg,Cu,P detectors, an anomalous thermoluminescence behavior in the low temperature part of the signal was found and discussed. Depending on the light quantification process, differences up to 30% in the dose assessment can be obtained, affecting also the relative efficiency determination process. An explanation of this phenomenon as a consequence of local migration of the charged carriers between the low temperature peaks and the main peak is presented. The implications of these findings on the use of LiF:Mg,Cu,P detectors in radiation environments characterized by the presence of 〈sup〉1〈/sup〉H and 〈sup〉4〈/sup〉He ions (i.e. space and proton therapy) are discussed. In order to avoid the occurrence of this anomalous behavior, it is advised to pre-heat the detectors after energetic light particle exposures.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 31 October 2018〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Vladimir A. Osinov, Stylianos Chrisopoulos, Theodoros Triantafyllidis〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The paper presents a numerical analysis of the dynamic deformation of the tunnel lining and the soil caused by a blast-induced pressure pulse of a moderate amplitude (several megapascals) inside the tunnel. The tunnel lining is circular and consists of individual concrete linearly elastic tubbings. The tunnel is located at a depth of 15 m in fully saturated granular soil. Effective-stress changes are described by a hypoplasticity model. The possibility of pore water cavitation at zero absolute pore pressure is taken into account. The problem is solved in a two-dimensional plane-strain formulation with the finite-element program Abaqus/Standard. Emphasis is placed on fine spatial discretization in order to obtain accurate solutions. Stresses and deformations in the lining and in the soil are analysed in detail. The solutions reveal an important role of the strong nonlinearity in the soil behaviour due to the pore water cavitation.〈/p〉〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 15 January 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Volume 514〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Mahasin Ali Khan, Meghma Bera, Robert A. Spicer, Teresa E.V. Spicer, Subir Bera〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Fossil leaf floras, from the latest Miocene-Pliocene Siwalik Group exposed in Bhutan, sub-Himalaya, are subjected to a CLAMP (Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program) analysis using a high-resolution gridded climate calibration. The CLAMP analysis of 27 different morphotypes of fossil leaves indicates a mean annual temperature (MAT) of 24.1 °C ± 2.8 °C; a cold month mean temperature (CMMT) of 18.9 °C ± 4 °C and a warm month mean temperature (WMMT) of 27.8 °C ± 3.3 °C. The analysis also suggests a weak monsoonal climate (the monsoon index, MSI 46.7; present MSI 52) with growing season precipitation (GSP) of 1819 ± 916 mm (present GSP 2490 mm). Here we also compare palaeoclimate estimates of the latest Miocene-Pliocene Siwalik Group flora from Bhutan (c. 6 to 3.8 Ma) with those of previously investigated Siwalik Group floras from the Miocene-Pleistocene of Arunachal, India and Miocene Siwalik floras of Darjeeling, India which characterise the monsoon signature at the time of deposition. Since all the Siwalik floras of the eastern Himalaya (Darjeeling and Arunachal Pradesh) spanning the mid-Miocene to Pleistocene yield almost the same values we suggest that overall the eastern Himalayan Siwalik climate appears to have been remarkably uniform over the past 15 million years. The MAT result of the Bhutan Siwalik flora differs by just 0.6 °C from Arunachal and 1.2 °C from Darjeeling Siwalik floras. For all Siwalik fossil assemblages, WMMTs, CMMTs and LGSs (length of the growing season) are similar and consistent (WMMTs around 28 °C, CMMTs around 18 °C and LGSs around 12 months). Similarly, the mean annual relative humidity (RH) and specific humidity (SH) appear to have been uniformly around 80% and 14 g/kg respectively throughout the Neogene of the eastern Himalayan Siwaliks. Changes in the monsoon index suggest that in both Bhutan and Arunachal sub-Himalaya, there has been little change in the intensity of the monsoon since mid-Miocene time, while further west in the Darjeeling area precipitation seasonality has increased since the mid-Miocene.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0031018218303523-ga1.jpg" width="327" alt="Unlabelled Image" title="Unlabelled Image"〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: January 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Remote Sensing of Environment, Volume 220〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Xiyu Chen, Lin Liu, Annett Bartsch〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Microwave remote sensing, both active or passive, can provide useful information about the freeze/thaw (F/T) state of soil near the surface. Here we apply an edge detection algorithm on time series of indicators derived from measurements of SMAP L-band radiometer and ASCAT C-band scatterometer to detect the freeze/thaw onsets of surface soil. Comparing these results against the onsets derived from in situ measurements in Alaska, we demonstrate that this algorithm is an effective approach to detect onsets of the soil F/T transition. More specifically, our results show that the thawing onsets estimated from the SMAP data occurred 5 to 13 days earlier than the onsets estimated from the in situ measurements, which is likely due to the influence of snowmelt on the radiometer signal. The thawing onsets estimated from the ASCAT data were about 6 days later than the in situ onsets. Our estimated freezing onsets from each microwave remote sensing dataset were close to the in situ onsets (1–5 days). We also compare our estimated onsets with those from the SMAP Level 3 F/T product and the mean biases for thawing and freezing onsets are 1 ± 2 and 1 ± 3 days, respectively. Furthermore, we illustrate the complementary nature of the SMAP and ASCAT measurements and the potential for combining these two to differentiate snowmelt from soil thawing events.〈/p〉〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: January 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Remote Sensing of Environment, Volume 220〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Mathilde Cancet, David Griffin, Madeleine Cahill, Bertrand Chapron, Johnny Johannessen, Craig Donlon〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉 〈p〉Australia's marginal seas include a wide range of ocean current regimes ranging from tide-dominated in the North-West where the continental shelf is wide, to boundary current- and eddy-dominated in the South-East, where the shelf is narrow. Here, we take the opportunity to test the GlobCurrent surface ocean current products against in-situ observations in these two contrasting regimes. Observations by Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) instruments of Australia's Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS) and drifting buoys of the Global Drifting Programme (GDP) are used.〈/p〉 〈p〉The monthly-timescale variability of the GlobCurrent alongshore current component is in moderately good agreement with the observations on the continental shelf in the South-East but neither the shorter period variability nor the long-term mean are representative of the ADCP observations. While the observed tidal currents are negligibly small, the wind-driven signals are not. But these are evidently too transient to be adequately sampled by altimetry. The inclusion of an Ekman component does not represent these signals because the interaction of the Ekman transport with the coastal boundary condition is not included. Similarly, the error of the time-mean velocity, which is the dominant error, is because that product is not designed to represent the highly anisotropic nature of the sea level gradients over the continental shelf nor the constraints on the flow field that are imposed by the topography. We thus conclude that the GlobCurrent product needs improvements before it can be described as very suitable for applications on this, and probably other, narrow continental shelf. Off the continental shelf, in contrast, the GlobCurrent products compare quite well with the trajectories of drifting buoys, confirming that the products are quite suitable for blue-water applications.〈/p〉 〈p〉In contrast to the South-East, the tides are very strong in the North-West region of Australia. The sub-tidal variability is weak, in both relative and absolute senses. Consequently, the removal of the tidal signal from the sea level observations needs to be very complete for the residual error to be smaller than the true sub-tidal signal. Transient wind forced signals are also occasionally large so this step of the de-aliasing also needs to be very accurate. Unfortunately, it appears that more work is required before accurate estimates of sub-tidal variability are available from GlobCurrent: the magnitude of the GlobCurrent estimates of sub-tidal current variability far exceed the magnitude of, and are uncorrelated with, the detided ADCP data.〈/p〉 〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 1 March 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Geoderma, Volume 337〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): R. Calvelo Pereira, M. Camps Arbestain, F.M. Kelliher, B.K.G. Theng, S.R. McNally, F. Macías, F. Guitián〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉We have investigated the effect of supercritical drying (SD) on the porosity and the BET-N〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 specific surface area (SSA) of five allophane-rich and three non-allophanic topsoils. The contribution of organic matter (OM) and short-range ordered (SRO) constituents to the nanoscale porosity (〈100 nm size) and SSA was also evaluated following chemical treatments to oxidise OM and then remove the SRO phase. The average pore volume and SSA of the soils, measured after SD, are greater than the values obtained after air drying. For soils that are rich in SRO constituents, oxidation of OM leads to an increase in SSA. This observation is attributed to the unblocking of pore necks previously covered by OM, while the subsequent removal of SRO constituents causes a sharp decrease in SSA. The SRO constituents containing oxalate-extractable Al, are the major contributors to the SSA of the inorganic fraction. Besides confirming that SD can help preserve the nanoscale porosity of allophane-rich soils, the results highlight the contribution of SRO constituents to the SSA of soils and their ability to accumulate OM.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 1 December 2018〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Volume 501〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Joanna Pisarska, Marta Sołtys, Joanna Janek, Agata Górny, Ewa Pietrasik, Tomasz Goryczka, Wojciech A. Pisarski〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Oxyfluoride lead-based and lead-free germanate glasses were heat-treated in order to fabricate transparent glass-ceramics. Cubic β-PbF〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 nanocrystals are well formed during crystallization of lead germanate glass. The up-conversion luminescence spectra of Er〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉 ions in lead germanate glass-ceramic system are enhanced significantly due to partial incorporation of the optically active ions into fluoride crystalline phase. These effects are not significant in oxyfluoride lead-free germanate glass after heat treatment process. The crystallization of barium gallo-germanate glass with BaF〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 is more complex and the presence of four crystalline phases BaF〈sub〉2〈/sub〉, BaO, Ba〈sub〉3〈/sub〉Ga〈sub〉2〈/sub〉Ge〈sub〉4〈/sub〉O〈sub〉14〈/sub〉 and GeO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 was verified by X-ray diffraction measurements.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 1 January 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Thin Solid Films, Volume 669〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Hirokazu Chiba, Rikyu Ikariyama, Shintaro Yasui, Hiroshi Funakubo〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Bismuth ruthenate (Bi〈sub〉2〈/sub〉Ru〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O〈sub〉7〈/sub〉) thin films were deposited on (111) yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) single crystals and (111)YSZ//(111)Si substrates by chemical vapor deposition using Bi(CH〈sub〉3〈/sub〉)〈sub〉2〈/sub〉[2-(CH〈sub〉3〈/sub〉)〈sub〉2〈/sub〉NCH〈sub〉2〈/sub〉C〈sub〉6〈/sub〉H〈sub〉4〈/sub〉] and Ru(C〈sub〉7〈/sub〉H〈sub〉11〈/sub〉)(C〈sub〉7〈/sub〉H〈sub〉9〈/sub〉) as source materials and oxygen as a reactant gas. The film composition and X-ray diffraction 〈em〉ω〈/em〉-2〈em〉θ〈/em〉 scan profiles for thin films deposited using various source flow rate ratios revealed the existence of a process window to obtain stoichiometric Bi〈sub〉2〈/sub〉Ru〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O〈sub〉7〈/sub〉. Within the process window, the kind of substrates did not strongly affect the deposition rates of Bi and Ru or the Bi/Ru ratio of the deposited films. It was also confirmed that the Bi〈sub〉2〈/sub〉Ru〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O〈sub〉7〈/sub〉 thin films grew epitaxially on both substrates within the process window. In particular, epitaxial Bi〈sub〉2〈/sub〉Ru〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O〈sub〉7〈/sub〉 thin films grew on the Si substrate with a YSZ buffer layer. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the formation of continuous dense Bi〈sub〉2〈/sub〉Ru〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O〈sub〉7〈/sub〉 films without any cracks or voids, and a relatively smooth interface between Bi〈sub〉2〈/sub〉Ru〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O〈sub〉7〈/sub〉 and the YSZ buffer layer on Si. The resistivity of the Bi〈sub〉2〈/sub〉Ru〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O〈sub〉7〈/sub〉 films was almost constant (~550 and ~950 μΩcm for the films deposited on (111)YSZ single-crystal substrates and (111)YSZ//(111)Si substrates, respectively), even when the ratio of Bi and Ru source gas flow rates was changed in the process window. In addition, the resistivity of Bi〈sub〉2〈/sub〉Ru〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O〈sub〉7〈/sub〉 films prepared on both kinds of substrates was almost independent of temperature from 10 to 300 K.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 30 October 2018〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Technological Forecasting and Social Change〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Sonal Choudhary, Rakesh Nayak, Sushma Kumari, Homagni Choudhury〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Drawing on theories of acculturation and information diffusion, this paper examines whether social media usage, intergroup contacts and information dissemination influence the cultural adaptation of three ethnic groups, and its implications on sustainable consumption behaviour. Twenty-four semi-structured interviews containing multiple dimensions of social media uses, acculturation, food consumption behaviour, and information diffusion were administered to a sample of Indians (living in the home country), British Indians (living in the host country for more than 10 years) and White British (natives of Britain) users of social media. Our findings suggest that there is a clear link between the integrated strategy of acculturation and information diffusion on social media, which influences acculturation to sustainable food consumption behaviour among social media users. Managerial implications of this research finding are that intervention in information diffusion aids acculturation through the social media, which serves to infuse social media and sustainability strategist with knowledge to best influence the consumers in developing sustainable food consumption behaviour. This research also identifies opportunities to expand this academic research and contribute further to the theories of remote acculturation on which limited research has been done.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 1 January 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Thin Solid Films, Volume 669〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Hiroaki Uchiyama, Takahiro Bando, Hiromitsu Kozuka〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Titania (TiO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉) films were prepared from Ti(OC〈sub〉3〈/sub〉H〈sub〉7〈/sub〉〈sup〉〈em〉i〈/em〉〈/sup〉)〈sub〉4〈/sub〉 solutions of molar compositions, Ti(OC〈sub〉3〈/sub〉H〈sub〉7〈/sub〉〈sup〉〈em〉i〈/em〉〈/sup〉)〈sub〉4〈/sub〉: H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O: HNO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉: C〈sub〉2〈/sub〉H〈sub〉5〈/sub〉OH = 1: 〈em〉x〈/em〉: 〈em〉y〈/em〉: 10 (〈em〉x〈/em〉 = 1.0–8.0, 〈em〉y〈/em〉 = 0.1–2.0), and the influence of the amount of H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O and HNO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 on the crystallization of the films during the heat treatment was investigated. The precipitation in the coating solutions containing a large amount of H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O over 〈em〉x〈/em〉 = 4.0 was suppressed with increasing HNO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 contents over 〈em〉y〈/em〉 = 1.0, where the H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O contents in the solutions was able to be changed in the range of 〈em〉x〈/em〉 = 1.0–8.0. The increase in the H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O contents led to the increase in the degree of crystallization, crystallite size and reflective index of the resultant TiO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 films, while it decreased the size of the grains that were observed in the scanning electron microscope images. Anatase films with a higher refractive index of ca. 2.25 was obtained at 〈em〉x〈/em〉 = 8.0 and 〈em〉y〈/em〉 = 1.0–2.0.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Soil and Tillage Research, Volume 186〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Márcio R. Nunes, Eloy A. Pauletto, José E. Denardin, Luis E.A. S. Suzuki, Harold M. van Es〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Tillage and no-tillage result in different soil mechanical responses which in turn may affect crop growth. Better understanding of soil compressive behavior, therefore, is relevant for the assessment of tillage practices in agricultural systems. We studied the change in soil compressive properties and their relationship with soil physical attributes and plant growth through a chisel tillage chronosequence in a Nitisol where soil was untilled after chiseling for 24 months, 18 months, 12 months, 6 months, and zero months, and was under continuous (12-year) NT. The effects were measured for three soil depth layers: 0 to 7-cm, 7 to 17-cm and 20 to 30-cm. Mechanical chiseling was found to reduce both the degree of compactness and the pre-compression pressure compared to continuous NT, but made the soil more susceptible to new compaction. The effects of chisel tillage generally persisted for a period of 12–24 months. The degree of compactness and soil pre-compression pressure were found to be strongly correlated, and were strongly correlated with other soil physical attributes (soil penetration resistance, soil macroporosity, and soil aggregate stability). They were negatively correlated with root length, root density, and root volume, as well as stalk diameter, linking soil structure indicators to plant growth. Our results also showed that soil compressive parameter values can be estimated based on other soil physical properties that influence plant growth. These findings have potential for studies of crop response to soil structure and soil compaction and could be used to aid in choosing optimal soil management practices, in order to reduce the risk of soil compaction, linking soil compressive behavior and soil physical conditions to plant growth.〈/p〉〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 15 February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Applied Surface Science, Volumes 467–468〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Cong Chen, Shouzhen Bao, Baoshun Zhang, Ying Chen, Wen Chen, Chengyu Wang〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉To reduce electromagnetic interference (EMI) and irradiation, one efficient path is to develop electromagnetic absorption (EMA) material with the aim of high-efficient convert electromagnetic wave into thermal energy. Presently strategy to design high-performance electromagnetic absorber is followed by the way of component optimization and microstructure design. This research reported an advanced HWCNTs/Fe@Fe〈sub〉3〈/sub〉O〈sub〉4〈/sub〉 ternary absorber, which was fabricated by decorating H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 treated carbon nanotubes (HCNTs) with magnetic core-shell shaped Fe@Fe〈sub〉3〈/sub〉O〈sub〉4〈/sub〉 nanoparticles. This HCNTs/Fe@Fe〈sub〉3〈/sub〉O〈sub〉4〈/sub〉 composite exhibits various electromagnetic loss forms, including conductive, dipole, interface loss 〈em〉etc〈/em〉. which attribute to EMA ability. The largest qualified frequency width (〈em〉f〈sub〉E〈/sub〉〈/em〉) can up to 5.4 GHz with a thickness of 1.5 mm. To discuss the EMA loss mechanism, control experiments have been conducted by preparation of Fe@Fe〈sub〉3〈/sub〉O〈sub〉4〈/sub〉, HCNTs@Fe@Fe〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 composites. In this way, the attenuation mechanism can be better understood.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0169433218329179-ga1.jpg" width="500" alt="Graphical abstract for this article" title=""〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 15 February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Volume 536〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Gang Yuan, Xiao Zhao, Yeru Liang, Lin Peng, Hanwu Dong, Yong Xiao, Chaofan Hu, Hang Hu, Yingliang Liu, Mingtao Zheng〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉As a new class of zero-dimensional carbon nanomaterials, carbon dots have triggered intensive research interest in various fields. However, the low surface area, hydrophilicity, and agglomeration characteristics limit their applications in energy storage fields. Herein, we demonstrate that nitrogen-doped carbon dots can be employed as efficient nanoenhancer to boost the electrochemical performance of three-dimensional graphene. The as-prepared materials exhibit an interconnected framework with abundant oxygen- and nitrogen-containing functional groups, which enable fast penetration and transport of electrolyte ions and provide more active sites and electric conductivity. Employed as binder-free electrode for supercapacitors, the resultant materials present high specific capacitance (338 F g〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉) and areal capacitance (604 μF cm〈sup〉−2〈/sup〉) at a current density of 0.5 A g〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉, which is much higher than that of pristine three-dimensional graphene (190 F g〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉, and 114 μF cm〈sup〉−2〈/sup〉), with an enhancement of 78% and 430%, respectively. Moreover, superior long-term cycling stability (94% of capacitance retention after 20 000 charging/discharging cycles at 10 A g〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉) as well as improved electric conductivity can also be achieved. These results certify that nitrogen-doped carbon dots can be applied as nanobooster to comprehensively improve the performance of graphene for high-performance electrochemical energy storage.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉 〈p〉Small nitrogen-doped carbon dots (〈em〉N〈/em〉-CDs) are employed as efficient nanoenhancer to significantly boost the electrochemical performances of three-dimensional graphene (3DG) for supercapacitors.〈/p〉 〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0021979718312931-ga1.jpg" width="500" alt="Graphical abstract for this article" title=""〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉 〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 15 February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Volume 536〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Yuanyuan Zhang, Lili Wang, Fengying Dong, Qiao Chen, Haiyan Jiang, Mei Xu, Jinsheng Shi〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Bi〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉CO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉-based ternary composite materials are generally synthesized by two- or multi-step method and special precursor of CO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉〈sup〉2−〈/sup〉 is usually utilized in synthesis of Bi〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉CO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉, which are time-consuming, laborious and relatively costly. In this paper, for the first time, a facile one-step solvothermal method is used to fabricate Z-scheme Bi〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉CO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉/Bi/Bi〈sub〉2〈/sub〉WO〈sub〉6〈/sub〉 ternary composites. Interestingly, ethylene glycol not only acts as solvent for the reaction system, but also reduced Bi〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉 into metallic Bi and itself is oxidized to CO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉〈sup〉2−〈/sup〉, which could construct Bi〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉CO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉. On this occasion, Bi〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉CO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉/Bi/Bi〈sub〉2〈/sub〉WO〈sub〉6〈/sub〉 ternary composites are obtained after one-step method. High resolution transmission electron microscopy clearly reveals each component in composites. The as-prepared samples could be applied in various photocatalytic activities. Under solar light irradiation, Bi〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉CO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉/Bi/Bi〈sub〉2〈/sub〉WO〈sub〉6〈/sub〉 composites exhibited prominent photodegradation performances for both ciprofloxacin and bisphenol A. Meanwhile, these composites could also be used in efficient photoreduction of CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉. The efficient photocatalytic activity could be mainly ascribed to Z-scheme electron transfer mechanism in ternary composites, which is determined by surface redox reactions, active species trapping experiment, electron spin resonance spectrum.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0021979718312918-ga1.jpg" width="425" alt="Graphical abstract for this article" title=""〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 15 February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Volume 536〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Hua Guo, Ya Su, Yanling Shen, Yumei Long, Weifeng Li〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Optimizing heterostructure of nanocomposites holds great potential for making full use of their ability. Herein, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were in situ synthesized over the surface of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C〈sub〉3〈/sub〉N〈sub〉4〈/sub〉) via one-step pyrolyzation route using a single source precursor. The precursor of melamine chloroauric (C〈sub〉3〈/sub〉H〈sub〉6〈/sub〉N〈sub〉6〈/sub〉H〈sup〉+〈/sup〉⋅AuCl〈sub〉4〈/sub〉〈sup〉−〈/sup〉) was obtained through chemical precipitation reaction between melamine and chloroauric acid. The morphological analysis confirmed the compact contact between Au nanoparticles and g-C〈sub〉3〈/sub〉N〈sub〉4〈/sub〉. Then, the Au-g-C〈sub〉3〈/sub〉N〈sub〉4〈/sub〉 nanocomposites were employed to fabricate electrochemical sensor by modifying glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Electrochemical experiments showed that the Au-g-C〈sub〉3〈/sub〉N〈sub〉4〈/sub〉 exhibited enhanced electrocatalytic activity towards tetracycline oxidation as compared with either pure g-C〈sub〉3〈/sub〉N〈sub〉4〈/sub〉 or Au nanoparticles. Based on cyclic voltammetry (CV) method, the sensor was applied in the detection of tetracycline with a low detection limit of 0.03 μM (S/N = 3) and the linear range of concentration were 0.1–20 μM and 20–200 μM, respectively. Moreover, such an electrochemical sensor demonstrated high stability and good selectivity. Finally, the electrochemical sensor was applied to drug assays and exhibited sufficient precision and accuracy. Therefore, this work paves a new way of preparing g-C〈sub〉3〈/sub〉N〈sub〉4〈/sub〉–based heterostructures and provides an efficient method for the detection of tetracycline in clinical analysis and quality control.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0021979718313018-ga1.jpg" width="419" alt="Graphical abstract for this article" title=""〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 15 February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Volume 536〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Mingmei Zhang, Hong Liu, Ying Wang, Tianjiao Ma〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Three-dimensional (3D) flower center/petal nanostructure exhibits excellent electrochemical performance because of their unique unfold ultra-thin multi-layer structure benefit to the rapid transmission of electrons and the full infiltration of the electrolyte. A three-phase Fe〈sub〉5〈/sub〉Ni〈sub〉4〈/sub〉S〈sub〉8〈/sub〉 nanosflower is constructed by one step alcohothermal technique using a mixture solvent of glycerol, diethylene glycol and ethylenediamine. Ethylenediamine successfully functions as the complexing agent of metal ions to slowly release the metal ions in the process of reaction, which encourage the flower petal nanostructure formation. Interestingly, when the proportion of iron increased, a novel Fe〈sub〉7〈/sub〉S〈sub〉8〈/sub〉@Fe〈sub〉5〈/sub〉Ni〈sub〉4〈/sub〉S〈sub〉8〈/sub〉 flower center/petal nanostructure come into being. Benefiting from the interconnected structure of the multi-layer shell, the Fe〈sub〉7〈/sub〉S〈sub〉8〈/sub〉@ Fe〈sub〉5〈/sub〉Ni〈sub〉4〈/sub〉S〈sub〉8〈/sub〉 nanosflower displays high specific capacitance of 670.4C g〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 at 1 A g〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉, excellent rate capability of 79.2% (531.0C g〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 at 20 A g〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉), and longer cycling stability of 92.1% retained capacitance after 5000 cycles. Furthermore, the assembled hybrid supercapacitor demonstrates high energy density of 49.9 Wh kg〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 at power density of 770.0 W kg〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉. Our results provide a new strategy to design metal sulfides with special structure for application to asymmetrical supercapacitor cathode material.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉 〈p〉A three-phase core/shell flower-like Fe〈sub〉7〈/sub〉S〈sub〉8〈/sub〉@Fe〈sub〉5〈/sub〉Ni〈sub〉4〈/sub〉S〈sub〉8〈/sub〉 is successfully constructed by one step alcohothermal technique using a mixture solvent of glycerol, diethylene glycol and ethylenediamine. The as-obtained composites become a promising electrode material for the next generation energy storage devices with high specific capacitance (670.4C g〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 at 1 A g〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉), excellent energy density (49.9 Wh kg〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 at power density of 770.0 W kg〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉), as well as good long-term cycling stability (almost 88.9% retention after 10,000 cycles).〈/p〉 〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0021979718312906-ga1.jpg" width="496" alt="Graphical abstract for this article" title=""〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉 〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 5 February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, Volume 562〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Parisa Moazzam, Giorgio Luciano, Amir Razmjou, Ehsan Akbari, Pavel G. Ul’yanov, Soumitro Mahanty〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The degree of available energy on a surface determines how a surface interacts with its surrounding environment such as corrosion. Current approaches to protection of Aluminum surfaces from corrosion mainly focus on adding an organic or inorganic layer to either act as a barrier from oxidant or scarifying to inhibit the corrosion. Altering the surface energy of Al on a molecular level is another alternative approach to efficiently modify the Al surface without the need for another thick expensive protective or scarifying materials. Herein, an attempt was made to understand how a molecular scale energy alteration improves the anticorrosion behavior of an aluminum surface. Two different surface engineering alteration strategies have been discussed; termed ALOSH and ALTSH modification. A variety of analytical instruments, i.e., FTIR, EDAX, XPS, SEM, AFM, WCA, and SFE measurement were used to systematically characterize the samples. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealed that there are different resistances after the surface modifications. The trapping air resistance appeared in ALTSH is approximately 2.4 and 36 times higher than that of ALOSH and bare samples, respectively. The potentiostat analysis results showed that the mili inch per year value of coating for ALTSH was 0.012 while that of ALOSH was 0.507. It was also found that the low surface energy alteration without using inert molecules is not enough to render corrosion inhibition property, as it needs to have a protective energy barrier with no or minimal active electrochemical behavior.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0927775718311294-ga1.jpg" width="320" alt="Graphical abstract for this article" title=""〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 15 February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Computational Physics, Volume 379〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Takashi Shiroto, Naofumi Ohnishi, Yasuhiko Sentoku〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉For more than half a century, most of the plasma scientists have encountered a violation of the conservation laws of charge, momentum, and energy whenever they have numerically solved the first-principle equations of kinetic plasmas, such as the relativistic Vlasov–Maxwell system. This fatal problem is brought by the fact that both the Vlasov and Maxwell equations are indirectly associated with the conservation laws by means of some mathematical manipulations. Here we propose a quadratic conservative scheme, which can strictly maintain the conservation laws by discretizing the relativistic Vlasov–Maxwell system. A discrete product rule and summation-by-parts are the key players in the construction of the quadratic conservative scheme. Numerical experiments of the relativistic two-stream instability and relativistic Weibel instability prove the validity of our computational theory, and the proposed strategy will open the doors to the first-principle studies of mesoscopic and macroscopic plasma physics.〈/p〉〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Surface Science, Volume 681〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Xuejiang Chen, Yuan Li〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Stepped morphologies on vicinal 3C- and 4H-SiC (0001) surfaces with the miscut toward 〈math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" altimg="si1.gif" overflow="scroll"〉〈mrow〉〈mo〉[〈/mo〉〈mn〉1〈/mn〉〈mover〉〈mn〉1〈/mn〉〈mo〉¯〈/mo〉〈/mover〉〈mn〉00〈/mn〉〈mo〉]〈/mo〉〈/mrow〉〈/math〉 or 〈math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" altimg="si2.gif" overflow="scroll"〉〈mrow〉〈mo〉[〈/mo〉〈mn〉11〈/mn〉〈mover〉〈mn〉2〈/mn〉〈mo〉¯〈/mo〉〈/mover〉〈mn〉0〈/mn〉〈mo〉]〈/mo〉〈/mrow〉〈/math〉 directions have been studied with a three-dimensional kinetic Monte Carlo model. In the model, a three-dimensional lattice mesh was established based on the crystal lattice of 3C-and 4H-SiC to fix the positions of atoms and interatomic bonding. Periodic boundary conditions were applied in the lateral direction while helicoidal boundary conditions were used in the direction of crystal growth. Events, such as adatoms attachment, detachment and interlayer transport at the step edges, and adatoms adsorption and diffusion on the terraces were considered in the model. Effects of Ehrlich–Schwoebel barriers at downward step edges and incorporation barriers at upwards step edges were also considered. Moreover, the atoms of silicon and carbon were treated as the minimal diffusing species independently to achieve more elaborate information for the behavior of atoms in the crystal surface. The simulation results showed that multiple-height steps were formed on the vicinal 4H-SiC (0001) surfaces, whereas single bilayer-height stepped morphologies were observed on the vicinal 3C-SiC (0001) surfaces. Furthermore, zigzag shaped edges were observed for both of 3C- and 4H-SiC (0001) surfaces with the miscut toward 〈math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" altimg="si2.gif" overflow="scroll"〉〈mrow〉〈mo〉[〈/mo〉〈mn〉11〈/mn〉〈mover〉〈mn〉2〈/mn〉〈mo〉¯〈/mo〉〈/mover〉〈mn〉0〈/mn〉〈mo〉]〈/mo〉〈/mrow〉〈/math〉 direction. At last, the formation mechanism of the stepped morphology was also analyzed.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstracts〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0039602818304618-fx1.jpg" width="301" alt="Image, graphical abstract" title="Image, graphical abstract"〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 3 March 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Sound and Vibration, Volume 442〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Jie Zhang, Edwin Reynders, Guido De Roeck, Geert Lombaert〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Many civil engineering structures have a repetitive or quasi-periodic geometry. Such structures have clustered modes with closely spaced natural frequencies corresponding to mode shapes with similar wavelengths. Such modes may be difficult to distinguish in modal tests and lead to difficulties when pairing calculated and experimentally determined modal characteristics in vibration-based model updating. For repetitive structures, the free wave characteristics, i.e. propagation constants and free waves, can be used alternatively to characterize their dynamic behaviour. The free wave characteristics can therefore be used instead of modal characteristics as data features in model updating of repetitive structures. This paper investigates the feasibility of model updating of repetitive structures based on free wave characteristics. First, the identification of the free wave characteristics from the measured vibration responses of a periodic structure is investigated. A stabilization diagram is constructed to pick up the stable free waves. Second, model updating of repetitive structures is performed through a match of the calculated and experimentally identified free wave characteristics. A least-squares cost function is formulated and minimized using a gradient-based optimization algorithm. This algorithm requires the sensitivity of the free wave characteristics to the model parameters that need to be updated. The analytical expressions for the free wave sensitivities are therefore derived. The proposed model updating procedure is demonstrated and validated by a numerical case study involving a repetitive frame structure and by an experiment on a four-storey steel frame structure. The results confirm the feasibility of model updating based on free wave characteristics for repetitive structures.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 3 March 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Sound and Vibration, Volume 442〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Timo Theurich, Johann Gross, Malte Krack〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉A linear vibration absorber can be tuned to effectively suppress the resonance of a particular vibration mode. It relies on the targeted energy transfer into the absorber within a narrow and fixed frequency band. Nonlinear energy sinks (NES) have a similar working principle. They are effective in a much wider frequency band but generally only in a limited range of excitation levels. To design NES, their working principle must be thoroughly understood. We consider a particular type of NES, a small mass undergoing impacts and dry friction within a cavity of a base structure (vibro-impact NES or impact absorber). The nonlinear dynamic regimes under near-resonant forcing and resulting operating ranges are first revisited. We then investigate how off-resonant vibration modes and dissipation via impacts and dry friction contribute to the vibration suppression. Moreover, we assess the effectiveness of the impact absorber for suppressing multiple resonances in comparison to a linear tuned vibration absorber (LTVA) and a pure friction damper with the same mass.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 3 March 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Sound and Vibration, Volume 442〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Arian Bahrami〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 3 March 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Sound and Vibration, Volume 442〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Chuan-Xing Bi, Yuan Liu, Yong-Bin Zhang, Liang Xu〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The equivalent source method (ESM)-based sound field separation technique has been successfully introduced into near-field acoustic holography as a preprocessing tool to eliminate the influence of disturbing sources or reflections from the opposite side of the array. In this paper, that technique is further extended in a sparsity framework, which makes it possible to take the advantage of the theory of compressive sensing to achieve reasonable separation accuracy with a limited number of spatial sampling points. In this study, three sparse bases are considered, including two existing bases that are suitable for spatially sparse and spatially extended sources, respectively, and a more flexible, redundant sparse basis that is constructed by combining the two sparse bases above, and the 〈math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" altimg="si1.gif" overflow="scroll"〉〈mrow〉〈msub〉〈mi〉ℓ〈/mi〉〈mn〉1〈/mn〉〈/msub〉〈mo〉-〈/mo〉〈mtext〉norm〈/mtext〉〈/mrow〉〈/math〉 minimization is used to promote sparse solutions. Numerical simulation and experimental results demonstrate the validity of the proposed technique and show the superiority of the use of the redundant sparse basis. Besides, the effects of the relative strength of the target source to the disturbing source, the number of spatial sampling points and the signal-to-noise ratio on the separation accuracy are analyzed numerically.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 3 March 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Sound and Vibration, Volume 442〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): N.G.R. de Melo Filho, L. Van Belle, C. Claeys, E. Deckers, W. Desmet〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉To enhance the sound insulation performance of double panel partitions at their mass-air-mass resonance frequency, novel compact and low-mass solutions are sought. This paper investigates the use of the locally resonant vibro-acoustic metamaterial concept as a possible solution. The metamaterial solution is applied to one panel of a double panel partition in order to enhance the sound transmission loss at the mass-air-mass resonance. To design the metamaterial solution and predict its sound transmission loss performance, an extension of the multiple reflection theory is proposed, incorporating the dynamic mass of a metamaterial panel. The latter is obtained from the metamaterial plate dispersion curves, calculated using finite element based unit cell modeling. The designed metamaterial solution is manufactured and its insertion loss is measured. The novel design outperforms the original double panel and an equivalent total mass double panel configuration in the targeted mass-air-mass resonance frequency region. The predictions obtained with the proposed method are in good agreement with the experimentally obtained results. This demonstrates the potential of the metamaterial solution to enhance the acoustic insulation at the mass-air-mass resonance and indicates that the proposed method allows a fast, simple and representative indication of their acoustic insulation performance.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 3 March 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Sound and Vibration, Volume 442〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Zengwei Wang, Zhike Peng, Xi Shi〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉In this paper, a method combining the structural modification method and an optimization algorithm is proposed for virtual decoupling of mechanical systems. The proposed method offers an alternative for virtual decoupling of mechanical systems in a very different way from the in-situ decoupling method, and performs better than the current virtual decoupling method for the relatively rigid links between subsystems. The relationship between structural modification and structural decoupling is first derived. A strategy for virtual decoupling of mechanical systems is presented, in which transfer functions of the modified system is used as an optimization object. Finally, the proposed method is validated by numerical and experimental case studies.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 3 March 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Sound and Vibration, Volume 442〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Florian J. Krömer, Stéphane Moreau, Stefan Becker〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The type of fan-blade skew used in axial fans has a strong impact on the sound field, the flow field and their interrelations. In this study, the sound emission and the velocity distributions of three low-pressure axial fans with a similar design point and forward-, backward- and unskewed fan blades are investigated. The forward skewed fan is found to have best aerodynamic performance as well as the least sound emission over a broad operating range. More detailed investigations at the fan design point, based on sound pressure spectra and beamforming evaluations, reveal very dominant subharmonic narrowband components and increased turbulence-ingestion noise for the backward- and the unskewed fan. Moreover, an increase in the meridional velocity in the tip region is observed for the forward-skewed fan, which weakens the tip-vortex formation. For the backward- and the unskewed fan however, a reduced meridional velocity in the tip region is found, which is an indicator of an intensified tip gap flow. Additionally, values of the turbulent kinetic energy are substantially increased for the backward- and the unskewed fan, which also hints at unsteady flow phenomena in the tip region. These flow processes are linked to the subharmonic narrowband sound emission. Finally, unsteady flow features in the tip region lead to an increase in turbulence-ingestion noise.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: January 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Hydrology, Volume 568〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): E.A. Zakharova, I.N. Krylenko, A.V. Kouraev〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Due to the rapid decline of 〈em〉in situ〈/em〉 observations on river discharge in Arctic regions, evaluation of the continental freshwater input to the Arctic Ocean has become problematic and necessitates the development of alternative approaches based on remote sensing. Radar altimetric satellites have demonstrated high potential for estimation of river water discharge. Compared to polar orbiting altimeters, non-polar orbit satellites have an advantage in temporal sampling. Their greatest drawback, however, is spatial coverage: observations do not cover the low reaches of most parts of Arctic rivers. In this study of the Lena River, we demonstrate a way to overcome this limitation by using a combination of 〈em〉in situ〈/em〉 observations from tributaries and satellite observations in the middle river reaches. The water discharge as well as monthly and annual water flow were evaluated using three virtual stations. Direct combination of the water level from these virtual stations was not possible because of the difference in seasonal amplitude. However, the combination of altimetric discharge from the three independently processed tracks significantly improves the flow retrievals. The accuracy of the monthly water flow estimates at the river outlet is 23%. It increases with the integration time giving 7% for annual flow.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: January 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Hydrology, Volume 568〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Weihua Wu, Mingzhao Sun, Xiang Ji, Shuyi Qu〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉To determine the influence of the Mesozoic Yanshanian orogeny in East Asia on contemporaneous Sr isotopic evolution of seawater, we systematically investigated the weathering profile, riverbed sediment and stream water in mono-lithological small granitic watersheds of the Jiuhua Mountains, Anhui, eastern China. Analysis based on 190 samples from 1 to 2 samplings per month during an entire hydrological year, spanning July 2014 to June 2015, shows that the intra-annual change of Sr concentration is 10–70%, but 〈sup〉87〈/sup〉Sr/〈sup〉86〈/sup〉Sr ratios only exhibit a slight change (0.709148–0.710427). This result indicates that using single sampling data to evaluate the influence of chemical weathering on the 〈sup〉87〈/sup〉Sr/〈sup〉86〈/sup〉Sr ratio evolution of seawater may cause some deviations. The 〈sup〉87〈/sup〉Sr/〈sup〉86〈/sup〉Sr ratio in the small granitic watersheds of the Jiuhua Mountains is 0.709148–0.710427 with an average of 0.710021, which is significantly higher than the lowest value (0.7068, ∼160 Ma) of seawater in the Phanerozoic. During and after this period, the East Asian continent experienced a strong tectonic event — Yanshanian orogeny and formed widespread Jurassic–Cretaceous igneous rocks, such as the Jiuhua Mountains granite in the Yangtze Block. The Yanshanian granites in several main tectonic units in China exhibit high radiogenic Sr characteristics. Combined with the evidence of enhanced chemical weathering during Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous, the notable increase of the seawater 〈sup〉87〈/sup〉Sr/〈sup〉86〈/sup〉Sr ratio after 160 Ma may be related to the Yanshanian orogeny in East Asia.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0022169418308412-ga1.jpg" width="245" alt="Graphical abstract for this article" title=""〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: January 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Fish & Shellfish Immunology, Volume 84〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Jinghua Chen, Lu Zhang, Ning Yang, Mengyu Tian, Qiang Fu, Fenghua Tan, Chao Li〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Galectins are a family of galactoside-binding proteins with an affinity for β-galactosides, involved in mediating fundamental processes including development, inflammation, cell migration and apoptosis. Galectin-4 is a member of tendem-repeat galectins, plays vital roles in intestinal epithelial barrier. Here, one galectin-4 gene was captured in turbot (〈em〉Sm〈/em〉Lgals4) contains a 1197 bp open reading frame (ORF). In comparison to other species, 〈em〉Sm〈/em〉Lgals4 showed the highest similarity and identity both to large yellow croaker. The genomic structure analysis showed that 〈em〉Sm〈/em〉Lgals4 had conserved exons in the CRD domains compared to other vertebrate species. The syntenic analysis revealed that galectin-4 had the same neighboring genes across all the selected species, which suggested the synteny encompassing galectin-4 region during vertebrate evolution. Subsequently, 〈em〉Sm〈/em〉Lgals4 was widely expressed in all the examined tissues, with the highest expression level in intestine and the lowest expression level in skin. In addition, 〈em〉Sm〈/em〉Lgals4 was significantly down-regulated in intestine following both Gram-negative bacteria 〈em〉Vibrio anguillarum〈/em〉, and Gram-positive bacteria 〈em〉Streptococcus iniae〈/em〉 immersion challenge. Finally, the 〈em〉rSm〈/em〉Lgals4 showed strong binding ability to all the examined microbial ligands. Taken together, our results suggested 〈em〉Sm〈/em〉Lgals4 plays vital roles in fish intestinal immune responses against infection, but the detailed roles of galectin-4 in teleost are still lacking, further studies are needed to be carried out to characterize whether galectin-4 plays similar roles in teleost intestinal immunity.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: January 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Fish & Shellfish Immunology, Volume 84〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Yanxiu Mo, Yunpeng Fan, Wen Fu, Wenting Xu, Shujuan Chen, Yuanhui Wen, Shaojun Liu, Liangyue Peng, Yamei Xiao〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Previous research has indicated that the small compound, SP600125, could induce polyploidy of fish cells, and has established a stable tetraploid cell line from diploid fish cells. In order to explore how fish cells maintain homeostasis under SP600125-stress 〈em〉in vitro〈/em〉, this study investigates impacts of SP600125-stress on intracellular pathways, as well as on regulation of the cellular homeostasis feedback in fish cells. Transcriptomes are obtained from the SP600125-treated cells. Compared with unigenes expressed in control group (crucial carp fin cells), a total of 2670 and 1846 unigenes are significantly upregulated and downregulated in these cells, respectively. Differentially expressed genes are found, which are involved in innate defense, inflammatory pathways and cell adhesion molecules-related pathways. The SP600125-stress enhances cell-mediated immunity, characterized by significantly increasing expression of multiple immune genes. These enhanced immune genes include the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-ɑ, IL-6R), the adaptor signal transducers (STAT, IκBɑ), and the integrins (ɑ2β1, ɑMβ2). Furthermore, mitochondria are contributed to the cellular homeostasis regulation upon the SP600125-stress. The results show that acute inflammation is an adaptive and controlled response to the SP600125-stress, which is beneficial for alleviating toxicity by SP600125. They provide a potential way of breeding fish polyploidy induced by SP600125 in the future research.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: December 2018〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Geoforum, Volume 97〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Rebecca Sandover, Samuel Kinsley, Stephen Hinchliffe〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Geographers and other social scientists have for some time been interested in how scientific and environmental controversies emerge and become public or collective issues. Social media are now key platforms through which these issues are publically raised and through which groups or publics can organise themselves. As media that generate data and traces of networking activity, these platforms also provide an opportunity for scholars to study the character and constitution of those groupings. In this paper we lay out a method for studying these ‘issue publics’: emergent groupings involved in publicising an issue. We focus on the controversy surrounding the state-sanctioned cull of wild badgers in England as a contested means of disease management in cattle. We analyse two overlapping groupings to demonstrate how online issue publics function in a variety of ways – from the ‘echo chambers’ of online sharing of information, to the marshalling of agreements on strategies for action, to more dialogic patterns of debate. We demonstrate the ways in which digital media platforms are themselves performative in the formation of issue publics and that, while this creates issues, we should not retreat into debates around the ‘proper object’ of research but rather engage with the productive complications of mapping social media data into knowledge (Whatmore, 2009). In turn, we argue that online issue publics are not homogeneous and that the lines of heterogeneity are neither simple or to be expected and merit study as a means to understand the suite of processes and novel contexts involved in the emergence of a public.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: January 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Fish & Shellfish Immunology, Volume 84〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Maciej Woźny, Kazimierz Obremski, Piotr Hliwa, Piotr Gomułka, Rafał Różyński, Paweł Wojtacha, Maciej Florczyk, Helmut Segner, Paweł Brzuzan〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉To investigate the effects of feed contamination with zearalenone (ZEN) at the current European Commission (EC) guidance value (2 mg⋅kg〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 feed) on the growth and health of rainbow trout, we performed a long-term feeding trial under aquaculture conditions. It started with the external feeding of the fish larvae, and continued for 96 weeks, at which point the fish had reached market size. To assess the growth of fish and their feeding efficiency throughout this period, the fish were regularly weighed and measured, and their feed consumption was monitored. Additionally, to investigate potential health effects, after 72 weeks of the exposure to ZEN, the fishes' blood was analyzed for major hematological and biochemical indices, and their head kidney, spleen, and liver were examined for morphological, histopathological, cytological, and molecular changes. Finally, to gain insight into the metabolism and distribution of ZEN in fish, the content of free and glucuronidated forms of ZEN and its major metabolites was measured in the intestine, liver, and muscles of the exposed fish. The feed-borne exposure of rainbow trout to ZEN at a dose of 2 mg⋅kg〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 feed resulted in higher feeding efficiency and growth rate, most probably due to the anabolic properties of the ZEN metabolite. Importantly for the consumers of fish, despite absorption and metabolism of ZEN in the digestive system of the fish that had been exposed for 72 weeks, the residuals of ZEN were not transferred to the fishes’ muscles, which rules out a potential risk to human health related to the consumption of fish meat. However, the increased growth of fish fed with the contaminated feed may come at some cost, as the exposure to ZEN was associated with modulation of key components of the adaptive and innate immune systems. Moreover, the trunk kidney of ZEN-fed fish showed massive inflammation that was likely caused by pathogen infection. These findings raise concerns about fish health under the current recommended EC guidance values.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: January 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, Volume 60〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Jennifer Howcroft, Frank Knoefel, Bruce Wallace, Rafik Goubran, Michelle M. Porter, Shawn Marshall〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Naturalistic in-car driving informatics provides opportunities to identify links between driving behaviours and cognitive and physical health status. The coefficient of variation was used to evaluate deceleration event variability (1) for differences between 171 older adult drivers grouped based on physical and cognitive scores and (2) for changes that aligned with longitudinal health changes in 62 older adult drivers. Differences in older adult physical and cognitive health status were related to deceleration event variability. Greater deceleration event variability was identified in individuals with better cognitive health, with two exceptions. There were also deceleration events subsets where individuals with poorer physical health status exhibited greater variability in deceleration patterns than those with better health status. CoV-measured deceleration event variability did significantly decrease for individuals with longitudinal cognitive health decline and for individuals with longitudinal physical health declines (velocity signal only) for decelerations subsets and CoV increased for individuals with longitudinal physical health decline for acceleration and jerk signals for event deceleration subsets. These findings suggest that worse cognitive health may limit older adult driver’s ability to adapt deceleration patterns when needed, resulting in lower CoV-measured variability. However, particularly in situations that require less adaptation to deceleration patterns, worse physical health may induce unnecessary variability during deceleration events. Further investigation is warranted to determine whether differences in variability relate to successful braking collision avoidance behaviours.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 15 January 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Surface and Coatings Technology, Volume 357〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Cristina Domínguez-Trujillo, Ana M. Beltrán, Maria D. Garvi, Alba Salazar-Moya, Julián Lebrato, Daniel J. Hickey, Jose A. Rodríguez-Ortiz, Paul H. Kamm, Clara Lebrato, Francisco García-Moreno, Thomas J. Webster, Yadir Torres〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉In this work, bacterial behavior on dense and porous titanium substrates is discussed. Porous titanium was fabricated by a space holder technique (using 50 vol%, NH〈sub〉4〈/sub〉HCO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 with particle sizes between 250 and 355 μm). These substrates were coated by sulfonated PEEK (termed SPEEK). Characterization of the porous substrate was carried out using the Archimedes Method, Image Analysis, and three-dimensional X-ray Micro-Computed Tomography (including total and interconnected porosity, equivalent diameter, and pore shape factor), as well as mechanical characterization (specifically stiffness and yield strength). A detailed study was performed here to investigate the influence of substrate porosity on the adhesion and proliferation of 〈em〉E. coli〈/em〉, 〈em〉MRSA〈/em〉, and 〈em〉P. aeruginosa〈/em〉 (common causes of orthopedic device-associated infections). Bacterial colonization was examined in terms of the initial bacterial concentration, as well as bacterial adherence to and growth on the surface and inside the pores. Results suggest that fully dense titanium supported the least bacterial colonization, while the porous titanium promoted bacterial growth in the medium and inside the cavities. Furthermore, the SPEEK coating deposited onto the samples inhibited bacteria growth inside the porous materials. In this manner, this study showed for the first time that SPEEK could have potential antibacterial properties to offset the increase in bacteria growth commonly observed in porous materials.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0257897218312052-ga1.jpg" width="440" alt="Unlabelled Image" title="Unlabelled Image"〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 15 January 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Surface and Coatings Technology, Volume 357〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Xiaolong Cai, Lisheng Zhong, Yunhua Xu, Xin Li, Mingxin Liu〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉To improve the mechanical properties of the surface of iron-based alloys, a tungsten carbide-iron (WC-Fe) cemented carbide layer is produced on an alloy by adopting an isothermal annealing process, which was performed at 1050 °C for 4 h. By deeply etching the obtained sample, the morphologies of the WC ceramic grains in the WC-Fe hardmetal layer are characterized via scanning electron microscopy. The present results reveal three distinct morphologies consisting of rectangular, triangular prism and multi-layered shapes. Furthermore, the mechanical properties and fracture toughness of the WC-Fe layer are investigated through combined nanoindentation and Vickers indentation techniques. Nanoindentation testing is performed in a load range of 100 to 450 mN. Based on the data collected from the nanoindentation results, the average values of the hardness, Young' modulus and deformation ratio are evaluated, and the fracture toughness is determined to have a value of 3.08 MPa·m〈sup〉½〈/sup〉 at 450 mN. In the Vickers indentation technique, however, by identifying the crack type and choosing the appropriate model, the fracture toughness is calculated to be 1.85–3.44 MPa·m〈sup〉½〈/sup〉 at applied loads ranging from 0.98 to 4.9 N. The obtained fracture toughness results exhibit good consistence between the nanoindentation and Vickers indentation methods.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 15 January 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Surface and Coatings Technology, Volume 357〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Y. Le Guével, B. Grégoire, M.J. Cristóbal, X. Feaugas, A. Oudriss, F. Pedraza〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Electrolytic dissolution of aluminide coatings on model (pure Ni, Ni20Cr) and René 125 Ni-based superalloy was conducted by alternated cathodic and anodic polarizations. The pure nickel aluminide dissolved homogeneously. In contrast, the inhomogeneity of dissolution increased with the incorporation of Cr in the coating. The coatings were however uniformly dissolved when the cathodic step was eliminated. XPS and TEM demonstrate that the occurrence of a passive layer containing Cr and Al oxy-hydroxides blocked dissolution.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉(a) TEM bright field images of the passive film of the aluminized Ni20Cr. (b) is a greater magnification showing the distance between the crystalline planes. (c), (d) and (e) are the selected area diffraction patterns of the three diffracted areas defined on (a). The distances marked in red correspond to “d”, i.e. the interplanar distance.〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0257897218311976-ga1.jpg" width="343" alt="Unlabelled Image" title="Unlabelled Image"〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 15 January 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Surface and Coatings Technology, Volume 357〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Lijia Fang, Jing Huang, Yi Liu, Botao Zhang, Hua Li〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The booming ocean economy in recent decades crucially demands advanced anti-corrosion technologies for marine infrastructures. Among the marine protective coatings developed in past decades, thermal sprayed aluminium coating was evidenced to be one of the most economical and efficient corrosion protection layers. Yet, marine corrosion is always accompanied by biofouling which in most cases accelerates corrosion. Here we report arc spray fabrication of novel aluminium-copper coatings using home-made Al-Cu cored wires for both anti-corrosion and antifouling performances. Copper particles were dispersed in the as-sprayed coatings, and TEM characterization further revealed partial interaction of Cu particles with Al matrix during the coating deposition. The chemical reaction with the formation of Al〈sub〉2〈/sub〉Cu offered an anchoring effect for the coatings preventing Cu particles from quick releasing into aqueous environment. Electrochemical testing in artificial seawater showed that the presence of Cu in Al coatings did not trigger considerable deterioration in corrosion resistance. Further antifouling testing of the coatings by examining settlement and colonization behaviors of bacteria 〈em〉E. coli〈/em〉 and 〈em〉Bacillus〈/em〉 sp. and typical marine algae revealed their excellent antifouling performances. The antifouling properties were predominately attributed to the continuous release of copper ions from the coatings. The results give clear insight into constructing anti-corrosion/fouling inorganic coatings by the cored-wire arc spray technical route for marine applications.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 5 March 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Volume 776〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Sai Huang, Zhihao Wang, Qi Zhu, Xiaofei Shi, Xuejiao Wang, Xiaodong Li, Xudong Sun, Ji-Guang Li〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉RE(OH)〈sub〉2.94〈/sub〉(NO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉)〈sub〉0.06〈/sub〉·〈em〉n〈/em〉H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O nanosquares were first employed as template to synthesize YVO〈sub〉4〈/sub〉:Ln luminescent crystallites (Ln = Eu, Sm, and Dy) via hydrothermal nanoconversion in the presence of NH〈sub〉4〈/sub〉VO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉. Product properties and the course of phase/morphology evolution were characterized in detail by XRD, SEM, TEM, FT-IR, TG, and optical spectroscopy. It was clearly demonstrated that the nanosquares templated vanadate crystallization, owing to structure similarity, but was accompanied by subsequent dissolution and reprecipitation. The resultant vanadate phosphors, mostly in the form of bundles containing platelike and fibrous crystallites, exhibited strong red emission at ∼618 nm for Eu〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉, orange-red emission at ∼604 nm for Sm〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉 and greenish yellow emission at ∼575 nm for Dy〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉 upon exciting the VO〈sub〉4〈/sub〉〈sup〉3−〈/sup〉 ligand. Dehydration at 500 °C further improved the emission by ∼2.5 times for Eu〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉 and ∼1.5 times for Sm〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉 and Dy〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉. The Eu〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉 (5 at%), Sm〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉 (1 at%) and Dy〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉 (1 at%) activators were analyzed to have quantum yields of ∼48, 9 and 16% and color coordinates of around (0.65, 0.33), (0.60, 0.39) and (0.38, 0.43) for their luminescence, and fluorescence lifetimes of ∼1.52, 1.40 and 0.89 ms for their dominant emissions, respectively. It is also interesting to find out that replacing only 15% of the total OH〈sup〉−〈/sup〉 and NO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉〈sup〉−〈/sup〉 anions in the template by VO〈sub〉4〈/sub〉〈sup〉3−〈/sup〉 produced ∼20 times stronger Eu〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉 luminescence, indicating that VO〈sub〉4〈/sub〉〈sup〉3-〈/sup〉→ Eu〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉 energy transfer is very efficient. The protocol would be extendable to other types of functional rare-earth compounds.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0925838818339719-fx1.jpg" width="245" alt="Image 1" title="Image 1"〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 5 March 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Volume 776〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Chunmu Guo, Qinghua Tian, Li Yang〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Nanostructure of titanium dioxide (TiO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉) has gained extensive attention in anode material field of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) owing to its outstanding structure stability and improved safety over graphite. Herein, facilely controllable synthesis of interestingly spindle TiO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 nanograins has been achieved by a one-pot hydrothermal and subsequent calcination approach, it is demonstrated that the grain size has a great effect on the electrochemical lithium storage kinetics of as-synthesized TiO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 nanograins. As a result, the as-prepared TiO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉-0.05M with much smaller size exhibits greatly improved lithium storage performance, delivering a capacity of 120.5 mAh g〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 after even 1000 cycles.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉