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  • 1
    Publikationsdatum: 2017
    Beschreibung: Violence by young people is one of the most visible forms of social disorder in urban settlements. This study assesses the causes and consequences of youth violence in the Kumasi metropolis. The study design was a nonexperimental cross-sectional survey. A mixed method approach facilitated the random sampling of 71 young people in the Kumasi metropolis through a stratified procedure between December 2014 and November 2015. Ten (10) participants were purposively selected and enrolled in a focus group discussion. Descriptive statistics formed the basis for the analysis. This was supported with a matched discourse analysis of the emerging themes. More than half of the youth (39, 54.9%) demonstrated history of ever engaging in violence in the past one year of whom 24 (61.5%) were without formal education. The frequency of the violence perpetuation ranged from daily engagement (3, 4%) to weekly engagement in violence (12, 17%). Principally, the categories of youth violence were manifested in noise making, rape, murder, stealing, drug addiction, obscene gestures, robbery, sexual abuse, and embarrassment. Peer pressure and street survival coping approaches emerged as the pivotal factors that induced youth violence. Addressing youth violence requires an integrative framework that incorporates youth perspectives, government, chiefs, and nongovernmental organizations in Ghana, and religious bodies.
    Print ISSN: 2090-4185
    Digitale ISSN: 2090-4193
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Geographie
    Publiziert von Hindawi
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  • 2
    Publikationsdatum: 2017
    Beschreibung: This paper seeks to examine the ethnoreligious urban violence and residential mobility in the city of Kaduna with a view to make recommendations towards ameliorating its effects by evaluating the causal factors fueling the crisis and examining the pattern and direction of the residential mobility in the city. The sources of data were both primary and secondary. The sampling technique used was purposive and random sampling from two residential districts from both the northern and southern parts of the city. A total of 1,000 questionnaires were administered within the study areas and 900 questionnaires were collected. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with major stakeholders from the two parts. The data obtained were analysed using thematic and content analysis for the qualitative data whilst the quantitative data were analysed using simple percentages. The results revealed that the factors causing the ethnoreligious urban violence and residential mobility are unemployment, social institutional breakdown, politics, and colonial impact and the pattern/direction of the residential mobility in the city of Kaduna show a clear polarization along religious lines based reactive residential mobility between the two parts of the city. Based on these results recommendations were made to assist the academia, practitioners, and policy makers.
    Print ISSN: 2090-4185
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    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Geographie
    Publiziert von Hindawi
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  • 3
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-10
    Beschreibung: Directions of a significant increase in effectiveness of rock destruction with tools equipped with super-hard composite material inserts are reviewed and justified. Drilling tool designs with the cutting insert in the form of elliptical Cassinian oval and the asymmetric ring cleaves are suggested. Versions of laboratory stand designs in order to determine the power consumption of rock destruction are developed.
    Print ISSN: 1755-1307
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    Thema: Geographie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
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  • 4
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-10
    Beschreibung: Coal deposits having complex structure and nonuniform quality coal reserves require improved processes of production quality control. The paper proposes a method to present coal ash content as components of natural and technological dilution. It is chosen to carry out studies on the western site of Elginsk coal deposit, composed of four coal beds of complex structure. The reported estimates of coal ash content in the beds with respect to five components point at the need to account for such data in confirmation exploration, mine planning and actual mining. Basic means of analysis and control of overall ash content and its components are discussed.
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  • 5
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-10
    Beschreibung: Interval hydraulic fracturing use for the seam degassing intensification actuality is explained. The known methods of degassing are reviewed. Technological scheme of the interval coal seam hydraulic fracturing implementation is worked out. The equipment to fulfill degassing intensification measures is suggested.
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    Thema: Geographie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
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  • 6
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-10
    Beschreibung: The paper describes the laboratory tests on deformation of specimens made of artificial geomaterials simulating rock mass composed of two alternating beds of different hardness and different bedding angles. In the course of loading, stresses, strains and microseismic emission signals are continuously and concurrently recorded. The analysis of the time–deformation curve is reflective of the step-wise behavior of deformation and allows determining features of change in parameters of microseismic signals at various deformation stages.
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    Thema: Geographie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
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  • 7
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-10
    Beschreibung: The current drilling-and-blasting operations fail to prepare intact ore body underlying a production horizon for subsequent mining and leaching. It is found that the required preparation quality is possible by means of advanced implementation of ore body discontinuity and filling of the resultant system of joints with active leaching solutions.
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    Thema: Geographie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
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  • 8
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-10
    Beschreibung: This article highlights some opportunities for shifting the paradigm for the development of natural resources in the Russian fuel and energy sector using public-private partnership instruments. It shows three main directions for developing public-private partnerships in the area of subsoil use and emphasizes the role of innovations in implementing the most promising projects in the fuel and energy sector of Russia.
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    Thema: Geographie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
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  • 9
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-10
    Beschreibung: The paper gives a description of tests and trials of the technology of heap gold leaching from rebellious ore in Aprelkovo and Delmachik Mines. Efficiency of leaching flowsheets with the stage-wise use of activated solutions of different reagents, including active forms of oxygen, is evaluated. Carbonate–peroxide solutions are used at the first stage of leaching to oxidize sulfide and sulfide–arsenide ore minerals to recover iron and copper from them. The second stage leaching uses active cyanide solutions to leach encapsulated and disperse gold and silver.
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    Thema: Geographie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
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  • 10
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-10
    Beschreibung: The authors evaluate advancement in the geotechnology for steeply dipping vein deposits. It is proposed to use large-diameter drilling with drilling assembly BGA-2V-02. As a result, the efficiency of mining is enhanced.
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    Thema: Geographie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
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  • 11
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-10
    Beschreibung: Discoveries in the area of hydrometallurgy of noble metals can be of use in metal recovery from low-grade solutions and slurries, including liquid tailings. Efficiency of noble metal recovery and reduction in mining waste is gained owing to utilization of two forms of ion-exchange sorbent, including OH − for recovery of cyanic compounds of gold and cyanides, which allows abating burden on natural systems.
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    Thema: Geographie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
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  • 12
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-10
    Beschreibung: It is found that there are transient zones (between quality and off-quality ore areas) with the respective content of useful component in an ore body, and a variant of explosive treatment of such zones before the selective mining is put forward. Practicability of two processing technologies is evaluated: processing of high-grade and low-grade ore from the transient zones and heap leaching of metals from the low-grade and impoverished ore. Open mining technology is conventional truck-and-shovel scheme, with distributed ore flows to processing plant and (or) to heap leaching, which generally enhances the mine efficiency.
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    Thema: Geographie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
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  • 13
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-10
    Beschreibung: The role of hydrogen ions in activation heap leaching of gold from rebellious ore has been studied, which has allowed enhancing gold recovery. The author puts forward a gold leaching circuit with the use of activated oxygen-saturated solutions acidified to pH = 6–9.
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  • 14
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-10
    Beschreibung: It is shown that the process flows of mining, haulage and utilization of coal in the Polar regions in Yakutia feature high quantitative and qualitative loss. In case the process flows are considered as integrated systems aimed at the overall performance efficiency, it is possible to reduce the loss per each individual chain loop. The authors formulate approaches intended to lower total loss of coal in process flows. The geotechnical and organizational solutions are put forward to improve and stabilize quality of fuel used by local fuel and energy industry.
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  • 15
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-10
    Beschreibung: The authors analyze 3D problem on instability of a long arch cross-section opening using the method of discrete elements. Under analysis is loading by gravitational and tectonic stresses. Dilatancy, dry friction and viscosity are taken into account. It is assumed that contacting particles have an in-between elastic bonding element that fails under critical load. The article presents kinematic patterns of deformation and failure of surrounding rock mass around an underground opening.
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    Thema: Geographie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
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  • 16
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-10
    Beschreibung: The paper presents a downhole tool designed for gas-dynamic research to be carried out in coalbed methane drainage holes. Structurally, the tool has a twin-packer design. The tool allows hydraulic fracturing, gas-dynamic investigations using indicator diagrams and pressure drop and recovery curves, and local destressing of coal.
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  • 17
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-14
    Beschreibung: The strain BSM-30 ( Vibrio sp. ), isolated from Chinese tropical waters, could be a biosurfactant producing bacteria according with results obtained by the oil spreading method. The culture conditions for biosurfactant production were tested respectively such as inoculation (2%,6%,10%,14% as setting), shaking speed(120 r/min,150 r/min,180 r/min as setting), temperature (25°C,30°C,35°C as setting), pH (7,8,9 as setting), salinity (1.5%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 4.5%, 5.5% as setting), which results showed that the best culture conditions for BS production were 10% inoculation quantity, 180 r/min, 25°C, pH 8, and 3.5% salinity. The optimization of carbon sources (20g/ of glucose, 20g/L of starch, 20g/L of paraffin oil 20g/L of diesel, 20g/L of oil as setting) and nitrogen sources (6g/L of NaNO 3 ,7.1g/L of KNO 3 ,5.6g/L of NH 4 NO 3 ,9.3g/L of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , 4.2g/L of CO(NH 2 ) 2 as setting) were also test...
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  • 18
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-14
    Beschreibung: Trace metals in mangrove tissues (leaf, branch and root) of two species ( Rhizophora stylosa and Sonneratia hainanensis ) from Dongzhai Harbor and Sanya Bay of Hainan Island were studied. The total average concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Hg and As in the two mamgrove species were 2.4±1.3, 1.1±0.7, 7.8±8.0, 0.03±0.05, 1.4±1.6, 0.03±0.01 and 0.2±0.2 µg g-1 dw, respectively. Metals concentrations among different tissues of mangroves showed different pattern. In general, Zn, Cd and Hg were slightly enriched in leaf, Cu, Pb and As was enriched in root, and Cr were enriched in branch. Metals levels in R. stylosa and S. hainanensis from both Dongzhai Harbor and Sanya Bay were compared, which suggested that different mangrove species have their unique mechanism to bioaccumulate metals and TOC in the mangrove sediment could be one of the important factors for regulating metals in mangrove tissues. The biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAF) of metals in...
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    Thema: Geographie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
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  • 19
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-14
    Beschreibung: The accommodation and curtailment of renewable energy in northeast China have attracted much attention with the rapid growth of wind and solar power generation. Large amount of wind power has been curtailed or abandoned in northeast China due to several reasons, such as, the redundancy of power supplies, inadequate power demands, imperfect power structure with less flexibility and limited cross-regional transmission capacity. In this paper, we use multi-area production simulation to analyse the accommodation of renewable energy in northeast China by 2020. Furthermore, we suggest the measures that could be adopted in generation, grid and load side to reduce curtailment of renewables.
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  • 20
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-14
    Beschreibung: The 5 coal fly ash samples (CFA) were systematically collected from 5 coal-fired power plants (CFPPs) in North China for analysis of 86 PCB congeners. The predominant PCB congeners were PCB-6, -4/10, -28, -18, -19 and -16/32, which belonged to lighter molecular weight (LMW) congeners. The Σ 86 PCBs for 5 CFPPs ranged from 10.93 to 32.06 ng/g with the mean value as 16.01 ng/g. The PCBs in CFA were dominated by LMW-PCBs with 2-, 3- and 4-Cl PCBs contributed 34.80%, 39.18% and 9.21% to the Σ 86 PCBs. The TEQ concentrations for 5 CFPPs was 42.54 pg/g higher than 4 pg/g designed by Canada for soil quality, indicated the using of CFA as soil amendment should be cautioned.
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  • 21
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-14
    Beschreibung: Pumped storage is an effective solution to deal with the emergency reserve shortage, renewable energy accommodating and peak-shaving problems in ultra-high voltage (UHV) transmission receiving-end grids. However, governments and public opinion in China tend to evaluate the operational effectiveness of pumped storage using annual utilization hour, which may result in unreasonable and unnecessary dispatch of pumped storage. This paper built an operational adaptability evaluation index system for pumped storage in UHV-receiving end grids from three aspects: security insurance, peak-shaving and renewable energy accommodating, which can provide a comprehensive and objective way to evaluate the operational performance of a pumped storage station.
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  • 22
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-14
    Beschreibung: Based on the depth-averaged two-dimensional shallow water and pollutant transport equation, the coupling model of water flow and water quality with explicit scheme is developed in this study. The unstructured triangular grid is adopted to locally refine the mesh around sewage outlet or in high-gradient regions of terrain change for the coupling model. The finite volume method is applied to ensure the conservation of mass for each element. This hydrodynamic model applies the Roe solver approximate Riemann solution with second-order accuracy to compute the water momentum flux on the grid interface. Taking Dalian Bay as the research object, the numerical model established is used to simulate the hydrodynamic characteristics and pollutant transport process. The computed results of the tide level, flow current and flow direction agree well with the measured data in Dalian Bay. The spatial and temporal distribution of pollutant in water are analyzed and discussed in this study. Simula...
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  • 23
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-14
    Beschreibung: Dust associated visibility impairment is the most noticeable air pollution phenomena, has important implications regarding air quality in developing cities. We integrated the commonly reported visibility with remote sensing, found that dust emission tended to decrease over Xilingol grassland. The temporal coherency between dust event and visibility reduction demonstrated dust was an important factor responsible for air quality impairment, but the differences in seasonal patterns and long-term trends among stations manifested some drops in visibility couldn’t be solely attributed to dust activity. It is urgent to conclude the causes of visibility reduction in developing cities susceptible to dust impact in recent years.
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  • 24
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-14
    Beschreibung: In order to investigate the heavy metal pollution conditions of soil of smelting area in Zijiang of Chenzhou, Hunan province, 42 samples were studied. The concentrations of heavy metals As, Pb, Cd, Zn and Cu in the soil were determined by using atomic absorption spectrometry(AAS) and atomic fluorescence spectrometry(AFS). Then the potential pollution risks of heavy metal in the soil were evaluated by method of geological acumination index (I geo ). The results indicated that the average concentrations of As, Pb, Cd, Zn and Cu were 187.79, 2074.52, 15.72, 2178.89, 39.69 mg/kg respectively. The geological evaluation of the cumulative index results showed that the contamination degree of 5 heavy metals follow the sequence of Cd〉 Zn 〉Pb 〉 As 〉Cu. The results show that Cd reached extremely pollution degree, Zn reached strong pollution-extremely pollution levels, the pollution of Pb in the soil is classified as strong pollution degree, Cu and As of no pollution ac...
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  • 25
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-14
    Beschreibung: The knowledge of sea level changes is critical important for social, economic and scientific development in coastal areas. Satellite altimeter makes it possible to observe long term and large scale dynamic changes in the ocean, contiguous shelf seas and coastal zone. In this paper, 1993-2015 altimeter data of Topex/Poseidon and its follow-on missions is used to get a time serious of continuous and homogeneous sea level anomaly gridding product. The sea level rising rate is 0.39 cm/yr in China Seas and the neighboring oceans, 0.37 cm/yr in the Bo and Yellow Sea, 0.29 cm/yr in the East China Sea and 0.40 cm/yr in the South China Sea. The mean sea level and its rising rate are spatial-temporal non-homogeneous. The mean sea level shows opposite characteristics in coastal seas versus open oceans. The Bo and Yellow Sea has the most significant seasonal variability. The results are consistent with in situ data observation by the Nation Ocean Agency of China. The coefficient of variabil...
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  • 26
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-14
    Beschreibung: The conventional fire detection methods mainly produce an alarm through detecting the changes in smoke concentration, flame radiation, heat and other physical parameters in the environment, but are unable to provide an early warning of a fire emergency. We have designed a gas fire detection system with a high detection sensitivity and high selectivity using the tunable semiconductor diode laser as a light source and combining wavelength modulation and harmonic detection technology. This system can invert the second harmonic signal obtained to obtain the concentration of carbon monoxide gas (a fire characteristic gas) so as to provide an early warning of fire. We reduce the system offset noise and the background noise generated due to the laser interference by deducting the system background spectrum lines from the second harmonic signal. This can also eliminate the interference of other gas spectral lines to a large extent. We detected the concentration of the carbon monoxide ga...
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  • 27
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-14
    Beschreibung: Consider the global energy interconnection, the global is concentrating on carrying out clean energy alternative, which is mainly focusing on using the clean energy to take place of fossil energy, and change the global energy layout and ecological atmosphere condition. This research gives the energy spatial transfer model of energy development layout to analyse the global energy development layout condition and ecological affection. And it is a fast and direct method to analyse its energy usage process and environmental affection. The paper also gives out a system dynamics model of energy spatial transfer shows, which electric power transmission is better than original energy usage and transportation. It also gives the comparison of different parameters. The energy spatial transfer can affect the environment directly. Consider its three environmental factors, including energy saving, climate changing and conventional pollutant emission reduction, synthetic combine with the spati...
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  • 28
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-14
    Beschreibung: The molecular biology method of high-throughput pyrosequencing was employed to examine the change of activated sludge community structures during the process in which activated sludge was acclimated to and degraded a target xenobiotic. The sample xenobiotic organic compound used as the activated sludge acclimation target was the herbicide 2,4-dichlorphenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Indigenous activated sludge microorganisms were acclimated to 2,4-D as the sole carbon source in both the batch and the continuous-flow reaction modes. Sludge masses at multiple time points during the course of acclimation were subjected to pyrosequencing targeting the microorganisms’ 16S rRNA genes. With the bacterial 16S rRNA sequencing results the genera that increased in abundance were checked with degradative pathway databases or literature to confirm that they are commonly seen as potent degraders of 2,4-D. From this systematic examination of degrader changes at time points during activated sludge ac...
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  • 29
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-14
    Beschreibung: Aiming at the goal of low pollution and high efficiency, combustion characteristics and exhaust emissions of radial staged combustor are studied using a numerical simulation method. The result shows that the combustion efficiency of staged combustor is all over 97%. The emission of pollutants, especially the CO and NO x , is obviously reduced. The advantages of staged combustor cannot be fully exploited, when the airflow is evenly distributed in the double-head. Higher combustion efficiency and lower pollutant emission can be achieved with an appropriate flow distribution ratio.
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  • 30
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-14
    Beschreibung: Identifying the carbonate reservoirs has always been a challenge to geological exploration, while reasonable classification of flow units is the bottleneck in this exploitation. While taking the NT oil field at the eastern edge of Pre-Caspian Basin as an example, this paper proposes the classification of flow units into five categories based on previous flow-unit classification theory and actual oilfield features by using the pore throat radius at the mercury injection saturation of 35% as the main judging criterion. In this paper, the features of various flow units have also been analyzed. The type-I flow units, mainly found in dolomite and algal reef limestone reservoirs, have the highest production capacity. Given the existence of corrosion and dolomitization, they are mainly fracture-cave composite reservoirs or fracture pore reservoirs. As far as the type-I flow units are concerned, the flow index is 〉 1.42 for KT-I stratum and 〉 1.55 for KT-II stratum. The production...
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  • 31
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-14
    Beschreibung: The “methanation + anaerobic ammonia oxidation autotrophic denitrification” method was adopted by using anaerobic sequencing batch reactors (ASBRs) and realized a satisfactory synchronous removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia-nitrogen (NH 4 + -N) in wastewater after 75 days operation. 90% of COD was removed at a COD load of 1.2 kg/(m 3 •d) and 90% of TN was removed at a TN load of 0.14 kg/(m 3 •d). The anammox reaction ratio was estimated to be 1: 1.32: 0.26. The results showed that synchronous rapid start-up of the methanation and anaerobic ammonia oxidation processes in two-stage ASBRs was feasible.
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  • 32
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-14
    Beschreibung: Nanocrystalline and amorphous PrMg 11 Ni + x wt.% Ni ( x = 100, 200) alloys were synthesized by mechanical milling. Effects of Ni content and milling duration on the structures, hydrogen storage capacity and kinetics of the as-milled alloys were investigated systematically. The structures were characterized by XRD and HRTEM. The hydrogen desorption activation energy was calculated by using Kissinger method. The results show that increasing Ni content dramatically improves the electrochemical discharge capacity of the as-milled alloys. Furthermore, the variation of milling time has a significant impact on the kinetics of the alloys. As the milling time increased, the high-rate discharge ability (HRD), gaseous hydrogen absorption capacity and hydrogenation rate increased at first but decreased finally, while the dehydrogenation rate always increased.
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  • 33
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-14
    Beschreibung: Energy internet is a kind of power sharing network, which can realize the bidirectional flow of energy information on the basis of the existing power grid. It puts forward higher requirements for reliability and controllability of information communication, and all kinds of business QoS of the backbone network. So the research of business QoS and trustworthy and controllable strategies mechanism have an important significance for the development of energy internet. This paper mainly studies how to use the software defined network (SDN) to achieve business QoS, and provide QoS support for all kinds of business of the energy internet. Combined with the current development situation of the energy internet in our country, this paper researches the trustworthy and controllable strategies mechanism for energy internet, and proposes the transition scheme of the IPv6 credible network architecture based on SDN. This coordinates the contradiction between the growing demand for energy inte...
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  • 34
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-14
    Beschreibung: The distinguishing and evaluation of natural and anthropogenic sources of heavy metals in soils have always been the important issues in the field of environmental science. In this research, natural sources of heavy metals in soils are calculated according to the relationships between major oxides and heavy metals. The individual sample has independent backgrounds of heavy metals, which is more reasonable. If the single environmental background is used as baseline, anomalies in regions with low background might be decreased or hided and those in regions with high background will be overstated. In this study, enrichment factor is defined as the ratio of measured concentration and reconstructed background of heavy metals, which is of specific significance in practical applications with no assumptions. The agricultural soils near Jilin section of the Songhua River are polluted by Hg seriously with more than half samples polluted greatly. And the soils are polluted by Cd moderately....
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  • 35
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-14
    Beschreibung: Based on modelling the environmental influence index of power transmission and transformation project and energy-saving and emission-reducing index of source-grid-load of power system, this paper establishes an objective decision model of power grid environmental protection, with constraints of power grid environmental protection objectives being legal and economical, and considering both positive and negative influences of grid on the environmental in all-life grid cycle. This model can be used to guide the programming work of power grid environmental protection. A numerical simulation of Jiangsu province’s power grid environmental protection objective decision model has been operated, and the results shows that the maximum goal of energy-saving and emission-reducing benefits would be reached firstly as investment increasing, and then the minimum goal of environmental influence.
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  • 36
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-14
    Beschreibung: Soil erosion is serious with rocky desertification areas appearing in mountainous Karst regions in southwest China due to a conspicuous contradiction between man and the land resource. Land use and land cover play significant roles in regional soil erosion by water. This paper aimed to quantify regional soil erosion and to explore relationships between soil erosion and land use/land cover in order to locate high risk areas requiring soil conservation. Based on GIS, the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) was employed for erosion assessment for a typical Karst region, Jinfo Mountain region in southwest China, using local parameters. Spatial distribution of topsoil erosion was analyzed and relationships between soil erosion and land use/land cover changes (LULC) were statistically explored and discussed for regional erosion control. The overall values were under 25 t.ha.a, with the medium erosion areas accounting for 12.7% and the intense and very intense erosion areas to...
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  • 37
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-14
    Beschreibung: In recent years, China’s wind power is developing rapidly, but wind electricity curtailment becomes a serious problem. This paper evaluates wind power penetration limit from peak regulation, analyses relevant technical elements that impact wind power accommodation, coving the source side, the transmission side and the load side. By taking certain measures around the three aspects, for example, reducing the minimum technical output of conventional units, increasing outbound transmission capacity, or increasing the valley load, wind electricity curtailment will be effectively reduced. This paper quantitatively analyses wind power penetration limit under certain conditions and the source-grid-load contribution to wind power accommodation, and explores the important technical factors that affect wind power accommodation.
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  • 38
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-14
    Beschreibung: In order to determine light requirements of indigenous groundcover plants for potential use in urban landscaping, we conducted a plant census in Yinpingshan Nature Reserve, Dongguan, China, and measured canopy structure and understory light regimes using hemispherical photography. We found that canopy openness, transmitted direct solar radiation, and transmitted diffuse solar radiation exhibited highly significant spatial heterogeneity. Species composition and diversity of groundcover plants were highly dependent on canopy structure and understory light condition. Greater diversity and more stems of groundcover plants were associated with greater canopy openness and understory radiation in most cases. Highly significant differences in species composition were detected along canopy openness, transmitted direct solar radiation, and transmitted diffuse solar radiation gradients, respectively. We also detected indicator species for specific understory light regimes, which will provi...
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  • 39
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-14
    Beschreibung: The acid mine dump waters at mining companies that mining the copper and copperzinc sulphide ore have the high concentrates of metals and classified in our view as the raw materials for selective recovery of metals in precipitates comparable in quality with concentrates of ores enrichment and suitable for further metallurgical processing. Authors have implemented three two-stage schemes for sequential extraction of copper and zinc: cementation-sulphide precipitation, galvanocoagulation-sulphide precipitation, precipitation-precipitation. Moreover, parameters of processes and quality of the obtained precipitates have described. The achieved copper recovery is 89% and 94% respectively with the application of cementation and galvanocoagulation, in sulphide precipitate exceeded 75%. Furthermore, the copper recovery from decoppering in precipitates amounted to more than 65%. Zinc-containing precipitates because of coprecipitation of iron, magnesium and calcium contain zinc from 14% t...
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  • 40
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-14
    Beschreibung: After different frequency observed temperature data of Bohai sea marine observation stations was analyzed, results showed that daily average sea surface temperature value obtained from 3-hour-observations (08h, 14h, 20h) which was slightly lower than that from 24-hour-observations. The general gap was within 0.10°, while the value was 0.05° for the monthly mean temperature. Daily average sea surface temperature values of 3-hour-observations have a little effect both in statistical properties and the accuracy of statistical data, which does not affect the representativeness of the data. It can be used in studying long time series problems. Analyzing the trend of the SST data changes in 1960-2012 and the SAT data changes in 1965-2012 by using the linear tendency estimate and cumulative distance square method, it can prove that SST annual variation rate was 0.010°/a, with a total increase of 0.53° in last 53 years; and SAT annual variation rate was 0.043°/a, with a total increase o...
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  • 41
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-14
    Beschreibung: In this paper, a distributed network planning model is proposed with the goal of minimizing the sum of distributed power investment cost, network loss and interruption cost. In order to compare the performance of differential evolution algorithm (DE) and genetic algorithm (GA) in solving the optimal sizing and siting of distributed generation in distribution networks, the two algorithms were adopted to optimize the capacities and positions of DGs. Through analysis on a 10-bus test system, the study results show that the proposed model and algorithm can get reasonable planning scheme. And in solving simple optimization problems, both GA and DE Algorithms can get good results, but compare to DE, GA is of slow convergence speed and the convergence process is not quite stable.
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  • 42
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-14
    Beschreibung: Start your abstract here With the global environmental change, more attention was paid to the effect of farmland shelterbelt. In this study, spatial and temporal patterns of soil temperature in shelterbelts of Taxodium distichum in South China was monitored using gradient observed method through observation plots placed in Taxodium distichum shelterbelts, sugarcane field and blank field (open site) in January, April, July, and October, respectively. It was found that soil temperature changed with time in a day with a single peak in all the four phases among three sites. However, compared with blank field, the vertical patterns of soil temperature of Taxodium distichum shelterbelts and sugarcane field showed special characteristic. One-way ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD showed soil temperature was significantly different with annual and seasons among Taxodium distichum shelterbelts, sugarcane field and blank field along a seasonal dynamic (P 〈 0.05). Effective measures should be taken ...
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  • 43
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-14
    Beschreibung: In this paper, the response of the upper ocean to typhoon Megi is analyzed and studied by using the sea surface temperature (SST), 500hPa height field and wind field of NCEP reanalysis data and Argo buoy data. The results show that sea surface temperature (SST) will decrease significantly after typhoon, and on the right side of typhoon path cooling is more obvious than the left; the temperature changes dramatically on the right side of Megi path, and correspondingly the depth variation in mixed layer is also intense, and the distance between buoy and the center of the typhoon will al so affect the severity of the temperature variavtion, the salinity may increase or decrease after typhoon, it depends on the evaporation and precipitation or other relevant factors in this area.
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  • 44
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-14
    Beschreibung: From theory and experiment, the method toimprove the performance of silver paste was explored. Through the analysis about the SEM images to the electrode contact section of the crystal silicon solar cell, the different contact modes and resistance calculation methods of the metal paste and silicon were verified. Through the resistance calculation, consideringthe different oxide and silver silicon contact alloy characteristics, two kinds of additive compositions were found that which may have good performance in alloy paste of the solar cell.
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  • 45
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-14
    Beschreibung: Using solar observation and meteorological data of the Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-city from August 14 th 2014 to August 12 th 2015, characteristics of solar radiation of the eco-city and characteristics of solar radiation on a tilted surface under different weather conditions were analyzed and assessed. And the accuracy and error sources of isotropic and anisotropic calculation model for solar radiation on a tilted surface were studied. The results show that observed radiation on a horizontal and tilted surface is quite different at monthly, seasonal and annual time scales, so the estimated photovoltaic power generation based on the solar radiation on a horizontal surface is not accurate. Diurnal cycle of solar radiation is affected by different weather conditions and the power stations need to adjust generation strategies according to weather conditions. Accuracy of the two kinds of tilted radiation calculation models is similar and the overall calculation e...
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  • 46
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-14
    Beschreibung: Spatial distributions and time variation characteristics were analyzed using Rotated Empirical Orthogonal Function (REOF) and spectrum analysis methods using surface and bottom temperature and salinity data in February of 1976-2013 along 30°N section in the East China Sea. Result showed that temperature trends can be divided into western part and east part, salinity trend divided into western, middle and eastern part. The first mode of surface temperature presented a quasi-equilibrium trend and the range was higher in the near-shore than the offshores, first mode of bottom temperature presented a decreasing trend; surface salinity had a decreasing trend and the extent was higher in the near-shore than the offshores, the bottom salinity showed a decreasing trend in recent years. The temperature inter-annual variability related to El Niño closely; short-term shocks of salinity related to El Niño, and long-term changes had something to do with PDO.
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  • 47
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-14
    Beschreibung: Under the circumstance that international safety and environmental standards being more and more stringent, drilling engineering is facing unprecedented challenges, the extensive traditional process flow is no longer accepted, the new safe and environment-friendly process is more suitable to the healthy development of the industry. In 2015, CNPCIC adopted environment-friendly drilling technology for the first time in the Chad region, ensured the safety of well control, at the same time increased the environmental protection measure, reduced the risk of environmental pollution what obtain the ratification from local government. This technology carries out recovery and disposal of crude oil, cuttings and mud without falling on the ground. The final products are used in road and well site construction, which realizes the reutilization of drilling waste, reduces the operating cost, and provides a strong technical support for cost-cutting and performance-increase of drilling engineer...
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  • 48
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-14
    Beschreibung: The gas pipeline networks in Sichuan and Chongqing (Sichuan-Chongqing) region have formed a fully-fledged gas pipeline transportation system in China, which supports and promotes the rapid development of gas market in Sichuan-Chongqing region. In the circumstances of further developed market-oriented economy, it is necessary to carry out further the pipeline system reform in the areas of investment/financing system, operation system and pricing system to lay a solid foundation for improving future gas production and marketing capability and adapting itself to the national gas system reform, and to achieve the objectives of multiparty participated pipeline construction, improved pipeline transportation efficiency and fair and rational pipeline transportation prices. In this article, main thinking on reform in the three areas and major deployment are addressed, and corresponding measures on developing shared pipeline economy, providing financial support to pipeline construction, s...
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  • 49
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-14
    Beschreibung: The conversion of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) to carbon monoxide (CO) was investigated in a non-thermal plasma dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor, and the effects of different process conditions on the CO 2 conversion were investigated. The results showed that the increase of input power could optimize the conversion of CO 2 to CO. The CO 2 conversion and CO yield were negatively correlated with the gas flow rate, but there was an optimum gas flow rate, that made the CO selectivity best. The carrier gas (N 2 , Ar) was conducive to the conversion of CO 2 , and the effect of N 2 as carrier gas was better than Ar. The conversion of CO 2 to CO was enhanced by addition of the catalyst (5A molecular sieve).
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  • 50
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-14
    Beschreibung: Whereas mining activities produce the raw materials that are crucial to economic growth, such activities leave extensive scarring on the land, contributing to the waste of valuable land resources and upsetting the ecological environment. The aim of this study is therefore to investigate various ecological technologies to restore metallurgical mine wastelands. These technologies include measures such as soil amelioration, vegetation restoration, different vegetation planting patterns, and engineering technologies. The Longnan Rare Earth Mine in the Jiangxi Province of China is used as the case study. The ecological restoration process provides a favourable reference for the restoration of a metallurgical mine wasteland.
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  • 51
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-14
    Beschreibung: 2011 Fukushima nuclear power plant severe accident was caused by both earthquake and tsunami, which results in large amount of radioactive nuclides release. That accident has caused the radioactive contamination on the surrounding environment. Although this accident probability is extremely small, once such an accident happens that is likely to release a lot of radioactive materials into the environment, and cause radiation contamination. Therefore, studying accidents consequences is important and essential to improve nuclear power plant design and management. Level 3 PSA methods of nuclear power plant can be used to analyze radiological consequences, and quantify risk to the public health effects around nuclear power plants. Based on multiple external hazards compound level 3 PSA methods studies of nuclear power plant, and the description of the multiple external hazards compound level 3 PSA technology roadmap and important technical elements, as well as taking a coastal nuclea...
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  • 52
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-14
    Beschreibung: Multi-frequency high frequency radar with small circular array was deployed in Zhujiajian and Shengshan to detect the winds, waves, and currents in the overlapping area operationally in 2007. No. 1509 typhoon Chan-hom landed in the coastal areas of Jujiajian, and then moved north by east, passing the radar detection area. This paper compared the radar observed data to anchored-buoy observed data and ASCAT satellite remote sensing large area wind data respectively. The results of comparison indicated that radar basically reflected the real distribution of wind and current of Zhoushan area during typhoon Chan-hom, showing the radar is qualified to detect the winds and currents under complex marine conditions.
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  • 53
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-14
    Beschreibung: All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.
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  • 54
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-14
    Beschreibung: The International Conference on Energy Engineering and Environmental Protection (EEEP2016) was successfully held in Sanya, China during November 21-23, 2016. The conference was an annual forum for researchers and application developers in the area of energy engineering and environmental protection. This conference proceeding included 112 accepted articles selected from 240 submissions. We would like to express our gratitude to the reviewers of these manuscripts, who provided constructive criticism and stimulated comments and suggestions to the authors. We are extremely grateful as organizers, technical program committee and editors and extend our most sincere thanks to all the authors for their excellent contribution and work. Our sincere gratitude also goes to the IOP Publishing editors and managers for their helpful cooperation during the preparation of the proceeding. On behalf of The Organizing Committees of EEEP2016
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  • 55
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-08-10
    Beschreibung: Palm shell is a potential source of raw materials for the produce of activated carbon as biosorbent for quite large numbers. The purpose of this study is to produce activated carbon qualified Indonesian Industrial Standard (SNI), which will be used as biosorbent to purify the impurities in the off gas petroleum refinery products. Stages of manufacture of activated carbon include carbonization, activation of chemistry and physics. Carbonization of activated carbon is done at a temperature of 400°C followed by chemical activation with active agent KOH and ZnCl 2 . Then the physical activation is done by flowing N 2 gas for 1 hour at 850°C and followed by gas flow through the CO 2 for 1 hour at 850°C. Research results indicate that activation of the active agent KOH produce activated carbon is better than using the active agent ZnCl 2 . The use of KOH as an active agent to produce activated carbon with a water content of 13.6%, ash content of 9...
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  • 56
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-08-10
    Beschreibung: Modification of TiO 2 nanorods through the addition of aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS) for enhancement of efficiency of solar cells has been studied. Synthesis of TiO 2 nanorods was conducted through two major stages of mechanochemical and hydrothermal refluxing at a temperature of 120 °C for 24 hours on various concentration of NaOH. Material characterizations were performed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourrier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). Mechanochemical treatment by ball milling showed that the TiO 2 phase changed from anatase into brookite and it decreased of TiO 2 crystals size. Morphology transformation of TiO 2 to form TiO 2 nanorods was showed by rod-shaped from TEM micrographs which are characteristic of the nanorods. FTIR spectra confirmed that amine group of aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS) were successfully grafted onto the TiO 2 nanorods surface. Sen...
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  • 57
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-08-10
    Beschreibung: Indonesia imports high amount of Fuel Oil. Although Indonesia has abundant amount of natural gas reserve, the obstacle lies within the process of natural gas storage itself. In order to create a safe repository, the ANG (Adsorbed Natural Gas) technology is planned. ANG technology in itself has been researched much to manufacture PET-based activated carbon for natural gas storage, but ANG still has several drawbacks. This study begins with making preparations for the equipment and materials that will be used, by characterizing the natural gas, measuring the empty volume, and degassing. The next step will be to examine the adsorption process. The maximum storage capacity obtained in this study for a temperature of 27°C and pressure of 35 bar is 0.0586 kg/kg, while for the desorption process, a maximum value for desorption efficiency was obtained on 35°C temperature with a value of 73.39%.
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  • 58
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-08-10
    Beschreibung: The present study investigates the effect of reinforcing the sub grade soils with RBI 81 material. A soil nearby was collected and preliminary tests were conducted to classify the soil and it was found from the results that the sample collected was a poorly graded clay. Subsequently Tests such as Proctor Compaction, CBR, and UCC were conducted to study the various engineering properties of the identified soil. In addition to the above tests were also conducted on the soil by reinforcing with varying percentages of RBI 81. From the analysis of test results it was found that this material (RBI 81) will significantly improve the CBR value of the soil.
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  • 59
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-08-10
    Beschreibung: Public expectations of Central Java, which is very high on demand fulfillment, especially road infrastructure as outlined in the number of complaints and community expectations tweeter, Short Mail Massage (SMS), e-mail and public reports from various media, Highways Department of Central Java province requires development model of environmental management in the implementation of a routine way by involving the community in order to fulfill the conditions of a representative, may serve road users safely and comfortably. This study used survey method with SEM analysis and SWOT with Latent Independent Variable (X), namely; Public Participation in the regulation, development, construction and supervision of road (PSM); Public behavior in the utilization of the road (PMJ) Provincial Road Service (PJP); Safety in the Provincial Road (KJP); Integrated Management System (SMT) and latent dependent variable (Y) routine maintenance of the provincial road that is integrated with the environ...
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  • 60
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-08-10
    Beschreibung: Port and harbors are essential for handling of the imports/exports of good transported through shipping. This paper discusses the different configuration of berthing structure, their design with respect to the site conditions and suitability. The analysis includes detailed load calculations conforming to the various codal provisions and design of the structure. The configuration of berthing structure considered are analyzed and designed using STAAD Pro for different combination of loads as per IS 4651. Bill of Quantities are prepared and final cost of construction is calculated. Factors affecting the construction and maintenance such as land availability, soil conditions, hydrodynamics of the site, dredging requirements, design ship size etc. are considered to finalize the configuration of the berthing structure. Result of the study shows that Diaphragm wall type of berthing structure is economic for Ennore port.
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  • 61
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-08-10
    Beschreibung: The use of Cold Formed Steel (CFS) sections as structural members is widely accepted because of its light nature. However, the load carrying capacity of these sections will be less compared to hot rolled sections. This study is meant to analyze the possibility of strengthening cold formed members by wrapping it with Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) laminates. Light gauge steel columns of cross sectional dimensions 100mm x 50mm x 3.15mm were taken for this study. The effective length of the section is about 750mm. A total of 8 specimens including the control specimen is tested under axial and eccentric loading. The columns were tested keeping both ends hinged. For both loading cases the buckling behaviour, ultimate load carrying capacity and load-deflection characteristics of the CFS columns were analyzed. The GFRP laminates were wrapped on columns in three different ways such that wrapping the outer surface of web and flange throughout the length of specimen, wrapping the o...
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  • 62
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-08-10
    Beschreibung: Bond-engineering as applied to semiconductor materials refers to the manipulation of the energy bands in order to control charge transfer processes in a device. When the device in question is a photoelectrochemical cell, the charges affected by drift become the focus of the study. The ideal band gap of semiconductors for enhancement of photocatalyst activity can be lowered to match with visible light absorption and the location of conduction Band (CB) should be raised to meet the reducing capacity. Otherwise, by the addition of the chromofor organic dyes, the wide-band gab can be influences by interacation resulting between TiO2 surface and the dyes. We have done the impruvisation wide-band gap of TiO2 by the addition of organic chromophore dye, and the addition of transition metal dopand. The TiO2 morphology influence the light absorption as well as the surface modification. The organic chromophore dye was syntesized by formation complexes compound of Co(PAR)(SiPA)(PAR)= 4-(2-p...
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  • 63
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-08-10
    Beschreibung: A study with entitled Seepage Zone Identification At Sutami Dam By Means Of Geoelectrical Resistivity Data has been conducted. The aim of this study is to get the distribution of seepage zones in the Sutami dam body. Data acquisition has been done by using Oyo-EL McOhm Model 2119C equipment on the tracks along the side of the dam body, both downstream (exhaust) side for first and upstream (reservoir) side for second with pseudodepth section dipole-dipole configuration. Each track has a length of 400m and 380m respectively. The distance between the point electrode consists of 1 track with space (a) is 10m (n=8) and 3 tracks with a space (a) is 20m (n=8). Based on the results of data processing obtained are low resistivity values (ρ ≤ 9.57 Ωm), the moderate resistivity value (9.57 Ωm 〈 ρ ≤ 320 Ωm), and high resistivity (ρ 〉 320 Ωm). The distribution of fracture zones associated with seepage zones for Sutami dam distributed over the surface to depth of 8-18 m, both upstream (...
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  • 64
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-08-10
    Beschreibung: Urban planners and stakeholders require knowledge about the effectiveness of city-scale climate adaptation measures in order to develop climate resilient cities and to push forward the political process for the implementation of climate adaptation strategies. This study examines the impact of modifications in orientation of buildings with respect to heat load. Heat load calculation is a mathematical process to determine the best capacity, application and style of HVAC system. The purpose is to ensure energy efficiency while also maximizing comfort inside the building. This study of load calculation is essential for a building because it helps to pick the best orientation and focuses to find an orientation that will reduce energy due to direct solar radiation. One of the factors affecting this assessment is the latitude of the location. The heat gain is effective through walls and fenestration. Improper management through ineffective orientation of the building’s natural heat gai...
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  • 65
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-08-10
    Beschreibung: The dry period agriculture is inevitable both for the farmers for their earning, and for the soil for its fertility by crop-rotation. In tropical countries like INDIA, dry period agriculture becomes difficult because of less (or) no rain fall. Hence a simple water balancing model for irrigation scheduling, using the measure “Volumetric Reliability” is prepared in this paper, with the storage and inflow of a reservoir both for the dry and wet periods. The case-study is done for a reservoir in INDIA with thirty one years of hydrological data(from 1982 to 2012). The objective of this paper is to prepare a simple water balance model taking 10 days periods of demand and supply for ID crop(Irrigated Dry crop, ground nut) with usage of volumetric reliability concept for the periods of deficiency and adoption of less water requirement crops to reduce the water-stress during critical periods of crop growth, and finally arrive at a feasible allocation schedule for the success of agricultu...
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  • 66
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-08-10
    Beschreibung: Thanjavur is the “ Granary of South India ”. As the prosperous capital of Chola kingdom it was praised as “ Chola Naadu Sorudaithu ” (the land that had abundant food). Now, due to Cauvery water shortage issues, the farmers had to be content with single crop a year. Adding to the woes are urbanization and development programs which lack foresight or long term plans that exploit natural resources without a well-articulated thought process. Presently the net sown area in the deltaic region is about 11.87 lac hectares. In the guise of national interests, there is a pursuit of these regions by agencies- public sector undertakings with vested interests. The oil exploration in Cauvery basin (Narimanam block) by Public Sector Undertakings, estimated lignite reserves of 36000 million tonnes and gas reserves and 104.7 billion cubic metres (CBM Coal Gas Methane), which has placed the deltaic region in the corporate radar. Environmentalists and legislators have also turned a blind...
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  • 67
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-08-10
    Beschreibung: Preface/Introduction: The phenomenal rise in urbanization and industrialization has created a greater need for infrastructure development. In a developing economy, resource utilization and management is the need of the hour. This creates a need for innovation in materials, methods and management with greater emphasis on limited economic solutions. This has opened avenues for experimenting and implementing novel approaches with economic viability. There is also a need for harmony between rapid development and ecological balance to ensure sustainable development. This conference jointly organized by the School of Civil Engineering, SASTRA University, Thanjavur and IGS, Thanjavur Chapter aims to provide a platform for academicians, researchers and the industry to explore the possibilities of the use of nonconventional materials and their economic viability as alternative to conventional construction material, design and construction alternatives for economic and erg...
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  • 68
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-08-10
    Beschreibung: List of Sponsors are available in this Pdf.
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  • 69
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-08-10
    Beschreibung: The experimental investigation is explained different structural connection like various patterned single shear lap bolted connections and slot complete penetration welded connection. Totally 12 numbers of 300 x 50 x 4 mm steel connections made by lap joint as per IS800: 2007 provisions. The patterns are linear, diamond and staggered for the bolted and slot complete penetration welded connections, 4.6 grade bolt and tungsten electrode rods are used for structural slot complete penetration welded connection conforming to IS 800: 2007. And 6 numbers of 300 x 50 x 6mm Glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) plate with bolted connection was casted, shear resistance capacity is considerably higher in the staggered pattern structural connections then the linear and diamond pattern connections. The connection which is made by GFRP, failure occurred in the plate itself and the shear resistance capacity is lowered 60% then the steel plate even though GFRP plate high resistivity against agg...
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  • 70
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-08-10
    Beschreibung: The increasing use of carbon and glass fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) sheets for strengthening existing reinforced concrete beams has generated considerable interest in understanding the behavior of the FRP sheets when subjected to bending. The study on flexure includes various parameters like percentage of increase in strength of the member due to the externally bonded Fiber reinforced polymer, examining the crack patterns, reasons of debonding of the fibre from the structure, scaling, convenience of using the fibres, cost effectiveness etc. The present work aims to study experimentally about the reasons behind the failure due to flexure of an EB-FRP concrete beam by studying the various parameters. Deflection control may become as important as flexural strength for the design of FRPreinforced concrete structures. A numerical model is created using FEM software and the results are compared with that of the experiment.
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  • 71
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-08-10
    Beschreibung: All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.
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  • 72
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-08-10
    Beschreibung: In the majority of civil engineering applications, the basic building blocks were the masonry units. Those masonry units were developed as a monolithic structure by plastering process with the help of binding agents namely mud, lime, cement and their combinations. In recent advancements, the mortar study plays an important role in crack repairs, structural rehabilitation, retrofitting, pointing and plastering operations. The rheology of mortar includes flowable, passing and filling properties which were analogous with the behaviour of self compacting concrete. In self compacting (SC) mortar cubes, the cement was replaced by mineral admixtures namely silica fume (SF) from 5% to 20% (with an increment of 5%), metakaolin (MK) from 10% to 30% (with an increment of 10%) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) from 25% to 75% (with an increment of 25%). The ratio between cement and fine aggregate was kept constant as 1: 2 for all normal and self compacting mortar mixes. The ac...
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  • 73
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-08-10
    Beschreibung: The primary component in any structure is concrete, that exist in buildings and bridges. In present situation, a serious problems faced by construction industry is exhaustive use of raw materials. Recent times, various methods are being adopted to limit the use of concrete. In structural elements like beams, polythene balls can be induced to reduce the usage of concrete. A simply supported reinforced concrete beam has two zones, one above neutral axis and other below neutral axis. The region below neutral axis is in tension and above neutral axis is in compression. As concrete is weak in tension, steel reinforcements are provided in tension zone. The concrete below the neutral axis acts as a stress transfer medium between the compression zone and tension zone. The concrete above the neutral axis takes minimum stress so that we could partially replace the concrete above neutral axis by creating air voids using recycled polythene balls. Polythene balls of varying diameters of 75 m...
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  • 74
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-08-10
    Beschreibung: In Today’s construction industry, to achieve a greater advantage over the firms, success of each project and efficiency is required. Effective Project Management overcomes these types of challenges. This study identifies the success factors which are important for project management in construction project success. From the literature review, 26 factors were found to be critical. Project managers, construction managers, civil engineers, contractors and site engineers were the respondents. After analyzing the data in SPSS software, the dominant factors from the regression analysis are top management support, competent project team, abilities to solve problems, realistic cost and time estimates, information/communication, competency of the project manager are the 6 factors out of 12 in 26 factors. Effective communication between stakeholders got highest priority and client involvement, good leadership, clarity of project goals got second priority. Informal communication gives bett...
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  • 75
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-08-10
    Beschreibung: Concrete can be nano-engineered by incorporating nano sized building blocks or objects (e.g., nano particles and nano tubes) to control material behaviour and add novel properties. In this work an attempt has been made to study the effect of nano alumina on the properties of concrete composite. In order to investigate the effect of nano-alumina on the mechanical strength of cement composite, the specimens with different volume percentages (0%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1%) nano-alumina, in each proportion three sample were cast totally making 58 specimens and after 28 days of curing they were tested. Based on experiment, the compressive strength of concrete cubes was all increased by incorporating nano alumina into matrix, when the fraction of nano alumina was 1% of the cement by weight the compressive strength of composites increased by 33.14% at 28 days. The test results showed that addition of nano alumina enhanced the compressive strength and reduced the initial setting time of concre...
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  • 76
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-08-10
    Beschreibung: The major demand in our country is irrigation demand. Looking to the low irrigation potential and small water resources, it is felt necessary to see that water must be used economically and efficiently. This may be achieved by using latest methods of determination of water requirements for crops and applying the proper water management practices. Evapotranspiration (ET) is a basic for calculation of water requirement for crops. The various popular empirical equations for reference crop evapotranspiration (ET r ) belong to three categories namely, Temperature, Radiation based methods and Combined methods. The above methods are site specific; hence it is necessary to recalibrate the coefficients for applying them in India. In the present paper, the standard combined method namely FAO modified Penman method was used to recalibrate the constants in temperature based (TB) methods and it can also be used to determine the ET r for the selected station. Four TB evapot...
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  • 77
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-08-10
    Beschreibung: Slurry infiltrated fibrous concrete is one of the new advanced concrete composite which differs from method of fabrication and composition of the matrix. Extensive research is being carried out on alternative binders or supplements to cement aiming to reduce environmental impact. However, little has been published to investigate the structural behaviour of SIFCON incorporating with mineral admixtures, particularly as regards its ultrahigh ductility, which may alter the mode of failure from brittle to the more desirable ductile. An experimental study was carried out to investigate the flexural behavior of SIFCON containing three different percentage of fibre content 6%,8% &10% with incorporation of optimum dosage of blast furnace slag replaced by cement. Strength characteristics such as Compressive strength and splitting tensile strength test were carry out for SIFCON incorporating 10% of fibre content and different percentage of slag (0, 15, 30, 45, 60%&75%) to optimize ...
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  • 78
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-08-10
    Beschreibung: The most common triggering factor of landslides in a hill terrain is rainfall. Assessment of the extreme and antecedent rainfall events and its quantum is imperative to evaluate the temporal occurrence of landslides. It also plays a vital role in the choice of the preventive measures to be adopted. This study focuses on an in-depth rainfall analysis of Coonoor hill station. The analysis includes the study of monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall patterns for a period of 80 years, between 1935 and 2013. Further, one day maximum, 5 day and more antecedent rainfall and its amount is calculated for the years between 2007-2012, 2014 and 2015.The result of the study indicates an increase in the normal rainfall based on the mean of 30 years of data (for the recent decades) and erratic pattern of rainfall during pre-monsoon, post-monsoon south-west monsoon periods. A detailed analysis of daily rainfall for the selected period indicates that extreme highest daily rainfall of more than 30...
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  • 79
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-08-10
    Beschreibung: The force transferring between reinforcing steel and the surrounding concrete in reinforced concrete is influenced by several factors. Whereas, the study on bond behaviour of geopolymer concrete (GPC) is lagging. In this paper, an experimental attempt has been made to evaluate the geopolymer concrete bond with reinforcing steel of different diameter and embedded length using standard pull out test. The geopolymer concrete is made of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) as geopolymer source material (GSM). The tests were conducted to evaluate the development of bond between steel and concrete of grade M40 and M50 with 12 and 16 mm diameter reinforcing steel for geopolymer and cement concrete mixes and to develop a relation between bond strength and compressive strength. From the experimental results, it has been observed that the bond strength of the geopolymer concrete mixes was more compared to the cement concrete mixes and increases with the reduction in the diameter o...
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  • 80
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-08-10
    Beschreibung: The Experimental investigations have revealed significant mismatches between analytical estimates and experimentally measured deflections of tower structures. Conductor and groundwire tension and sag are influenced by the peak and cross-arm deflections and hence accurate estimates of the tower deflections at service loads are of key interest. This paper presents a nonlinear formulation for analysis of tower structures in an attempt to close the mismatch. The analysis includes geometric nonlinear behaviour of the tower, material nonlinearity as well as leg member buckling in compression. The nonlinear analysis reveals that the ultimate collapse loads of the towers tested to failure can be predicted. However the, deflections continue to have a mismatch despite nonlinear analysis. This demonstrates the need for inclusion of other parameters to be able to reduce the error of analytical deflection estimates.
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  • 81
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-08-10
    Beschreibung: Utilization of concrete in the construction industry is increasing day by day. The increasing demand for concrete in the future is the major issue, for which an alternate option is to find out at a reduced or no additional cost and to reduce the environmental impact due to increase of cement industries that are important ingredient to economic development. It turns out urgent to find out alternate for the partial replacement of concrete and cement, as natural sources of aggregates are becoming exhausted. As large quantity of paper waste is generated from different countries all over the world which causes serious environmental problems, So in this present study abandoned paper waste was used as a partial replacement material in concrete,. Study indicates that 80% of the construction cost of a building was contributed by building material and still millions of people in developing countries like India are not able to afford the cost of construction of house. This study is based o...
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  • 82
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-09-01
    Beschreibung: Biological filter (bio-filter) exhibits a high potential for sustainability because construction and maintenance cost are low. When bio-filters are used as pre-treatment or post-treatment technology, other treat steps in the combined treat process could prevent clogging and get better process stability and performance efficiency. This study considered bio-filters for reducing the amounts of various wastewaters, i.e., high-strength sewage, municipal wastewater and secondary effluent water, using five kinds of media. The results obtained indicate significant improvement in organics removal when influent COD are 1500 mg/L and 2500 mg/L for anaerobic and aerobic biofilters, respectively. Sufficient alkalinity would obviously improve the substrate removal in an anaerobic bio-filter, when treating high-strength wastewater. The performances of bio-filters are adequate for further removal of the residual organic material and nutrient elements for tertiary domestic wastewater treatment.
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  • 83
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-09-01
    Beschreibung: In water environment field, one of the most attractive research topics is the determination of contamination characteristics of antibiotics in water. In order to investigate the distribution of antibiotics in surface water and drinking water of a certain river basin in southern China, we determined the types and concentrations of antibiotics that contaminated the river by performing HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method. Thus, we detected 17 antibiotics in four surface water samples (B1, B2, B3, and B4). In sampling points B3 and B4, we detected 16 antibiotics separately. The detection rates of norfloxacin, ofloxacin, and erythromycin-H 2 O were 100%, and the antibiotic erythromycin-H 2 O had the maximum concentration. In six drinking water samples (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, and A6), we detected 13 antibiotics. In A5 water samples, we detected all the 13 antibiotics. The detection rate of ofloxacin and erythromycin-H 2 O was 100%, and erythromycin-H 2 O was the ant...
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  • 84
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-09-01
    Beschreibung: Because the current interpolation method cannot meet the accuracy specifications, a new method for spatial interpolation of extreme precipitation is developed. It integrates precipitation, longitude and latitude, elevation, and topography data such as slope and aspect, and it is then simulated by the high accuracy surface modelling method and applied in the Yellow River Basin (YRB). Results show that the integrated method affords a very good simulation precision, with its simulation precision error being far below other interpolation methods. In conclusion, the integrated method for spatial interpolation of extreme precipitation can afford a good solution in topographically complex areas.
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  • 85
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-09-01
    Beschreibung: The inoculation of short-cut denitrifying polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (DPAOs) mainly included two-phase inoculation and three-phase inoculation. The short-cut denitrifying phosphorus removal bacteria were quickly inoculated by sequencing batch reactor (SBR) to treatment domestic wastewater. The results showed that the average effluent concentration of TP was 0.85 mg/L after 132 cycles by 44 days in two-phase inoculation. The removal rates of NO 2 - -N, TP and COD were 94.73%, 95.47% and 89.96% after 126 cycles by 42 days in three-phase inoculation, and the effluent concentrations were separately 1.31 mg/L, 0.45 mg/L and 17.07 mg/L, which reached the first A class requirement of Urban sewage treatment plant pollutant discharge standard. It was indicated that the efficiency of three-phase inoculation was higher. Anoxic phosphorus uptake was influenced seriously by anaerobic residual carbon, and it was the difference of the two inoculations.
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  • 86
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-09-01
    Beschreibung: According to the characteristics and existing problems of water ecological civilization of water-shortage cities, the evaluation index system of water ecological civilization was established using a grey rough set. From six aspects of water resources, water security, water environment, water ecology, water culture and water management, this study established the prime frame of the evaluation system, including 28 items, and used rough set theory to undertake optimal selection of the index system. Grey correlation theory then was used for weightings in order that the integrated evaluation index system for water ecology civilization of water-shortage cities could be constituted. Xi’an City was taken as an example, for which the results showed that 20 evaluation indexes could be obtained after optimal selection of the preliminary framework of evaluation index. The most influential indices were the water-resource category index and water environment category index. The leakage rate o...
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  • 87
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-09-01
    Beschreibung: In order to understand the risk of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) existing in sediment for years, the accumulation of PBDEs in sediment aged for 2 years to fish was investigated. Simulated aquatic system microcosms were conducted with PBDE contaminated sediment aged for 2 years and carps were cultured in the microcosms for 20 days. PBDE concentrations in carp tissues were analyzed to estimate the bioavailability of aged PBDEs in carps. The main spiked PBDE congeners were detected in sediment even though the contaminated sediment was aged for 2 years. Similarly, the five PBDE (BDE-28, 47, 100, 153 and 154) congeners which probably were bioaccumulated by carp were detected in fish tissues, indicating that PBDEs could be bioaccumulated after aging for 2 years. The PBDEs distribution revealed that the concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in tissues of Cyprinus carpio is in this order of magnitude: gut 〉 liver 〉 gill 〉 fillet. The PBDEs concentrati...
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  • 88
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-09-01
    Beschreibung: Storm surge in the Chengshantou sea area is simulated by the advanced circulation (ADCIRC) model. The Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) wind model is used to simulate wind parameters used to be wind force of storm surge model. The comparison results of storm surges show good agreement between simulations and observations. The storm surge is caused by typhoon in summer but extratropical cyclone in winter. By statistical analysis of storm surge in 20 years, it is found that the annual max negative storm surge are all caused by extratropical cyclone while the frequency of annual max positive storm surge caused by tropical cyclone is about 20%. The extreme parameters are estimated by Gumbel distribution. The positive extreme storm surge of 100 year return period is determined as 95 cm and the negative is -124 cm.
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  • 89
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-09-01
    Beschreibung: Suburban ecosystem has multiple functions such as soil conservation and water regulation, which are critical for the welfare of human beings in the city. Water use efficiency (WUE) is an important indicator of ecosystem function that represents the amount of productivity per unit mass of evapotranspiration (ET). Improving WUE of suburban ecosystem is significant to climate regulation by carbon sequestration and water consumption, especially for cities with severe water shortage like Beijing, the capital of China. Based on remote sensing data, this paper examined the spatial and temporal variations in WUE in Beijing’s suburban region from 2002 to 2010. The results showed that the average annual WUE was 0.868 g C mm -1 m -2 . It has large spatial variation with the minimum of 0.500 g C mm -1 m -2 in the Miyun District. During the study periods, the area with significant increasing trend of WUE was 63.2% of the total suburban region. In terms ...
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  • 90
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-09-01
    Beschreibung: The influence of sea level rise and warming on circulation and water quality of the Chesapeake Bay under projected climate conditions in 2050 were estimated by computer simulation. Four estuarine circulation scenarios in the estuary were run using the same watershed load in 1991-2000 period. They are, 1) the Base Scenario, which represents the current climate condition, 2) a Sea Level Rise Scenario, 3) a Warming Scenario, and 4) a combined Sea Level Rise and Warming Scenario. With a 1.6-1.9 ° C increase in monthly air temperatures in the Warming Scenario, water temperature in the Bay is estimated to increase by 0.8-1 ° C. Summer average anoxic volume is estimated to increase 1.4 percent compared to the Base Scenario, because of an increase in algal blooms in the spring and summer, promotion of oxygen consumptive processes, and an increase of stratification. However, a 0.5-meter Sea Level Rise Scenario results in a 12 percent reduction of anoxic volume. This is ...
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  • 91
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-09-01
    Beschreibung: At present, there is no rapid, stable and effective approach of total organic carbon (TOC) measurement in the Marine environmental online monitoring field. Therefore, this paper proposes an online TOC monitor of chemiluminescence signal processing method. The weak optical signal detected by photomultiplier tube can be enhanced and converted by a series of signal processing module: phase-locked amplifier module, fourth-order band pass filter module and AD conversion module. After a long time of comparison test & measurement, compared with the traditional method, on the premise of sufficient accuracy, this chemiluminescence signal processing method can offer greatly improved measuring speed and high practicability for online monitoring.
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  • 92
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-09-01
    Beschreibung: Seawater flushing was introduced in Hong Kong since 1950’s. High salinity has an inhibitory effect on nitrification and biological phosphorus uptake of microorganisms. Therefore, saline sewage has impact on traditional biological wastewater treatment. Saline conditions of domestic wastewater then pose opportunity to use algal technology in wastewater treatment. During the treatment (phycoremediation), biodiesel can be produced. This study aims to give an in-depth investigation and development on application of local microalgal strains on biodiesel production. Dunaliella tertiolecta was selected the appropriate algal species with high potential for phycoremediation then biodiesel production. D.tertiolecta was further investigated by optimizing its growth in different process condition in preliminary effluent as based medium. The optimized process condition were acclimated culture with medium initial cell number (5.0 ×10 5 cells mL -1 ), under 5% C...
    Print ISSN: 1755-1307
    Digitale ISSN: 1755-1315
    Thema: Geographie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 93
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-09-01
    Beschreibung: Firstly, based on the observed data of soil moisture (SM) at grassland from May to September in 2009~2012, we analyzed the variation and statistical characteristics of SM from 0 to 150 cm in growing seasons (from May to September) at grassland of Horqin Sand Land by statistical analysis and the test method of normal distribution, and the normality of SM in different soil layer and different month were tested by Skewness, Kurtosis test method. Secondly, based on the SM of obeying normal distribution, we obtained the estimates and the confidence interval of the mean and variance for the normal distribution. The results indicated that: (1) The SM of grassland at the same soil layer and same month passed the hypothesis testing of normal distribution at the significance level of α = 0.1, but the SM of grassland at different months did not pass this hypothesis testing; (2) The value of SM at grassland ranged from 2%∼10%; The standard deviation of SM at grassland was 1∼5; The va...
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    Thema: Geographie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 94
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-09-01
    Beschreibung: Water resources are the primary factor in restricting the sustainable development of farming-pastoral regions. To support the sustainable development of water resources, whether or not the land uses patterns of farming-pastoral areas is a reasonably important issue. This paper takes Tongliao city as example for the purpose of sustainably developing the farming-pastoral area in the north. Several scientific preductions and evaluations were conducted to study the farming-pastoral landuse pattern, which is the key problem that effects sustainable development of farming-pastoral areas. The paper then proposes that 1:7 landuse pattern is suitable for the sustainable development of farming-pastotal area. Based on the analysis of the research findings on sustainable development of farming-pastoral area, the paper established a suitability evaluation indicators system of degraded farmland policies in Tongliao city, and used an Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method to determine the w...
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    Thema: Geographie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 95
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-09-01
    Beschreibung: Ecological restoration of polluted river water was carried out in South Canal by adding microbial water purifying agents and biological compound enzymes. The objective of present study was to investigate the ecological restoration effect of organic pollutants by this efficient immobilized microbial technologies, analysis the occurrence and composition of organic pollutants including fifteen persistent organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), seventeen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and eighteen organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) both in natural water environment and ecological restoration area of South Canal, China. Results showed that the total concentrations of OCPs ranged from 1.11 to 1.78 ng·L -1 , PAHs from 52.76 to 60.28 ng·L -1 , and OPPs from 6.51 to 17.50 ng·L -1 . Microbial water purifying agents and biological compound enzymes essentially had no effects on biological degradation of OCPs and PAHs in the river, but could remove OPPs with deg...
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    Thema: Geographie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 96
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-09-01
    Beschreibung: The rainfall data are evaluated by performing multi-timescale analysis. Weixin station was considered as a representative location for collecting rainfall data in Karst area of Guizhou Province in China. The results are as follows: (1) there is an increasing trend in annual precipitation, whereas the spring, summer, and winter seasons exhibit a positive contribution to the growth of annual rainfall; however, autumn shows a negative contribution; (2) the annual precipitation series is strongly volatile in the period extending from 2005–2016; summer and autumn show the highest volatility in recorded rainfall, whereas the change in rainfall is not that significant in spring and winter; (3) the main factor contributing to a change in rainfall is not the frequency of rainfalls, but the condition of a single rainfall in a certain time.
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    Thema: Geographie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 97
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-09-01
    Beschreibung: The effect of hydrophilic membrane material on the formation of dynamic membrane (DM) was investigated, by using a membrane module combined with a hydrophilic modified foam copper with 0-10 mm of thickness, 300 μm of pore size and an activated carbon sponge with 10 mm of thickness. The appropriate thickness of the hydrophilic membrane was selected to treat the refining wastewater. Hydrophilic modification and membrane formation experiments showed that water molecules were easier to spread on the surface of the foam copper, which could reduce the accumulation of sludge layer on the surface of the membrane module and increase the effluent’s stability of the combined membrane module. Under experimental conditions, the proper thickness of the foam copper was 5 mm, the sludge layer thickness on the membrane surface was close to 0mm, and the effluent flux was stabled as 44 L/(m 2 ⋅h), which was higher than that of the activated carbon sponge without using the hydrophilic foam...
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    Thema: Geographie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 98
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-09-01
    Beschreibung: Ferric tannate (FT) has capacities on simultaneous adsorption of NH 4 + -N and NO 2 - -N. So far, no study has been reported on the mechanism of FT in the removal of NH + -N and NO 2 - -N. In this work, FT was prepared for nitrogen removal, and the potential of FT in treating NH + -N and NO 2 - -N from aqueous solution was investigated. The influence parameters e.g. substrate concentration and FT dosage on removing nitrogen from aqueous solution were optimized. The results showed that more N 2 generated when FT was added to the oxidation-reduction reaction between NH 4 + -N and NO 2 - -N. The concentration of NO 2 - -N was higher than that of NH 4 + -N would be conductive for the N 2 generation when adding FT. The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectrometer results showed that the ...
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    Thema: Geographie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 99
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-09-01
    Beschreibung: The surface runoff and soil infiltration exert significant influence on soil erosion. The effects of slope gradient/length ( SG/SL ), individual rainfall amount/intensity ( IRA/IRI ), vegetation cover ( VC ) and antecedent soil moisture ( ASM ) on the runoff depth ( RD ) and soil infiltration ( INF ) were evaluated in a series of natural rainfall experiments in the South of China. RD is found to correlate positively with IRA, IRI, and ASM factors and negatively with SG and VC. RD decreased followed by its increase with SG and ASM, it increased with a further decrease with SL, exhibited a linear growth with IRA and IRI, and exponential drop with VC. Meanwhile, INF exhibits a positive correlation with SL, IRA and IRI and VC, and a negative one with SG and ASM. INF was going up and then down with SG, linearly rising with SL, IRA and
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    Thema: Geographie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 100
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-09-01
    Beschreibung: The automatic integrated monitoring software for marine ecological environment based on MCGS configuration software is designed and developed to realize real-time automatic monitoring of many marine ecological parameters. The DTU data transmission terminal performs network communication and transmits the data to the user data center in a timely manner. The software adopts the modular design and has the advantages of stable and flexible data structure, strong portability and scalability, clear interface, simple user operation and convenient maintenance. Continuous site comparison test of 6 months showed that, the relative error of the parameters monitored by the system such as temperature, salinity, turbidity, pH, dissolved oxygen was controlled within 5% with the standard method and the relative error of the nutrient parameters was within 15%. Meanwhile, the system had few maintenance times, low failure rate, stable and efficient continuous monitoring capabilities. The field app...
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    Thema: Geographie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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