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  • 1
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-22
    Beschreibung: South African teen girls and young women have astonishingly high rates of HIV infection, and researchers for years have suspected that there might be biological factors making them unusually susceptible to infection. New studies presented at the International AIDS Conference being held in Durban, South Africa—located in KwaZulu-Natal province, the hardest hit region in the country—suggest a possible culprit, Prevotella bivia, a bacterium found in the vagina that causes inflammation. The close examination of the vaginal microbiome found a second bacterium, Gardnerella, may help explain why a microbicide gel that contained the anti-HIV drug tenofovir failed to protect many uninfected women who used it in a clinical trial. In test tube experiments, Garnderella "gobbled up" tenofovir, rapidly reducing levels of the drug. Author: Jon Cohen
    Schlagwort(e): Infectious Disease
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 2
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-08
    Beschreibung: Separation and purification are critical industrial processes for separating components of chemical mixtures, and these processes account for about half of industrial energy usage (1). Gas mixtures of compounds with very similar physical properties are particularly difficult to separate. On pages 137 and 141 of this issue, Cadiau et al. (2) and Cui et al. (3), respectively, show that microporous materials can be designed to have high adsorption capacity and selectivity for particular hydrocarbons, enabling energy-efficient separation. Author: Jerry Y. S. Lin
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 3
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: Author: Caroline Ash
    Schlagwort(e): Infectious Disease
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 4
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-27
    Beschreibung: Biomass-degrading microorganisms use lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) enzymes to help digest cellulose, chitin, and starch. By cleaving otherwise inaccessible crystalline cellulose chains, these enzymes provide access to hydrolytic enzymes. LPMOs are of interest to biotechnology because efficient depolymerization of cellulose is a major bottleneck for the production of biologically based chemicals and fuels. On page 1098 of this issue, Kracher et al. (1) compare LPMO-reducing substrates in fungi from different taxonomic groups and lifestyles, based on both biochemical and genomic evidence. The results provide insights into reductive activation of LPMO that are important for developing more efficient industrial enzymes for lignocellulose biorefineries. Author: Angel T. Martínez
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 5
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-03-25
    Beschreibung: Author: Marc S. Lavine
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 6
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-03-25
    Beschreibung: Since the Zika virus began racing through the Americas, scientists have been trying to figure out when and where it entered Brazil, where it was first detected in March 2015. Speculation has focused on the influx of fans for the World Cup in June and July 2014, or for a championship canoe race in September 2014. But a new genome analysis suggests the virus had likely been spreading there long before either event, having arrived sometime between May and December 2013. It could have arrived during the Confederations Cup soccer tournament in late June 2013, the authors say. That event brought the Tahitian national team to a stadium in Recife, near the epicenter of the Brazilian epidemic. But that was several months before cases of Zika were reported in Tahiti, and the authors think it's more fruitful to look at broader travel patterns rather than discrete events. They point out that during 2013, air travel from Zika-endemic areas to Brazil increased by almost 50%, from roughly 3500 passengers arriving per month to nearly 5000. Author: Gretchen Vogel
    Schlagwort(e): Infectious Disease
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 7
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-17
    Beschreibung: When Zika virus infects pregnant women, it can pass to the fetus and attack developing brain cells. In the most well-known symptom, the infection leaves the baby with an unusually small head, a condition called microcephaly. Now, case reports make it increasingly clear that babies infected in utero also have problems in their eyes, ears, limbs, and perhaps other organs. Earlier this month the World Health Organization announced that it is launching an effort to characterize what doctors are now calling Zika congenital syndrome. Experts will meet in July in Recife, Brazil, to develop a preliminary definition of the syndrome and guidelines for doctors screening infants that may have been infected before birth. Animal- and cell-based studies have shown that Zika virus readily infects the cells of the nervous system, and it seems to be especially dangerous for rapidly dividing stem cells. In some cases the damage is so extensive that the skull has filled mostly with fluid, with very little brain tissue. Those babies die shortly after birth. Other infected infants may have only mild brain damage that will not be apparent until learning disabilities or other problems show up years later. Researchers are setting up long-term studies to follow pregnant women and their babies to better understand the risk the virus poses. Author: Gretchen Vogel
    Schlagwort(e): Infectious Disease
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 8
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-03
    Beschreibung: Zika virus, the once obscure pathogen now widely feared for causing birth defects and other problems, has spread very far, very quickly since an outbreak was first noticed in northeast Brazil in early 2015. It has reached more than 40 countries across the Americas, even making it to the Cape Verde islands, off the western coast of Africa. More than a million people have become infected along the way. As public health officials try to contain the epidemic, researchers are racing to answer a key question with important implications for which areas are at risk, and what methods might work to slow its spread: Which mosquitoes are transmitting the virus? That is no small challenge. Scientists need evidence from both lab-raised and wild-caught mosquitoes to make the case that a given species is helping spread the virus. Only last week, a team in Rio de Janeiro announced that they had nabbed several Aedes aegypti infected with Zika—the first infected mosquitoes found in Brazil. The species has long been the prime suspect, but some scientists believe the Zika virus must have other carriers to have spread so quickly—and they have field and lab studies underway to resolve the issue. Author: Gretchen Vogel
    Schlagwort(e): Infectious Disease
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 9
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-04-29
    Beschreibung: Author: Jake Yeston
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 10
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-04-29
    Beschreibung: Author: Angela Colmone
    Schlagwort(e): Infectious Disease
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 11
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-03-18
    Beschreibung: Author: Marc S. Lavine
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 12
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-03-11
    Beschreibung: Author: Angela Colmone
    Schlagwort(e): Infectious Disease
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 13
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-03-18
    Beschreibung: Water plays a central role in scientific disciplines ranging from geology to astronomy to biology. Yet it is an extraordinarily dif cult liquid to understand because of its complex, ever-changing patterns of hydrogen bonds. Studies of small water clusters have provided important insights into the concerted hydrogen-bond motions that can occur in water. These studies are also crucial for developing an accurate potential function for simulating the properties of liquid water and ice (1). On page 1310 of this issue, Richardson et al. (2) provide evidence for a concerted type of motion in which two hydrogen bonds in a water cluster are broken simultaneously (see the figure). The results have implications for many areas of scientific study, including the chemistry of polar solvents, the conformations of proteins, and the dissolution of ions in minerals. Author: David C. Clary
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 14
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-03-18
    Beschreibung: Author: Angela Colmone
    Schlagwort(e): Infectious Disease
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 15
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-03-18
    Beschreibung: Author: Jake Yeston
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 16
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-03-04
    Beschreibung: A new genetic study of HIV isolated from blood samples taken in the late 1970s clarifies where and when the epidemic began in the United States—and it does not involve a man infamously labeled as "Patient Zero." Researchers lead by evolutionary biologist Michael Worobey from the University of Arizona in Tucson obtained eight blood samples taken from gay and bisexual men in 1978 and 1979 for hepatitis B studies. They isolated HIV from the blood and resurrected nearly complete viral genomes. They did the same with a 1983 blood sample from Patient Zero, a Canadian flight attendant named Gaétan Dugas whom journalist Randy Shilts made famous in his best-selling 1987 book about the AIDS epidemic, And the Band Played On. Using a technique known as the molecular clock that allows researchers to create a family tree of different genetic isolates and place them in time, Worobey explained in a presentation at an HIV/AIDS meeting in Boston last week that the virus likely came to New York City in 1970 and was linked to viral isolates then circulating in Haiti and other Caribbean countries. Dugas's isolate fell in about the middle of the tree they created of early U.S. isolates, and clearly showed that he was not Patient Zero—the first person to introduce the virus—in the United States. Author: Jon Cohen
    Schlagwort(e): Infectious Disease
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 17
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-03-04
    Beschreibung: Lower olefins, particularly ethylene (C2H4), propylene (C3H6), and butylene (C4H8), are important intermediates in the manufacture of products such as plastics, solvents, paints, and medicines. They are produced worldwide in amounts exceeding 200 million tons per year (see the photo) (1), mostly from crude oil. More recent approaches use methanol or synthesis gas (syngas; a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen) as feedstocks, but capital investments are high and/or selectivities to lower olefins limited. A bifunctional catalyst reported by Jiao et al. on page 1065 of this issue (2) enables the direct conversion of synthesis gas to lower olefins with a surprisingly high selectivity. Author: Krijn P. de Jong
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 18
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-03-11
    Beschreibung: Since late last year when physicians in Brazil warned that a wave of serious birth defects might be linked to a little-known virus called Zika, researchers have struggled to prove the connection. Some in the media have questioned whether the reported increase in birth defects is real; others, particularly environmental activists, have suggested the virus is an innocent bystander, unfairly blamed for defects caused by chemicals or other factors. With three studies published last week, chances that the virus has been wrongly accused are fading. Two independent groups showed that, at least in the lab, the virus eagerly infects developing brain cells, suggesting a mechanism by which it could cause the most striking of the observed birth defects: microcephaly, in which babies are born with abnormally small heads and brains. A third study, following several dozen pregnant women in Brazil who were infected with the virus, directly links the infection to an increase in brain defects. It also suggests that the virus can harm a developing fetus in other ways, possibly by attacking the placenta and slowing down the supply of nutrients. "These are the data we have been waiting for," says Daniel Lucey, an expert on global health at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. Author: Gretchen Vogel
    Schlagwort(e): Infectious Disease
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 19
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-13
    Beschreibung: Zika virus has frightened people the world over because of growing evidence that it can have severe effects on fetuses when it infects pregnant women. Although the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention last month declared that there was a "causal relationship" between the virus and harm to baby brains—most notably, small heads called microcephaly—many questions remain about how the damage happens from what was long considered a harmless virus. Three new papers published online this week describe different mouse models that infected pregnant dams with the virus, or, in one case, placed viral injections directly into the fetal brain. The studies all confirm that Zika virus harms the growth of the fetus, examining how the virus damages both placental cells and critical neural cells in the fetal brain. Two of the studies demonstrate, for the first time in an animal model, that Zika virus can cause microcephaly. Studies are also underway with Zika virus in pregnant monkeys, a model that much more closely resembles human pregnancy, and the community of primate researchers is going to unusual lengths to share their data openly in near real time. Author: Jon Cohen
    Schlagwort(e): Infectious Disease
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 20
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-04-29
    Beschreibung: Health experts hail two new Chinese-made vaccines against hand, foot, and mouth disease as a milestone against a malady that has run rampant in China. But that triumph was overshadowed by a safety crisis involving other homegrown vaccines. In recent weeks, police have arrested more than 200 people in connection with the nationwide distribution of 2 million doses of expired Chinese-made vaccines against scourges such as hepatitis B and rabies. No adverse reactions have been confirmed. China's vaccine developers hope the debacle won't derail efforts to make inroads into the global $33 billion vaccine market. But without a major overhaul, China's vaccine system might not recover quickly. Author: Kathleen McLaughlin
    Schlagwort(e): Infectious Disease
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 21
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-09-02
    Beschreibung: Effective differentiation of prochiral carbon–hydrogen (C–H) bonds on a single methylene carbon via asymmetric metal insertion remains a challenge. Here, we report the discovery of chiral acetyl-protected aminoethyl quinoline ligands that enable asymmetric palladium insertion into prochiral C–H bonds on a single methylene carbon center. We apply these palladium complexes to catalytic enantioselective functionalization of β-methylene C–H bonds in aliphatic amides. Using bidentate ligands to accelerate C–H activation of otherwise unreactive monodentate substrates is crucial for outcompeting the background reaction driven by substrate-directed cyclopalladation, thereby avoiding erosion of enantioselectivity. The potential of ligand acceleration in C–H activation is also demonstrated by enantioselective β-C–H arylation of simple carboxylic acids without installing directing groups.
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 22
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-11-04
    Beschreibung: Author: Jake Yeston
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 23
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-09-09
    Beschreibung: Author: Jake Yeston
    Schlagwort(e): Inorganic Chemistry
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 24
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-09-09
    Beschreibung: Promising data for candidate vaccines against Zika virus infection reported by Abbink et al. (1) on page 1129 of this issue raise hopes that one or more Zika virus vaccines may soon be ready for efficacy trials. Recent years have seen a barrage of emerging infectious diseases, including those caused by new pathogens such as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus, and those that are newly salient because of increased geographic spread, higher incidence, or genetic change, such as influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, Ebola virus, and Zika virus. Developing effective vaccines is a central goal for such pathogens. Authors: Marc Lipsitch, Benjamin J. Cowling
    Schlagwort(e): Infectious Disease
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 25
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-11-25
    Beschreibung: Author: Jake Yeston
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 26
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-12-16
    Beschreibung: The avian influenza strain H5N8 has spread from Asia to many countries in Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa, infecting both wild birds and poultry; hundreds of thousands of birds have been culled to halt the epidemic. H5N8 is a distant descendant of the H5N1 virus that devastated flocks across much of the world and killed hundreds of people more than a decade ago. The good news is that so far, it does not seem to infect humans. But its rapid spread and increasing deadliness to birds have mystified experts. And it underscores that avian influenza, once an occasional crisis, is now endemic in the burgeoning flocks of Asia, from which it periodically spreads in migrating birds. Author: Kai Kupferschmidt
    Schlagwort(e): Infectious Disease
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  • 27
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-11-11
    Beschreibung: Although ammonia (NH3) is made on a vast scale for use in fertilizers, its use as a chemical feedstock or as an energy carrier is much more limited. Many reactions that occur easily with its substitution products (amines) are sluggish for NH3, in part because of the difficulty of activating the N-H bond. For fuel cells, NH3 is attractive because it does not generate greenhouse gases, as do methanol and methane (1), and is more easily stored than hydrogen (H2). Amine-containing organic molecules are used in pharmaceutical and materials applications, and accessing these structures directly from ammonia could limit the generation of by-products during their synthesis (2). Bringing NH3 up to speed for these applications will require both the development of catalysts that can activate the strong N–H bond of ammonia and a fundamental understanding of the N–H bond cleavage step. On page 730 of this issue, Bezdek et al. (3) report a molybdenum complex capable of weakening the N–H bond of NH3 and releasing a H atom to generate H2 under mild conditions. Author: Jessica Hoover
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 28
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-11-11
    Beschreibung: Between 5% and 10% of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients become infected with Mycobacterium abscessus, a pathogen that thrives in the excess of thick mucus amassing in the airways of CF patients. Some of them die as a result. Until recently, scientists believed that patients picked up the microbe at random, from the soil or water. But an analysis of hundreds of bacterial genomes from patients around the world, published in this week's issue of Science, suggests that the bacterium has adapted to humans and that several dangerous strains are spreading from one CF treatment center to the next, from country to country, and even between continents in a silent global epidemic. Author: Kai Kupferschmidt
    Schlagwort(e): Infectious Disease
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 29
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-11-11
    Beschreibung: Author: Jake Yeston
    Schlagwort(e): Inorganic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 30
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-09-02
    Beschreibung: Direct methods for stereoselective functionalization of sp 3 -hybridized carbon–hydrogen [C(sp 3 )–H] bonds in complex organic molecules could facilitate much more efficient preparation of therapeutics and agrochemicals. Here, we report a copper-catalyzed radical relay pathway for enantioselective conversion of benzylic C–H bonds into benzylic nitriles. Hydrogen-atom abstraction affords an achiral benzylic radical that undergoes asymmetric C(sp 3 )–CN bond formation upon reaction with a chiral copper catalyst. The reactions proceed efficiently at room temperature with the benzylic substrate as limiting reagent, exhibit broad substrate scope with high enantioselectivity (typically 90 to 99% enantiomeric excess), and afford products that are key precursors to important bioactive molecules. Mechanistic studies provide evidence for diffusible organic radicals and highlight the difference between these reactions and C–H oxidations mediated by enzymes and other catalysts that operate via radical rebound pathways.
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 31
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-09-02
    Beschreibung: Oxygen electrochemistry plays a key role in renewable energy technologies such as fuel cells and electrolyzers, but the slow kinetics of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) limit the performance and commercialization of such devices. Here we report an iridium oxide/strontium iridium oxide (IrO x /SrIrO 3 ) catalyst formed during electrochemical testing by strontium leaching from surface layers of thin films of SrIrO 3 . This catalyst has demonstrated specific activity at 10 milliamps per square centimeter of oxide catalyst (OER current normalized to catalyst surface area), with only 270 to 290 millivolts of overpotential for 30 hours of continuous testing in acidic electrolyte. Density functional theory calculations suggest the formation of highly active surface layers during strontium leaching with IrO 3 or anatase IrO 2 motifs. The IrO x /SrIrO 3 catalyst outperforms known IrO x and ruthenium oxide (RuO x ) systems, the only other OER catalysts that have reasonable activity in acidic electrolyte.
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 32
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-09-23
    Beschreibung: Author: Caroline Ash
    Schlagwort(e): Infectious Disease
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 33
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-09-23
    Beschreibung: Author: Orla M. Smith
    Schlagwort(e): Infectious Disease
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 34
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-12-09
    Beschreibung: Author: Shahid Naeem
    Schlagwort(e): Infectious Disease
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 35
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-12-09
    Beschreibung: Author: Jake Yeston
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 36
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    Tehran University, Kish International Campus; Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: Ecsenius pulcher is an almost exclusively benthic species that inhabits tropical, marine waters. E. pulcher is found on rocky shores where it hides in crevices. Maximum standard length is 4.4 cm male/unsexed. Maximum length is 7 cm in Persian Gulf (Iran, Kish Island). Larvae are planktonic, often found in shallow coastal waters. E. pulcher can have different color patterns. Dark brown dorsally on head and body and (abruptly) white below or dark brown and posterior part of the body is orange-yellow with narrow dark bars. E. pulcher has a solid color form and one in which the melanophores have been suppressed in portions of the posterior region of the body, thus forming vertical dark and pale stripes. This form is somewhat similar to the albicaudatus form in which the melanophores on the caudal peduncle have been suppressed. The two banded syntypes of E. pulcher comprise one male and one female. E. pulcher inhabits shallow rocky and coral reefs and usually found at depths between 1 – 25 m where it feeds mostly on algae. Typically this species is found to a depth of 10 m. E. pulcher has an oviparous life cycle, exhibits distinct pairing, and produces demersal, adhesive eggs; Oviparous, distinct paring. Eggs are demersal, adhesive and are attached to the substrate.
    Beschreibung: Unpublished
    Schlagwort(e): ASFA_2015::I::Identification ; ASFA_2015::D::Distribution ; Location ; Fisheries biology
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  • 37
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    Tehran University, Kish International Campus; Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: Haminoea cyanomarginata is found in the coral rubble in shallow waters, while in the Persian Gulf it is usually seen at night, between 2-5 in of depth, on rocky surfaces covered with algae. We report for the first time from Persian Gulf (Kish Island, Iran). Maximum length is 5 mm in Persian Gulf. We can observe H. cyanomarginata only 2-3 days in March in each year in Kish Island (Iranian Waters). It has a number of distinctive color features, the most prominent being the purple edge to the parapodia, head shield, and infrapallial lobe. The body, and mantle, which can be seen through the transparent shell, is translucent with large white or cream blotches. The shell is bubble-shaped, colored translucent whitish or yellowish, fragile, smooth, with no traces of ornamentation. The spawn is a translucent ribbon with whitish capsules laid in a one and half turn spiral laid flat on the substrate. There are toxic compounds with significant activity as feeding deterrents in H. cyanomarginata. It is probable that this a lessepsian migrant which has entered the Mediterranean from the Red Sea via the Suez Canal.
    Beschreibung: Unpublished
    Schlagwort(e): ASFA_2015::I::Identification ; ASFA_2015::D::Distribution ; Fisheries biology ; Food Behavior
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  • 38
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    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: Pseudochromis olivaceus (Olive Dottyback) was always found in association with coral overhangs or large rubble pieces on hard bottom substrates, and would retreat under the rubble or overhang when approached. P. olivaceus is species of Pseudochromis native to Gulf of Aqaba, Indian Ocean: Red Sea, we report for the first time from Persian Gulf (Kish Island, Iran). Relatively large specimens of P. olivaceus that inhabit these corals were observed preying on settlers of Dascyllus spp. Maximum length is 8 cm in Persian Gulf. They are reef dwellers being found at depths of from 4 to 8 m and in association with Acropora corals. Pseudochromis olivaceus, lives predominantly in large corals. Consequently, we suggest that the relationship between fish presence and coral size differs between the habitats due to coral size dependent predation on recruits and variability in the importance of direct recruitment to replenish fish populations. Juvenile P. olivaceus were seen attacking and chasing heterospecifics too large for them to consume. P. olivaceus has a limited home range and can be seen within a single coral 96% of the time.
    Beschreibung: Unpublished
    Schlagwort(e): ASFA_2015::I::Ichthyology ; ASFA_2015::I::Identification ; ASFA_2015::F::Fish location ; ASFA_2015::D::Distribution ; Fisheries biology
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  • 39
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    Tehran University, Kish International Campus; Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: Pseudobiceros kryptos is usually found on colonial ascidians under rubble on the reef crest or reef slope. P. kryptos is free swimming flatworm. New record is given from Persian Gulf (Iran, Kish Island). P. kryptos is the only polyclads which actively swim with exaggerated undulations of its ruffled margin. This, along with flamboyant coloration, is thought to be aposematic or warning behavior advertising their suspected unpalatability to visual predators such as fish. P. kryptos is in part: "Background color variable; mottled olive green to lime green and white, large irregular brown and olive green spots on the margin, large irregular orange-brown spots and white dots scattered over dorsal surface, darker medially. Margin narrow, yellow. Gut diverticula usually green. Largest animals with narrow interrupted brown margin and large transverse cream-white bands. Ventral surface light olive green. Cerebral eyespot in clear, oval area with up to 100 eyes. Maximum length is 80 x 25 mm in Persian Gulf (Iran, Kish Island). Size range 12 x 7 mm (immature) to 40 x 18 mm (mature) in other sites. Male pores well separated. One animal was found with several symbiotic copepods (Pseudoanthessius sp.) which appeared to be living near the pharynx. Named from the Latin (masculine) kryptos = hidden, for its cryptic coloration.
    Beschreibung: Unpublished
    Schlagwort(e): ASFA_2015::I::Identification ; ASFA_2015::D::Distribution ; Fisheries biology
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  • 40
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    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: Thalassoma lunare is also named the Moon Wrasse because of its yellow caudal fin shapes like crescent moon with long upper and lower lobes. It is an inhabitant of coral reefs and surrounding areas at depths from 1 to 20. T. lunare is the most abundant wrasse species in the Persian Gulf. This species can reach 16 cm in total length in Iran, Persian Gulf, Kish Island. Moon wrasses are active fish, said to be moving all day long. They are also territorial, nipping, chasing, and otherwise harassing fish that get in their way. Being diurnal, wrasses have strong vision, although they also have a decent sense of smell. At night, they rest in niches often under rocks or other such structures. If needed, a moon wrasse may dig out a space under a rock by repeatedly swimming through it until it fits without struggle. They are protogynous hermaphrodites, all starting off as females and changing to males, a process which, for the moon wrasse, takes only 10 days. Some moon wrasses live in groups consisted of a dominant male, and a "harem" of about a dozen other wrasses, some female and some male. The alpha male is more brightly colored, and at every low tide hour, changes from green to blue, and goes into a show of attacking and nipping all the other wrasses. This is his way of showing his dominance to the rest of the males and keeping the females in check. During breeding season and before high tide, the alpha male turns completely blue, gathers up every single female, and the spawning frenzy begins.
    Beschreibung: Unpublished
    Schlagwort(e): ASFA_2015::I::Identification ; ASFA_2015::D::Distribution ; ASFA_2015::I::Ichthyology ; ASFA_2015::F::Fish location ; Fisheries biology
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  • 41
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    Tehran University, Kish International Campus; Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: Goniobranchus annulatus is a species of sea slug, a very colourful dorid nudibranch, a shell-less marine gastropod mollusc. G. annulatus inhabits various sections of coral reefs, ranging from the shallow subtidal adjacent to mangrove forests up to 15 m depth near the reef crest. G. annulatus forms mating aggregations similar to those found in many sea hares. G. annulatus is simultaneous hermaphrodites. Both individuals darts their penis toward each other to induce one to act as a male and the other as the female. The victorious one to penetrate the body wall is the dominant male. Eggs are deposited on a substratum where they develop and hatch into (planktonic) vestigial veliger larval stage and further grow as adults. On warm summer days when the fish tend to head for deeper and somewhat cooler water, G. annulatus can often be seen on the wrecks or even on the sand around them. Maximum length is 6 cm in Persian Gulf (Iran, Kish Island). G. annulatus colors stem from the ability to retain pigments from their sponge diet. These resultant bright colors work as a passive defense mechanisms they are a form of aposomatic, or warning coloration.
    Beschreibung: Unpublished
    Schlagwort(e): ASFA_2015::I::Identification ; ASFA_2015::D::Distribution ; Nudibranchia ; Molluscs
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  • 42
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    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: Gobiodon citrinus, the Poison Goby, is a species of goby native to the Indo-West Pacific: Red Sea south to Delagoa Bay, Mozambique and east to Samoa, north to southern Japan, south to the Great Barrier Reef, we report for the first time from Persian Gulf (Kish Island, Iran). Maximum length is 6 cm in Persian Gulf. They are reef dwellers being found at depths of from 2 to 8 meters (in Kish Island, Iran) and in association with Acropora corals. The mucus produced by this fish is toxic. Juveniles have bright yellowish tones (with some darker variations according to geographic origin of the population in question). With the age their color darkens. In aquarium, sometimes they show a pale color, due to any lack of carotenoids in the diet, which does not provide the yellow pigment. The species show no appreciable sexual dimorphism with a naked eye. In nature, found in pairs or small groups.
    Beschreibung: Unpublished
    Schlagwort(e): ASFA_2015::I::Identification ; ASFA_2015::I::Ichthyology ; ASFA_2015::D::Distribution ; ASFA_2015::F::Fish location ; Fisheries biology
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  • 43
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    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: Platax teira, also known as the teira batfish, longfin batfish, longfin spadefish is known to associate with floating seaweed, debris and artificial reefs. We report for the first time from Persian Gulf (Kish Island, Iran). Maximum length is 40-50 cm in Persian Gulf. Juveniles and adults occur inshore on protected reefs and in mangrove areas and also on wrecks and deep reefs to 20 m; they may be solitary, in pairs, or in large schools.  Small juveniles with floating debris and form aggregations as they find each other.  They can be pelagic to large sizes and form schools under large Sargassum rafts that usually form after the wet season. Like most spadefishes, this species is unafraid of divers. Flesh excellent, or rank, with a weedy flavor. The long-finned juveniles are valuable in the aquarium fish trade.
    Beschreibung: Unpublished
    Schlagwort(e): ASFA_2015::I::Identification ; ASFA_2015::I::Ichthyology ; ASFA_2015::D::Distribution ; ASFA_2015::F::Fish location ; Fisheries biology
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  • 44
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    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: The Gymnothorax undulatus (undulated moray) is a distinctive moray eel, taking its name from the pattern of light undulating lines that form a faint net-pattern along its long, sinuous body. Like other moray eels, the undulated moray does not have scales, and so to protect itself from parasites and scrapes, it secretes a protective layer of mucus over the thick, muscular body. The G. undulatus is a nocturnal species that uses its keen sense of smell to actively and aggressively hunt for fish, octopus and crustaceans, consuming almost anything that will fit in its mouth. When prey is captured, it uses a specialized second set of jaws within the throat to grasp onto the prey and drag it back into the throat. Commonly found on reef flats and in lagoons, the undulated moray hides amongst rocks, rubble or debris down to depths of 30 meters. Female spawns large numbers of heavily-yolked eggs, which are fertilized externally by the male. Small, ribbon-shaped larvae subsequently emerge from the eggs to drift passively in ocean currents as part of the zooplankton community, before growing large enough to establish a territory on a reef. Maximum length is 100cm in Persian Gulf (Iran, Kish Island).
    Beschreibung: Unpublished
    Schlagwort(e): ASFA_2015::I::Identification ; ASFA_2015::D::Distribution ; ASFA_2015::I::Ichthyology ; ASFA_2015::F::Fish location ; Fisheries biology
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  • 45
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    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: The sohal surgeonfish or sohal tang, Acanthurus sohal, is a Red Sea endemic which grows to 16 in (40 cm) in the wild. Its striking blue and white horizontal stripes have made it what many consider the 'poster fish' for the Red Sea reef environment. It is a valued aquarium fish. A common species found in seaward edges of reefs exposed to surge. Aggressive and territorial. Feeds on various kinds of algae, mainly Sargassum, and fine filamentous green algae. Caught with nets; traps and occasionally by trawls.
    Beschreibung: Unpublished
    Schlagwort(e): ASFA_2015::I::Ichthyology ; ASFA_2015::F::Fish location ; ASFA_2015::I::Identification ; ASFA_2015::D::Distribution
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  • 46
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    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: Pempheris vanicolensis has reported for the first time from Persian Gulf (Kish Island). Various aspects of the biology of P. vanicolensis Cuvier & Valenciennes, a recent Lessepsian (Suez Canal) immigrant into the Mediterranean, are given. Red Sea and Mediterranean populations were compared, and the results indicate that the spawning season is shortened in the Mediterranean, continuing from April to September, as opposed to year-round in the Red Sea. Descriptions of a ripe ovary and post-larva from the Mediterranean are given. Individuals reach a mean size of 10.8 cm in their first year, and 14.4 cm in the second year. Little change has occurred in the diet of the immigrant population, and both populations feed nocturnally, chiefly on larval and adult stages of planktonic crustaceans. Direct underwater observations on the diurnal behavior of the species show that the fish leave their daytime cave shelter at sunset, congregate at a nearby site and then migrate inshore and disperse into small groups to feed. Before dawn, they reassemble at the cave's entrance, and finally enter it at sunrise, after the school has built up. Observations on Persian Gulf sweepers show that the fish are segregated into size groups, ranging 15–18 cm adults at depths of 3 m.
    Beschreibung: Unpublished
    Schlagwort(e): ASFA_2015::F::Fish location ; ASFA_2015::D::Distribution ; ASFA_2015::I::Identification ; ASFA_2015::I::Ichthyology
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  • 47
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    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: D.  Excisus abbreviatus is classified by IUCN Red List, it is belong to a group of brightly-coloured flagtail pipefish.  This species is endemic to the Red Sea from the Gulf of Suez south to Massawa and Jiddah on the east coast, we report for the first time from Persian Gulf (Kish Island, Iran). Most Doryrhamphinae pipefishes will breed readily in captivity when given enough shelter and can live for about five to ten years. Males may be brooding at 33 mm Standard Length (Dawson 1981). Male Doryrhamphus brood eggs semi-exposed under the trunk, and sometimes have a thin skin covering over the sides of the brood (Kuiter 2000). The pouch of a 41 mm standard length male contained a total of 88 eggs with a maximum diameter of c. 1.0 mm.
    Beschreibung: Unpublished
    Schlagwort(e): ASFA_2015::I::Ichthyology ; ASFA_2015::I::Identification ; ASFA_2015::F::Fish location ; ASFA_2015::D::Distribution ; Fisheries biology
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  • 48
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    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: Electric rays, thought to be the most primitive of the skates and rays, have stout tails but have rather expansive disc. This group is distinguished by the presence of powerful electric organs, derived from branchial muscles in head region. Torpedo sinuspersici found inshore in sandy bottoms, and well offshore from the surf zone down to 200 m. Also on or near coral reefs (like Kish Island in Persian Gulf). Common in shallow sandy areas. Occasionally hooked by anglers, more often seen by divers; can deliver a strong shock. Flesh is edible. T. sinuspersici can survive for hours after being stranded on the beach. Little is known of the life history of the Gulf torpedo. It is a sluggish predator of bony fishes. At night it actively hunts for food, sculling slowly through the water about a meter above the bottom; during the day it usually rests on the bottom and opportunistically ambushes unwary prey. It uses its broad pectoral fins to envelop the target fish before delivering an electric shock to stun it. Usually solitary, they may form groups during the mating season. Reproduction is a placental viviparous, with the developing embryos initially surviving on their yolk sacs, and then on enriched uterine fluid produced by the mother. Litters of 9-22 young are birthed in the summer. Newborns measure about 10 cm wide; males mature at a disc width of 39 cm and females at 45 cm.
    Beschreibung: Unpublished
    Schlagwort(e): ASFA_2015::I::Ichthyology ; ASFA_2015::I::Identification ; ASFA_2015::F::Fish location ; ASFA_2015::D::Distribution ; Fisheries biology
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  • 49
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    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: Boloceroides spp. are looking like an untidy mop, this anemone is sometimes - seen in sea grass areas on many of our shores. It is possibly seasonal. - Sometimes, large numbers are seen (up to 10-20 animals in a trip) and then - none at all. Tiny swimming anemones may sometimes be confused with Sea - grass anemones which have translucent tentacles with tiny spots. The - swimming anemone harbors symbiotic single-celled algae (zooxanthellae). The - algae undergo photosynthesis to produce food from sunlight. The food - produced is shared with the sea anemone, which in return provides the algae - with shelter and minerals. The oral disk and tentacle muscles are used to - obtain, retain, and ingest prey; in Boloceroides spp. tentacles can autotomize if it is needed to evade a predator. Tentacles can control body form by use of - their endodermal muscles. Retractors are longitudinal muscles that will aid in - withdrawing tentacles and the oral disk if they are exposed to the open - air. This hypothesis is furthered because in comparison to other sea - anemones, Boloceroides is loosely attached to its respective substrate, thus - allowing the pedal disk to detach quickly resulting in a rapid swimming - response. Boloceroides can reproduce both sexually and asexually. As - Anthozoans, Boloceroides produce sexually by bypassing the medusa life cycle - stage; this allows Boloceroides (and all Anthozoans) to release their egg and - sperm creating planula a bilaterally symmetrical, flattened, ciliated, motile - larva.
    Beschreibung: Unpublished
    Schlagwort(e): ASFA_2015::I::Identification
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  • 50
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    Unbekannt
    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: Cymo andreossyi is found both in the live and dead branching corals of coral Pacillopora, Acropora and Montipora. Compared to the occurrence its compatriote C. melanodactylus, this species found in large numbers. The relationship is mutualistic, with the species occupying a niche similar to that occupied by the more colorful Trapezia species.  Cymo species, however are typically drab in coloration, and usually have a layer of algae growing on their carapace. Very common and is considered a coral symbiont, with the caveat that such symbiosis are a tradeoff between the coral and the crab, the coral gains protection and house cleaning services while giving up a few polyps, mucus and captured/ settled food particles in exchange for those services.  A healthy coral should have no problem repairing or replacing lost polyps, but again, in an aquarium environment, an eye should be kept on the coral for excessive damage being done due to the coral being unable to recover as fast as or faster than the damage being done by the crab. As obligate coral symbionts, the survival of this species is directly associated with the conservation of coral reefs, which are under threat from coastal development and land reclamation resulting in heavy siltation, dumping and pollution.
    Beschreibung: Unpublished
    Schlagwort(e): ASFA_2015::I::Identification ; ASFA_2015::C::Crustaceans (marine) ; ASFA_2015::D::Distribution ; ASFA_2015::L::Locating
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  • 51
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    Unbekannt
    Tehran University, Kish International Campus; Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: Megalomma vesiculosum (Giant Feather Duster Worm) has reported for the first time from Persian Gulf (Iran, Kish Island). M. vesiculosum is a polychaete worm that reaches up to 12 cm in length. It has relatively few (about 50) tentacles, each with a large eyespot at the free end. It creates a long and tough tube, which is mostly encrusted untidily with large shell fragments and small stones. The tube protudes no more than 40-50 mm (in Iran, Kish Island) from coarse sand or muddy gravel at low water and below. The body and crown vary in color from yellowish to a reddish-purple brown and is usually spotted. The Giant Feather Duster Worm is a relative of the garden earthworm. It uses its colorful tentacles to filter the water for food, which includes phytoplankton and bacteria. M. vesiculosum requires a high density of phytoplankton and dissolved particulates to survive in a marine ecosystem. The worm generally buries its tube in the sand and the crown protrudes above to strain the water. If this worm sheds its tentacle crown, it is not getting enough food. It will usually regrow another, smaller than the previous. If this cycle continues, the worm will starve. Members of the class Polychaeta are mostly gonochoric (sexual). Females produce a pheromone attracting and signalling the males to shed sperm which in turn stimulates females to shed eggs, this behavior is known as swarming. Gametes are spawned through the metanephridia or body wall rupturing (termed as "epitoky", wherein a pelagic, reproductive individual, "epitoke", is formed from a benthic, nonreproductive individual, "atoke"). After fertilization, most eggs become planktonic; although some are retained in the worm tubes or burrowed in jelly masses attached to the tubes (egg brooders). Eggs develop into trocophore larva, which later metamorph into juvenile stage (body lengthened), and later develop into adults.
    Beschreibung: Unpublished
    Schlagwort(e): ASFA_2015::I::Identification ; ASFA_2015::D::Distribution ; Fisheries biology ; Marine Invertebrates
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  • 52
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: The Sepia pharaonis (pharaoh cuttlefish) is a large cuttlefish species, growing to 80 cm in mantle length. Males are larger than females, the maximum recorded size for males is 80 cm and 5 kg, and for females 50 cm and 2 kg in weight (Persian Gulf, Iran, Kish Island). This cuttlefish lives in warm water (30°C) and is fast growing. They mate and spawn at 110 days and their life span is 240 days. They lay about 1500 eggs which take 14 days to develop at 28°C. Inhabiting the neritic zone, it is often found in depths up to 130 m. S. pharaonis prefer a medium to high amount of sunlight for den location during the day. Additionally, they prefer mud substrata during the day, but during the night prefer sand or mud substrata equally. Pharaoh cuttlefish often show a solid color when resting on a solid color background, alternating from a pale white to all dark brown. Additionally, they can show a mottled white and brown color, with a center circle of brown. The mechanism for color is the same in the Pharaoh cuttlefish as it is in other cuttlefish. This color-changing function is produced by groups of red, yellow, brown, and black pigmented chromophores above a layer of reflective blue and green tinted iridophores and leucophores, with up to 200 of these specialized pigment cells per square millimeter. These sacs of color are controlled by rings of muscle around the sac. The cuttlefish expands and contracts these muscle rings in order to show different colors.
    Beschreibung: Unpublished
    Schlagwort(e): ASFA_2015::I::Identification ; ASFA_2015::D::Distribution ; Fisheries biology ; Invertebrate biology
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
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  • 53
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    Unbekannt
    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: The Striped Catfish can be recognized by its striped coloration,  barbels around the mouth, and its body shape which tapers to a point posteriorly. Small juveniles are black and large adults may be less distinctly striped. Plotosus lineatus can reach a maximum length of 32 cm (13 in) and about 40cm in Persian Gulf. The body is brown with cream-colored or white longitudinal bands. The most striking feature of this species is in the fins; in fact the second dorsal, caudal and anal are fused together as in eels. In the rest of the body is quite similar to a freshwater catfish: the mouth is surrounded by four pairs of barbells, four on the upper jaw and four on the lower jaw. The first dorsal and each of the pectoral fins have a highly venomous spine. They may even be fatal. Juveniles of P. lineatus form dense ball-shaped schools of about 100 fish, while adults are solitary or occur in smaller groups of around 20 and are known to hide under ledges during the day. Adult P. lineatus search and stir the sand incessantly for crustaceans, mollusks, worms, and sometimes fish. Striped eel catfish is an oviparous fish; this species has demersal eggs and planktonic larvae. This species has evolved long ampullary canals in its electrosensory organs.
    Beschreibung: Unpublished
    Schlagwort(e): ASFA_2015::I::Ichthyology ; ASFA_2015::I::Identification ; ASFA_2015::F::Fish location ; ASFA_2015::D::Distribution ; Fisheries biology
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  • 54
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: Scorpaenopsis barbata, lives along sandy beaches, rocky coastlines and coral reefs and in shallow waters.  Its name refers to the fleshy outgrowth of skin protruding from its chin. They have a wide mouth and broad spiny head and venom glands that may occur at the base of fin spines which can produce deep and painful wounds.  The feathery fins which cover the scorpion fish body help in the camouflaging of the animals into the surrounding coral. Also, the coral- like frilly, fleshy flaps of skin protruding from its chin add to the species camouflage ability and help the fish to blend with its surroundings. They rest during the daylight in crevices in the corals and from their position they suddenly leap at their un-suspecting prey which could be small fish and crustaceans. Maximum length female is 25 cm and male 17 cm in Persian Gulf. Eggs hatch in about 2 days into tiny fry that remain near the water surface until they grow bigger and they reach nearly about 5 cm in length, they swim down into the ocean to join the reef community.
    Beschreibung: Unpublished
    Schlagwort(e): ASFA_2015::I::Identification ; ASFA_2015::I::Ichthyology ; ASFA_2015::D::Distribution ; ASFA_2015::F::Fish location ; Fisheries biology
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  • 55
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: This is one of the largest species of angelfish reaching almost 20 inches (50 cm) in length. As an adult it has a violet blue body with a large yellow blotch on the side that some say resembles the continent of Africa. As a juvenile it is similar in appearance (and easily confused with) other young Pomacanthus, especially the Blue-ring Angelfish P. annularis. But as its color pattern begins to metamorphosis, the sub-adult begins to look very much like the Arabian Angelfish P. asfur. It will have a similar looking vertical yellow bar on its body, but lack the bright yellow tailfin of the Arabian Angel. Its yellow marking develops as a characteristic "yellow band", finally becoming more prominent and blotch-like as the fish ages. Hence this fish is also known by a number of descriptive common names including Yellowbar Angelfish, Half Moon Angelfish, Map Angelfish, Yellow-Band Angelfish, Yellow-blotch Angelfish, Blue-moon Angelfish, and more.
    Beschreibung: Unpublished
    Schlagwort(e): ASFA_2015::I::Ichthyology ; ASFA_2015::I::Identification ; ASFA_2015::F::Fish location ; ASFA_2015::D::Distribution ; Fisheries biology
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  • 56
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: Valencienna sexguttata, the Sixspot goby, is a species of goby native to the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean. It inhabits bays or lagoons in waters of from 1 to 25 meters with silt or sand substrates with larger pieces of rock under which to burrow. Maximum length is 12 cm in Persian Gulf (Iran, Kish Island).  V. sexguttata usually in pairs and lives in a burrow under rocks. Commonly seen in aggregations over large areas in lagoons of atolls. They are tireless workers, remain on all the substrate very clean due to the peculiarity of their power. The main difference with the rest of Valencianeas are 6 points neon blue that has in the shelving of the head and the black spot on the dorsal fin, In addition it blends with the white of the substrate and always will be around their burrows leaving it only to forage. V. sexguttata will be the day picking up the substrate by the mouth and automatically releasing by the gills, thus catch the microfauna of the substrate which serves as his power base. This species can get to stress the corals that we have, since the lifting of substrate, the dust that rises will be in the water to be removed by the skimmer column.
    Beschreibung: Unpublished
    Schlagwort(e): ASFA_2015::I::Identification ; ASFA_2015::D::Distribution ; ASFA_2015::I::Ichthyology ; ASFA_2015::F::Fish location ; Fisheries biology
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
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  • 57
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    Unbekannt
    Tehran University, Kish International Campus; Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: Abudefduf vaigiensis (Indo-Pacific sergeant) may also be known as the Sergeant major although this name is usually reserved for the closely related species Abudefduf saxatilis. Adults live in coral reefs, tide pools, and rocky reefs. It is found in tropical and subtropical waters. Depth ranges of 1 to 15 meters are where people encounter this fish. A. Vaigiensis is benthopelagic. Maximum length is 17 cm in Persian Gulf. We report for the first time from Iranian waters (Kish Island). Its maximum recorded size is 20 centimeters. Often in aggregations feeding at midwater or tending nests among rocks and coral ledges. In large numbers at spawning sites that are timed with large tides that carry their pelagic offspring far offshore. Oviparous, distinct pairing during breeding. Males turn more blue during spawning. They build nests on rocks or coral ledges. Then, females lay their eggs in the nests and the male fertilizes them. Males guard and aerate the eggs until they hatch. Eggs are demersal and adhere to the substrate. Males guard and aerate the eggs. Larva of this species live in the open sea. Juveniles associated with drifting seaweed. Juveniles mature at 12 centimeters.
    Beschreibung: Unpublished
    Schlagwort(e): ASFA_2015::I::Identification ; ASFA_2015::D::Distribution ; Fisheries biology ; ASFA_2015::I::Ichthyology ; ASFA_2015::F::Fish location
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  • 58
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Tehran University, Kish International Campus; Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: The Cheilinus lunulatus (broomtail wrasse) is a species of wrasse native to the Red Sea and Indian Ocean.  It is another one of the big wrasses which has a very low abundance on the local scale and in this case a limited geographical distribution. Broomtail wrasses lives in shallow waters, but also at 2 to 30 m of depth on the outer side of the reefs. It is often going around on the sandy bottoms, at the limit of the madreporic formations, in the prairies of submerged grasslands looking for shells it crushes easily, like a nutcracker. C. lunulatus can reach an average length of about 40 cm in female, with a maximum of 60 cm in males (Iran, Persian Gulf, Kish Island). In adults, the head is large and bright green, with small spots. The lips are large and blue. Females and juveniles show large, dark stripes on their flanks. It is oviparous. It nourishes of benthic animals, mainly molluscs, but also of crustaceans. It lives alone or in small groups of 4-8 individuals headed by a big male. As often is the case in the world of the labrids, it is a protogynous, hermaphrodite species, with females that, while growing, can transform into males. The fecundated eggs are entrusted to the currents and the young have a life expectancy of almost 20 years.  Juveniles are found in shallower water. Adult depth distribution ranges from 5-45m. 
    Beschreibung: Unpublished
    Schlagwort(e): ASFA_2015::I::Identification ; ASFA_2015::D::Distribution ; Fisheries biology ; ASFA_2015::I::Ichthyology ; ASFA_2015::F::Fish location
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  • 59
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    Unbekannt
    Tehran University, Kish International Campus; Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: Sabellastarte spectabilis is commonly known as the feather duster worm, feather duster or fan worm. It has reported for the first time from Iranian waters (Kish Island) and finding in the intertidal and subtidal reefs. Especially common in sites where phytoplankton is abundant.  The worm's body occupies a flexible mucus tube formed by adhesion of silt from the water column. Polychaetes, or marine bristle worms, have elongated bodies divided into many segments. Each segment may bear setae (bristles) and parapodia (paddle-like appendages). Some species live freely, either swimming, crawling or burrowing, and these are known as "errant". Others live permanently in tubes, either calcareous or parchment-like, and these are known as "sedentary". This large worm can reach 80 millimeters in length and 10–12 millimeters in width. It is buff in color with purple specks. It lives in a tough, leathery tube covered with fine mud. The tentacles are striped in dark and pale brown bands and bear neither stylodes nor eye spots. There are two long, slender palps and a four-lobed collar. Cilia on the tentacles cause currents in the water and organic particles are caught as they float past. They are channeled along mucus-filled grooves to the mouth. Larger non-food particles are used for building the tube. The tentacles are also used as gills for gas exchange. This worm can reproduce asexually by fragmentation, and can regenerate body parts after being damaged. Reproduction can also be by sexual means. Most worms are either male or female and the gametes mature in the coelom before being released into the water column. Some specimens, particularly larger ones, have both male and female gametes and a study concluded that this was consistent with sequential hermaphroditism. Fertilization is external, and after a short time in the plankton, the trochophore larvae settle out and grow into adult worms.
    Beschreibung: Unpublished
    Schlagwort(e): ASFA_2015::I::Identification ; ASFA_2015::D::Distribution ; Fisheries biology ; Marine Invertebrates
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  • 60
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    Unbekannt
    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: Pempheris vanicolensis has reported for the first time from Persian Gulf (Kish Island). Various aspects of the biology of P. vanicolensis Cuvier & Valenciennes, a recent Lessepsian (Suez Canal) immigrant into the Mediterranean, are given. Red Sea and Mediterranean populations were compared, and the results indicate that the spawning season is shortened in the Mediterranean, continuing from April to September, as opposed to year-round in the Red Sea. Descriptions of a ripe ovary and post-larva from the Mediterranean are given. Individuals reach a mean size of 10.8 cm in their first year, and 14.4 cm in the second year. Little change has occurred in the diet of the immigrant population, and both populations feed nocturnally, chiefly on larval and adult stages of planktonic crustaceans. Direct underwater observations on the diurnal behavior of the species show that the fish leave their daytime cave shelter at sunset, congregate at a nearby site and then migrate inshore and disperse into small groups to feed. Before dawn, they reassemble at the cave's entrance, and finally enter it at sunrise, after the school has built up. Observations on Persian Gulf sweepers show that the fish are segregated into size groups, ranging 15–18 cm adults at depths of 3 m.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Schlagwort(e): Fish location ; ASFA_2015::I::Ichthyology ; ASFA_2015::I::Identification ; ASFA_2015::D::Distribution ; Fisheries biology
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  • 61
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    Unbekannt
    Tehran University, Kish International Campus; Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: The Kirk's blenny (Alticus kirkii) is a species of combtooth blenny (family Blenniidae) in the genus Alticus. It is a tropical blenny. Adults are found in the intertidal zone of exposed rocky shores, often out of the water and down to around 2 m and often spend time out of the water. They are able to breathe air when on land. Air-breathing A. kirkii utilize both aquatic and terrestrial habitats. They actively shuttle back and forth between rock pools and air (skipper). During the day it emerges from the water to feed upon the algae growing in the splash zone on the rocks. Water contact exists only from waves splashing over the rocks. A. kirkii exhibits an amphibian lifestyle and meets the most extreme environmental conditions in concern. They are oviparous, and form distinct pairs when mating; they also guard their eggs. Eggs are demersal and adhesive, and are attached to the substrate via a filamentous, adhesive pad or pedestal. Larvae are planktonic, often found in shallow, coastal waters. The maximum total length of this species is 11 or 12 cm male/unsexed.
    Beschreibung: Unpublished
    Schlagwort(e): ASFA_2015::I::Identification ; ASFA_2015::D::Distribution ; Fisheries biology ; Location
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  • 62
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    Unbekannt
    Tehran University, Kish International Campus; Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: Plakobranchus ocellatus is a common inhabitant of shallow coral reef pools and lagoons. It is seldom seen as it is well-camouflaged, half buried in the coral sand. P. ocellatus lives in sheltered, shallow water habitats with stones or gravel and silt. Maximum length is 6-7 cm in Persian Gulf (Iran, Kish Island). It may seem puzzling that this slug has evolved a method of storing chloroplasts, but at the same time shades them from the sunlight which would allow them to photosynthesis and provide nourishment for the slug. It is a theory, which is totally untested, that P. ocellatus deliberately shades the chloroplasts from the bright tropical sun. Most chloroplasts have an optimal light intensity at which they photosynthesis. They can be "burnt out" if exposed to too much light. By covering the chloroplasts with the parapodia, P. ocellatus rather than cutting the chloroplasts off from light, is just reducing the light levels to a better level for photosynthesis. Active crawling and mating are often crepuscular with the animals spending much of the time both by day and night resting passively on the bottom with a fine layer of sand covering their bodies.
    Beschreibung: Unpublished
    Schlagwort(e): ASFA_2015::I::Identification ; ASFA_2015::D::Distribution ; Fisheries biology
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  • 63
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    Unbekannt
    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: Holothuria hilla is classified by IUCN Red List, it is belong to soft-bodied holothuroid, a nocturnal species and is found on inner reef flats, usually in seagrass beds or coral rubble, to depths of 3-20 m. During the day H. hilla can be found under coral rubble, emerging at night to feed.  Detritivorous deposit feeder.. During the day it was found under coral rubble, emerging at night to feed. Members of the class Holothuroidea are gonochoric and have only one gonad. H. hilla has asexual and sexual reproduction. This species is usually rare, it is likely that the species has proliferated on rarely site by asexual reproduction from a few specimens. Fission occurs year round, it appears to be more prevalent in cooler months. The sex of the specimen could not be determined in the indeterminate specimens. Spawning and fertilization are both external and some exhibit brooding. Embryos develop into planktotrophic larvae (auricularia) then into doliolaria (barrel-shaped stage) which later metamorphose into juvenile sea cucumbers. The biggest size observed 1.5 meter in Persian Gulf (Kish Island).
    Beschreibung: Unpublished
    Schlagwort(e): ASFA_2015::I::Identification ; ASFA_2015::D::Distribution ; Fisheries biology ; Echinodermata
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
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