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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
  • American Geophysical Union (AGU)
  • 2015-2019  (4.064)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1945-1949
  • 2016  (4.064)
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  • 2015-2019  (4.064)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1945-1949
Jahr
  • 101
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    [This Week in Science] Sparking greater blood loss (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-08
    Beschreibung: Author: Wei Wong
    Schlagwort(e): Physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 102
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    [Book Review] Master manipulators (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-08
    Beschreibung: In her new book, This Is Your Brain on Parasites, Kathleen McAuliffe examines the unusual and often dramatic ways that parasites and microbial manipulators can influence the behavior of their hosts, raising the question of how much control we have over our own behavior. After reading the book, you may come to the conclusion that it is actually far less than you once thought. Author: Shelley Adamo
    Schlagwort(e): Parasitology
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 103
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    [This Week in Science] Cartilage claims a permanent home (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-08
    Beschreibung: Author: Megan Frisk
    Schlagwort(e): Bone
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 104
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    [This Week in Science] Engineering T cells to treat autoimmunity (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-08
    Beschreibung: Author: Kristen L. Mueller
    Schlagwort(e): Immunotherapy
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    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 105
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    [This Week in Science] No turning back? (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-08
    Beschreibung: Author: Sacha Vignieri
    Schlagwort(e): Climate Change
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    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 106
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    [Letter] Mexico struggles to keep foreign grants (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-08
    Beschreibung: Authors: Christopher E. Ormsby, Santiago Ávila-Ríos, Gustavo Reyes-Terán
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    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 107
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    [Technical Comment] Comment on “Long-term climate forcing by atmospheric oxygen concentrations” (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-08
    Beschreibung: Poulsen et al. (Reports, 12 June 2015, p. 1238) argued that lower atmospheric oxygen levels during the Phanerozoic would have given a warmer climate. However, radiative and atmospheric structure changes under lower pressure both cause cooling, making their result unusual in that a hierarchy of models gives opposing results. Scrutiny of how radiative and cloud processes were represented, and a mechanistic explanation of the results, are required. Author: Colin Goldblatt
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 108
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    [This Week in Science] Location, location, S-acylation (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-08
    Beschreibung: Author: Pamela J. Hines
    Schlagwort(e): Plant Science
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    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 109
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    [This Week in Science] Dividing asymmetrically to fix muscle (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-08
    Beschreibung: Author: Beverly A. Purnell
    Schlagwort(e): Regeneration
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    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 110
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    [Editors' Choice] A viral blight on ocean sunshine sugars (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-08
    Beschreibung: Author: Guy Riddihough
    Schlagwort(e): Microbiology
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    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 111
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    [Editors' Choice] Even more pain in opioid treatment (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-08
    Beschreibung: Author: L. Bryan Ray
    Schlagwort(e): Neurobiology
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    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 112
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    [Editors' Choice] Silica surfaces send the heat away (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-08
    Beschreibung: Author: Brent Grocholski
    Schlagwort(e): Thermal Management
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 113
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    [Editors' Choice] Carboxylating stubborn alkyl chlorides (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-08
    Beschreibung: Author: Phil Szuromi
    Schlagwort(e): Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 114
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    [Editors' Choice] Breathing life into the antiviral response (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-08
    Beschreibung: Author: Kristen L. Mueller
    Schlagwort(e): Antiviral Immunity
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    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 115
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    [Editors' Choice] Genetics of the great migration (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-08
    Beschreibung: Author: LZ
    Schlagwort(e): Human Genetics
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 116
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    [Editors' Choice] How a particle gets its quantum kicks (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-08
    Beschreibung: Author: Ian S. Osborne
    Schlagwort(e): Quantum Optics
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    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 117
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    [Research Article] Asymmetric division of clonal muscle stem cells coordinates muscle regeneration in vivo (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-08
    Beschreibung: Skeletal muscle is an example of a tissue that deploys a self-renewing stem cell, the satellite cell, to effect regeneration. Recent in vitro studies have highlighted a role for asymmetric divisions in renewing rare “immortal” stem cells and generating a clonal population of differentiation-competent myoblasts. However, this model currently lacks in vivo validation. We define a zebrafish muscle stem cell population analogous to the mammalian satellite cell and image the entire process of muscle regeneration from injury to fiber replacement in vivo. This analysis reveals complex interactions between satellite cells and both injured and uninjured fibers and provides in vivo evidence for the asymmetric division of satellite cells driving both self-renewal and regeneration via a clonally restricted progenitor pool. Authors: David B. Gurevich, Phong Dang Nguyen, Ashley L. Siegel, Ophelia V. Ehrlich, Carmen Sonntag, Jennifer M. N. Phan, Silke Berger, Dhanushika Ratnayake, Lucy Hersey, Joachim Berger, Heather Verkade, Thomas E. Hall, Peter D. Currie
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 118
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    [This Week in Science] Separating one organic from another (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-08
    Beschreibung: Authors: Phil Szuromi, Marc S. Lavine
    Schlagwort(e): Microporous Networks
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 119
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    [Report] Pore chemistry and size control in hybrid porous materials for acetylene capture from ethylene (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-08
    Beschreibung: The trade-off between physical adsorption capacity and selectivity of porous materials is a major barrier for efficient gas separation and purification through physisorption. We report control over pore chemistry and size in metal coordination networks with hexafluorosilicate and organic linkers for the purpose of preferential binding and orderly assembly of acetylene molecules through cooperative host-guest and/or guest-guest interactions. The specific binding sites for acetylene are validated by modeling and neutron powder diffraction studies. The energies associated with these binding interactions afford high adsorption capacity (2.1 millimoles per gram at 0.025 bar) and selectivity (39.7 to 44.8) for acetylene at ambient conditions. Their efficiency for the separation of acetylene/ethylene mixtures is demonstrated by experimental breakthrough curves (0.73 millimoles per gram from a 1/99 mixture). Authors: Xili Cui, Kaijie Chen, Huabin Xing, Qiwei Yang, Rajamani Krishna, Zongbi Bao, Hui Wu, Wei Zhou, Xinglong Dong, Yu Han, Bin Li, Qilong Ren, Michael J. Zaworotko, Banglin Chen
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 120
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    [This Week in Science] Swim into the light (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-08
    Beschreibung: Author: Phil Szuromi
    Schlagwort(e): Robotics
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 121
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    [Report] A metal-organic framework–based splitter for separating propylene from propane (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-08
    Beschreibung: The chemical industry is dependent on the olefin/paraffin separation, which is mainly accomplished by using energy-intensive processes. We report the use of reticular chemistry for the fabrication of a chemically stable fluorinated metal-organic framework (MOF) material (NbOFFIVE-1-Ni, also referred to as KAUST-7). The bridging of Ni(II)-pyrazine square-grid layers with (NbOF5)2– pillars afforded the construction of a three-dimensional MOF, enclosing a periodic array of fluoride anions in contracted square-shaped channels. The judiciously selected bulkier (NbOF5)2– caused the looked-for hindrance of the previously free-rotating pyrazine moieties, delimiting the pore system and dictating the pore aperture size and its maximum opening. The restricted MOF window resulted in the selective molecular exclusion of propane from propylene at atmospheric pressure, as evidenced through multiple cyclic mixed-gas adsorption and calorimetric studies. Authors: A. Cadiau, K. Adil, P. M. Bhatt, Y. Belmabkhout, M. Eddaoudi
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 122
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    [This Week in Science] Resolving a network of hubs (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-08
    Beschreibung: Author: Barbara R. Jasny
    Schlagwort(e): Network Science
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 123
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    [This Week in Science] In situ vaccine production and delivery (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-08
    Beschreibung: Author: Philip Yeagle
    Schlagwort(e): Vaccination
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 124
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    [This Week in Science] Going with the flow (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-08
    Beschreibung: Author: Stella M. Hurtley
    Schlagwort(e): Neurophysiology
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 125
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    [This Week in Science] Olefins enlisted to attack ketones (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-08
    Beschreibung: Author: Jake Yeston
    Schlagwort(e): Organic Chemistry
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 126
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    [Report] Phototactic guidance of a tissue-engineered soft-robotic ray (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-08
    Beschreibung: Inspired by the relatively simple morphological blueprint provided by batoid fish such as stingrays and skates, we created a biohybrid system that enables an artificial animal—a tissue-engineered ray—to swim and phototactically follow a light cue. By patterning dissociated rat cardiomyocytes on an elastomeric body enclosing a microfabricated gold skeleton, we replicated fish morphology at 110 scale and captured basic fin deflection patterns of batoid fish. Optogenetics allows for phototactic guidance, steering, and turning maneuvers. Optical stimulation induced sequential muscle activation via serpentine-patterned muscle circuits, leading to coordinated undulatory swimming. The speed and direction of the ray was controlled by modulating light frequency and by independently eliciting right and left fins, allowing the biohybrid machine to maneuver through an obstacle course. Authors: Sung-Jin Park, Mattia Gazzola, Kyung Soo Park, Shirley Park, Valentina Di Santo, Erin L. Blevins, Johan U. Lind, Patrick H. Campbell, Stephanie Dauth, Andrew K. Capulli, Francesco S. Pasqualini, Seungkuk Ahn, Alexander Cho, Hongyan Yuan, Ben M. Maoz, Ragu Vijaykumar, Jeong-Woo Choi, Karl Deisseroth, George V. Lauder, L. Mahadevan, Kevin Kit Parker
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 127
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    [Report] Copper-catalyzed asymmetric addition of olefin-derived nucleophiles to ketones (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-08
    Beschreibung: Enantioenriched alcohols found in an array of bioactive natural products and pharmaceutical agents are often synthesized by asymmetric nucleophilic addition to carbonyls. However, this approach generally shows limited functional-group compatibility, requiring the use of preformed organometallic reagents in conjunction with a stoichiometric or substoichiometric amount of chiral controller to deliver optically active alcohols. Herein we report a copper-catalyzed strategy for the stereoselective nucleophilic addition of propargylic and other alkyl groups to ketones, using easily accessible (poly)unsaturated hydrocarbons as latent carbanion equivalents. Our method features the catalytic generation of highly enantioenriched organocopper intermediates and their subsequent diastereoselective addition to ketones, allowing for the effective construction of highly substituted stereochemical dyads with excellent stereocontrol. Moreover, this process is general, scalable, and occurs at ambient temperature. Authors: Yang Yang, Ian B. Perry, Gang Lu, Peng Liu, Stephen L. Buchwald
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    [Report] S-Acylation of the cellulose synthase complex is essential for its plasma membrane localization (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-08
    Beschreibung: Plant cellulose microfibrils are synthesized by a process that propels the cellulose synthase complex (CSC) through the plane of the plasma membrane. How interactions between membranes and the CSC are regulated is currently unknown. Here, we demonstrate that all catalytic subunits of the CSC, known as cellulose synthase A (CESA) proteins, are S-acylated. Analysis of Arabidopsis CESA7 reveals four cysteines in variable region 2 (VR2) and two cysteines at the carboxy terminus (CT) as S-acylation sites. Mutating both the VR2 and CT cysteines permits CSC assembly and trafficking to the Golgi but prevents localization to the plasma membrane. Estimates suggest that a single CSC contains more than 100 S-acyl groups, which greatly increase the hydrophobic nature of the CSC and likely influence its immediate membrane environment. Authors: Manoj Kumar, Raymond Wightman, Ivan Atanassov, Anjali Gupta, Charlotte H. Hurst, Piers A. Hemsley, Simon Turner
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    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    [Report] Cilia-based flow network in the brain ventricles (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-08
    Beschreibung: Cerebrospinal fluid conveys many physiologically important signaling factors through the ventricular cavities of the brain. We investigated the transport of cerebrospinal fluid in the third ventricle of the mouse brain and discovered a highly organized pattern of cilia modules, which collectively give rise to a network of fluid flows that allows for precise transport within this ventricle. We also discovered a cilia-based switch that reliably and periodically alters the flow pattern so as to create a dynamic subdivision that may control substance distribution in the third ventricle. Complex flow patterns were also present in the third ventricles of rats and pigs. Our work suggests that ciliated epithelia can generate and maintain complex, spatiotemporally regulated flow networks. Authors: Regina Faubel, Christian Westendorf, Eberhard Bodenschatz, Gregor Eichele
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    [Report] Thermally stable single-atom platinum-on-ceria catalysts via atom trapping (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-08
    Beschreibung: Catalysts based on single atoms of scarce precious metals can lead to more efficient use through enhanced reactivity and selectivity. However, single atoms on catalyst supports can be mobile and aggregate into nanoparticles when heated at elevated temperatures. High temperatures are detrimental to catalyst performance unless these mobile atoms can be trapped. We used ceria powders having similar surface areas but different exposed surface facets. When mixed with a platinum/aluminum oxide catalyst and aged in air at 800°C, the platinum transferred to the ceria and was trapped. Polyhedral ceria and nanorods were more effective than ceria cubes at anchoring the platinum. Performing synthesis at high temperatures ensures that only the most stable binding sites are occupied, yielding a sinter-resistant, atomically dispersed catalyst. Authors: John Jones, Haifeng Xiong, Andrew T. DeLaRiva, Eric J. Peterson, Hien Pham, Sivakumar R. Challa, Gongshin Qi, Se Oh, Michelle H. Wiebenga, Xavier Isidro Pereira Hernández, Yong Wang, Abhaya K. Datye
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    [Report] Tail use improves performance on soft substrates in models of early vertebrate land locomotors (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-08
    Beschreibung: In the evolutionary transition from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment, early tetrapods faced the challenges of terrestrial locomotion on flowable substrates, such as sand and mud of variable stiffness and incline. The morphology and range of motion of appendages can be revealed in fossils; however, biological and robophysical studies of modern taxa have shown that movement on such substrates can be sensitive to small changes in appendage use. Using a biological model (the mudskipper), a physical robot model, granular drag measurements, and theoretical tools from geometric mechanics, we demonstrate how tail use can improve robustness to variable limb use and substrate conditions. We hypothesize that properly coordinated tail movements could have provided a substantial benefit for the earliest vertebrates to move on land. Authors: Benjamin McInroe, Henry C. Astley, Chaohui Gong, Sandy M. Kawano, Perrin E. Schiebel, Jennifer M. Rieser, Howie Choset, Richard W. Blob, Daniel I. Goldman
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 132
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    [Report] Higher-order organization of complex networks (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-08
    Beschreibung: Networks are a fundamental tool for understanding and modeling complex systems in physics, biology, neuroscience, engineering, and social science. Many networks are known to exhibit rich, lower-order connectivity patterns that can be captured at the level of individual nodes and edges. However, higher-order organization of complex networks—at the level of small network subgraphs—remains largely unknown. Here, we develop a generalized framework for clustering networks on the basis of higher-order connectivity patterns. This framework provides mathematical guarantees on the optimality of obtained clusters and scales to networks with billions of edges. The framework reveals higher-order organization in a number of networks, including information propagation units in neuronal networks and hub structure in transportation networks. Results show that networks exhibit rich higher-order organizational structures that are exposed by clustering based on higher-order connectivity patterns. Authors: Austin R. Benson, David F. Gleich, Jure Leskovec
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    [Report] Reengineering chimeric antigen receptor T cells for targeted therapy of autoimmune disease (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-08
    Beschreibung: Ideally, therapy for autoimmune diseases should eliminate pathogenic autoimmune cells while sparing protective immunity, but feasible strategies for such an approach have been elusive. Here, we show that in the antibody-mediated autoimmune disease pemphigus vulgaris (PV), autoantigen-based chimeric immunoreceptors can direct T cells to kill autoreactive B lymphocytes through the specificity of the B cell receptor (BCR). We engineered human T cells to express a chimeric autoantibody receptor (CAAR), consisting of the PV autoantigen, desmoglein (Dsg) 3, fused to CD137-CD3ζ signaling domains. Dsg3 CAAR-T cells exhibit specific cytotoxicity against cells expressing anti-Dsg3 BCRs in vitro and expand, persist, and specifically eliminate Dsg3-specific B cells in vivo. CAAR-T cells may provide an effective and universal strategy for specific targeting of autoreactive B cells in antibody-mediated autoimmune disease. Authors: Christoph T. Ellebrecht, Vijay G. Bhoj, Arben Nace, Eun Jung Choi, Xuming Mao, Michael Jeffrey Cho, Giovanni Di Zenzo, Antonio Lanzavecchia, John T. Seykora, George Cotsarelis, Michael C. Milone, Aimee S. Payne
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    [New Products] New Products (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-08
    Beschreibung: A weekly roundup of information on newly offered instrumentation, apparatus, and laboratory materials of potential interest to researchers.
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    [Report] Structural basis for membrane anchoring of HIV-1 envelope spike (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-08
    Beschreibung: HIV-1 envelope spike (Env) is a type I membrane protein that mediates viral entry. We used nuclear magnetic resonance to determine an atomic structure of the transmembrane (TM) domain of HIV-1 Env reconstituted in bicelles that mimic a lipid bilayer. The TM forms a well-ordered trimer that protects a conserved membrane-embedded arginine. An amino-terminal coiled-coil and a carboxyl-terminal hydrophilic core stabilize the trimer. Individual mutations of conserved residues did not disrupt the TM trimer and minimally affected membrane fusion and infectivity. Major changes in the hydrophilic core, however, altered the antibody sensitivity of Env. These results show how a TM domain anchors, stabilizes, and modulates a viral envelope spike and suggest that its influence on Env conformation is an important consideration for HIV-1 immunogen design. Authors: Jyoti Dev, Donghyun Park, Qingshan Fu, Jia Chen, Heather Jiwon Ha, Fadi Ghantous, Tobias Herrmann, Weiting Chang, Zhijun Liu, Gary Frey, Michael S. Seaman, Bing Chen, James J. Chou
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    [Working Life] The questions that opened doors (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-08
    Beschreibung: Author: Carlos A. Aguilar-Trigueros
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Organic core-sheath nanowire artificial synapses with femtojoule energy consumption (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-19
    Beschreibung: Emulation of biological synapses is an important step toward construction of large-scale brain-inspired electronics. Despite remarkable progress in emulating synaptic functions, current synaptic devices still consume energy that is orders of magnitude greater than do biological synapses (~10 fJ per synaptic event). Reduction of energy consumption of artificial synapses remains a difficult challenge. We report organic nanowire (ONW) synaptic transistors (STs) that emulate the important working principles of a biological synapse. The ONWs emulate the morphology of nerve fibers. With a core-sheath–structured ONW active channel and a well-confined 300-nm channel length obtained using ONW lithography, ~1.23 fJ per synaptic event for individual ONW was attained, which rivals that of biological synapses. The ONW STs provide a significant step toward realizing low-energy–consuming artificial intelligent electronics and open new approaches to assembling soft neuromorphic systems with nanometer feature size.
    Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 138
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    Edge-selenated graphene nanoplatelets as durable metal-free catalysts for iodine reduction reaction in dye-sensitized solar cells (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-19
    Beschreibung: Metal-free carbon-based electrocatalysts for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are sufficiently active in Co(II)/Co(III) electrolytes but are not satisfactory in the most commonly used iodide/triiodide (I – /I 3 – ) electrolytes. Thus, developing active and stable metal-free electrocatalysts in both electrolytes is one of the most important issues in DSSC research. We report the synthesis of edge-selenated graphene nanoplatelets (SeGnPs) prepared by a simple mechanochemical reaction between graphite and selenium (Se) powders, and their application to the counter electrode (CE) for DSSCs in both I – /I 3 – and Co(II)/Co(III) electrolytes. The edge-selective doping and the preservation of the pristine graphene basal plane in the SeGnPs were confirmed by various analytical techniques, including atomic-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Tested as the DSSC CE in both Co(bpy) 3 2+/3+ (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) and I – /I 3 – electrolytes, the SeGnP-CEs exhibited outstanding electrocatalytic performance with ultimately high stability. The SeGnP-CE–based DSSCs displayed a higher photovoltaic performance than did the Pt-CE–based DSSCs in both SM315 sensitizer with Co(bpy) 3 2+/3+ and N719 sensitizer with I – /I 3 – electrolytes. Furthermore, the I 3 – reduction mechanism, which has not been fully understood in carbon-based CE materials to date, was clarified by an electrochemical kinetics study combined with density functional theory and nonequilibrium Green’s function calculations.
    Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    A highly shape-adaptive, stretchable design based on conductive liquid for energy harvesting and self-powered biomechanical monitoring (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-19
    Beschreibung: The rapid growth of deformable and stretchable electronics calls for a deformable and stretchable power source. We report a scalable approach for energy harvesters and self-powered sensors that can be highly deformable and stretchable. With conductive liquid contained in a polymer cover, a shape-adaptive triboelectric nanogenerator (saTENG) unit can effectively harvest energy in various working modes. The saTENG can maintain its performance under a strain of as large as 300%. The saTENG is so flexible that it can be conformed to any three-dimensional and curvilinear surface. We demonstrate applications of the saTENG as a wearable power source and self-powered sensor to monitor biomechanical motion. A bracelet-like saTENG worn on the wrist can light up more than 80 light-emitting diodes. Owing to the highly scalable manufacturing process, the saTENG can be easily applied for large-area energy harvesting. In addition, the saTENG can be extended to extract energy from mechanical motion using flowing water as the electrode. This approach provides a new prospect for deformable and stretchable power sources, as well as self-powered sensors, and has potential applications in various areas such as robotics, biomechanics, physiology, kinesiology, and entertainment.
    Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Efficient and selective degradation of polyethylenes into liquid fuels and waxes under mild conditions (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-19
    Beschreibung: Polyethylene (PE) is the largest-volume synthetic polymer, and its chemical inertness makes its degradation by low-energy processes a challenging problem. We report a tandem catalytic cross alkane metathesis method for highly efficient degradation of polyethylenes under mild conditions. With the use of widely available, low-value, short alkanes (for example, petroleum ethers) as cross metathesis partners, different types of polyethylenes with various molecular weights undergo complete conversion into useful liquid fuels and waxes. This method shows excellent selectivity for linear alkane formation, and the degradation product distribution (liquid fuels versus waxes) can be controlled by the catalyst structure and reaction time. In addition, the catalysts are compatible with various polyolefin additives; therefore, common plastic wastes, such as postconsumer polyethylene bottles, bags, and films could be converted into valuable chemical feedstocks without any pretreatment.
    Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 141
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    Efficient solar-driven water splitting by nanocone BiVO4-perovskite tandem cells (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-19
    Beschreibung: Bismuth vanadate (BiVO 4 ) has been widely regarded as a promising photoanode material for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting because of its low cost, its high stability against photocorrosion, and its relatively narrow band gap of 2.4 eV. However, the achieved performance of the BiVO 4 photoanode remains unsatisfactory to date because its short carrier diffusion length restricts the total thickness of the BiVO 4 film required for sufficient light absorption. We addressed the issue by deposition of nanoporous Mo-doped BiVO 4 (Mo:BiVO 4 ) on an engineered cone-shaped nanostructure, in which the Mo:BiVO 4 layer with a larger effective thickness maintains highly efficient charge separation and high light absorption capability, which can be further enhanced by multiple light scattering in the nanocone structure. As a result, the nanocone/Mo:BiVO 4 /Fe(Ni)OOH photoanode exhibits a high water-splitting photocurrent of 5.82 ± 0.36 mA cm –2 at 1.23 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode under 1-sun illumination. We also demonstrate that the PEC cell in tandem with a single perovskite solar cell exhibits unassisted water splitting with a solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency of up to 6.2%.
    Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Synergistic roles of climate warming and human occupation in Patagonian megafaunal extinctions during the Last Deglaciation (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-19
    Beschreibung: The causes of Late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions (60,000 to 11,650 years ago, hereafter 60 to 11.65 ka) remain contentious, with major phases coinciding with both human arrival and climate change around the world. The Americas provide a unique opportunity to disentangle these factors as human colonization took place over a narrow time frame (~15 to 14.6 ka) but during contrasting temperature trends across each continent. Unfortunately, limited data sets in South America have so far precluded detailed comparison. We analyze genetic and radiocarbon data from 89 and 71 Patagonian megafaunal bones, respectively, more than doubling the high-quality Pleistocene megafaunal radiocarbon data sets from the region. We identify a narrow megafaunal extinction phase 12,280 ± 110 years ago, some 1 to 3 thousand years after initial human presence in the area. Although humans arrived immediately prior to a cold phase, the Antarctic Cold Reversal stadial, megafaunal extinctions did not occur until the stadial finished and the subsequent warming phase commenced some 1 to 3 thousand years later. The increased resolution provided by the Patagonian material reveals that the sequence of climate and extinction events in North and South America were temporally inverted, but in both cases, megafaunal extinctions did not occur until human presence and climate warming coincided. Overall, metapopulation processes involving subpopulation connectivity on a continental scale appear to have been critical for megafaunal species survival of both climate change and human impacts.
    Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Oil droplet self-transportation on oleophobic surfaces (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-19
    Beschreibung: Directional liquid transportation is important for a variety of biological processes and technical applications. Although surface engineering through asymmetric chemical modification or geometrical patterning facilitates effective liquid manipulation and enables water droplet self-transportation on synthetic surfaces, self-transportation of oil droplets poses a major challenge because of their low surface tension. We report oil droplet self-transportation on oleophobic surfaces that are microtextured with radial arrays of undercut stripes. More significantly, we observe three modes of oil motion on various sample surfaces, namely, inward transportation, pinned, and outward spreading, which can be switched by the structure parameters, including stripe intersection angle and width. Accompanying theoretical modeling provides an in-depth mechanistic understanding of the structure–droplet motion relationship. Finally, we reveal how to optimize the texture parameters to maximize oil droplet self-transportation capability and demonstrate spontaneous droplet movement for liquids down to a surface tension of 22.4 mN/m. The surfaces presented here open up new avenues for power-free liquid transportation and oil contamination self-removal applications in various analytical and fluidic devices.
    Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Tunable room-temperature spin-selective optical Stark effect in solution-processed layered halide perovskites (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-19
    Beschreibung: Ultrafast spin manipulation for opto–spin logic applications requires material systems that have strong spin-selective light-matter interaction. Conventional inorganic semiconductor nanostructures [for example, epitaxial II to VI quantum dots and III to V multiple quantum wells (MQWs) are considered forerunners but encounter challenges such as lattice matching and cryogenic cooling requirements. Two-dimensional halide perovskite semiconductors, combining intrinsic tunable MQW structures and large oscillator strengths with facile solution processability, can offer breakthroughs in this area. We demonstrate novel room-temperature, strong ultrafast spin-selective optical Stark effect in solution-processed (C 6 H 4 FC 2 H 4 NH 3 ) 2 PbI 4 perovskite thin films. Exciton spin states are selectively tuned by ~6.3 meV using circularly polarized optical pulses without any external photonic cavity (that is, corresponding to a Rabi energy of ~55 meV and equivalent to applying a 70-T magnetic field), which is much larger than any conventional system. The facile halide and organic replacement in these perovskites affords control of the dielectric confinement and thus presents a straightforward strategy for tuning light-matter coupling strength.
    Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    [Editorial] Fast horses (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: Those who know me well appreciate my passion for fast horses—those with spirit and stamina, as well as speed. And thus I devote my final words as editor-in-chief of the Science journals to the incredible team of thoroughbreds who accomplished more in a short time than I ever thought was possible. The changes that have come to the publishing enterprise at the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS, the publisher of Science journals) have touched all facets of what we do and how we deliver it to our readers. Author: Marcia McNutt
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    [In Depth] High-profile cancer reviews trigger controversy (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: On 15 June, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), released a statement concluding there isn't enough evidence to say that coffee causes cancer, but that very hot beverages are probably carcinogenic. IARC, the cancer research arm of the World Health Organization, has released verdicts on the human carcinogenicity of almost a thousand products and environmental factors since 1972, from plutonium and shift work to coffee and processed meat. The reviews, produced primarily for regulatory agencies, have come under fire from scientists who say that they are confusing and of little help to consumers, and that IARC's focus on cancer hazards instead of risks is outdated. Author: Kai Kupferschmidt
    Schlagwort(e): Epidemiology
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    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    [In Depth] Step aside, E. coli (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: Escherichia coli has long been the bacterium of choice for laboratory experiments, but geneticist George Church and his team are hoping to save scientists time by getting them to use a faster-reproducing model organism. Vibrio natriegens is a salt marsh organism with a doubling time of as little as 10 minutes—twice the fastest time for E. coli. Church's team has released the first complete genome of V. natriegens, and hope to make it a "drop-in, turnkey alternative" to E. coli for future research. Biologists see questions still to be resolved about V. natriegens, but are cautiously optimistic about its potential. Author: Ben Panko
    Schlagwort(e): Biology
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    [In Depth] Beleaguered phage therapy trial presses on (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: In the face of rising antibiotic resistance, many researchers hope that bacteria-killing viruses known as phages—long available to patients in Eastern Europe—will offer patients in the West with dangerous infections an alternative treatment. A European clinical trial envisioned as the first large-scale test of phages under modern regulatory standards was expected to have results this summer. But after a series of delays, the trial, known as PhagoBurn, has been forced to shrink in size and scope. Now, it's racing to recruit patients and produce results by early next year. The project may blaze a path for future products to seek market approval, but it also illustrates some of the many obstacles they'll face in demonstrating that phages are safe and effective. Author: Kelly Servick
    Schlagwort(e): Drug Development
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    [Feature] Polar explorer (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: It is now widely accepted that many animals sense Earth's magnetic field and use it for navigation, and researchers are getting ever closer to the cellular foundations of magnetoreception. But what about humans? Researchers in Tokyo and Pasadena, California, think they have found glimmers of a vestigial sense. Screening out electromagnetic noise, and applying weak magnetic fields on human subjects in a dark, metal box, the researchers think they have found brain waves that signal a passive response to the fields. But as with many things in the colorful history of magnetoreception research, only time will tell if the results hold up. Author: Eric Hand
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    [Perspective] Our driverless dilemma (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: Suppose that a driverless car is headed toward five pedestrians. It can stay on course and kill them or swerve into a concrete wall, killing its passenger. On page 1573 of this issue, Bonnefon et al. (1) explore this social dilemma in a series of clever survey experiments. They show that people generally approve of cars programmed to minimize the total amount of harm, even at the expense of their passengers, but are not enthusiastic about riding in such “utilitarian” cars—that is, autonomous vehicles that are, in certain emergency situations, programmed to sacrifice their passengers for the greater good. Such dilemmas may arise infrequently, but once millions of autonomous vehicles are on the road, the improbable becomes probable, perhaps even inevitable. And even if such cases never arise, autonomous vehicles must be programmed to handle them. How should they be programmed? And who should decide? Author: Joshua D. Greene
    Schlagwort(e): Ethics
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 151
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    [Perspective] Corals' microbial sentinels (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: In 2005, Pandolfi et al. (1) asked whether U.S. coral reefs would in the future be overgrown and dominated by algae as a result of rapid change in the marine environment. Over a decade later, an increasing number of reefs worldwide have declined, and severe and lasting environmental changes are altering the composition of coral reefs that were once pristine and resilient. In the past 2 years, many reefs around the world have suffered from repeated bleaching (see the photo) as a result of high water temperatures caused by a strong El Niño event combined with climate change. Corals that survive the multiple impacts of climate change and local disturbance will form the basis of future reefs that will differ in fundamental ways from those considered healthy today (2). Changes to the coral microbiome on these reefs will play a vital part in future coral reef health (see the figure). Authors: Tracy D. Ainsworth, Ruth D. Gates
    Schlagwort(e): Ocean Biology
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 152
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    [Perspective] When the universe became dusty (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: Observations of the most distant galaxies known are now reaching into the epoch when the first generations of stars were being formed. As stars are the main factories of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium, one also expects to see a reduced abundance of these heavy elements and of the dust that condenses out of them. Recent observations of galaxies within 1 billion years of the Big Bang have shown that the far-infrared (far-IR) emission from dust in these galaxies indeed becomes fainter. Also, the usually strong far-IR emission line from ionized carbon remains undetected in an increasing number of galaxies of redshift z 〉 7 (1–3). Hence, it has been assumed that detailed studies of the interstellar medium (ISM) in these galaxies will be very challenging, even with the powerful Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). On page 1559 of this issue, Inoue et al. (4) detect doubly ionized oxygen at a rest wavelength of 88 µm from a galaxy at z = 7.2, where neither dust nor ionized carbon was detected. The oxygen to far-ultraviolet luminosity ratio in this galaxy is similar to nearby dwarf galaxies with an oxygen abundance of 10 to 60% that of the Sun (5), which suggests that some substantial chemical enrichment has already occurred. However, the similarities stop there; in dwarf galaxies, the dust and ionized carbon lines are not as faint. It appears that the dust in this young galaxy may not have formed yet, or that it was destroyed, for example, by supernova shock waves. Author: Carlos De Breuck
    Schlagwort(e): Astronomy
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 153
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    [Book Review] Making babies (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: Two authors have recently sought to enlighten readers on the topic of advances in reproductive technologies: Paul S. Knoepfler, a prolific blogger and well-known stem cell researcher at the University of California, Davis, and Henry T. Greely, professor of law at Stanford University and director of the Center for Law and the Biosciences. Knoepfler's GMO Sapiens is a down-to-earth introduction to the human use of new genetic technologies. An easy and enjoyable read, the book is targeted to an audience that has a general interest in, but perhaps a minimal understanding of, science. Readers looking for a more in-depth analysis of human genome modifications and reproductive technologies and their legal and ethical implications are encouraged to consider picking up Greely's The End of Sex and the Future of Human Reproduction. Greely's breezy first-person narrative belies the extraordinary depth and impressive quality of information provided, both scientific and legal. Author: Dov Greenbaum
    Schlagwort(e): Human Reproduction
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 154
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    [Feature] What and where are the body's magnetometers? (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: Exactly how animals—and maybe humans—sense Earth's magnetic field is still a mystery. There are two rival explanations, one based on the mineral magnetite working as a mechanical sensor, and another based on the protein cryptochrome as a chemical sensor. Magnetite has turned up in many animal tissues and would provide the sensitivity necessary to respond to minute changes in Earth's field strength, as some animals appear to do. But magnetite could also be a metabolic byproduct. Cryptochrome has been found in the retina and, through a complex series of quantum chemical reactions, it could be a magnetically sensitive neural gatekeeper. But questions remain about its ability to provide a refined, precise compass. Author: Eric Hand
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 155
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    [This Week in Science] Making error-free DNA from RNA (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: Author: Guy Riddihough
    Schlagwort(e): Biochemistry
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 156
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    [This Week in Science] Mind the mobilities (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: Author: Phil Szuromi
    Schlagwort(e): Organic Devices
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 157
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    [This Week in Science] Nanoparticles restore tolerance (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: Author: John F. Foley
    Schlagwort(e): Immunology
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    [This Week in Science] Bosons refusing to thermalize in 2D (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: Author: Jelena Stajic
    Schlagwort(e): Quantum Simulation
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 159
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    [This Week in Science] Simplifying DNA origami design (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: Author: Phil Szuromi
    Schlagwort(e): DNA Nanotechnology
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 160
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    [Editors' Choice] Disease information-seeking behavior (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: Author: Caroline Ash
    Schlagwort(e): Infectious Disease
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 161
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    [This Week in Science] Single-nucleus gene expression (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: Author: Laura M. Zahn
    Schlagwort(e): Neurogenomics
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 162
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    [Editors' Choice] Can a red dwarf host a habitable planet? (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: Author: Keith T. Smith
    Schlagwort(e): Extrasolar Planets
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 163
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    [This Week in Science] Codes of conduct in autonomous vehicles (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: Author: Barbara R. Jasny
    Schlagwort(e): Driving Ethics
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 164
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    [Editors' Choice] From the green glow to the deep tunnel (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: Author: Jake Yeston
    Schlagwort(e): Biophysics
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 165
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    [Editors' Choice] Exploring the human proteome (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: Author: Valda Vinson
    Schlagwort(e): cell Biology
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 166
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    [Research Article] Atomic structure of Hsp90-Cdc37-Cdk4 reveals that Hsp90 traps and stabilizes an unfolded kinase (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: The Hsp90 molecular chaperone and its Cdc37 cochaperone help stabilize and activate more than half of the human kinome. However, both the mechanism by which these chaperones assist their “client” kinases and the reason why some kinases are addicted to Hsp90 while closely related family members are independent are unknown. Our structural understanding of these interactions is lacking, as no full-length structures of human Hsp90, Cdc37, or either of these proteins with a kinase have been elucidated. Here we report a 3.9 angstrom cryo–electron microscopy structure of the Hsp90-Cdc37-Cdk4 kinase complex. Surprisingly, the two lobes of Cdk4 are completely separated with the β4-β5 sheet unfolded. Cdc37 mimics part of the kinase N lobe, stabilizing an open kinase conformation by wedging itself between the two lobes. Finally, Hsp90 clamps around the unfolded kinase β5 strand and interacts with exposed N- and C-lobe interfaces, protecting the kinase in a trapped unfolded state. On the basis of this structure and an extensive amount of previously collected data, we propose unifying conceptual and mechanistic models of chaperone-kinase interactions. Authors: Kliment A. Verba, Ray Yu-Ruei Wang, Akihiko Arakawa, Yanxin Liu, Mikako Shirouzu, Shigeyuki Yokoyama, David A. Agard
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    [Report] Identification of an NKX3.1-G9a-UTY transcriptional regulatory network that controls prostate differentiation (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: The NKX3.1 homeobox gene plays essential roles in prostate differentiation and prostate cancer. We show that loss of function of Nkx3.1 in mouse prostate results in down-regulation of genes that are essential for prostate differentiation, as well as up-regulation of genes that are not normally expressed in prostate. Conversely, gain of function of Nkx3.1 in an otherwise fully differentiated nonprostatic mouse epithelium (seminal vesicle) is sufficient for respecification to prostate in renal grafts in vivo. In human prostate cells, these activities require the interaction of NKX3.1 with the G9a histone methyltransferase via the homeodomain and are mediated by activation of target genes such as UTY (KDM6c), the male-specific paralog of UTX (KDM6a). We propose that an NKX3.1-G9a-UTY transcriptional regulatory network is essential for prostate differentiation, and we speculate that disruption of such a network predisposes to prostate cancer. Authors: Aditya Dutta, Clémentine Le Magnen, Antonina Mitrofanova, Xuesong Ouyang, Andrea Califano, Cory Abate-Shen
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 168
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    [Editors' Choice] Macrophages moonlight in brain bleeds (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: Author: Beverly A. Purnell
    Schlagwort(e): Vascular Repair
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 169
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    [Research Article] Designer nanoscale DNA assemblies programmed from the top down (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: Scaffolded DNA origami is a versatile means of synthesizing complex molecular architectures. However, the approach is limited by the need to forward-design specific Watson-Crick base pairing manually for any given target structure. Here, we report a general, top-down strategy to design nearly arbitrary DNA architectures autonomously based only on target shape. Objects are represented as closed surfaces rendered as polyhedral networks of parallel DNA duplexes, which enables complete DNA scaffold routing with a spanning tree algorithm. The asymmetric polymerase chain reaction is applied to produce stable, monodisperse assemblies with custom scaffold length and sequence that are verified structurally in three dimensions to be high fidelity by single-particle cryo-electron microscopy. Their long-term stability in serum and low-salt buffer confirms their utility for biological as well as nonbiological applications. Authors: Rémi Veneziano, Sakul Ratanalert, Kaiming Zhang, Fei Zhang, Hao Yan, Wah Chiu, Mark Bathe
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 170
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    [Report] Synthetic evolutionary origin of a proofreading reverse transcriptase (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: Most reverse transcriptase (RT) enzymes belong to a single protein family of ancient evolutionary origin. These polymerases are inherently error prone, owing to their lack of a proofreading (3′- 5′ exonuclease) domain. To determine if the lack of proofreading is a historical coincidence or a functional limitation of reverse transcription, we attempted to evolve a high-fidelity, thermostable DNA polymerase to use RNA templates efficiently. The evolutionarily distinct reverse transcription xenopolymerase (RTX) actively proofreads on DNA and RNA templates, which greatly improves RT fidelity. In addition, RTX enables applications such as single-enzyme reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction and direct RNA sequencing without complementary DNA isolation. The creation of RTX confirms that proofreading is compatible with reverse transcription. Authors: Jared W. Ellefson, Jimmy Gollihar, Raghav Shroff, Haridha Shivram, Vishwanath R. Iyer, Andrew D. Ellington
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 171
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    [Research Article] A sentinel goblet cell guards the colonic crypt by triggering Nlrp6-dependent Muc2 secretion (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: Innate immune signaling pathways contribute to the protection of host tissue when bacterially challenged. Colonic goblet cells are responsible for generating the two mucus layers that physically separate the luminal microbiota from the host epithelium. Analysis of colonic tissues from multiple mouse strains allowed us to identify a “sentinel” goblet cell (senGC) localized to the colonic crypt entrance. This cell nonspecifically endocytoses and reacts to the TLR2/1, TLR4, and TLR5 ligands by activating the Nlrp6 inflammasome downstream of TLR- and MyD88-dependent Nox/Duox reactive oxygen species synthesis. This triggers calcium ion–dependent compound exocytosis of Muc2 mucin from the senGC and generates an intercellular gap junction signal; in turn, this signal induces Muc2 secretion from adjacent goblet cells in the upper crypt, which expels bacteria. Thus, senGCs guard and protect the colonic crypt from bacterial intruders that have penetrated the inner mucus layer. Authors: George M. H. Birchenough, Elisabeth E. L. Nyström, Malin E. V. Johansson, Gunnar C. Hansson
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 172
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    [Report] Neuronal subtypes and diversity revealed by single-nucleus RNA sequencing of the human brain (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: The human brain has enormously complex cellular diversity and connectivities fundamental to our neural functions, yet difficulties in interrogating individual neurons has impeded understanding of the underlying transcriptional landscape. We developed a scalable approach to sequence and quantify RNA molecules in isolated neuronal nuclei from a postmortem brain, generating 3227 sets of single-neuron data from six distinct regions of the cerebral cortex. Using an iterative clustering and classification approach, we identified 16 neuronal subtypes that were further annotated on the basis of known markers and cortical cytoarchitecture. These data demonstrate a robust and scalable method for identifying and categorizing single nuclear transcriptomes, revealing shared genes sufficient to distinguish previously unknown and orthologous neuronal subtypes as well as regional identity and transcriptomic heterogeneity within the human brain. Authors: Blue B. Lake, Rizi Ai, Gwendolyn E. Kaeser, Neeraj S. Salathia, Yun C. Yung, Rui Liu, Andre Wildberg, Derek Gao, Ho-Lim Fung, Song Chen, Raakhee Vijayaraghavan, Julian Wong, Allison Chen, Xiaoyan Sheng, Fiona Kaper, Richard Shen, Mostafa Ronaghi, Jian-Bing Fan, Wei Wang, Jerold Chun, Kun Zhang
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    [New Products] New Products (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: A weekly roundup of information on newly offered instrumentation, apparatus, and laboratory materials of potential interest to researchers.
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    [Working Life] A winding path to satisfaction (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: Author: Sarah Fankhauser
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Debris-carrying camouflage among diverse lineages of Cretaceous insects (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-25
    Beschreibung: Insects have evolved diverse methods of camouflage that have played an important role in their evolutionary success. Debris-carrying, a behavior of actively harvesting and carrying exogenous materials, is among the most fascinating and complex behaviors because it requires not only an ability to recognize, collect, and carry materials but also evolutionary adaptations in related morphological characteristics. However, the fossil record of such behavior is extremely scarce, and only a single Mesozoic example from Spanish amber has been recorded; therefore, little is known about the early evolution of this complicated behavior and its underlying anatomy. We report a diverse insect assemblage of exceptionally preserved debris carriers from Cretaceous Burmese, French, and Lebanese ambers, including the earliest known chrysopoid larvae (green lacewings), myrmeleontoid larvae (split-footed lacewings and owlflies), and reduviids (assassin bugs). These ancient insects used a variety of debris material, including insect exoskeletons, sand grains, soil dust, leaf trichomes of gleicheniacean ferns, wood fibers, and other vegetal debris. They convergently evolved their debris-carrying behavior through multiple pathways, which expressed a high degree of evolutionary plasticity. We demonstrate that the behavioral repertoire, which is associated with considerable morphological adaptations, was already widespread among insects by at least the Mid-Cretaceous. Together with the previously known Spanish specimen, these fossils are the oldest direct evidence of camouflaging behavior in the fossil record. Our findings provide a novel insight into early evolution of camouflage in insects and ancient ecological associations among plants and insects.
    Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    A strongly robust type II Weyl fermion semimetal state in Ta3S2 (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-25
    Beschreibung: Weyl semimetals are of great interest because they provide the first realization of the Weyl fermion, exhibit exotic quantum anomalies, and host Fermi arc surface states. The separation between Weyl nodes of opposite chirality gives a measure of the robustness of the Weyl semimetal state. To exploit the novel phenomena that arise from Weyl fermions in applications, it is crucially important to find robust separated Weyl nodes. We propose a methodology to design robust Weyl semimetals with well-separated Weyl nodes. Using this methodology as a guideline, we search among the material parameter space and identify by far the most robust and ideal Weyl semimetal candidate in the single-crystalline compound tantalum sulfide (Ta 3 S 2 ) with new and novel properties beyond TaAs. Crucially, our results show that Ta 3 S 2 has the largest k -space separation between Weyl nodes among known Weyl semimetal candidates, which is about twice larger than the measured value in TaAs and 20 times larger than the predicted value in WTe 2 . Moreover, all Weyl nodes in Ta 3 S 2 are of type II. Therefore, Ta 3 S 2 is a type II Weyl semimetal. Furthermore, we predict that increasing the lattice by 〈4% can annihilate all Weyl nodes, driving a novel topological metal-to-insulator transition from a Weyl semimetal state to a topological insulator state. The robust type II Weyl semimetal state and the topological metal-to-insulator transition in Ta 3 S 2 are potentially useful in device applications. Our methodology can be generally applied to search for new Weyl semimetals.
    Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Genomic agonism and phenotypic antagonism between estrogen and progesterone receptors in breast cancer (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-25
    Beschreibung: The functional role of progesterone receptor (PR) and its impact on estrogen signaling in breast cancer remain controversial. In primary ER + (estrogen receptor–positive)/PR + human tumors, we report that PR reprograms estrogen signaling as a genomic agonist and a phenotypic antagonist. In isolation, estrogen and progestin act as genomic agonists by regulating the expression of common target genes in similar directions, but at different levels. Similarly, in isolation, progestin is also a weak phenotypic agonist of estrogen action. However, in the presence of both hormones, progestin behaves as a phenotypic estrogen antagonist. PR remodels nucleosomes to noncompetitively redirect ER genomic binding to distal enhancers enriched for BRCA1 binding motifs and sites that link PR and ER/PR complexes. When both hormones are present, progestin modulates estrogen action, such that responsive transcriptomes, cellular processes, and ER/PR recruitment to genomic sites correlate with those observed with PR alone, but not ER alone. Despite this overall correlation, the transcriptome patterns modulated by dual treatment are sufficiently different from individual treatments, such that antagonism of oncogenic processes is both predicted and observed. Combination therapies using the selective PR modulator/antagonist (SPRM) CDB4124 in combination with tamoxifen elicited 70% cytotoxic tumor regression of T47D tumor xenografts, whereas individual therapies inhibited tumor growth without net regression. Our findings demonstrate that PR redirects ER chromatin binding to antagonize estrogen signaling and that SPRMs can potentiate responses to antiestrogens, suggesting that cotargeting of ER and PR in ER + /PR + breast cancers should be explored.
    Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Global warming without global mean precipitation increase? (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-25
    Beschreibung: Global climate models simulate a robust increase of global mean precipitation of about 1.5 to 2% per kelvin surface warming in response to greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing. Here, it is shown that the sensitivity to aerosol cooling is robust as well, albeit roughly twice as large. This larger sensitivity is consistent with energy budget arguments. At the same time, it is still considerably lower than the 6.5 to 7% K –1 decrease of the water vapor concentration with cooling from anthropogenic aerosol because the water vapor radiative feedback lowers the hydrological sensitivity to anthropogenic forcings. When GHG and aerosol forcings are combined, the climate models with a realistic 20th century warming indicate that the global mean precipitation increase due to GHG warming has, until recently, been completely masked by aerosol drying. This explains the apparent lack of sensitivity of the global mean precipitation to the net global warming recently found in observations. As the importance of GHG warming increases in the future, a clear signal will emerge.
    Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    High functional diversity stimulates diversification in experimental microbial communities (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-25
    Beschreibung: There is a growing awareness that biodiversity not only drives ecosystem services but also affects evolutionary dynamics. However, different theories predict contrasting outcomes on when do evolutionary processes occur within a context of competition. We tested whether functional diversity can explain diversification patterns. We tracked the survival and diversification of a focal bacterial species ( Pseudomonas fluorescens ) growing in bacterial communities of variable diversity and composition. We found that high functional diversity reduced the fitness of the focal species and, at the same time, fostered its diversification. This pattern was linked to resource competition: High diversity increased competition on a portion of the resources while leaving most underexploited. The evolved phenotypes of the focal species showed a better use of underexploited resources, albeit at a cost of lower overall growth rates. As a result, diversification alleviated the impact of competition on the fitness of the focal species. We conclude that biodiversity can stimulate evolutionary diversification, provided that sufficient alternative niches are available.
    Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 180
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    Novel multiple sclerosis susceptibility loci implicated in epigenetic regulation (2016)
    Andlauer, T. F. M., Buck, D., Antony, G., Bayas, A., Bechmann, L., Berthele, A., Chan, A., Gasperi, C., Gold, R., Graetz, C., Haas, J., Hecker, M., Infante-Duarte, C., Knop, M., Kümpfel, T., Limmroth, V., Linker, R. A., Loleit, V., Luessi, F., Meuth, S. G., Mühlau, M., Nischwitz, S., Paul, F., Pütz, M., Ruck, T., Salmen, A., Stangel, M., Stellmann, J.-P., Stürner, K. H., Tackenberg, B., Then Bergh, F., Tumani, H., Warnke, C., Weber, F., Wiendl, H., Wildemann, B., Zettl, U. K., Ziemann, U., Zipp, F., Arloth, J., Weber, P., Radivojkov-Blagojevic, M., Scheinhardt, M. O., Dankowski, T., Bettecken, T., Lichtner, P., Czamara, D., Carrillo-Roa, T., Binder, E. B., Berger, K., Bertram, L., Franke, A., Gieger, C., Herms, S., Homuth, G., Ising, M., Jöckel, K.-H., Kacprowski, T., Kloiber, S., Laudes, M., Lieb, W., Lill, C. M., Lucae, S., Meitinger, T., Moebus, S., Müller-Nurasyid, M., Nöthen, M. M., Petersmann, A., Rawal, R., Schminke, U., Strauch, K., Völzke, H., Waldenberger, M., Wellmann, J., Porcu, E., Mulas, A., Pitzalis, M., Sidore, C., Zara, I., Cucca, F., Zoledziewska, M., Ziegler, A., Hemmer, B., Müller-Myhsok, B.
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-19
    Beschreibung: We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on multiple sclerosis (MS) susceptibility in German cohorts with 4888 cases and 10,395 controls. In addition to associations within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region, 15 non-MHC loci reached genome-wide significance. Four of these loci are novel MS susceptibility loci. They map to the genes L3MBTL3 , MAZ , ERG , and SHMT1 . The lead variant at SHMT1 was replicated in an independent Sardinian cohort. Products of the genes L3MBTL3 , MAZ , and ERG play important roles in immune cell regulation. SHMT1 encodes a serine hydroxymethyltransferase catalyzing the transfer of a carbon unit to the folate cycle. This reaction is required for regulation of methylation homeostasis, which is important for establishment and maintenance of epigenetic signatures. Our GWAS approach in a defined population with limited genetic substructure detected associations not found in larger, more heterogeneous cohorts, thus providing new clues regarding MS pathogenesis.
    Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    The transition from linear to highly branched poly({beta}-amino ester)s: Branching matters for gene delivery (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-19
    Beschreibung: Nonviral gene therapy holds great promise but has not delivered treatments for clinical application to date. Lack of safe and efficient gene delivery vectors is the major hurdle. Among nonviral gene delivery vectors, poly(β-amino ester)s are one of the most versatile candidates because of their wide monomer availability, high polymer flexibility, and superior gene transfection performance both in vitro and in vivo. However, to date, all research has been focused on vectors with a linear structure. A well-accepted view is that dendritic or branched polymers have greater potential as gene delivery vectors because of their three-dimensional structure and multiple terminal groups. Nevertheless, to date, the synthesis of dendritic or branched polymers has been proven to be a well-known challenge. We report the design and synthesis of highly branched poly(β-amino ester)s (HPAEs) via a one-pot "A2 + B3 + C2"–type Michael addition approach and evaluate their potential as gene delivery vectors. We find that the branched structure can significantly enhance the transfection efficiency of poly(β-amino ester)s: Up to an 8521-fold enhancement in transfection efficiency was observed across 12 cell types ranging from cell lines, primary cells, to stem cells, over their corresponding linear poly(β-amino ester)s (LPAEs) and the commercial transfection reagents polyethyleneimine, SuperFect, and Lipofectamine 2000. Moreover, we further demonstrate that HPAEs can correct genetic defects in vivo using a recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa graft mouse model. Our findings prove that the A2 + B3 + C2 approach is highly generalizable and flexible for the design and synthesis of HPAEs, which cannot be achieved by the conventional polymerization approach; HPAEs are more efficient vectors in gene transfection than the corresponding LPAEs. This provides valuable insight into the development and applications of nonviral gene delivery and demonstrates great prospect for their translation to a clinical environment.
    Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Reduced evolutionary rate in reemerged Ebola virus transmission chains (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-01
    Beschreibung: On 29 June 2015, Liberia’s respite from Ebola virus disease (EVD) was interrupted for the second time by a renewed outbreak ("flare-up") of seven confirmed cases. We demonstrate that, similar to the March 2015 flare-up associated with sexual transmission, this new flare-up was a reemergence of a Liberian transmission chain originating from a persistently infected source rather than a reintroduction from a reservoir or a neighboring country with active transmission. Although distinct, Ebola virus (EBOV) genomes from both flare-ups exhibit significantly low genetic divergence, indicating a reduced rate of EBOV evolution during persistent infection. Using this rate of change as a signature, we identified two additional EVD clusters that possibly arose from persistently infected sources. These findings highlight the risk of EVD flare-ups even after an outbreak is declared over.
    Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    The earliest herbivorous marine reptile and its remarkable jaw apparatus (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-08
    Beschreibung: Newly discovered fossils of the Middle Triassic reptile Atopodentatus unicus call for a radical reassessment of its feeding behavior. The skull displays a pronounced hammerhead shape that was hitherto unknown. The long, straight anterior edges of both upper and lower jaws were lined with batteries of chisel-shaped teeth, whereas the remaining parts of the jaw rami supported densely packed needle-shaped teeth forming a mesh. The evidence indicates a novel feeding mechanism wherein the chisel-shaped teeth were used to scrape algae off the substrate, and the plant matter that was loosened was filtered from the water column through the more posteriorly positioned tooth mesh. This is the oldest record of herbivory within marine reptiles.
    Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Pan-ice-sheet glacier terminus change in East Antarctica reveals sensitivity of Wilkes Land to sea-ice changes (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-08
    Beschreibung: The dynamics of ocean-terminating outlet glaciers are an important component of ice-sheet mass balance. Using satellite imagery for the past 40 years, we compile an approximately decadal record of outlet-glacier terminus position change around the entire East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) marine margin. We find that most outlet glaciers retreated during the period 1974–1990, before switching to advance in every drainage basin during the two most recent periods, 1990–2000 and 2000–2012. The only exception to this trend was in Wilkes Land, where the majority of glaciers (74%) retreated between 2000 and 2012. We hypothesize that this anomalous retreat is linked to a reduction in sea ice and associated impacts on ocean stratification, which increases the incursion of warm deep water toward glacier termini. Because Wilkes Land overlies a large marine basin, it raises the possibility of a future sea level contribution from this sector of East Antarctica.
    Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    [In Brief] News at a glance (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-06
    Beschreibung: In science news around the world, scientists working off the coast of Mexico have drilled into the crater of a dinosaur-killing asteroid, an ExoMars mission to put a rover on the Red Planet has been delayed to 2020, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency announces that its x-ray observatory Hitomi cannot be recovered, Italy's troubled geophysics institute gets a new boss, a crowdfunding effort to support a Swedish trial of a prostate cancer drug to treat pedophiles falls short of its target, and more. Also, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers concludes that the 9000-year-old Kennewick Man was Native American. And a Science survey finds that 88% of respondents think it's not wrong to download pirated papers from repositories such as Sci-Hub.
    Schlagwort(e): SCI COMMUN
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    [Feature] The power of personality (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-06
    Beschreibung: To a birdwatcher or pet owner, it may be obvious that individual animals have distinct personalities. However, that idea has been slow to penetrate biology. Yet now researchers are learning that just as human quirks and temperaments shape our lives and the world around us, the behavior patterns of individual animals affect their role in their ecosystem, their prospects for survival, and, ultimately, their evolution. Researchers have figured out how to quantify personality and are showing in studies of great tits, salamanders, stickleback fish, lizards, and social spiders why different personalities persist, how they might lead to speciation, and the role they might play in the spread of information and disease. Author: Elizabeth Pennisi
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    [In Depth] Why humans are the high-energy apes (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-06
    Beschreibung: We may not be raring to go on a Monday morning, but humans are the Energizer Bunnies of the primate world. That's the conclusion of a new study that for the first time measures precisely how many calories humans and apes burn each day. Compared with chimpanzees and other apes, our revved-up internal engines burn calories 27% faster, according to a paper in Nature this week. This higher metabolic rate equips us to quickly fuel energy-hungry brain cells, paving the way for our bigger brains. And lest we run out of gas when food is short, the study also found that humans are fatter than other primates, giving us energy stores to draw on in lean times. Author: Ann Gibbons
    Schlagwort(e): Human Evolution
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    [Perspective] Hope for America's next generation (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-06
    Beschreibung: A deluge of recent studies has shown that poorer communities suffer worse health outcomes. Among low-income Americans, life expectancy at age 40 in the poorest areas of the U.S. is 4.5 years lower than in the highest-income areas (1). In 2010, infant mortality rates in the poorest U.S. communities were over 70% higher than those in the most affluent ones [see tables S3 and S4 in (2)]. On page 708 of this issue, Currie and Schwandt paint a more complicated but encouraging picture (2). They show that, despite rising inequality in almost every dimension of American life, the child mortality gap between the poorest and the richest counties has shrunk in recent decades. Authors: Martha J. Bailey, Brenden Timpe
    Schlagwort(e): Child Health
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    [Perspective] Inspired by nature (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-06
    Beschreibung: Over the past decade, scientists have made exciting progress in designing protein folds entirely on the computer and then successfully synthesizing them in the laboratory (1–5). These designer proteins had the same structure in experiment as in the model and were very stable; however, they lacked important structural features seen in protein interfaces and enzyme active sites. In two reports on pages 680 and 687 of this issue, Boyken et al. (6) and Jacobs et al. (7) use the Rosetta biomolecular modeling software to design proteins that include some of these features. Experiments show that these new designs retain high structural precision and stability. Authors: Ravit Netzer, Sarel J. Fleishman
    Schlagwort(e): Protein Design
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    [Feature] An oasis for orcas (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-06
    Beschreibung: How do you retire a 5-ton whale? That's a question some advocates and scientists have been asking themselves in the wake of SeaWorld's historic decision in March to stop breeding the 29 orcas in its care. Now, a new organization of about three dozen scientists, marine veterinarians, and engineers called the Whale Sanctuary Project has begun developing plans for an orca sanctuary, including coves and small groups of islands that could be cordoned off. But critics say that placing an orca that has spent its entire life in a sterile, concrete tank into an ocean filled with creatures and conditions it has never encountered before could be dangerous not just for the whale, but for the previously whale-free ecosystem. Plus, the costs are mammoth—perhaps tens or hundreds of millions of dollars. Author: David Grimm
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    [Technical Comment] Comment on “Cycling Li-O2 batteries via LiOH formation and decomposition” (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-06
    Beschreibung: Liu et al. (Research Article, 30 October 2015, p. 530) described a lithium-oxygen (Li-O2) battery based on lithium iodide (LiI)–assisted lithium hydroxide (LiOH) formation and decomposition. We argue that LiOH cannot be oxidized by triiodide (I3–). The charge capacity is from the oxidation of I– instead of LiOH. The limited-capacity cycling test is misleading when the electrolyte contributes considerable parasitic reaction capacity. Authors: Yue Shen, Wang Zhang, Shu-Lei Chou, Shi-Xue Dou
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    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 192
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    [This Week in Science] Building new proteins from the old (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-06
    Beschreibung: Author: Valda Vinson
    Schlagwort(e): Protein Design
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 193
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    [This Week in Science] Rapid mixing to race past rearrangement (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-06
    Beschreibung: Author: Jake Yeston
    Schlagwort(e): Microfluidics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 194
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    [This Week in Science] Visualizing a response to light (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-06
    Beschreibung: Author: Valda Vinson
    Schlagwort(e): Protein Structure
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 195
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    [This Week in Science] Faulty channels, not faulty synapses (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-06
    Beschreibung: Author: Stella M. Hurtley
    Schlagwort(e): Neuroscience
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 196
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    [Report] Microtubule doublets are double-track railways for intraflagellar transport trains (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-06
    Beschreibung: The cilium is a large macromolecular machine that is vital for motility, signaling, and sensing in most eukaryotic cells. Its conserved core structure, the axoneme, contains nine microtubule doublets, each comprising a full A-microtubule and an incomplete B-microtubule. However, thus far, the function of this doublet geometry has not been understood. We developed a time-resolved correlative fluorescence and three-dimensional electron microscopy approach to investigate the dynamics of intraflagellar transport (IFT) trains, which carry ciliary building blocks along microtubules during the assembly and disassembly of the cilium. Using this method, we showed that each microtubule doublet is used as a bidirectional double-track railway: Anterograde IFT trains move along B-microtubules, and retrograde trains move along A-microtubules. Thus, the microtubule doublet geometry provides direction-specific rails to coordinate bidirectional transport of ciliary components. Authors: Ludek Stepanek, Gaia Pigino
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 197
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    [New Products] New Products (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-06
    Beschreibung: A weekly roundup of information on newly offered instrumentation, apparatus, and laboratory materials of potential interest to researchers.
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 198
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    [Business Office Feature] Webinar | CRISPR/Cas9 in drug discovery: Applications in target discovery, validation, and hit screening (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-06
    Beschreibung: The CRISPR/Cas9 system allows for unprecedented ease and control when editing the genome. Its potential impact on drug discovery is vast, including enabling gene and cell replacement therapies, identifying novel drug targets through functional genomic screens, and simplifying the production of disease models using permanent knockouts for validating therapy targets and testing drug efficacy. But in practical terms, how is CRISPR/Cas9 currently being applied, and where might the future challenges and pitfalls be? Furthermore, how do assays based on the new CRISPR/Cas9 technology compare with current screening methodologies, particularly those using small interfering RNA (siRNA)?View the Webinar Authors: Lorenz Mayr, Ralph Garippa
    Schlagwort(e): Science Webinar Series
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 199
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    A global quantification of "normal" sleep schedules using smartphone data (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-08
    Beschreibung: The influence of the circadian clock on sleep scheduling has been studied extensively in the laboratory; however, the effects of society on sleep remain largely unquantified. We show how a smartphone app that we have developed, ENTRAIN, accurately collects data on sleep habits around the world. Through mathematical modeling and statistics, we find that social pressures weaken and/or conceal biological drives in the evening, leading individuals to delay their bedtime and shorten their sleep. A country’s average bedtime, but not average wake time, predicts sleep duration. We further show that mathematical models based on controlled laboratory experiments predict qualitative trends in sunrise, sunset, and light level; however, these effects are attenuated in the real world around bedtime. Additionally, we find that women schedule more sleep than men and that users reporting that they are typically exposed to outdoor light go to sleep earlier and sleep more than those reporting indoor light. Finally, we find that age is the primary determinant of sleep timing, and that age plays an important role in the variability of population-level sleep habits. This work better defines and personalizes "normal" sleep, produces hypotheses for future testing in the laboratory, and suggests important ways to counteract the global sleep crisis.
    Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 200
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    Rapid identification of health care-associated infections with an integrated fluorescence anisotropy system (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-08
    Beschreibung: Health care–associated infections (HAIs) and drug-resistant pathogens have become a major health care issue with millions of reported cases every year. Advanced diagnostics would allow clinicians to more quickly determine the most effective treatment, reduce the nonspecific use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials, and facilitate enrollment in new antibiotic treatments. We present a new integrated system, polarization anisotropy diagnostics (PAD), for rapid detection of HAI pathogens. The PAD uses changes of fluorescence anisotropy when detection probes recognize target bacterial nucleic acids. The technology is inherently robust against environmental noise and economically scalable for parallel measurements. The assay is fast (2 hours) and performed on-site in a single-tube format. When applied to clinical samples obtained from interventional procedures, the PAD determined the overall bacterial burden, differentiated HAI bacterial species, and identified drug resistance and virulence status. The PAD system holds promise as a powerful tool for near-patient, rapid HAI testing.
    Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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