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  • Articles  (65,917)
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  • 2015-2019  (65,917)
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  • 2015-2019  (65,917)
  • 1980-1984
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  • 1
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    Scaling-up permafrost thermal measurements in western Alaska using an ecotype approach (2016)
    Copernicus
    In:  EPIC3The Cryosphere, Copernicus, 10(5), pp. 2517-2532, ISSN: 1994-0424
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-09-06
    Description: Permafrost temperatures are increasing in Alaska due to climate change and in some cases permafrost is thawing and degrading. In areas where degradation has already occurred the effects can be dramatic, resulting in changing ecosystems, carbon release, and damage to infrastructure. However, in many areas we lack baseline data, such as subsurface temperatures, needed to assess future changes and potential risk areas. Besides climate, the physical properties of the vegetation cover and subsurface material have a major influence on the thermal state of permafrost. These properties are often directly related to the type of ecosystem overlaying permafrost. In this paper we demonstrate that classifying the landscape into general ecotypes is an effective way to scale up permafrost thermal data collected from field monitoring sites. Additionally, we find that within some ecotypes the absence of a moss layer is indicative of the absence of near-surface permafrost. As a proof of concept, we used the ground temperature data collected from the field sites to recode an ecotype land cover map into a map of mean annual ground temperature ranges at 1 m depth based on analysis and clustering of observed thermal regimes. The map should be useful for decision making with respect to land use and understanding how the landscape might change under future climate scenarios.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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  • 2
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    Presence of rapidly degrading permafrost plateaus in south-central Alaska (2016)
    Copernicus
    In:  EPIC3The Cryosphere, Copernicus, 10(6), pp. 2673-2692, ISSN: 1994-0424
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-11-16
    Description: Permafrost presence is determined by a complex interaction of climatic, topographic, and ecological conditions operating over long time scales. In particular, vegetation and organic layer characteristics may act to protect permafrost in regions with a mean annual air temperature (MAAT) above 0°C. In this study, we document the presence of residual permafrost plateaus in the western Kenai Peninsula lowlands of south-central Alaska, a region with a MAAT of 1.5+/-1 °C (1981–2010). Continuous ground temperature measurements between 16 September 2012 and 15 September 2015, using calibrated thermistor strings, documented the presence of warm permafrost (-0.04 to -0.08 °C). Field measurements (probing) on several plateau features during the fall of 2015 showed that the depth to the permafrost table averaged 1.48m but at some locations was as shallow as 0.53 m. Late winter surveys (augering, coring, and GPR) in 2016 showed that the average seasonally frozen ground thickness was 0.45 m, overlying a talik above the permafrost table. Measured permafrost thickness ranged from 0.33 to 〉6.90 m. Manual interpretation of historic aerial photography acquired in 1950 indicates that residual permafrost plateaus covered 920 ha as mapped across portions of four wetland complexes encompassing 4810 ha. However, between 1950 and ca. 2010, permafrost plateau extent decreased by 60.0 %, with lateral feature degradation accounting for 85.0% of the reduction in area. Permafrost loss on the Kenai Peninsula is likely associated with a warming climate, wildfires that remove the protective forest and organic layer cover, groundwater flow at depth, and lateral heat transfer from wetland surface waters in the summer. Better understanding the resilience and vulnerability of ecosystem-protected permafrost is critical for mapping and predicting future permafrost extent and degradation across all permafrost regions that are currently warming. Further work should focus on reconstructing permafrost history in south-central Alaska as well as additional contemporary observations of these ecosystem-protected permafrost sites south of the regions with relatively stable permafrost.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 3
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    Annual Acoustic Presence of Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) Offshore Eastern Sicily, Central Mediterranean Sea (2016)
    Public Library of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In recent years, an increasing number of surveys have definitively confirmed the seasonal presence of fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) in highly productive regions of the Mediterranean Sea. Despite this, very little is yet known about the routes that the species seasonally follows within the Mediterranean basin and, particularly, in the Ionian area. The present study assesses for the first time fin whale acoustic presence offshore Eastern Sicily (Ionian Sea), throughout the processing of about 10 months of continuous acoustic monitoring. The recording of fin whale vocalizations was made possible by the cabled deep-sea multidisciplinary observatory, “NEMO-SN1”, deployed 25 km off the Catania harbor at a depth of about 2,100 meters. NEMO-SN1 is an operational node of the European Multidisciplinary Seafloor and water-column Observatory (EMSO) Research Infrastructure. The observatory was equipped with a low-frequency hydrophone (bandwidth: 0.05 Hz–1 kHz, sampling rate: 2 kHz) which continuously acquired data from July 2012 to May 2013. About 7,200 hours of acoustic data were analyzed by means of spectrogram display. Calls with the typical structure and patterns associated to the Mediterranean fin whale population were identified and monitored in the area for the first time. Furthermore, a background noise analysis within the fin whale communication frequency band (17.9–22.5 Hz) was conducted to investigate possible detection-masking effects. The study confirms the hypothesis that fin whales are present in the Ionian Sea throughout all seasons, with peaks in call detection rate during spring and summer months. The analysis also demonstrates that calls were more frequently detected in low background noise conditions. Further analysis will be performed to understand whether observed levels of noise limit the acoustic detection of the fin whales vocalizations, or whether the animals vocalize less in the presence of high background noise.
    Description: Published
    Description: e0141838
    Description: 3A. Ambiente Marino
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Whales ; Bioacoustics ; Background noise (acoustics) ; Acoustic signals ; Sperm whales ; Vocalization ; Acoustics ; Data acquisition ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.08. Instruments and techniques ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.04. Measurements and monitoring ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.07. Instruments and techniques ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
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    Presence of rapidly degrading permafrost plateaus in southcentral Alaska (2016)
    Copernicus
    In:  EPIC3The Cryosphere Discussions, Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-26
    Description: Permafrost presence is determined by a complex interaction of climatic, topographic, and ecological conditions operating over long time scales. In particular, vegetation and organic layer characteristics may act to protect permafrost in regions with a mean annual air temperature (MAAT) above 0 °C. In this study, we document the presence of residual permafrost plateaus on the western Kenai Peninsula lowlands of southcentral Alaska, a region with a MAAT of 1.5 ± 1 °C (1981 to 2010). Continuous ground temperature measurements between 16 September 2012 and 15 September 2015, using calibrated thermistor strings, documented the presence of warm permafrost (−0.04 to −0.08 °C). Field measurements (probing) on several plateau features during the fall of 2015 showed that the depth to the permafrost table averaged 1.48 m but was as shallow as 0.53 m. Late winter surveys (drilling, coring, and GPR) in 2016 showed that the average seasonally frozen ground thickness was 0.45 m, overlying a talik above the permafrost table. Measured permafrost thickness ranged from 0.33 to 〉 6.90 m. Manual interpretation of historic aerial photography acquired in 1950 indicates that residual permafrost plateaus covered 920 ha as mapped across portions of four wetland complexes encompassing 4810 ha. However, between 1950 and ca. 2010, permafrost plateau extent decreased by 60 %, with lateral feature degradation accounting for 85 % of the reduction in area. Permafrost loss on the Kenai Peninsula is likely associated with a warming climate, wildfires that remove the protective forest and organic layer cover, groundwater flow at depth, and lateral heat transfer from wetland surface waters in the summer. Better understanding the resilience and vulnerability of ecosystem-protected permafrost is critical for mapping and predicting future permafrost extent and degradation across all permafrost regions that are currently warming. Further work should focus on reconstructing permafrost history in southcentral Alaska as well as additional contemporary observations of these ecosystem-protected permafrost sites lying south of the regions with relatively stable permafrost.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , notRev
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  • 5
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    The amyloid precursor protein of Alzheimer’s disease clusters at the organelle/microtubule interface on organelles that bind microtubules in an ATP dependent manner (2016)
    Public Library of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 11 (2016): e0147808, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147808.
    Description: The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a causal agent in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease and is a transmembrane protein that associates with membrane-limited organelles. APP has been shown to co-purify through immunoprecipitation with a kinesin light chain suggesting that APP may act as a trailer hitch linking kinesin to its intercellular cargo, however this hypothesis has been challenged. Previously, we identified an mRNA transcript that encodes a squid homolog of human APP770. The human and squid isoforms share 60% sequence identity and 76% sequence similarity within the cytoplasmic domain and share 15 of the final 19 amino acids at the C-terminus establishing this highly conserved domain as a functionally import segment of the APP molecule. Here, we study the distribution of squid APP in extruded axoplasm as well as in a well-characterized reconstituted organelle/microtubule preparation from the squid giant axon in which organelles bind microtubules and move towards the microtubule plus-ends. We find that APP associates with microtubules by confocal microscopy and co-purifies with KI-washed axoplasmic organelles by sucrose density gradient fractionation. By electron microscopy, APP clusters at a single focal point on the surfaces of organelles and localizes to the organelle/microtubule interface. In addition, the association of APP-organelles with microtubules is an ATP dependent process suggesting that the APP-organelles contain a microtubule-based motor protein. Although a direct kinesin/APP association remains controversial, the distribution of APP at the organelle/microtubule interface strongly suggests that APP-organelles have an orientation and that APP like the Alzheimer’s protein tau has a microtubule-based function.
    Description: Research reported in this publication was supported by an Institutional Development Award (IDeA) from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant number P20GM103430.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 6
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    Influence of environmental variables on Gambierdiscus spp. (Dinophyceae) growth and distribution (2016)
    Public Library of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 11 (2016): e0153197, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0153197.
    Description: Benthic dinoflagellates in the genus Gambierdiscus produce the ciguatoxin precursors responsible for the occurrence of ciguatera toxicity. The prevalence of ciguatera toxins in fish has been linked to the presence and distribution of toxin-producing species in coral reef ecosystems, which is largely determined by the presence of suitable benthic habitat and environmental conditions favorable for growth. Here using single factor experiments, we examined the effects of salinity, irradiance, and temperature on growth of 17 strains of Gambierdiscus representing eight species/phylotypes (G. belizeanus, G. caribaeus, G. carolinianus, G. carpenteri, G. pacificus, G. silvae, Gambierdiscus sp. type 4–5), most of which were established from either Marakei Island, Republic of Kiribati, or St. Thomas, United States Virgin Island (USVI). Comparable to prior studies, growth rates fell within the range of 0–0.48 divisions day-1. In the salinity and temperature studies, Gambierdiscus responded in a near Gaussian, non-linear manner typical for such studies, with optimal and suboptimal growth occurring in the range of salinities of 25 and 45 and 21.0 and 32.5°C. In the irradiance experiment, no mortality was observed; however, growth rates at 55μmol photons · m-2 · s-1 were lower than those at 110–400μmol photons · m-2 · s-1. At the extremes of the environmental conditions tested, growth rates were highly variable, evidenced by large coefficients of variability. However, significant differences in intraspecific growth rates were typically found only at optimal or near-optimal growth conditions. Polynomial regression analyses showed that maximum growth occurred at salinity and temperature levels of 30.1–38.5 and 23.8–29.2°C, respectively. Gambierdiscus growth patterns varied among species, and within individual species: G. belizeanus, G. caribaeus, G. carpenteri, and G. pacificus generally exhibited a wider range of tolerance to environmental conditions, which may explain their broad geographic distribution. In contrast, G. silvae and Gambierdiscus sp. types 4–5 all displayed a comparatively narrow range of tolerance to temperature, salinity, and irradiance.
    Description: This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41506137); Guangxi Natural Science Foundation (2015GXNSFCA139003), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U01 EH000421); USFDA (F223201000060C); NOAA NOS through the CiguaHAB program (Cooperative Agreement NA11NOS4780060, NA11NOS4780028); the Lana Vento Trust and VI-EPSCoR Program (NSF award # 346483 & 081441); and a System Fund from Key Laboratory of Environment Change and Resources Use in Beibu Gulf, Ministry of Education (2014BGERLXT01). Support was also provided by the Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health through National Science Foundation (NSF) Grant OCE-1314642, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Grant 1-P01-ES021923-014, as well as the China Scholarship Council.
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  • 7
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    Comparative analysis of secretome profiles of manganese(II)-oxidizing Ascomycete fungi (2016)
    Public Library of Science
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose.
    Description: Fungal secretomes contain a wide range of hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes, including cellulases, hemicellulases, pectinases, and lignin-degrading accessory enzymes, that synergistically drive litter decomposition in the environment. While secretome studies of model organisms such as Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Aspergillus species have greatly expanded our knowledge of these enzymes, few have extended secretome characterization to environmental isolates or conducted side-by-side comparisons of diverse species. Thus, the mechanisms of carbon degradation by many ubiquitous soil fungi remain poorly understood. Here we use a combination of LC-MS/MS, genomic, and bioinformatic analyses to characterize and compare the protein composition of the secretomes of four recently isolated, cosmopolitan, Mn(II)-oxidizing Ascomycetes (Alternaria alternata SRC1lrK2f, Stagonospora sp. SRC1lsM3a, Pyrenochaeta sp. DS3sAY3a, and Paraconiothyrium sporulosum AP3s5-JAC2a). We demonstrate that the organisms produce a rich yet functionally similar suite of extracellular enzymes, with species-specific differences in secretome composition arising from unique amino acid sequences rather than overall protein function. Furthermore, we identify not only a wide range of carbohydrate-active enzymes that can directly oxidize recalcitrant carbon, but also an impressive suite of redox-active accessory enzymes that suggests a role for Fenton-based hydroxyl radical formation in indirect, non-specific lignocellulose attack. Our findings highlight the diverse oxidative capacity of these environmental isolates and enhance our understanding of the role of filamentous Ascomycetes in carbon turnover in the environment.
    Description: This work was supported by the National Science Foundation (www.nsf.gov), grant numbers EAR-1249489 and CBET-1336496, both awarded to CMH. Personal support for CAZ was also provided by Harvard University (www.harvard.edu) and by a Ford Foundation (www.fordfoundation.org) Predoctoral Fellowship administered by the National Academies.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 8
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    Potential impacts of offshore wind farms on North Sea stratification (2016)
    Public Library of Science
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 11 (2016): e0160830, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0160830 .
    Description: Advances in offshore wind farm (OWF) technology have recently led to their construction in coastal waters that are deep enough to be seasonally stratified. As tidal currents move past the OWF foundation structures they generate a turbulent wake that will contribute to a mixing of the stratified water column. In this study we show that the mixing generated in this way may have a significant impact on the large-scale stratification of the German Bight region of the North Sea. This region is chosen as the focus of this study since the planning of OWFs is particularly widespread. Using a combination of idealised modelling and in situ measurements, we provide order-of-magnitude estimates of two important time scales that are key to understanding the impacts of OWFs: (i) a mixing time scale, describing how long a complete mixing of the stratification takes, and (ii) an advective time scale, quantifying for how long a water parcel is expected to undergo enhanced wind farm mixing. The results are especially sensitive to both the drag coefficient and type of foundation structure, as well as the evolution of the pycnocline under enhanced mixing conditions—both of which are not well known. With these limitations in mind, the results show that OWFs could impact the large-scale stratification, but only when they occupy extensive shelf regions. They are expected to have very little impact on large-scale stratification at the current capacity in the North Sea, but the impact could be significant in future large-scale development scenarios.
    Description: Funding was provided by the Helmholtz Foundation through the Polar Regions and Coasts in the Changing Earth System II (PACES II) program.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 9
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    Predicting interactions between common dolphins and the pole-and-line tuna fishery in the Azores (2016)
    Public Library of Science
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS ONE 11 (2016): e0164107, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0164107.
    Description: Common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) are responsible for the large majority of interactions with the pole-and-line tuna fishery in the Azores but the underlying drivers remain poorly understood. In this study we investigate the influence of various environmental and fisheries-related factors in promoting the interaction of common dolphins with this fishery and estimate the resultant catch losses. We analysed 15 years of fishery and cetacean interaction data (1998–2012) collected by observers placed aboard tuna fishing vessels. Dolphins interacted in less than 3% of the fishing events observed during the study period. The probability of dolphin interaction varied significantly between years with no evident trend over time. Generalized additive modeling results suggest that fishing duration, sea surface temperature and prey abundance in the region were the most important factors explaining common dolphin interaction. Dolphin interaction had no impact on the catches of albacore, skipjack and yellowfin tuna but resulted in significantly lower catches of bigeye tuna, with a predicted median annual loss of 13.5% in the number of fish captured. However, impact on bigeye catches varied considerably both by year and fishing area. Our work shows that rates of common dolphin interaction with the pole-and-line tuna fishery in the Azores are low and showed no signs of increase over the study period. Although overall economic impact was low, the interaction may lead to significant losses in some years. These findings emphasize the need for continued monitoring and for further research into the consequences and economic viability of potential mitigation measures.
    Description: This work was funded by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) and DRCT/SRCTE, though FEDER, the Competitiveness Factors Operational (COMPETE), QREN European Social Fund, the Portuguese Ministry for Science and Education, under research projects TRACE (PTDC/MAR/74071/2006), FCT Exploratory Project (IF/00943/2013/CP1199/CT0001), and MAPCET (M2.1.2/F/012/2011). We acknowledge the support of Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), through the strategic project UID/MAR/04292/2013 granted to MARE. We thank the Azorean Regional Government for funding POPA, the Ship-owners Association and the Association of the Tuna Canning Industries for their support to the program. MJC was supported by a DRCT doctoral grant (M3.1.2/F/008/2009). MAS was supported by POPH, QREN, European Social Fund and Portuguese Ministry for Science and Education, through an FCT Investigator grant (IF/00943/2013).
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 10
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    Mercury-pollution induction of intracellular lipid accumulation and lysosomal compartment amplification in the benthic foraminifer Ammonia parkinsoniana (2016)
    Public Library of Science
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 11 (2016): e0162401, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0162401.
    Description: Heavy metals such as mercury (Hg) pose a significant health hazard through bioaccumulation and biomagnification. By penetrating cell membranes, heavy metal ions may lead to pathological conditions. Here we examined the responses of Ammonia parkinsoniana, a benthic foraminiferan, to different concentrations of Hg in the artificial sea water. Confocal images of untreated and treated specimens using fluorescent probes (Nile Red and Acridine Orange) provided an opportunity for visualizing the intracellular lipid accumulation and acidic compartment regulation. With increased Hg over time, we observed an increased number of lipid droplets, which may have acted as a detoxifying organelle where Hg is sequestered and biologically inactivated. Further, Hg seems to promote the proliferation of lysosomes both in terms of number and dimension that, at the highest level of Hg, resulted in cell death. We report, for the first time, the presence of Hg within the foraminiferal cell: at the basal part of pores, in the organic linings of the foramen/septa, and as cytoplasmic accumulations.
    Description: The research for this paper was partially made possible by the financial support from the PRIN 2010-2011 Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca (MIUR) (protocollo 2010RMTLYR) to RC. JMB acknowledges support from The Investment in Science Fund at WHOI. BG, JRE, AJ, LZ, and EMP were supported in part by the Office of Biological and Environmental Research, US Department of Energy (DOE) as part of the Mercury Science Focus Area at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, which is managed by UT-Battelle LLC for the DOE under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725.
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  • 11
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    The good, the bad, and the tiny : a simple, mechanistic-probabilistic model of virus-nutrient colimitation in microbes (2016)
    Public Library of Science
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2015. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 10 (2015): e0143299, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0143299.
    Description: For phytoplankton and other microbes, nutrient receptors are often the passages through which viruses invade. This presents a bottom-up vs. top-down, co-limitation scenario; how do these would-be-hosts balance minimizing viral susceptibility with maximizing uptake of limiting nutrient(s)? This question has been addressed in the biological literature on evolutionary timescales for populations, but a shorter timescale, mechanistic perspective is lacking, and marine viral literature suggests the strong influence of additional factors, e.g. host size; while the literature on both nutrient uptake and host-virus interactions is expansive, their intersection, of ubiquitous relevance to marine environments, is understudied. I present a simple, mechanistic model from first principles to analyze the effect of this co-limitation scenario on individual growth, which suggests that in environments with high risk of viral invasion or spatial/temporal heterogeneity, an individual host’s growth rate may be optimized with respect to receptor coverage, producing top-down selective pressure on short timescales. The model has general applicability, is suggestive of hypotheses for empirical exploration, and can be extended to theoretical studies of more complex behaviors and systems.
    Description: This work was supported by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Charles Vest Presidential Fellowship.
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  • 12
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    AMS radiocarbon dating of large za baobabs (Adansonia za) of Madagascar (2016)
    Public Library of Science
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 11 (2016): e0146977, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0146977 .
    Description: The article reports the radiocarbon investigation of Anzapalivoro, the largest za baobab (Adansonia za) specimen of Madagascar and of another za, namely the Big cistern baobab. Several wood samples collected from the large inner cavity and from the outer part/exterior of the tree were investigated by AMS (accelerator mass spectrometry) radiocarbon dating. For samples collected from the cavity walls, the age values increase with the distance into the wood up to a point of maximum age, after which the values decrease toward the outer part. This anomaly of age sequences indicates that the inner cavity of Anzapalivoro is a false cavity, practically an empty space between several fused stems disposed in a ring-shaped structure. The radiocarbon date of the oldest sample was 780 ± 30 bp, which corresponds to a calibrated age of around 735 yr. Dating results indicate that Anzapalivoro has a closed ring-shaped structure, which consists of 5 fused stems that close a false cavity. The oldest part of the biggest za baobab has a calculated age of 900 years. We also disclose results of the investigation of a second za baobab, the Big cistern baobab, which was hollowed out for water storage. This specimen, which consists of 4 fused stems, was found to be around 260 years old.
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  • 13
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    Biochemical mechanisms for geographical adaptations to novel toxin exposures in butterflyfish (2016)
    Public Library of Science
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 11 (2016): e0154208, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154208
    Description: Some species of butterflyfish have had preyed upon corals for millions of years, yet the mechanism of butterflyfish specialized coral feeding strategy remains poorly understood. Certain butterflyfish have the ability to feed on allelochemically rich soft corals, e.g. Sinularia maxima. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) is the predominant enzyme system responsible for the detoxification of dietary allelochemicals. CYP2-like and CYP3A-like content have been associated with butterflyfish that preferentially consumes allelochemically rich soft corals. To investigate the role of butterflyfish CYP2 and CYP3A enzymes in dietary preference, we conducted oral feeding experiments using homogenates of S. maxima and a toxin isolated from the coral in four species of butterflyfish with different feeding strategies. After oral exposure to the S. maxima toxin 5-episinulaptolide (5ESL), which is not normally encountered in the Hawaiian butterflyfish diet, an endemic specialist, Chaetodon multicinctus experienced 100% mortality compared to a generalist, Chaetodon auriga, which had significantly more (3–6 fold higher) CYP3A-like basal content and catalytic activity. The specialist, Chaetodon unimaculatus, which preferentially feed on S. maxima in Guam, but not in Hawaii, had 100% survival, a significant induction of 8–12 fold CYP3A-like content, and an increased ability (2-fold) to metabolize 5ESL over other species. Computer modeling data of CYP3A4 with 5ESL were consistent with microsomal transformation of 5ESL to a C15-16 epoxide from livers of C. unimaculatus. Epoxide formation correlated with CYP3A-like content, catalytic activity, induction, and NADPH-dependent metabolism of 5ESL. These results suggest a potentially important role for the CYP3A family in butterflyfish-coral diet selection through allelochemical detoxification.
    Description: This work received support from the following sources: Resource Allocation Program of the Agricultural Research Station for UCR to DS; Summer funding by Hilda and George Liebig Environmental Sciences Summer Fellowship and travel grant Albert March Environmental Sciences Scholarship from the University of California, Riverside; and the Chemistry and DMPK CORE of COBRE, P20GM104932 from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS), a component of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) supported the chemistry studies.
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  • 14
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    Smartphone-based distributed data collection enables rapid assessment of shorebird habitat suitability (2016)
    Public Library of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This is an open access article, free of all copyright. The definitive version was published in PLoS ONE 11 (2016): e0164979, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164979.
    Description: Understanding and managing dynamic coastal landscapes for beach-dependent species requires biological and geological data across the range of relevant environments and habitats. It is difficult to acquire such information; data often have limited focus due to resource constraints, are collected by non-specialists, or lack observational uniformity. We developed an open-source smartphone application called iPlover that addresses these difficulties in collecting biogeomorphic information at piping plover (Charadrius melodus) nest sites on coastal beaches. This paper describes iPlover development and evaluates data quality and utility following two years of collection (n = 1799 data points over 1500 km of coast between Maine and North Carolina, USA). We found strong agreement between field user and expert assessments and high model skill when data were used for habitat suitability prediction. Methods used here to develop and deploy a distributed data collection system have broad applicability to interdisciplinary environmental monitoring and modeling.
    Description: This work was supported by the North Atlantic Landscape Conservation Cooperative through the U.S. Department of the Interior Hurricane Sandy recovery program under the Disaster Relief Appropriations Act of 2013, and the U.S. Geological Survey Coastal and Marine Geology Program.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 15
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    Analysis of lung microbiota in bronchoalveolar lavage, protected brush and sputum samples from subjects with mild-to-moderate cystic fibrosis Lung Disease (2016)
    Public Library of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS 11 (2016): e0149998, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149998.
    Description: Individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) often acquire chronic lung infections that lead to irreversible damage. We sought to examine regional variation in the microbial communities in the lungs of individuals with mild-to-moderate CF lung disease, to examine the relationship between the local microbiota and local damage, and to determine the relationships between microbiota in samples taken directly from the lung and the microbiota in spontaneously expectorated sputum. In this initial study, nine stable, adult CF patients with an FEV1〉50% underwent regional sampling of different lobes of the right lung by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and protected brush (PB) sampling of mucus plugs. Sputum samples were obtained from six of the nine subjects immediately prior to the procedure. Microbial community analysis was performed on DNA extracted from these samples and the extent of damage in each lobe was quantified from a recent CT scan. The extent of damage observed in regions of the right lung did not correlate with specific microbial genera, levels of community diversity or composition, or bacterial genome copies per ml of BAL fluid. In all subjects, BAL fluid from different regions of the lung contained similar microbial communities. In eight out of nine subjects, PB samples from different regions of the lung were also similar in microbial community composition, and were similar to microbial communities in BAL fluid from the same lobe. Microbial communities in PB samples were more diverse than those in BAL samples, suggesting enrichment of some taxa in mucus plugs. To our knowledge, this study is the first to examine the microbiota in different regions of the CF lung in clinically stable individuals with mild-to-moderate CF-related lung disease.
    Description: Support from the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Research Development Program (STANTO07R0) as a pilot grant to DAH and AA. Research reported in this publication was also supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health to DAH (R01 AI091702 to DAH) and the American Asthma Foundation Scholars Award and CFFT-ASHARE15A0 and R01HL122372 to AA and R01 HL074175 (BAS). The Dartmouth Lung Biology Center and CF Translational Research Core was supported by an Institutional Development Award (IDeA) from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant number P30GM106394 and by the CFF RDP (CFRDP STANTO11R0).
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    Abundance and distribution of sperm whales in the Canary Islands : can sperm whales in the archipelago sustain the current level of ship-strike mortalities? (2016)
    Public Library of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS 11 (2016): e0150660, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0150660.
    Description: Sperm whales are present in the Canary Islands year-round, suggesting that the archipelago is an important area for this species in the North Atlantic. However, the area experiences one of the highest reported rates of sperm whale ship-strike in the world. Here we investigate if the number of sperm whales found in the archipelago can sustain the current rate of ship-strike mortality. The results of this study may also have implications for offshore areas where concentrations of sperm whales may coincide with high densities of ship traffic, but where ship-strikes may be undocumented. The absolute abundance of sperm whales in an area of 52933 km2, covering the territorial waters of the Canary Islands, was estimated from 2668 km of acoustic line-transect survey using Distance sampling analysis. Data on sperm whale diving and acoustic behaviour, obtained from bio-logging, were used to calculate g(0) = 0.92, this is less than one because of occasional extended periods when whales do not echolocate. This resulted in an absolute abundance estimate of 224 sperm whales (95% log-normal CI 120–418) within the survey area. The recruitment capability of this number of whales, some 2.5 whales per year, is likely to be exceeded by the current ship-strike mortality rate. Furthermore, we found areas of higher whale density within the archipelago, many coincident with those previously described, suggesting that these are important habitats for females and immature animals inhabiting the archipelago. Some of these areas are crossed by active shipping lanes increasing the risk of ship-strikes. Given the philopatry in female sperm whales, replacement of impacted whales might be limited. Therefore, the application of mitigation measures to reduce the ship-strike mortality rate seems essential for the conservation of sperm whales in the Canary Islands.
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    Cisplatin resistant spheroids model clinically relevant survival mechanisms in ovarian tumors (2016)
    Public Library of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS 11 (2016): e0151089, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151089 .
    Description: The majority of ovarian tumors eventually recur in a drug resistant form. Using cisplatin sensitive and resistant cell lines assembled into 3D spheroids we profiled gene expression and identified candidate mechanisms and biological pathways associated with cisplatin resistance. OVCAR-8 human ovarian carcinoma cells were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of cisplatin to create a matched cisplatin-resistant cell line, OVCAR-8R. Genome-wide gene expression profiling of sensitive and resistant ovarian cancer spheroids identified 3,331 significantly differentially expressed probesets coding for 3,139 distinct protein-coding genes (Fc 〉2, FDR 〈 0.05) (S2 Table). Despite significant expression changes in some transporters including MDR1, cisplatin resistance was not associated with differences in intracellular cisplatin concentration. Cisplatin resistant cells were significantly enriched for a mesenchymal gene expression signature. OVCAR-8R resistance derived gene sets were significantly more biased to patients with shorter survival. From the most differentially expressed genes, we derived a 17-gene expression signature that identifies ovarian cancer patients with shorter overall survival in three independent datasets. We propose that the use of cisplatin resistant cell lines in 3D spheroid models is a viable approach to gain insight into resistance mechanisms relevant to ovarian tumors in patients. Our data support the emerging concept that ovarian cancers can acquire drug resistance through an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition.
    Description: This work was funded by the NIH NCRR supplement grant P41 RR001395-27S1 (J.W.H.), NSF DBI-1005378 “REU Site: Biological Discovery in Woods Hole”, faculty startup funds from the Office of Research at Oklahoma State University (W.C.), and the Mary Kay Foundation (A.S.B.).
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    Multiplexed spectral imaging of 120 different fluorescent labels (2016)
    Public Library of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons public domain dedication. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 11 (2016): e0158495, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158495.
    Description: The number of fluorescent labels that can unambiguously be distinguished in a single image when acquired through band pass filters is severely limited by the spectral overlap of available fluorophores. The recent development of spectral microscopy and the application of linear unmixing algorithms to spectrally recorded image data have allowed simultaneous imaging of fluorophores with highly overlapping spectra. However, the number of distinguishable fluorophores is still limited by the unavoidable decrease in signal to noise ratio when fluorescence signals are fractionated over multiple wavelength bins. Here we present a spectral image analysis algorithm to greatly expand the number of distinguishable objects labeled with binary combinations of fluorophores. Our algorithm utilizes a priori knowledge about labeled specimens and imposes a binary label constraint on the unmixing solution. We have applied our labeling and analysis strategy to identify microbes labeled by fluorescence in situ hybridization and here demonstrate the ability to distinguish 120 differently labeled microbes in a single image.
    Description: This work was supported by Grant 2007-3- 13 from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation (to GGB), National Institutes of Health Grant 1RC1-DE020630 from the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) (to GGB) and by National Institutes of Health Fellowship 1F31-DE019576 from NIDCR (to AMV).
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 19
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    Methanol production by a broad phylogenetic array of marine phytoplankton (2016)
    Public Library of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS 11 (2016): e0150820, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0150820.
    Description: Methanol is a major volatile organic compound on Earth and serves as an important carbon and energy substrate for abundant methylotrophic microbes. Previous geochemical surveys coupled with predictive models suggest that the marine contributions are exceedingly large, rivaling terrestrial sources. Although well studied in terrestrial ecosystems, methanol sources are poorly understood in the marine environment and warrant further investigation. To this end, we adapted a Purge and Trap Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (P&T-GC/MS) method which allowed reliable measurements of methanol in seawater and marine phytoplankton cultures with a method detection limit of 120 nanomolar. All phytoplankton tested (cyanobacteria: Synechococcus spp. 8102 and 8103, Trichodesmium erythraeum, and Prochlorococcus marinus), and Eukarya (heterokont diatom: Phaeodactylum tricornutum, coccolithophore: Emiliania huxleyi, cryptophyte: Rhodomonas salina, and non-diatom heterokont: Nannochloropsis oculata) produced methanol, ranging from 0.8–13.7 micromolar in culture and methanol per total cellular carbon were measured in the ranges of 0.09–0.3%. Phytoplankton culture time-course measurements displayed a punctuated production pattern with maxima near early stationary phase. Stabile isotope labeled bicarbonate incorporation experiments confirmed that methanol was produced from phytoplankton biomass. Overall, our findings suggest that phytoplankton are a major source of methanol in the upper water column of the world’s oceans.
    Description: This project was solely supported by a grant to TJM from the National Science Foundation (Award# CHE-OCE 1131415).
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    Interspecific hybridization in pilot whales and asymmetric genetic introgression in northern Globicephala melas under the scenario of global warming (2016)
    Public Library of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 11 (2016): e0160080, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160080 .
    Description: Pilot whales are two cetacean species (Globicephala melas and G. macrorhynchus) whose distributions are correlated with water temperature and partially overlap in some areas like the North Atlantic Ocean. In the context of global warming, distribution range shifts are expected to occur in species affected by temperature. Consequently, a northward displacement of the tropical pilot whale G. macrorynchus is expected, eventually leading to increased secondary contact areas and opportunities for interspecific hybridization. Here, we describe genetic evidences of recurrent hybridization between pilot whales in northeast Atlantic Ocean. Based on mitochondrial DNA sequences and microsatellite loci, asymmetric introgression of G. macrorhynchus genes into G. melas was observed. For the latter species, a significant correlation was found between historical population growth rate estimates and paleotemperature oscillations. Introgressive hybridization, current temperature increases and lower genetic variation in G. melas suggest that this species could be at risk in its northern range. Under increasing environmental and human-mediated stressors in the North Atlantic Ocean, it seems recommendable to develop a conservation program for G. melas.
    Description: LM had a PCTI Grant from the Asturias Regional Government, referenced BP 10-004. MAS was supported by a 2013 FCT Investigator contract through POPH, QREN European Social Fund and the Portuguese Ministry for Science and Education. This study was also supported by a grant from the Principality of Asturias (reference: GRUPIN-2014-093).
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  • 21
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    Coastal dynamics and submarine permafrost in shallow water of the central Laptev Sea, East Siberia (2016)
    Copernicus
    In:  EPIC3The Cryosphere, Copernicus, 9(4), pp. 1449-1462, ISSN: 1994-0416
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-29
    Description: Coastal erosion and flooding transform terrestrial landscapes into marine environments. In the Arctic, these processes inundate terrestrial permafrost with seawater and create submarine permafrost. Permafrost begins to warm under marine conditions, which can destabilize the sea floor and may release greenhouse gases. We report on the transition of terrestrial to submarine permafrost at a site where the timing of inundation can be inferred from the rate of coastline retreat. On Muostakh Island in the central Laptev Sea, East Siberia, changes in annual coastline position have been measured for decades and vary highly spatially. We hypothesize that these rates are inversely related to the inclination of the upper surface of submarine ice-bonded permafrost (IBP) based on the consequent duration of inundation with increasing distance from the shoreline. We compared rapidly eroding and stable coastal sections of Muostakh Island and find permafrost-table inclinations, determined using direct current resistivity, of 1 and 5 %, respectively. Determinations of submarine IBP depth from a drilling transect in the early 1980s were compared to resistivity profiles from 2011. Based on borehole observations, the thickness of unfrozen sediment overlying the IBP increased from 0 to 14m below sea level with increasing distance from the shoreline. The geoelectrical profiles showed thickening of the unfrozen sediment overlying ice-bonded permafrost over the 28 years since drilling took place. We use geoelectrical estimates of IBP depth to estimate permafrost degradation rates since inundation. Degradation rates decreased from over 0.4ma-1 following inundation to around 0.1ma-1 at the latest after 60 to 110 years and remained constant at this level as the duration of inundation increased to 250 years. We suggest that long-term rates are lower than these values, as the depth to the IBP increases and thermal and porewater solute concentration gradients over depth decrease. For the study region, recent increases in coastal erosion rate and changes in benthic temperature and salinity regimes are expected to affect the depth to submarine permafrost, leading to coastal regions with shallower IBP.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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    Sources and Transformations of Anthropogenic Nitrogen along an Urban River-Estuarine Continuum (2016)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-12
    Description: Sources and Transformations of Anthropogenic Nitrogen along an Urban River-Estuarine Continuum Michael J. Pennino, Sujay S. Kaushal, Sudhir Murthy, Joel Blomquist, Jeff Cornwell, and Lora Harris Biogeosciences Discuss., doi:10.5194/bg-2016-264,2016 Manuscript under review for BG (discussion: open, 0 comments) The results of this manuscript report the analysis of the fate and transport of wastewater and anthropogenic nitrogen along the Potomac River Estuary, from Washington D.C. to the Chesapeake Bay. In conjunction with a mass balance approach, nitrate isotopes were used to estimate fluxes and trace the sources and transformations N along the estuary. This study shows that estuaries have a large capacity to transform N inputs, but with large seasonal variability due to hydrological extremes.
    Print ISSN: 1810-6277
    Electronic ISSN: 1810-6285
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of The European Geosciences Union (EGU).
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  • 23
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    Topological magnetic dipolar interaction and nonlocal electric magnetization control in topological insulator heterostructures (2016)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-09
    Description: Author(s): Stefan Rex, Flavio S. Nogueira, and Asle Sudbø The magnetoelectric effect predicted in topological insulators makes heterostructures that combine magnetic materials and such insulators promising candidates for spintronics applications. Here, we theoretically consider a setup that exhibits two well-separated interfaces between a topological insul… [Phys. Rev. B 94, 020404(R)] Published Thu Jul 07, 2016
    Keywords: Magnetism
    Print ISSN: 1098-0121
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-3795
    Topics: Physics
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  • 24
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    Octahedral rotation patterns in strained EuFeO_{3} and other Pbnm perovskite films: Implications for hybrid improper ferroelectricity (2016)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-09
    Description: Author(s): A. K. Choquette, C. R. Smith, R. J. Sichel-Tissot, E. J. Moon, M. D. Scafetta, E. Di Gennaro, F. Miletto Granozio, E. Karapetrova, and S. J. May The control of octahedral rotations in perovskite heterostructures is an emerging strategy for inducing new functionality as evidenced by recent predictions of improper ferroelectricity, polar metals, and multiferroics. Many of these predictions are predicated on the presence of a specific rotation pattern ( a − a − c + ) in superlattices that exhibit the orthorhombic ( P b n m ) perovskite structural variant. The authors use synchrotron diffraction to measure the octahedral rotation patterns in strained ferrite, manganite, and gallate perovskite films finding that compressive strain strongly favors a + a − c − rotation patterns and tensile strain weakly favors a − a − c + structures. In contrast, films grown on orthorhombic substrates exhibit the same rotation pattern orientation as the substrate, even for epitaxial conditions where strain would favor the opposite structural orientation. The results indicate that substrate imprinting is a more robust method than strain for controlling the rotation pattern in P b n m -type perovskite films, a finding that should enable more efficient experimental pursuits of rotation-driven ferroic states in oxide heterostructures. [Phys. Rev. B 94, 024105] Published Thu Jul 07, 2016
    Keywords: Structure, structural phase transitions, mechanical properties, defects
    Print ISSN: 1098-0121
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    Superconductivity in the ferromagnetic semiconductor samarium nitride (2016)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-09
    Description: Author(s): E.-M. Anton, S. Granville, A. Engel, S. V. Chong, M. Governale, U. Zülicke, A. G. Moghaddam, H. J. Trodahl, F. Natali, S. Vézian, and B. J. Ruck Ferromagnetism and superconductivity are two generally incompatible states of matter. Their coexistence has been observed only under very unusual circumstances and so far only in metals. In contrast, most semiconductors are not naturally magnetic or superconducting, but introducing magnetism or superconductivity into semiconductors is seen as an important step towards radical improvement of our electronics capabilities and therefore a hotly pursued goal. Here, the authors report the discovery of superconductivity coexisting with ferromagnetism in the semiconducting material samarium nitride (SmN). The large intrinsic exchange splitting of the conduction band in SmN requires the superconducting order to be of unconventional (likely p -wave) type. Superconductivity is observed to be even further enhanced in superlattices where layers of SmN alternate with layers made of the strongly ferromagnetic but non-superconducting material gadolinium nitride. These features render SmN an interesting laboratory for understanding more about the fundamentals of ferromagnetism and superconductivity in semiconductors and exploring opportunities for integrating superconducting spintronics into the design of semiconductor-based electronic devices. [Phys. Rev. B 94, 024106] Published Thu Jul 07, 2016
    Keywords: Structure, structural phase transitions, mechanical properties, defects
    Print ISSN: 1098-0121
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    Topics: Physics
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  • 26
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    Classification of magnons in rotated ferromagnetic Heisenberg model and their competing responses in transverse fields (2016)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-09
    Description: Author(s): Fadi Sun, Jinwu Ye, and Wu-Ming Liu In this paper, we study the rotated ferromagnetic Heisenberg model (RFHM) in two different transverse fields, h x and h z , which can be intuitively visualized as studying spin-orbit coupling (SOC) effects in two-dimensional (2D) Ising or anisotropic X Y model in a transverse field. At a special SOC cla… [Phys. Rev. B 94, 024409] Published Thu Jul 07, 2016
    Keywords: Magnetism
    Print ISSN: 1098-0121
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  • 27
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    Metal versus insulator behavior in ultrathin SrTiO_{3} -based heterostructures (2016)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-09
    Description: Author(s): Lars Bjaalie, Anderson Janotti, Burak Himmetoglu, and Chris G. Van de Walle Complex-oxide interfaces can give rise to two-dimensional electron gases (2DEGs) with extremely high densities: for SrTiO 3 / GdTiO 3 (STO/GTO), a density of 1/2 electron per unit-cell area is found within the STO. In this work we use first-principles calculations to study GTO/STO/GTO heterostructures, … [Phys. Rev. B 94, 035115] Published Thu Jul 07, 2016
    Keywords: Electronic structure and strongly correlated systems
    Print ISSN: 1098-0121
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  • 28
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    Interplay of Coulomb interaction and spin-orbit coupling (2016)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-09
    Description: Author(s): Jörg Bünemann, Thorben Linneweber, Ute Löw, Frithjof B. Anders, and Florian Gebhard We employ the Gutzwiller variational approach to investigate the interplay of Coulomb interaction and spin-orbit coupling in a three-orbital Hubbard model. Already in the paramagnetic phase we find a substantial renormalization of the spin-orbit coupling that enters the effective single-particle Ham… [Phys. Rev. B 94, 035116] Published Thu Jul 07, 2016
    Keywords: Electronic structure and strongly correlated systems
    Print ISSN: 1098-0121
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  • 29
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    Optical absorption by Dirac excitons in single-layer transition-metal dichalcogenides (2016)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-09
    Description: Author(s): Maxim Trushin, Mark Oliver Goerbig, and Wolfgang Belzig We develop an analytically solvable model able to qualitatively explain nonhydrogenic exciton spectra observed recently in two-dimensional (2D) semiconducting transition-metal dichalcogenides. Our exciton Hamiltonian explicitly includes additional angular momentum associated with the pseudospin degr… [Phys. Rev. B 94, 041301(R)] Published Thu Jul 07, 2016
    Keywords: Semiconductors II: surfaces, interfaces, microstructures, and related topics
    Print ISSN: 1098-0121
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  • 30
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    Boreal fire records in Northern Hemisphere ice cores: A review (2016)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-12
    Description: Boreal fire records in Northern Hemisphere ice cores: A review Michel Legrand, Joseph McConnell, Hubertus Fischer, Eric W. Wolff, Susanne Preunkert, Nathan Chellman, Daiana Leuenberger, Olivia Maselli, Michael Sigl, Simon Schüpbach, and Mike Flannigan Clim. Past Discuss., doi:10.5194/cp-2016-70,2016 Manuscript under review for CP (discussion: open, 0 comments) Here we review previous attempts made to reconstruct past forest fire using chemical signals recorded in Greenland ice. We showed that the Greenland ice records of ammonium, found to be a good fire proxy, consistently indicate changing fire activity in Canada in response to past climatic conditions that occurred since the last 15 000 years including the little ice age and the last large climatic transition.
    Print ISSN: 1814-9324
    Electronic ISSN: 1814-9332
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of The European Geosciences Union (EGU).
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  • 31
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    Lattice gluon and ghost propagators and the strong coupling in pure SU(3) Yang-Mills theory: Finite lattice spacing and volume effects (2016)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-09
    Description: Author(s): Anthony G. Duarte, Orlando Oliveira, and Paulo J. Silva The dependence of the Landau gauge two-point gluon and ghost correlation functions on the lattice spacing and on the physical volume are investigated for pure SU(3) Yang-Mills theory in four dimensions using lattice simulations. We present data from very large lattices up to 128 4 and for two lattice… [Phys. Rev. D 94, 014502] Published Fri Jul 08, 2016
    Keywords: Lattice Methods
    Print ISSN: 0556-2821
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-4918
    Topics: Physics
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  • 32
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    Topological aspects of nonlinear excitonic processes in noncentrosymmetric crystals (2016)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-09
    Description: Author(s): Takahiro Morimoto and Naoto Nagaosa We study excitonic processes second order in the electric fields in noncentrosymmetric crystals. We derive formulas for shift current and second harmonic generation produced by exciton creation, by using the Floquet formalism combined with the Keldysh Green's function method. It is shown that (i) th… [Phys. Rev. B 94, 035117] Published Thu Jul 07, 2016
    Keywords: Electronic structure and strongly correlated systems
    Print ISSN: 1098-0121
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    Exclusive vector meson production with a leading neutron in photon-hadron interactions at hadronic colliders (2016)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-09
    Description: Author(s): V. P. Gonçalves, B. D. Moreira, F. S. Navarra, and D. Spiering In this paper, we study leading neutron production in photon-hadron interactions that take place in p p and p A collisions at large impact parameters. Using a model that describes the recent leading neutron data at HERA, we consider exclusive vector meson production in association with a leading neutr… [Phys. Rev. D 94, 014009] Published Thu Jul 07, 2016
    Keywords: Strong Interactions
    Print ISSN: 0556-2821
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-4918
    Topics: Physics
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    New constraints on interacting dark energy from cosmic chronometers (2016)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-09
    Description: Author(s): Rafael C. Nunes, Supriya Pan, and Emmanuel N. Saridakis We use the latest compilation of observational Hubble parameter measurements estimated with the differential evolution of cosmic chronometers, in combination with the local value of the Hubble constant recently measured with 2.4% precision, to constrain the cosmological scenario where dark energy in… [Phys. Rev. D 94, 023508] Published Thu Jul 07, 2016
    Keywords: Cosmology
    Print ISSN: 0556-2821
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-4918
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  • 35
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    Diffusion of dark matter in a hot and dense nuclear environment (2016)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-09
    Description: Author(s): Marina Cermeño, M. Ángeles Pérez-García, and Joseph Silk We calculate the mean free path in a hot and dense nuclear environment for a fermionic dark matter particle candidate in the ∼ GeV mass range interacting with nucleons via scalar and vector effective couplings. We focus on the effects of density and temperature in the nuclear medium in order to evalu… [Phys. Rev. D 94, 023509] Published Thu Jul 07, 2016
    Keywords: Cosmology
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    Mass of Kerr-Newman black holes in an external magnetic field (2016)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-09
    Description: Author(s): M. Astorino, G. Compère, R. Oliveri, and N. Vandevoorde The explicit solution for a Kerr-Newman black hole immersed in an external magnetic field, sometimes called the Melvin-Kerr-Newman black hole, has been derived by Ernst and Wild in 1976. In this paper, we clarify the first law and Smarr formula for black holes in a magnetic field. We then define the… [Phys. Rev. D 94, 024019] Published Thu Jul 07, 2016
    Keywords: General Relativity and Gravitation
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    Quantum entanglement in three accelerating qubits coupled to scalar fields (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-09
    Description: Author(s): Yue Dai, Zhejun Shen, and Yu Shi We consider quantum entanglement of three accelerating qubits, each of which is locally coupled with a real scalar field, without causal influence among the qubits or among the fields. The initial states are assumed to be the GHZ and W states, which are the two representative three-partite entangled… [Phys. Rev. D 94, 025012] Published Thu Jul 07, 2016
    Keywords: Field Theory, Formal Particle Theory
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  • 38
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    Quarter-BPS solutions in three-dimensional N=16 supergravity and the Liouville equation (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-09
    Description: Author(s): George Moutsopoulos We show how, by assuming at least eight real timelike supersymmetries in the maximally supersymmetric three-dimensional ungauged supergravity and a further simplifying ansatz, we are naturally led to a pair of Liouville field equations. These are solvable in terms of two meromorphic functions, and w… [Phys. Rev. D 94, 025013] Published Thu Jul 07, 2016
    Keywords: Field Theory, Formal Particle Theory
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  • 39
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    Quantum phase transitions with dynamical flavors (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-09
    Description: Author(s): Yago Bea, Niko Jokela, and Alfonso V. Ramallo We study the properties of a D6-brane probe in the Aharony-Bergman-Jafferis-Maldacena (ABJM) background with smeared massless dynamical quarks in the Veneziano limit. Working at zero temperature and nonvanishing charge density, we show that the system undergoes a quantum phase transition in which th… [Phys. Rev. D 94, 026003] Published Thu Jul 07, 2016
    Keywords: String Theory
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  • 40
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    Elastic wave turbulence and intermittency (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-09
    Description: Author(s): Sergio Chibbaro and Christophe Josserand We investigate the onset of intermittency for vibrating elastic plate turbulence in the framework of the weak wave turbulence theory using a numerical approach. The spectrum of the displacement field and the structure functions of the fluctuations are computed for different forcing amplitudes. At lo… [Phys. Rev. E 94, 011101(R)] Published Fri Jul 08, 2016
    Keywords: Fluid Dynamics
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  • 41
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    Is symmetry breaking of SU(5) theory responsible for the diphoton excess? (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-09
    Description: Author(s): Ilja Doršner, Svjetlana Fajfer, and Nejc Košnik We advocate the possibility that the observed diphoton excess at 750 GeV at the LHC can be addressed by the scalar field that is a part of the S U ( 5 ) symmetry breaking sector. The field in question is the Standard Model singlet that resides in the adjoint representation that breaks S U ( 5 ) down to S U ( 3 … [Phys. Rev. D 94, 015009] Published Thu Jul 07, 2016
    Keywords: Beyond the Standard Model
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  • 42
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    Diphoton portal to warped gravity (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-09
    Description: Author(s): Adam Falkowski and Jernej F. Kamenik The diphoton excess around m X = 750     GeV observed by ATLAS and CMS can be interpreted as coming from a massive spin-2 excitation. We explore this possibility in the context of warped five-dimensional models with the Standard Model (SM) fields propagating in the bulk of the extra dimension. The 750 GeV… [Phys. Rev. D 94, 015008] Published Thu Jul 07, 2016
    Keywords: Beyond the Standard Model
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  • 43
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    First observation of time variation in the solar-disk gamma-ray flux with Fermi (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-09
    Description: Author(s): Kenny C. Y. Ng, John F. Beacom, Annika H. G. Peter, and Carsten Rott The solar disk is a bright gamma-ray source. Surprisingly, its flux is about 1 order of magnitude higher than predicted. As a first step toward understanding the physical origin of this discrepancy, we perform a new analysis in 1–100 GeV using 6 years of public Fermi-LAT data. Compared to the previo… [Phys. Rev. D 94, 023004] Published Thu Jul 07, 2016
    Keywords: Astrophysics
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  • 44
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    Glass susceptibility: Growth kinetics and saturation under shear (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-09
    Description: Author(s): Saroj Kumar Nandi and Sriram Ramaswamy We study the growth kinetics of glassy correlations in a structural glass by monitoring the evolution, within mode-coupling theory, of a suitably defined three-point function χ C ( t , t w ) with time t and waiting time t w . From the complete wave-vector-dependent equations of motion for domain growth, we p… [Phys. Rev. E 94, 012607] Published Thu Jul 07, 2016
    Keywords: Colloids, Complex Fluids, and Active Matter
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  • 45
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    Phase-flip chimera induced by environmental nonlocal coupling (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-09
    Description: Author(s): V. K. Chandrasekar, R. Gopal, D. V. Senthilkumar, and M. Lakshmanan We report the emergence of a collective dynamical state, namely, the phase-flip chimera, from an ensemble of identical nonlinear oscillators that are coupled indirectly via the dynamical variables from a common environment, which in turn are nonlocally coupled. The phase-flip chimera is characterize… [Phys. Rev. E 94, 012208] Published Thu Jul 07, 2016
    Keywords: Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos
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  • 46
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    Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless phase transitions in two-dimensional non-Abelian spin models (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-09
    Description: Author(s): Oleg Borisenko, Volodymyr Chelnokov, Francesca Cuteri, and Alessandro Papa It is argued that two-dimensional U ( N ) spin models for any N undergo a Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT)-like phase transition, similarly to the famous X Y model. This conclusion follows from the Berezinskii-like calculation of the two-point correlation function in U ( N ) models, approximate renorm… [Phys. Rev. E 94, 012108] Published Thu Jul 07, 2016
    Keywords: Statistical Physics
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  • 47
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    Statistical systems with nonintegrable interaction potentials (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-09
    Description: Author(s): V. I. Yukalov Statistical systems composed of atoms interacting with each other trough nonintegrable interaction potentials are considered. Examples of these potentials are hard-core potentials and long-range potentials, for instance, the Lennard-Jones and dipolar potentials. The treatment of such potentials is k… [Phys. Rev. E 94, 012106] Published Thu Jul 07, 2016
    Keywords: Statistical Physics
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  • 48
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    Instability of plane-parallel flow of incompressible liquid over a saturated porous medium (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-09
    Description: Author(s): T. P. Lyubimova, D. V. Lyubimov, D. T. Baydina, E. A. Kolchanova, and K. B. Tsiberkin The linear stability of plane-parallel flow of an incompressible viscous fluid over a saturated porous layer is studied to model the instability of water flow in a river over aquatic plants. The saturated porous layer is bounded from below by a rigid plate and the pure fluid layer has a free, undefo… [Phys. Rev. E 94, 013104] Published Thu Jul 07, 2016
    Keywords: Fluid Dynamics
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  • 49
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    Langevin equation with fluctuating diffusivity: A two-state model (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-09
    Description: Author(s): Tomoshige Miyaguchi, Takuma Akimoto, and Eiji Yamamoto Recently, anomalous subdiffusion, aging, and scatter of the diffusion coefficient have been reported in many single-particle-tracking experiments, though the origins of these behaviors are still elusive. Here, as a model to describe such phenomena, we investigate a Langevin equation with diffusivity… [Phys. Rev. E 94, 012109] Published Fri Jul 08, 2016
    Keywords: Statistical Physics
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  • 50
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    Dynamics of circular arrangements of vorticity in two dimensions (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-09
    Description: Author(s): Rohith V. Swaminathan, S. Ravichandran, Prasad Perlekar, and Rama Govindarajan The merger of two like-signed vortices is a well-studied problem, but in a turbulent flow, we may often have more than two like-signed vortices interacting. We study the merger of three or more identical corotating vortices initially arranged on the vertices of a regular polygon. At low to moderate … [Phys. Rev. E 94, 013105] Published Thu Jul 07, 2016
    Keywords: Fluid Dynamics
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    Control of force through feedback in small driven systems (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-09
    Description: Author(s): E. Dieterich, J. Camunas-Soler, M. Ribezzi-Crivellari, U. Seifert, and F. Ritort Controlling a time-dependent force applied to single molecules or colloidal particles is crucial for many types of experiments. Since in optical tweezers the primary controlled variable is the position of the trap, imposing a target force requires an active feedback process. We analyze this feedback… [Phys. Rev. E 94, 012107] Published Thu Jul 07, 2016
    Keywords: Statistical Physics
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    Effects of an induced electric field on the π^{−} /π^{+} ratio in heavy-ion collisions (2016)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-12
    Description: Author(s): Gao-Feng Wei, Shi-Hai Dong, Xin-Wei Cao, and Yun-Liang Zhang Using an isospin- and momentum-dependent transport model, we examine the effects of an electric field induced by a variable magnetic field on the π − / π + ratio in central to peripheral heavy-ion collisions at beam energies of 400 and 1500 MeV/nucleon. It is shown that while the induced electric field … [Phys. Rev. C 94, 014605] Published Mon Jul 11, 2016
    Keywords: Nuclear Reactions
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    Revealing the jet substructure in a compressed spectrum of new physics (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-12
    Description: Author(s): Chengcheng Han and Myeonghun Park The physics beyond the Standard Model with parameters of the compressed spectrum is well motivated both in the theory side and with phenomenological reasons, especially related to dark matter phenomenology. In this letter, we propose a method to tag soft final state particles from a decaying process… [Phys. Rev. D 94, 011502(R)] Published Mon Jul 11, 2016
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    General considerations on the nature of Z_{b} (10610) and Z_{b} (10650) from their pole positions (2016)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-12
    Description: Author(s): Xian-Wei Kang, Zhi-Hui Guo, and J. A. Oller The nature of the bottomonium-like states Z b ( 10610 ) and Z b ( 10650 ) is studied by calculating the B ( * ) B ¯ * compositeness ( X ) in those resonances. We first consider uncoupled isovector S -wave scattering of B ( * ) B ¯ * within the framework of effective-range expansion (ERE). Expressions for the scattering le… [Phys. Rev. D 94, 014012] Published Mon Jul 11, 2016
    Keywords: Strong Interactions
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    Promising interpretation of diphoton resonance at 750 GeV (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-12
    Description: Author(s): Xiao-Jun Bi, Ran Ding, Yizhou Fan, Li Huang, Chuang Li, Tianjun Li, Shabbar Raza, Xiao-Chuan Wang, and Bin Zhu Recently, an excess of events in diphoton channel with invariant mass of about 750 GeV has been reported by the ATLAS and CMS Collaborations. Considering it as a tantalizing hint for new physics beyond the Standard Model (SM), we propose a simple extension of the SM with an additional doublet Higgs … [Phys. Rev. D 94, 015012] Published Mon Jul 11, 2016
    Keywords: Beyond the Standard Model
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  • 56
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    Octupole correlations in low-lying states of ^{150} Nd and ^{150} Sm and their impact on neutrinoless double-β decay (2016)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-12
    Description: Author(s): J. M. Yao and J. Engel We present a generator-coordinate calculation, based on a relativistic energy-density functional, of the low-lying spectra in the isotopes Nd 150 and Sm 150 and of the nuclear matrix element that governs the neutrinoless double- β decay of the first isotope to the second. We carefully examine the impac… [Phys. Rev. C 94, 014306] Published Mon Jul 11, 2016
    Keywords: Nuclear Structure
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    Invisible Higgs decay at the Large Hadron-Electron Collider (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-12
    Description: Author(s): Yi-Lei Tang, Chen Zhang, and Shou-hua Zhu The possibility that the 125 GeV Higgs boson may decay into invisible non-standard-model (non-SM) particles is theoretically and phenomenologically intriguing. In this paper, we investigate the sensitivity of the Large Hadron Electron Collider (LHeC) to an invisibly decaying Higgs, in its proposed h… [Phys. Rev. D 94, 011702(R)] Published Mon Jul 11, 2016
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    How loud are neutron star mergers? (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-12
    Description: Author(s): Sebastiano Bernuzzi, David Radice, Christian D. Ott, Luke F. Roberts, Philipp Mösta, and Filippo Galeazzi We present results from the first large parameter study of neutron star mergers using fully general relativistic simulations with finite-temperature microphysical equations of state and neutrino cooling. We consider equal and unequal-mass binaries drawn from the galactic population and simulate each… [Phys. Rev. D 94, 024023] Published Mon Jul 11, 2016
    Keywords: General Relativity and Gravitation
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    One-loop chiral perturbation theory with two fermion representations (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-12
    Description: Author(s): Thomas DeGrand, Maarten Golterman, Ethan T. Neil, and Yigal Shamir We develop chiral perturbation theory for chirally broken theories with fermions in two different representations of the gauge group. Any such theory has a nonanomalous singlet U ( 1 ) A symmetry, yielding an additional Nambu-Goldstone boson when spontaneously broken. We calculate the next-to-leading or… [Phys. Rev. D 94, 025020] Published Mon Jul 11, 2016
    Keywords: Field Theory, Formal Particle Theory
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  • 60
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    Finite quantum gauge theories (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-12
    Description: Author(s): Leonardo Modesto, Marco Piva, and Lesław Rachwał We explicitly compute the one-loop exact beta function for a nonlocal extension of the standard gauge theory, in particular, Yang-Mills and QED. The theory, made of a weakly nonlocal kinetic term and a local potential of the gauge field, is unitary (ghost-free) and perturbatively super-renormalizabl… [Phys. Rev. D 94, 025021] Published Mon Jul 11, 2016
    Keywords: Field Theory, Formal Particle Theory
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  • 61
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    2PI effective action at four loop order in φ^{4} theory (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-12
    Description: Author(s): M. E. Carrington, B. A. Meggison, and D. Pickering It is well known that perturbative pressure calculations show poor convergence. Calculations using a two-particle irreducible (2PI) effective action show improved convergence at the 3 loop level, but no calculations have been done at 4 loops. We consider the 2PI effective theory for a symmetric scal… [Phys. Rev. D 94, 025018] Published Mon Jul 11, 2016
    Keywords: Field Theory, Formal Particle Theory
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    Erratum: Looking for chiral anomaly in Kγ→Kπ reactions [Phys. Rev. D 93 , 094029 (2016)] (2016)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-12
    Description: Author(s): M. I. Vysotsky and E. V. Zhemchugov [Phys. Rev. D 94, 019901] Published Fri Jul 08, 2016
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    Heterogeneity of time delays determines synchronization of coupled oscillators (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-12
    Description: Author(s): Spase Petkoski, Andreas Spiegler, Timothée Proix, Parham Aram, Jean-Jacques Temprado, and Viktor K. Jirsa Network couplings of oscillatory large-scale systems, such as the brain, have a space-time structure composed of connection strengths and signal transmission delays. We provide a theoretical framework, which allows treating the spatial distribution of time delays with regard to synchronization, by d… [Phys. Rev. E 94, 012209] Published Mon Jul 11, 2016
    Keywords: Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos
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    Isostable reduction with applications to time-dependent partial differential equations (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-12
    Description: Author(s): Dan Wilson and Jeff Moehlis Isostables and isostable reduction, analogous to isochrons and phase reduction for oscillatory systems, are useful in the study of nonlinear equations which asymptotically approach a stationary solution. In this work, we present a general method for isostable reduction of partial differential equati… [Phys. Rev. E 94, 012211] Published Mon Jul 11, 2016
    Keywords: Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos
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    Identifying optimal targets of network attack by belief propagation (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-12
    Description: Author(s): Salomon Mugisha and Hai-Jun Zhou For a network formed by nodes and undirected links between pairs of nodes, the network optimal attack problem aims at deleting a minimum number of target nodes to break the network down into many small components. This problem is intrinsically related to the feedback vertex set problem that was succ… [Phys. Rev. E 94, 012305] Published Mon Jul 11, 2016
    Keywords: Networks and Complex Systems
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    Avalanche effects near nanojunctions (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-12
    Description: Author(s): Vishal V. R. Nandigana and N. R. Aluru In this article, we perform a computational investigation of a nanopore connected to external fluidic reservoirs of asymmetric geometries. The asymmetry between the reservoirs is achieved by changing the cross-sectional areas, and the reservoirs are designated as the micropore reservoir and macropor… [Phys. Rev. E 94, 012402] Published Mon Jul 11, 2016
    Keywords: Biological Physics
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    Role of catch bonds in actomyosin mechanics and cell mechanosensitivity (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-12
    Description: Author(s): Franck J. Vernerey and Umut Akalp We propose a mechanism of adherent cell mechanosensing, based on the idea that the contractile actomyosin machinery behaves as a catch bond. For this, we construct a simplified model of the actomyosin structure that constitutes the building block of stress fibers and express the stability of cross b… [Phys. Rev. E 94, 012403] Published Mon Jul 11, 2016
    Keywords: Biological Physics
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  • 68
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    Useful scars: Physics of the capsids of archaeal viruses (2016)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-12
    Description: Author(s): L. E. Perotti, S. Dharmavaram, W. S. Klug, J. Marian, J. Rudnick, and R. F. Bruinsma This paper presents a theoretical description of the shape of capsids for archaeal viruses, in particular the ATV virus which can develop a unique two-tail structure. The capsid takes the shape of a constant curvature surface, an unduloid, which contains scarlike defects. These defects may serve as a source of excess protein concentration, which can further enable to observed tail growth. [Phys. Rev. E 94, 012404] Published Mon Jul 11, 2016
    Keywords: Biological Physics
    Print ISSN: 1539-3755
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  • 69
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    Short-time dynamics of monomers and dimers in quasi-two-dimensional colloidal mixtures (2016)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-12
    Description: Author(s): Erick Sarmiento-Gómez, José Ramón Villanueva-Valencia, Salvador Herrera-Velarde, José Arturo Ruiz-Santoyo, Jesús Santana-Solano, José Luis Arauz-Lara, and Ramón Castañeda-Priego We report on the short-time dynamics in colloidal mixtures made up of monomers and dimers highly confined between two glass plates. At low concentrations, the experimental measurements of colloidal motion agree well with the solution of the Navier-Stokes equation at low Reynolds numbers; the latter … [Phys. Rev. E 94, 012608] Published Mon Jul 11, 2016
    Keywords: Colloids, Complex Fluids, and Active Matter
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  • 70
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    Ab initio diffuse-interface model for lithiated electrode interface evolution (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-12
    Description: Author(s): Maria E. Stournara, Ravi Kumar, Yue Qi, and Brian W. Sheldon The study of chemical segregation at interfaces, and in particular the ability to predict the thickness of segregated layers via analytical expressions or computational modeling, is a fundamentally challenging topic in the design of novel heterostructured materials. This issue is particularly releva… [Phys. Rev. E 94, 012802] Published Mon Jul 11, 2016
    Keywords: Films and Interfaces
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  • 71
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    Influence of particle surface roughness on creeping granular motion (2016)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-12
    Description: Author(s): Li-Tsung Sheng, Wei-Ching Chang, and Shu-San Hsiau A core is formed at the center of a quasi-two-dimensional rotating drum filled more than half with granular material. The core rotates slightly faster than the drum (precession) and decreases in radius over time (erosion) due to the granular creeping motion that occurs below the freely flowing layer… [Phys. Rev. E 94, 012903] Published Mon Jul 11, 2016
    Keywords: Granular Materials
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  • 72
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    Extreme conditions in a dissolving air nanobubble (2016)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-12
    Description: Author(s): Kyuichi Yasui, Toru Tuziuti, and Wataru Kanematsu Numerical simulations of the dissolution of an air nanobubble in water have been performed taking into account the effect of bubble dynamics (inertia of the surrounding liquid). The presence of stable bulk nanobubbles is not assumed in the present study because the bubble radius inevitably passes th… [Phys. Rev. E 94, 013106] Published Mon Jul 11, 2016
    Keywords: Fluid Dynamics
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  • 73
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    Measurement of Hydrodynamic Growth near Peak Velocity in an Inertial Confinement Fusion Capsule Implosion using a Self-Radiography Technique (2016)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-12
    Description: Author(s): L. A. Pickworth, B. A. Hammel, V. A. Smalyuk, A. G. MacPhee, H. A. Scott, H. F. Robey, O. L. Landen, M. A. Barrios, S. P. Regan, M. B. Schneider, M. Hoppe, Jr., T. Kohut, D. Holunga, C. Walters, B. Haid, and M. Dayton First measurements of hydrodynamic growth near peak implosion velocity in an inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosion at the National Ignition Facility were obtained using a self-radiographing technique and a preimposed Legendre mode 40, λ = 140     μ m , sinusoidal perturbation. These are the first mea… [Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 035001] Published Mon Jul 11, 2016
    Keywords: Plasma and Beam Physics
    Print ISSN: 0031-9007
    Electronic ISSN: 1079-7114
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  • 74
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    Multiscale modeling of polycrystalline graphene: A comparison of structure and defect energies of realistic samples from phase field crystal models (2016)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-12
    Description: Author(s): Petri Hirvonen, Mikko M. Ervasti, Zheyong Fan, Morteza Jalalvand, Matthew Seymour, S. Mehdi Vaez Allaei, Nikolas Provatas, Ari Harju, Ken R. Elder, and Tapio Ala-Nissila We extend the phase field crystal (PFC) framework to quantitative modeling of polycrystalline graphene. PFC modeling is a powerful multiscale method for finding the ground state configurations of large realistic samples that can be further used to study their mechanical, thermal, or electronic prope… [Phys. Rev. B 94, 035414] Published Mon Jul 11, 2016
    Keywords: Surface physics, nanoscale physics, low-dimensional systems
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  • 75
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    Electron diffraction by plasmon waves (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-12
    Description: Author(s): F. J. García de Abajo, B. Barwick, and F. Carbone The properties of an electron beam can be manipulated by electromagnetic fields in vacuum via the ponderomotive force. Such an interaction is also at the core of the Kapitza-Dirac effect, which describes the diffraction of electrons by an optical standing wave. Here, the authors predict a new type of interaction between electrons and the electromagnetic field, opening up new possibilities for the manipulation of electron beams. If surface plasmon polaritons are tailored to interfere forming a periodic field pattern, it becomes possible to diffract electrons from such near field. With the proper manipulation of the plasmonic fields, orbital angular momentum can be imparted to the electrons, and even the phase of their wave functions can be manipulated. An additional degree of freedom is provided by the possibility to tailor the spatial properties of the light and the materials supporting the surface plasmons. This arbitrary control can be extended to different substrates such as graphene or layered systems and may open up a viable route to create tunable phase plates for electron microscopes. [Phys. Rev. B 94, 041404(R)] Published Mon Jul 11, 2016
    Keywords: Surface physics, nanoscale physics, low-dimensional systems
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    Output squeezed radiation from dispersive ultrastrong light-matter coupling (2016)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-12
    Description: Author(s): S. Fedortchenko, S. Huppert, A. Vasanelli, Y. Todorov, C. Sirtori, C. Ciuti, A. Keller, T. Coudreau, and P. Milman We investigate the output generation of squeezed radiation of a cavity photon mode coupled to another off-resonant bosonic excitation. By modulating in time their linear interaction, we predict a high degree of output squeezing when the dispersive ultra-strong-coupling regime is achieved, i.e., when… [Phys. Rev. A 94, 013821] Published Mon Jul 11, 2016
    Keywords: Quantum optics, physics of lasers, nonlinear optics, classical optics
    Print ISSN: 1050-2947
    Electronic ISSN: 1094-1622
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  • 77
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    Inverted pendulum state of a polariton Rabi oscillator (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-12
    Description: Author(s): N. S. Voronova, A. A. Elistratov, and Yu. E. Lozovik Exciton-photon beats known as polariton Rabi oscillations in semiconductor microcavities are usually excited by short pulses of light. We consider a different pumping scheme, assuming a cw pumping of the Rabi oscillator from an exciton reservoir. We account for the initial pulse of light setting the… [Phys. Rev. B 94, 045413] Published Mon Jul 11, 2016
    Keywords: Surface physics, nanoscale physics, low-dimensional systems
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  • 78
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    Tectonothermal evolution in the core of an arcuate fold and thrust belt: the south-eastern sector of the Cantabrian Zone (Variscan belt, north-western Spain) (2016)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-12
    Description: Tectonothermal evolution in the core of an arcuate fold and thrust belt: the south-eastern sector of the Cantabrian Zone (Variscan belt, north-western Spain) María Luz Valín, Susana García-López, Covadonga Brime, Fernando Bastida, and Jesús Aller Solid Earth, 7, 1003-1022, doi:10.5194/se-7-1003-2016, 2016 The tectonothermal evolution of an area located in the core of the Ibero-Armorican Arc (Variscan belt) has been determined by using the conodont colour alteration index (CAI), Kübler index of illite (KI), the Árkai index of chlorite (AI) and the analysis of clay minerals and rock cleavage. The area is part of the Cantabrian Zone (CZ), which represents the foreland fold and thrust belt of the orogen. It has been thrust by several large units of the CZ, what resulted in the generation of a large number of synorogenic Carboniferous sediments. CAI, KI and AI values show an irregular distribution of metamorphic grade, independent of stratigraphic position. Two tectonothermal events have been distinguished in the area. The first one, poorly defined, is mainly located in the northern part. It gave rise to very-low-grade metamorphism in some areas and it was associated with a deformation event that resulted in the emplacement of the last large thrust unit and development of upright folds and associated cleavage ( S 1 ). The second tectonothermal event gave rise to low-grade metamorphism and cleavage ( S 2 ) crosscutting earlier upright folds in the central, western and southern parts of the study area. The event continued with the intrusion of small igneous rock bodies, which gave rise to contact metamorphism and hydrothermal alteration. This event was linked to an extensional episode due to a gravitational instability at the end of the Variscan deformation. This tectonothermal evolution occurred during the Gzhelian–Sakmarian. Subsequently, several hydrothermal episodes took place and local crenulation cleavage developed during the Alpine deformation.
    Electronic ISSN: 1869-9537
    Topics: Geosciences
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    Microstructures and deformation mechanisms in Opalinus Clay: insights from scaly clay from the Main Fault in the Mont Terri Rock Laboratory (CH) (2016)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-12
    Description: Microstructures and deformation mechanisms in Opalinus Clay: insights from scaly clay from the Main Fault in the Mont Terri Rock Laboratory (CH) Ben Laurich, Janos L. Urai, and Christophe Nussbaum Solid Earth Discuss., doi:10.5194/se-2016-94,2016 Manuscript under review for SE (discussion: open, 0 comments) Scaly clay is a well-known rock fabric that can develop in tectonic systems and that can alter the physical rock properties of a formation. However, internal microstructure and evolution of this fabric remains poorly understood. We examined the scaly microstructure of progressively faulted Opalinus Clay using optical as well as scanning electron microscopy. We present an evolutionary model for scaly clay that is of interest in the evaluation of Opalinus Clay to host radioactive waste.
    Electronic ISSN: 1869-9537
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 80
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    Microstructures and deformation mechanisms in Opalinus Clay: insights from scaly clay from the Main Fault in the Mont Terri Rock Laboratory (CH) (2016)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-12
    Description: Microstructures and deformation mechanisms in Opalinus Clay: insights from scaly clay from the Main Fault in the Mont Terri Rock Laboratory (CH) Ben Laurich, Janos L. Urai, and Christophe Nussbaum Solid Earth Discuss., doi:10.5194/se-2016-94,2016 Manuscript under review for SE (discussion: open, 0 comments) Scaly clay is a well-known rock fabric that can develop in tectonic systems and that can alter the physical rock properties of a formation. However, internal microstructure and evolution of this fabric remains poorly understood. We examined the scaly microstructure of progressively faulted Opalinus Clay using optical as well as scanning electron microscopy. We present an evolutionary model for scaly clay that is of interest in the evaluation of Opalinus Clay to host radioactive waste.
    Print ISSN: 1869-9510
    Electronic ISSN: 1869-9529
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 81
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    Fixation kinetics of chelated and non-chelated zinc in semi-arid alkaline soils: application to zinc management (2016)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-12
    Description: Fixation kinetics of chelated and non-chelated zinc in semi-arid alkaline soils: application to zinc management Theophilus K. Udeigwe, Madeleine Eichmann, and Matthew C. Menkiti Solid Earth, 7, 1023-1031, doi:10.5194/se-7-1023-2016, 2016 Micronutrient fixation leads to the reduction of plant-available portions. This study examined the fixation kinetics of chelated and non-chelated zinc (Zn) in semi-arid soils. About 30 % more Zn was fixed in the non-chelated system in the first 14 days. Slope of change of Zn to Cu (i.e., Cu–Zn) was higher than other micronutrients. Zn fixation kinetics were better described by a power-function model. Tools developed from this study will be used to advance micronutrient management.
    Print ISSN: 1869-9510
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  • 82
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    Improved MODIS Dark Target Aerosol Optical Depth algorithm over land: Angular effect Correction (2016)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: Improved MODIS Dark Target Aerosol Optical Depth algorithm over land: Angular effect Correction Yerong Wu, Martin de Graaf, and Massimo Menenti Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., doi:10.5194/amt-2016-185,2016 Manuscript under review for AMT (discussion: open, 0 comments) In this paper, we developed a new algorithm to improve the retrieval of Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) over land with satellite measurement, by refining the shape of the spectral surface reflectance to improve the estimated background reflectance in the channel used for AOD retrieval. The results show that the angular effects of the retrievals are largely reduced, including fewer occurrences of negative retrievals. This implies that the users can get more accurate data without angular bias.
    Print ISSN: 1867-1381
    Electronic ISSN: 1867-8548
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 83
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    Investigation of processes controlling summertime gaseous elemental mercury oxidation at midlatitudinal marine, coastal, and inland sites (2016)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: Investigation of processes controlling summertime gaseous elemental mercury oxidation at midlatitudinal marine, coastal, and inland sites Zhuyun Ye, Huiting Mao, Che-Jen Lin, and Su Youn Kim Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 8461-8478, doi:10.5194/acp-16-8461-2016, 2016 In this study, a state-of-the-art chemical mechanism was incorporated into a box model to investigate the atmospheric Hg cycling in different environments. As a result, for each of the three environments, GOM diurnal cycles of over half the selected cases were reasonably represented by the box model. A realistic model can be a powerful tool, providing important information on atmospheric Hg cycling and implications for policy makers.
    Print ISSN: 1680-7367
    Electronic ISSN: 1680-7375
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  • 84
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    Effects of polar stratospheric clouds in the Nimbus 7 LIMS Version 6 data set (2016)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: Effects of polar stratospheric clouds in the Nimbus 7 LIMS Version 6 data set Ellis Remsberg and V. Lynn Harvey Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 2927-2946, doi:10.5194/amt-9-2927-2016, 2016 Emissions from polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) particles affect the retrieved ozone and water vapor from the Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere (LIMS) satellite experiment. Threshold criteria are applied to the retrieved ozone for the detection and screening of those effects. The PSC effects correlate very well with regions of coldest temperatures (
    Electronic ISSN: 1867-8610
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  • 85
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    Tomography of Majorana fermions with STM tips (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: Author(s): Denis Chevallier and Jelena Klinovaja We investigate numerically the possibility to detect the spatial profile of Majorana fermions (MFs) by using STM tips that are made of either normal or superconducting material. In both cases, we are able to resolve the localization length and the oscillation period of the MF wave function. We show … [Phys. Rev. B 94, 035417] Published Tue Jul 12, 2016
    Keywords: Surface physics, nanoscale physics, low-dimensional systems
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  • 86
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    Low-temperature conducting state in two candidate topological Kondo insulators: SmB_{6} and Ce_{3} Bi_{4} Pt_{3} (2016)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: Author(s): N. Wakeham, P. F. S. Rosa, Y. Q. Wang, M. Kang, Z. Fisk, F. Ronning, and J. D. Thompson The authors have studied SmB 6 and Ce 3 Bi 4 Pt 3 . Both of these Kondo insulators show a saturation of the increasing resistivity at low temperature that suggests an additional conduction channel and is consistent with the theoretical prediction that these systems should host robust surface states due to their nontrivial topology. While previous work has shown that the resistance saturation in SmB 6 is due to conducting surface states, this work demonstrates that the origin of the resistance saturation in Ce 3 Bi 4 Pt 3 is through the bulk of the material and not the surface. The contrasting behavior of the two materials when the surface is disordered with ion-irradiation supports this conclusion, and also demonstrates the sensitivity of the resistance of the surface state in SmB 6 to small levels of disorder. Finally, the low-temperature specific heat of SmB 6 shows a residual linear term, and the origin of this term has been highly debated recently. Through measurements of single crystals and powders, it is shown that this term dominantly arises from the bulk and not the surface state. [Phys. Rev. B 94, 035127] Published Tue Jul 12, 2016
    Keywords: Electronic structure and strongly correlated systems
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    Pulse propagation in the interacting one-dimensional Bose liquid (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: Author(s): A. D. Sarishvili, I. V. Protopopov, and D. B. Gutman We study wave propagation in interacting Bose liquid, where the short-range part of the interaction between atoms is of a hard-core type, and its long-range part scales with a distance as a power law. The cases of Coulomb, dipole-dipole and van der Waals interaction are considered. We employ a hydro… [Phys. Rev. B 94, 045110] Published Tue Jul 12, 2016
    Keywords: Electronic structure and strongly correlated systems
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  • 88
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    Impurity invisibility in graphene: Symmetry guidelines for the design of efficient sensors (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: Author(s): John Duffy, James Lawlor, Caio Lewenkopf, and Mauro S. Ferreira Renowned for its sensitivity to detect the presence of numerous substances, graphene is an excellent chemical sensor. Unfortunately, which general features a dopant must have in order to enter the list of substances detectable by graphene are not exactly known. Here we demonstrate with a simple mode… [Phys. Rev. B 94, 045417] Published Tue Jul 12, 2016
    Keywords: Surface physics, nanoscale physics, low-dimensional systems
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  • 89
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    Observing single-atom diffusion at a molecule-metal interface (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: Author(s): Johannes Mielke, Jesús Martínez-Blanco, Maike V. Peters, Stefan Hecht, and Leonhard Grill The dynamics at the interface between a close-packed porphyrin monolayer and Au(111) is investigated by time-dependent scanning tunneling microscopy, detecting the motion of single-interface adatoms in real space. Imaging sequences reveal predominant switching of the molecular appearance in adjacent… [Phys. Rev. B 94, 035416] Published Tue Jul 12, 2016
    Keywords: Surface physics, nanoscale physics, low-dimensional systems
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  • 90
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    Limitations of effective medium theory in multilayer graphite/hBN heterostructures (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: Author(s): René Petersen, Thomas Garm Pedersen, Morten Niklas Gjerding, and Kristian Sommer Thygesen We apply effective medium theory (EMT) to metamaterials consisting of a varying number of consecutive sheets of graphene and hexagonal boron nitride, and compare this with a full calculation of the permittivity and the reflection based on the tight binding method and the transfer matrix method in or… [Phys. Rev. B 94, 035128] Published Tue Jul 12, 2016
    Keywords: Electronic structure and strongly correlated systems
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  • 91
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    Mapping the intramolecular contributions to the inelastic electron tunneling signal of a molecular junction (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: Author(s): Giuseppe Foti and Héctor Vázquez We present a quantitative analysis of the intramolecular origin of the inelastic electron tunneling signal of a molecular junction. We use density-functional theory to study a representative conjugated molecule with a low degree of symmetry and calculate, for all modes, the different contributions t… [Phys. Rev. B 94, 045418] Published Tue Jul 12, 2016
    Keywords: Surface physics, nanoscale physics, low-dimensional systems
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  • 92
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    Entanglement and Majorana edge states in the Kitaev model (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: Author(s): Saptarshi Mandal, Moitri Maiti, and Vipin Kerala Varma We investigate the von Neumann entanglement entropy and Schmidt gap in the vortex-free ground state of the Kitaev model on the honeycomb lattice for square/rectangular and cylindrical subsystems. We find that, for both the subsystems, the free-fermionic contribution to the entanglement entropy S E ex… [Phys. Rev. B 94, 045421] Published Tue Jul 12, 2016
    Keywords: Surface physics, nanoscale physics, low-dimensional systems
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    Extremely long-lived magnetic excitations in supported Fe chains (2016)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: Author(s): J. P. Gauyacq and N. Lorente We report on a theoretical study of the lifetime of the first excited state of spin chains made of an odd number of Fe atoms on C u 2 N / Cu ( 100 ) . Yan, Choi, Burgess, Rolf-Pissarczyk, and Loth [ Nat. Nanotech. 10 , 40 (2015) ] recently observed very long lifetimes in the case of F e 3 chains. We consider the … [Phys. Rev. B 94, 045420] Published Tue Jul 12, 2016
    Keywords: Surface physics, nanoscale physics, low-dimensional systems
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  • 94
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    Coherent nonlinear optical response of graphene in the quantum Hall regime (2016)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: Author(s): H. K. Avetissian and G. F. Mkrtchian We study the nonlinear optical response of graphene in the quantum Hall regime to an intense laser pulse. In particular, we consider the harmonic generation process. We demonstrate that the generalized magneto-optical conductivity of graphene on the harmonics of a strong pump laser radiation has a c… [Phys. Rev. B 94, 045419] Published Tue Jul 12, 2016
    Keywords: Surface physics, nanoscale physics, low-dimensional systems
    Print ISSN: 1098-0121
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-3795
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society (APS)
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  • 95
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    Deuteron-induced reactions on Ni isotopes up to 60 MeV (2016)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: Author(s): M. Avrigeanu, E. Šimečková, U. Fischer, J. Mrázek, J. Novak, M. Štefánik, C. Costache, and V. Avrigeanu Background: The high complexity of the deuteron-nucleus interaction from the deuteron weak binding energy of 2.224 MeV is also related to a variety of reactions induced by the deuteron-breakup (BU) nucleons. Thus, specific noncompound processes as BU and direct reactions (DR) make the deuteron-induc… [Phys. Rev. C 94, 014606] Published Tue Jul 12, 2016
    Keywords: Nuclear Reactions
    Print ISSN: 0556-2813
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-490X
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society (APS)
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  • 96
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    Noise-assisted estimation of attractor invariants (2016)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: Author(s): Juan F. Restrepo and Gastón Schlotthauer In this article, the noise-assisted correlation integral (NCI) is proposed. The purpose of the NCI is to estimate the invariants of a dynamical system, namely the correlation dimension ( D ) , the correlation entropy ( K 2 ) , and the noise level ( σ ) . This correlation integral is induced by using random no… [Phys. Rev. E 94, 012212] Published Tue Jul 12, 2016
    Keywords: Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos
    Print ISSN: 1539-3755
    Electronic ISSN: 1550-2376
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society (APS)
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  • 97
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    Critical Examination of Incoherent Operations and a Physically Consistent Resource Theory of Quantum Coherence (2016)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: Author(s): Eric Chitambar and Gilad Gour A resource theory of quantum coherence is completely characterized, highlighting the theory’s free operations, which are physically inconsistent. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 030401] Published Tue Jul 12, 2016
    Keywords: General Physics: Statistical and Quantum Mechanics, Quantum Information, etc.
    Print ISSN: 0031-9007
    Electronic ISSN: 1079-7114
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society (APS)
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  • 98
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    Complex Squeezing and Force Measurement Beyond the Standard Quantum Limit (2016)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: Author(s): L. F. Buchmann, S. Schreppler, J. Kohler, N. Spethmann, and D. M. Stamper-Kurn A continuous quantum field, such as a propagating beam of light, may be characterized by a squeezing spectrum that is inhomogeneous in frequency. We point out that homodyne detectors, which are commonly employed to detect quantum squeezing, are blind to squeezing spectra in which the correlation bet… [Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 030801] Published Tue Jul 12, 2016
    Keywords: General Physics: Statistical and Quantum Mechanics, Quantum Information, etc.
    Print ISSN: 0031-9007
    Electronic ISSN: 1079-7114
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society (APS)
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  • 99
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    Electromagnetic wave band structure due to surface plasmon resonances in a complex plasma (2016)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: Author(s): S. V. Vladimirov and O. Ishihara The dielectric properties of complex plasma containing either metal or dielectric spherical inclusions (macroparticles, dust) are investigated. We focus on surface plasmon resonances on the macroparticle surfaces and their effect on electromagnetic wave propagation. It is demonstrated that the prese… [Phys. Rev. E 94, 013202] Published Tue Jul 12, 2016
    Keywords: Plasma Physics
    Print ISSN: 1539-3755
    Electronic ISSN: 1550-2376
    Topics: Physics
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  • 100
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    Supersymmetric chameleons and ultralocal models (2016)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: Author(s): Philippe Brax, Luca Alberto Rizzo, and Patrick Valageas Super-chameleon models where all types of matter belong to three secluded sectors, i.e. the dark, supersymmetry breaking and matter sectors, are shown to be dynamically equivalent to ultralocal models of modified gravity. In the dark sector, comprising both dark matter and dark energy, the interacti… [Phys. Rev. D 94, 023512] Published Tue Jul 12, 2016
    Keywords: Cosmology
    Print ISSN: 0556-2821
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-4918
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society (APS)
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