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  • 2020-2024
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  • 2020-2024
  • 2015-2019  (10,007)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2024-06-26
    Description: In this study we look beyond the previously studied effects of oceanic CO2 injections on atmospheric and oceanic reservoirs and also account for carbon cycle and climate feedbacks between the atmosphere and the terrestrial biosphere. Considering these additional feedbacks is important since backfluxes from the terrestrial biosphere to the atmosphere in response to reducing atmospheric CO2 can further offset the targeted reduction. To quantify these dynamics we use an Earth system model of intermediate complexity to simulate direct injection of CO2 into the deep ocean as a means of emissions mitigation during a high CO2 emission scenario. In three sets of experiments with different injection depths, we simulate a 100-year injection period of a total of 70 GtC and follow global carbon cycle dynamics over another 900 years. In additional parameter perturbation runs, we varied the default terrestrial photosynthesis CO2 fertilization parameterization by ±50 % in order to test the sensitivity of this uncertain carbon cycle feedback to the targeted atmospheric carbon reduction through direct CO2 injections. Simulated seawater chemistry changes and marine carbon storage effectiveness are similar to previous studies. As expected, by the end of the injection period avoided emissions fall short of the targeted 70 GtC by 16–30 % as a result of carbon cycle feedbacks and backfluxes in both land and ocean reservoirs. The target emissions reduction in the parameter perturbation simulations is about 0.2 and 2 % more at the end of the injection period and about 9 % less to 1 % more at the end of the simulations when compared to the unperturbed injection runs. An unexpected feature is the effect of the model's internal variability of deep-water formation in the Southern Ocean, which, in some model runs, causes additional oceanic carbon uptake after injection termination relative to a control run without injection and therefore with slightly different atmospheric CO2 and climate. These results of a model that has very low internal climate variability illustrate that the attribution of carbon fluxes and accounting for injected CO2 may be very challenging in the real climate system with its much larger internal variability.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2024-06-18
    Description: In verschiedenen Hanglagen der Ortsgemeinde Essenheim in Rheinhessen (Rheinland-Pfalz) ist der Untergrund rutschgefährdet oder es sind fossile Rutschungen vorhanden. In einer dieser Hanglagen wurde die Erweiterung des Baugebietes „Domherrngärten" geplant. In der Folge dessen war zu klären, unter welchen Randbedingungen die Bebauung realisiert werden kann. Hierzu wurden in mehreren Kampagnen der geologische Untergrund mit Kernbohrungen untersucht und Inklinometermessstellen zur Beobachtung von Hangbewegungen eingerichtet. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse wurden im Rahmen einer Bachelorarbeit zur Durchführung von Standsicherheitsberechnungen genutzt. Auf der Basis aller Untersuchungsergebnisse werden Vorsorgemaßnahmen für die Bebauung in einem rutschgefährdetem Hang aufgezeigt.
    Description: Abstract: Various slopes in the village Essenheim in Rhinehessen/ Rhineland-Pala- tinate are prone to landslides. The planed extension of the building area „Domherrngärten II" is part of such an area. In succession it had to be discussed under which circumstances construction is possible. To analyze the geological features core drillings with rock sampling were executed as well as inclinometers (measurements to detect motion of the slope). The taken data was used in a Bachelor thesis to evaluate the slope stability. On the base of all results references for building on instable slopes are given.
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:624.151 ; Mainzer Becken ; Rutschungen ; Ingenieurgeologie ; TK 6014
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:article , publishedVersion
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2024-06-07
    Description: We characterize and decipher the resistome and the virulence factors of Shewanella algae MARS 14, a multidrug-resistant clinical strain using the whole genome sequencing (WGS) strategy. The bacteria were isolated from the bronchoalveolar lavage of a hospitalized patient in the Timone Hospital in Marseille, France who developed pneumonia after plunging into the Mediterranean Sea. Results: The genome size of S. algae MARS 14 was 5,005,710 bp with 52.8% guanine cytosine content. The resistome includes members of class C and D beta-lactamases and numerous multidrug-efflux pumps. We also found the presence of several hemolysins genes, a complete flagellum system gene cluster and genes responsible for biofilm formation. Moreover, we reported for the first time in a clinical strain of Shewanella spp. the presence of a bacteriocin (marinocin). Conclusion: The WGS analysis of this pathogen provides insight into its virulence factors and resistance to antibiotics.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2024-06-07
    Description: Marine sponges and other sessile macro-organisms were collected at a shallow water hydrothermal site in Eyjafjörður, Iceland. Bacteria were isolated from the organisms using selective media for actinomycetes, and the isolates were screened for antimicrobial activity. A total of 111 isolates revealed antimicrobial activity displaying different antimicrobial patterns which indicates production of various compounds. Known test strains were grown in the presence of ethyl acetate extracts from one selected isolate, and a clear growth inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus was observed down to 0.1 % extract concentration in the medium. Identification of isolates shows different species of Actinobacteria with Streptomyces sp. playing the largest role, but also members of Bacilli, Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria. Sponges have an excellent record regarding production of bioactive compounds, often involving microbial symbionts. At the hydrothermal vents, however, the majority of active isolates originated from other invertebrates such as sea anemones or algae. The results indicate that antimicrobial assays involving isolates in full growth can detect activity not visible by other methods. The macro-organisms inhabiting the Eyjafjörður hydrothermal vent area host diverse microbial species in the phylum Actinobacteria with antimicrobial activity, and the compounds responsible for the activity will be subject to further research.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2024-04-12
    Description: Bacteria use quorum sensing to orchestrate gene expression programmes that underlie collective behaviours. Quorum sensing relies on the production, release, detection and group-level response to extracellular signalling molecules, which are called autoinducers. Recent work has discovered new autoinducers in Gram-negative bacteria, shown how these molecules are recognized by cognate receptors, revealed new regulatory components that are embedded in canonical signalling circuits and identified novel regulatory network designs. In this Review we examine how, together, these features of quorum sensing signal–response systems combine to control collective behaviours in Gram-negative bacteria and we discuss the implications for host–microbial associations and antibacterial therapy.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2024-03-22
    Description: Carbonate buildups and mounds are impressive biogenic structures throughout Earth history. In the recent NE Atlantic, cold-water coral (CWC) reefs form giant carbonate mounds of up to 300 m of elevation. The expansion of these coral carbonate mounds is paced by climatic changes during the past 2.7 Myr. Environmental control on their development is directly linked to controls on its main constructors, the reef-building CWCs. Seawater density has been identified as one of the main controlling parameter of CWC growth in the NE Atlantic. One possibility is the formation of a pycnocline above the carbonate mounds, which is increasing the hydrodynamic regime, supporting elevated food supply, and possibly facilitating the distribution of coral larvae. The potential to reconstruct past seawater densities from stable oxygen isotopes of benthic foraminifera has been further developed: a regional equation gives reliable results for three different settings, peak interglacials (e.g., Holocene), peak glacials (e.g., Last Glacial Maximum), and intermediate setting (between the two extremes). Seawater densities are reconstructed for two different NE Atlantic CWC carbonate mounds in the Porcupine Seabight indicating that the development of carbonate mounds is predominantly found at a seawater density range between 27.3 and 27.7 kg m−3 (σΘ notation). Comparable to recent conditions, we interpret the reconstructed density range as a pycnocline serving as boundary layer, on which currents develop, carrying nutrition and possibly coral larvae. The close correlation of CWC reef growth with reconstructed seawater densities through the Pleistocene highlights the importance of pycnoclines and intermediate water mass dynamics.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2024-03-22
    Description: Highlights • First apparent calcification depth assessment of living foraminifera in the SE WPWP • Deep surface mixed layer causes deep apparent calcification depths. • Deep-dwelling G. hexagonus traces nutrient conditions in equatorial water masses. Abstract Insight into past changes of upper ocean stratification, circulation, and nutrient signatures rely on our knowledge of the apparent calcification depth (ACD) and ecology of planktonic foraminifera, which serve as archives for paleoceanographic relevant geochemical signals. The ACD of different species varies strongly between ocean basins, but also regionally. We constrained foraminiferal ACDs in the Western Pacific Warm Pool (Manihiki Plateau) by comparing stable oxygen and carbon isotopes (δ18Ocalite, δ13Ccalcite) as well as Mg/Ca ratios from living planktonic foraminifera to in-situ physical and chemical water mass properties (temperature, salinity, δ18Oseawater, δ13CDIC). Our analyses point to Globigerinoides ruber as the shallowest dweller, followed by Globigerinoides sacculifer, Neogloboquadrina dutertrei, Pulleniatina obliquiloculata and Globorotaloides hexagonus inhabiting increasing greater depths. These findings are consistent with other ocean basins; however, absolute ACDs differ from other studies. The uppermost mixed-layer species G. ruber and G. sacculifer denote mean calcification depths of ~ 95 m and ~ 120 m, respectively. These Western Pacific ACDs are much deeper than in most other studies and most likely relate to the thick surface mixed layer and the deep chlorophyll maximum in this region. Our results indicate that N. dutertrei appears to be influenced by mixing waters from the Pacific equatorial divergence, while P. obliquiloculata with an ACD of ~ 160 m is more suitable for thermocline reconstructions. ACDs of G. hexagonus reveal a deep calcification depth of ~ 450 m in oxygen-depleted, but nutrient-rich water masses, consistent to other studies. As the δ13C of G. hexagonus is in near-equilibrium with ambient seawater, we suggest this species is suitable for tracing nutrient conditions in equatorial water masses originating in extra-topical regions.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2024-03-22
    Description: High-latitude cold-water coral (CWC) reefs are particularly susceptible due to enhanced CO2 uptake in these regions. Using precisely dated (U/Th) CWCs (Lophelia pertusa) retrieved during research cruise POS 391 (Lopphavet 70.6°N, Oslofjord 59°N) we applied boron isotopes (δ11B), Ba/Ca, Li/Mg and U/Ca ratios to reconstruct the environmental boundary conditions of CWC reef growth. The sedimentary record from these CWC reefs reveals a lack of corals between ∼ 6.4 and 4.8 ka. The question remains if this phenomenon is related to changes in the carbonate system or other causes. The initial postglacial setting had elevated Ba/Ca ratios, indicative of meltwater fluxes showing a decreasing trend towards cessation at 6.4 ka with a oscillation pattern similar to continental glacier fluctuations. Downcore U/Ca ratios reveal an increasing trend, which is outside the range of modern U/Ca variability in L. pertusa, suggesting changes of seawater pH near 6.4 ka. The reconstructed BWT at Lopphavet reveals a striking similarity to Barent Sea-Surface and sub-Sea-Surface-Temperature records. We infer that meltwater pulses weakened the North Atlantic Current system resulting in southward advances of cold and CO2 rich Arctic waters. A corresponding shift in the δ11B record from ∼ 25.0‰ to ∼ 27.0 ‰ probably implies enhanced pH-up regulation of the CWCs due to the higher pCO2 concentrations of ambient seawater, which hastened Mid-Holocene CWC reef decline on the Norwegian Margin.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2024-02-28
    Description: Abstract: In Germany, more than 70% of peat soils are used for agriculture. Due to drainage and utilization, these peat soils have considerable environmental impact. Drainage-based use also leads to continuous peat mineralization and subsidence and over time to a loss of productive land. In an expert meeting (16 - 18 June 2016), organized by the MoorDialog project (Greifswald Mire Centre) and the DGMT, representatives from agriculture, water management, research, and nature conservation discussed the ‘good professional practice’ of agricultural use of peat soils in Germany. The overarching goal should be to secure the availability of productive land. As the management of peat soils also affects the provision of other ecosystem services such as climate and water protection, a good professional practice must consider and balance all these benefits. The expert meeting explored criteria for water management and land management to define good professional practice in societal consensus. Finally, the necessary changes of legal and economic frameworks were discussed. This paper can be the basis for a broad discussion in the political arena.
    Description: Zusammenfassung: In Deutschland werden mehr als 70% der Moorböden landwirtschaftlich genutzt. Von der mit der Bewirtschaftung verbundenen Entwässerung gehen meist erhebliche Umweltbelastungen aus, die im Widerspruch zu internationalen Vorgaben und nationalen Vorschriften stehen. Die entwässerungsbasierte Nutzung von Moorböden führt zur kontinuierlichen Abnahme des Höhenniveaus und damit über die Zeit zu einem Verlust an Kulturland. Auf einem vom Projekt MoorDialog (Greifswald Moor Centrum) und der DGMT organisierten Fachgespräch vom 16. bis 18. Juni 2016 haben Vertreter aus Land- und Wasserwirtschaft, Wissenschaft sowie Natur- und Umweltschutz diskutiert, was eine gute fachliche Praxis der Nutzung von landwirtschaftlich genutzten Moorböden in Deutschland beinhalten sollte. Als übergeordnetes Ziel wurde definiert, heutiges Kulturland dauerhaft als nutzbares Land zu erhalten. Die Bewirtschaftung von Moorstandorten beeinflusst neben der Produktionsfunktion die Bereitstellung von anderen gesellschaftsrelevanten Ökosystemleistungen wie den Klima- und Gewässerschutz und die Lebensraumfunktion für einheimische Organismen. Im Rahmen einer guten fachlichen Praxis sollten diese Leistungen berücksichtigt und integral abgewogen werden. Als Ergebnis des Fachgesprächs wurden Kriterien für die Steuerung des Wasserhaushalts und das Flächenmanagement sondiert, anhand derer eine gute fachliche Praxis definiert und im gesellschaftlichen Konsens vereinbart werden kann. Abschließend werden die dafür notwendigen Änderungen der rechtlichen und ökonomischen Rahmenbedingungen diskutiert. Der vorliegende Entwurf soll als Grundlage für eine breite Diskussion im politischen Raum dienen.
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen, DGMT
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:553.21 ; ddc:630.914 ; Moor ; peatland ; land-use ; Landwirtschaft ; peat ; Torf ; soil ; Boden
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:article , publishedVersion
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