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  • 1
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    QnAs with Subra Suresh [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-10-03
    Description: Expertise, transparency, impartiality, appropriateness, confidentiality, and integrity: Those are the guiding principles of scientific merit review espoused by a recent global summit hosted by the National Science Foundation (NSF). Led by the federal agency’s director Subra Suresh, former dean of engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a newly elected...
    Keywords: QnAs
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 2
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    QnAs with Baldomero M. Olivera [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-08-22
    Description: As an aspiring young biologist in the 1960s, Baldomero Olivera left Stanford University to return to his native Philippines, finding a laboratory devoid of equipment. While applying for research funding, Olivera decided to study something local and inexpensive, recalling from his childhood that certain cone snails use a harpoon-like tooth to inject prey with a deadly paralyzing venom. On a whim, Olivera decided to purify cone snail venom to see how it works. That off-the-cuff decision spawned a surprisingly successful career. Olivera, now a distinguished professor of biology at the University of Utah (Salt Lake City, UT) and recently elected...
    Keywords: QnAs
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 3
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    QnAs with Charles F. Stevens [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-09-12
    Description: Charles F. Stevens applies the methods of theoretical physics, molecular biology, and anatomy to answer fundamental questions about the brain. A professor of neurobiology at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies and a member of the National Academy of Sciences since 1982, Stevens has helped unravel the molecular details of...
    Keywords: QnAs
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 4
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    QnAs with Shu Chien [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-06-20
    Description: Shu Chien is one of only 13 scholars to belong jointly to the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine—a testament to his expertise in biology, medicine, and engineering and his ability to fuse the three fields in his research. A professor of bioengineering and medicine at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) and Director of the UCSD Institute of Engineering in Medicine, Chien received the 2011 National Medal of Science, the highest honor bestowed to scientists and engineers by the United States government. His research has contributed greatly to our understanding...
    Keywords: QnAs
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 5
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    QnAs with Peter M. Kareiva [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-06-27
    Description: For his strident advocacy of people-centered conservation, aimed at striking a balance between economic and ecological interests, Peter Kareiva has been often cast as a maverick among environmentalists. Thanks to a growing infusion of science into conservation efforts in the 21st century, Kareiva, elected in 2011 to the National Academy of Sciences, says the environmental movement has come a long way since its birth two centuries ago. As chief scientist at The Nature Conservancy, a bastion for environmental interests, Kareiva helped launch a collaborative endeavor called the Natural Capital Project in 2006 to develop scientific tools to evaluate the costs...
    Keywords: QnAs
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 6
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    QnAs with Kirk R. Smith [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-05-30
    Description: Nearly half of the world’s population relies on fuels such as wood or dung for cooking and heating. In the 1980s, Kirk R. Smith, a member of the National Academy of Sciences and a professor of global health at the University of California at Berkeley, sounded the alarm that these fuels, when burned in open fires or traditional cook stoves, produce high levels of indoor air pollution that prematurely kill about 2 million people each year—more than either malaria or tuberculosis, according to Smith. Cleaner alternatives to traditional cook stoves exist, but convincing funding agencies and decision makers to invest...
    Keywords: QnAs
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 7
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    QnAs with Ruth S. DeFries [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-06-06
    Description: Rising global demand for food, biofuels, and agricultural commodities such as soybeans and oil palm has driven the clearing of vast swaths of tropical forests to make way for cattle ranches and cropland. According to Columbia University geographer and National Academy of Sciences member Ruth DeFries, intensive high-yield farming is an often-proposed solution to simultaneously conserve tropical forests, increase food production, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from forest clearing. But whether this strategy works remains unclear. DeFries has long used satellite imagery to examine human transformation of the planet’s landscape. Here, DeFries shares her recent counterintuitive findings from a study...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 8
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    QnAs with W. E. Moerner [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-04-25
    Description: The interplay of light and matter has long preoccupied Stanford University physical chemist W. E. Moerner. As a scientist at IBM Research during the late 1980s, Moerner developed then-novel techniques to configure holograms by altering the light-refracting properties of a polymer. Today, Moerner uses the power of light to probe how individual biological molecules behave within and without the seeming clutter of living cells. Moerner was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in recognition of his work, in particular the optical detection and spectroscopy of single molecules. Those studies opened a window into the nanoscale world of cells, offering...
    Keywords: QnAs
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 9
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    QnAs with Arthur L. Horwich [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-02-29
    Description: In the late 1950s, biochemist Christian Anfinsen demonstrated that the sequence of amino acids in a protein contains all of the information required for the protein to acquire its functional shape. In recent years, researchers have found that many newly minted proteins make an important stop on their journey to the native shape: they bind to one or more helper proteins called molecular chaperones, which prevent the proteins’ exposed surfaces from sticking to one another. Such undesirable molecular association can lead to protein aggregation, a hallmark of many human diseases. Together, German biochemist F. Ulrich Hartl and Yale University geneticist...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 10
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    QnAs with Porter W. Anderson, Jr. [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-07
    Description: The work of National Academy of Sciences (NAS) member Porter W. Anderson, Jr. has benefitted millions of people around the globe: Anderson has spent his career developing vaccines against some of the leading causes of infection in children. For his contributions to the development and commercialization of the Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine—which has virtually eradicated one of the leading causes of meningitis in preschool-aged children—Anderson shared the 1996 Albert Lasker Clinical Medical Research Award with the late David Smith, Rachel Schneerson, and NAS member John Robbins. Since retiring from the University of Rochester in the late 1990s, Anderson...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 11
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    QnAs with Richard T. Durrett [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-02-22
    Description: Richard Durrett’s work lies at the interface of mathematics and biology, where the tools of probability theory are used to study problems in ecology, genetics, and cancer biology. Durrett, a professor of mathematics at Duke University and a recently elected member of the National Academy of Sciences, has devoted his career to developing models for biological questions ranging from the behavior of populations in ecological systems to the effects of mutations and natural selection on genomes. Durrett talks to PNAS about his recent work on the development and spread of cancer and how mathematical approaches can be applied to biological...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 12
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    QnAs with John A. Rogers [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-01-12
    Description: Nature is full of curves. So it is only natural that manmade devices meant to interact with nature emulate its elements of design. That is the line of reasoning behind the innovations of John Rogers, a member of the National Academy of Engineering and a professor of materials science at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Rogers’ innovations have inspired an array of approaches to render supple rigid surfaces found in electronic devices. From stretchable electronic sensors that can be slapped onto human skin like removable tattoos to digital cameras that mimic the retina to create pin-sharp images, Rogers has attempted...
    Keywords: QnAs
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 13
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    QnAs with Harald zur Hausen [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-01
    Description: The first carcinogenic virus was discovered in chickens in 1911. More than 70 years later, Harald zur Hausen demonstrated that human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause cervical cancer, for which he garnered the 2008 Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology. A professor emeritus at the German Cancer Research Center and recently elected member of the National Academy of Sciences, zur Hausen’s contributions to the field of virology have reshaped our understanding of the connections between infectious and chronic diseases. PNAS recently spoke with the Nobel laureate about HPV, undercooked beef, and scientific “dogma.”pnas;109/5/1378/UNFIG01F1unfig01Harald zur Hausen.PNAS:In general, how do viruses cause cancer?zur...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 14
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    QnAs with Adrian N. Raftery [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-10-31
    Description: Adrian Raftery has a penchant for probability. Over a three-decade career spanning several disciplines, Raftery, a professor of statistics and sociology at the University of Washington, Seattle, and a recently elected member of the National Academy of Sciences, has used statistical tools to unravel uncertainty in all manner of projections....
    Keywords: QnAs
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 15
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    QnAs with Michael S. Gazzaniga [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-04-04
    Description: Michael Gazzaniga began his career in neuroscience by studying how the human brain’s left and right hemispheres are specialized for different tasks. Over the years, those insights into brain function have fueled his interest in how the brain influences the mind. Gazzaniga, a professor of psychology at the University of California, Santa Barbara and a recently elected member of the National Academy of Sciences, has served on the US President’s Council on Bioethics and has authored several popular books that explore the links between the brain, behavior, and the law. As those links continue to burgeon, evidence based on neuroscience...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 16
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    QnAs with Bruce A. Beutler [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-08-01
    Description: Most people can tell when their bodies are in the throes of an infection, but Bruce Beutler is on a mission to determine where and how this recognition actually begins, at the level of microbe-sensing immune cell molecules. A professor of immunology at the University of Texas Southwestern and a recently elected member of the National Academy of Sciences, Beutler shared the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for demonstrating an infection-sensing role for the mammalian immune cell-surface receptor, TLR4. This protein activates the innate immune response—the body’s primary line of defense against pathogens—upon detecting LPS, a structural component...
    Keywords: QnAs
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
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  • 17
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    QnAs with Kendall N. Houk [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-08-08
    Description: Kendall Houk, a recently elected member of the National Academy of Sciences and the Winstein Chair in Organic Chemistry at the University of California, Los Angeles, uses computational and theoretical chemistry to illuminate the underlying rules of organic and synthetic chemistry. By understanding how basic chemical reactions work, Houk can design molecules and enzymes to catalyze increasingly complex reactions. In his Inaugural Article, Houk uses molecular dynamics techniques to study the intricate underpinnings of the Diels-Alder reaction, a classic organic chemistry phenomenon first described in the 1920s. Here, he describes how theoretical and computational chemistry, bolstered by major advances in...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 18
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    QnAs with Leif Andersson [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-12-27
    Description: The mutations linking animal form and function almost always have intriguing back stories, says Leif Andersson, a professor of functional genomics at Uppsala University, Sweden and a recently elected foreign associate of the National Academy of Sciences. Andersson’s research explores the genetic changes underlying phenotypic diversity in horses, pigs, dogs,...
    Keywords: QnAs
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