ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1 Warum ausgerechnet die Sonne? ; 2 Die Klimakatastrophe findet nicht statt - Das Wichtigste in Kürze ; 3 Die pulsierende Sonne ; Gastbeitrag: Die Rolle der Sonne im Klimawandel des 20. Jahrhunderts ; 4 Eine kleine Temperaturgeschichte: So funktionierte das Klima der Vergangenheit ; Gastbeitrag: Der vergessene natürliche 60-Jahres-Zyklus ; 5 Hat der Weltklimarat noch alles im Griff? ; Gastbeitrag: Kosmische Strahlung und Wolken ; 6 Die unverstandenen Klimaverstärker ; Gastbeitrag: Ein unerwarteter atmosphärischer Verstärker der solaren Aktivität ; 7 Blick in die Zukunft ; 8 Wie Klimawissenschaftler versuchen, die Gesellschaft zu verändern ; 9 Eine neue Energie-Agenda entsteht

Description / Table of Contents: Klaus M. Rodewig und Clemens Wagner geben Ihnen einen Einblick in die Architektur des iPhone und des iPad und eine Anleitung zum Programmieren eigener Applikationen. Dabei werden alle wichtigen Themen in der gebotenen Tiefe mit Hintergrundwissen beschrieben. Praktische Beispiele unterstützen Sie von Anfang an, so dass Sie direkt loslegen können. Erste Ergebnisse können Sie im iPhone Simulator direkt testen. Sie erhalten einen Überblick über die verschiedenen iPhone- und iPod Touch-Modelle, erfahren, wie Sie in der Apple Developer Connection Mitglied werden können und Applikationen für das iPhone im Appstore anbieten können. Natürlich kommt in diesem Buch auch der Hintergrund nicht zu kurz. Eine kurze Einführung in Objective-C und Cocoa vermittelt Ihnen alles, was Sie wissen müssen. Inkl. Schnittstellen zum Datenaustausch, Events, Alerts, Datenverwaltung mit Core Data und die verschiedenen Möglichkeiten der Netzwerkprogrammierung. Profis werden von den Tipps und Tricks zur Konfiguration und Verwendung von Xcode, Debugging und der Arbeit mit einem Versionierungssystem profitieren.

Description / Table of Contents: Die Fortsetzung des Java-Kultbuchs für Entwickler! Hier bekommen Sie umfassendes und kompetentes Praxiswissen zu den vielen Bibliotheken und Technologien in einem Band. Am Beispiel konkreter Java-Projekte zeigt Christian Ullenboom, was man wissen muss über Swing, Netzwerk- und Grafikprogrammierung, RMI und Web-Services, JavaServer Pages und Servlets, Applets, JDBC, Reflection und Annotationen, Logging und Monitoring, Java Native Interface (JNI) und vieles mehr. Dieses Buch ist Ihr unersetzlicher Begleiter bei der täglichen Arbeit!

Description / Table of Contents: A regional 3-dimensional ecosystem model is presented designed to simulate the nutrient and oxygen dynamics in the Benguela upwelling system. Strong upwelling driven by the southern trade winds supply cold, nutrient rich water. This supports a high primary production and results in a large flux of sinking detritus. Hence, a thick organic-rich mud belt is characteristic for the Namibian continental shelf. Both biological and hydrodynamic processes contribute to the very specific geochemistry on the Namibian shelf. Notably high rates of sulfate reduction in the sediment generate high concentrations of dissolved hydrogen sulfide in the surface sediment layers and may be released intermittently to the water column. Large chemoautotrophic sulfur bacteria thrive on hydrogen sulfide and form conspicuous mats on the sediment. Denitrification and nitrification are important components of the nitrogen cycle and anaerobic ammonium oxidation is known to play a significant role as a nitrogen sink in the Benguela upwelling system. Organisms at higher trophic levels like zooplankton play an important role for mineralisation but also for the vertical and lateral transport of organic matter. The physical model component is MOM-4 (Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, GFDL). The ecosystem model is a NPZDmodel (Nutrients-Phytoplankton-Zooplankton-Detritus) and is an extension of the ecosystem model ERGOM (Fennel & Neumann, 2004). Three phytoplankton and three zooplankton functional types are distinguished. All ecologically relevant processes mediated by prokaryotes in this ecosystem are implemented and the environmental conditions (e.g. oxygen concentration, temperature etc.) define the metabolic rates. The regional ecosystem model is tailored to the specific oxygen and sulfur dynamics on the shelf and simulates both processes in the water column and in the sediment. This model has been developed within the GENUS-project (Geochemistry and Ecology of the Namibian Upwelling System) funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, reference number 03F0497A). It is an endorsed project of the Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research (IMBER). | Es wurde ein regionales 3-dimensionales Ökosystemmodell entwickelt, dass die Nährstoff- und Sauerstoffdynamiken im Benguela Auftriebsgebiet simuliert. Angetrieben durch den Südost- Passat wird kaltes, nährstoffreiches Wasser in die Deckschicht aufgetrieben. Das wiederum ist die Grundlage einer hohen Primärproduktion und totes organisches Material sinkt in hohen Raten in die Bodenschicht ab. Ein biomassereicher Schlammgürtel kennzeichnet die Schelfregion vor Namibia. Sowohl biologische als auch hydrodynamische Prozesse bewirken die sehr spezifischen geochmischen Sedimenteigenschaften auf dem Namibischen Schelf. Insbesondere hohe Sulfatreduktionsraten in den Sedimenten produzieren hohe Schwefelwasserstoffkonzentrationen in den oberen Sedimentschichten und Schwefelwasserstoff kann auch sporadisch in die Wassersäule austreten. Große chemoautotrophe Schwefelbakterien leben von der Oxidation des Schwefelwasserstoffs und bilden auffällige Bakterienmatten auf der Sedimentoberfläche. Denitrifizierung und Nitrifizierung sind wichtige Komponenten des Stickstoffzyklus und Anaerobe Ammoniumoxidation ist eine signifikante Stickstoffsenke im Benguela Auftriebsgebiet. Organismen auf höheren trophischen Ebenen wie das Zooplankton spielen sowohl eine wichtige Rolle in der Mineralisierung als auch im vertikalen und lateralen Transport von organischem Material. Die physikalische Modellkomponente ist MOM-4 (Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, GFDL). Das Ökosystemmodell ist ein NPZD-Modell (Nährstoffe-Phytoplankton-Zooplankton-Detritus) und ist eine Weiterentwicklung des Ökosystemmodells ERGOM (Fennel & Neumann, 2004). Je drei funktionelle Gruppen werden für das Phytoplankton und das Zooplankton unterschieden. Alle ökologisch relevanten mikrobiellen Prozesse im Ökosystem sind implementiert und die Umweltbedingungen (z.B. Sauerstoffkonzentration, Temperatur) bestimmen die Umsatzraten. Das regionale Ökosystemmodell ist auf die speziellen Sauerstoff- und Schwefeldynamiken auf dem Schelf zugeschnitten und simuliert sowohl die Prozesse in der Wassersäule als auch im Sediment. Das Modell wurde im Rahmen des Projektes GENUS (Geochemistry and Ecology of the Namibian Upwelling System) entwickelt und ist finanziert vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF, Förderkennzeichen 03F0497A). Das Projekt ist Teil des internationalen Forschungsverbundes IMBER (Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research).

Description / Table of Contents: The studies of Earth's history and of the physical and chemical properties of the substances that make up our planet, are of great significance to our understanding both of its past and its future. The geological and other environmental processes on Earth and the composition of the planet are of vital importance in locating and harnessing its resources. This book is primarily written for research scholars, geologists, civil engineers, mining engineers, and environmentalists. Hopefully the text will be used by students, and it will continue to be of value to them throughout their subsequent professional and research careers. This does not mean to infer that the book was written solely or mainly with the student in mind. Indeed from the point of view of the researcher in Earth and Environmental Science it could be argued that this text contains more detail than he will require in his initial studies or research.

Description / Table of Contents: Global Advances in Biogeography brings together the work of more than 30 scientific authorities on biogeography from around the world. The book focuses on spatial and temporal variation of biological assemblages in relation to landscape complexity and environmental change. Global Advances embraces four themes: biogeographic theory and tests of concepts, the regional biogeography of individual taxa, the biogeography of complex landscapes, and the deep-time evolutionary biogeography of macrotaxa. In addition, the book provides a trove of new information about unusual landscapes, the natural history of a wide array of poorly known plant and animal species, and global conservation issues. This book is well illustrated with numerous maps, graphics, and photographs, and contains much new basic biogeographical information that is not available elsewhere. It will serve as an invaluable reference for professionals and members of the public interested in global biogeography, evolution, taxonomy, and conservation.

Description / Table of Contents: Phenology, a study of animal and plant life cycle, is one of the most obvious and direct phenomena on our planet. The timing of phenological events provides vital information for climate change investigation, natural resource management, carbon sequence analysis, and crop and forest growth monitoring. This book summarizes recent progresses in the understanding of seasonal variation in animals and plants and its correlations to climate variables. With the contributions of phenological scientists worldwide, this book is subdivided into sixteen chapters and sorted in four parts: animal life cycle, plant seasonality, phenology in fruit plants, and remote sensing phenology. The chapters of this book offer a broad overview of phenology observations and climate impacts. Hopefully this book will stimulate further developments in relation to phenology monitoring, modeling and predicting.

Description / Table of Contents: This book focuses on the development of biodiesel systems from the production of feedstocks and their processing technologies to the comprehensive applications of both by-products and biodiesel. It should be of interest for students, researchers, scientists and technologists.

Description / Table of Contents: Accessible to all, this book teaches the essentials to anyone who wants to become an effective and independent Debian GNU/Linux administrator. It covers all the topics that a competent Linux administrator should master, from the installation and the update of the system, up to the creation of packages and the compilation of the kernel, but also monitoring, backup and migration, without forgetting advanced topics like SELinux setup to secure services, automated installations, or virtualization with Xen, KVM or LXC.

Description / Table of Contents: China will play a positive role in the global development of gas, the International Energy Agency’s (IEA) Executive Director, Maria Van der Hoeven has said in Beijing on 11 September, 2012 when launching a new IEA report: Gas Pricing and Regulation, China’s challenges and IEA experiences. In line with its aim to meet growing energy demand while shifting away from coal, China has set an ambitious goal of doubling its use of natural gas from 2011 levels by 2015. Prospects are good for significant new supplies – both domestic and imported, conventional and unconventional – to come online in the medium-term, but notable challenges remain, particularly concerning gas pricing and the institutional and regulatory landscape. While China’s circumstances are, in many respects unique, some current issues are similar to those a number of IEA countries have faced. This report highlights some key challenges China faces in its transition to greater reliance on natural gas, then explores in detail relevant experiences from IEA countries, particularly in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and the United States as well as the European Union (EU). Preliminary suggestions about how lessons learned in other countries could be applied to China’s situation are offered as well. The aim of this report is to provide stakeholders in China with a useful reference as they consider decisions about the evolution of the gas sector in their country. The report is funded by the UK Strategic Programme Fund programme , and the EU delegation in Beijing and the World Bank have provided in-kind contributions. The project is supported by the Chinese government and co-implemented by China 5E.

Description / Table of Contents: Energy Technology Perspectives (ETP) is the International Energy Agency’s most ambitious publication on new developments in energy technology. It demonstrates how technologies – from electric vehicles to smart grids – can make a decisive difference in achieving the objective of limiting the global temperature rise to 2°C and enhancing energy security. ETP 2012 presents scenarios and strategies to 2050, with the aim of guiding decision makers on energy trends and what needs to be done to build a clean, secure and competitive energy future. ETP 2012 shows: • Current progress on clean energy deployment, and what can be done to accelerate it • How energy security and low carbon energy are linked • How energy systems will become more complex in the future, why systems integration is beneficial and how it can be achieved • How demand for heating and cooling will evolve dramatically and which solutions will satisfy it • Why flexible electricity systems are increasingly important, and how a system with smarter grids, energy storage and flexible generation can work • Why hydrogen could play a big role in the energy system of the future • Why fossil fuels will not disappear but will see their roles change, and what it means for the energy system as a whole • What is needed to realise the potential of carbon capture and storage (CCS) • Whether available technologies can allow the world to have zero energy related emissions by 2075 – which seems a necessary condition for the world to meet the 2°C target

Description / Table of Contents: This Policy Pathway outlines, through the experiences and lessons learned from country examples, the critical elements to put in place a public-private partnership to finance energy efficiency. It focuses on three mechanisms - dedicated credit lines, risk guarantees, and energy performance service contracts and presents the planning, implementing, monitoring, and evaluating phases of implemention. Accelerating and scaling up private investment in energy efficiency is crucial to exploit the potential of energy efficiency. However many barriers remain to private investment such as access to capital, uncertainty of future energy prices, transaction costs, perceived higher risk, and lack of knowledge. As part of the IEA 25 Energy Efficiency Policy Recommendations, the IEA recommends that governments support private investment in energy efficiency. A joint public-private approach can use public finance and regulatory policy to support the scaling up of private investment in energy efficiency. The IEA is grateful for the support of the EBRD Shareholder Special Fund for this work.

Description / Table of Contents: The transportation sector accounts for approximately one-fifth of global final energy consumption and will account for nearly all future growth in oil use, particularly for road vehicles. The right policy mix can allow countries to improve the fuel economy of road vehicles, which in turn can enhance energy security and reduce CO2 emissions. Improving the Fuel Economy of Road Vehicles highlights lessons learned and examples of good practices from countries with experience in implementing fuel economy policies for vehicles. The report, part of the IEA’s Policy Pathway series, outlines key steps in planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation. It complements the IEA Technology Roadmap: Fuel Economy for Road Vehicles, which outlines technical options, potentials, and costs towards improvement in the near, medium and long term. The Policy Pathway series aims to help policy makers implement the IEA 25 Energy Efficiency Policy Recommendations endorsed by IEA Ministers (2011).

Description / Table of Contents: The solar heating and cooling (SHC) roadmap outlines a pathway for solar energy to supply almost one sixth (16.5 EJ) of the world’s total energy use for both heating and cooling by 2050. This would save some 800 megatonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per year; more than the total CO2 emissions in Germany in 2009. While solar heating and cooling today makes a modest contribution to world energy demand, the roadmap envisages that if concerted action is taken by governments and industry, solar energy could annually produce more than 16% of total final energy use for low temperature heat and nearly 17% for cooling. Given that global energy demand for heat represents almost half of the world’s final energy use – more than the combined global demand for electricity and transport – solar heat can make a significant contribution in both tackling climate change and strengthening energy security.

Description / Table of Contents: This book provides a broad range of topics on fluid dynamics for advanced scientists and professional researchers. The text helps readers develop their own skills to analyze fluid dynamics phenomena encountered in professional engineering by reviewing diverse informative chapters herein.

Description / Table of Contents: "Advances in Spacecraft Systems and Orbit Determinations", discusses the development of new technologies and the limitations of the present technology, used for interplanetary missions. Various experts have contributed to develop the bridge between present limitations and technology growth to overcome the limitations. Key features of this book inform us about the orbit determination techniques based on a smooth research based on astrophysics. The book also provides a detailed overview on Spacecraft Systems including reliability of low-cost AOCS, sliding mode controlling and a new view on attitude controller design based on sliding mode, with thrusters. It also provides a technological roadmap for HVAC optimization. The book also gives an excellent overview of resolving the difficulties for interplanetary missions with the comparison of present technologies and new advancements. Overall, this will be very much interesting book to explore the roadmap of technological growth in spacecraft systems.

Description / Table of Contents: This book attempts to cover various issues of water quality in the fields of Hydroecology and Hydrobiology and present various Water Treatment Technologies. Sustainable choices of water use that prevent water quality problems aiming at the protection of available water resources and the enhancement of the aquatic ecosystems should be our main target.

Description / Table of Contents: This book explores a diversity of topics related to radiometric dating, with particular emphasis on the method of radiocarbon dating and a cross-check of its results with luminescence measurements. Starting from the chapter on Methodology the book includes, among other topics, the description of the problem of preparation of samples for 14C measurement, a wide application of the radiocarbon method and a comparison of results obtained by various methods, including the radiocarbon method, the method of OSL, TL and palynology. The issue of radiocarbon dating of mortars and plasters is thoroughly discussed in the book. Chapter Two, Applications, and Three, Luminescence and Radiocarbon Measurements, provide examples of the application of the radiocarbon method in the study of archaeological, geological sites, from the analysis of soils, loesses, to the study of organic deposits filling the depressions in the Morasko Meteorite Nature Reserve. A wide range of studies reveals the great potential of the radiocarbon method, and the presented papers reflect interdisciplinary research.

Description / Table of Contents: The aim of this book is to present recent and innovative advances on research studies and engineering applications in important areas of vibration engineering and structural dynamics. The fourteen chapters of the book cover a wide range of interesting issues related to modelling, rotordynamics, vibration control, estimation and identification, modal analysis, dynamic structures, finite element analysis, numerical methods and other practical engineering applications and theoretical developments on this very broad matter. The audience of the book includes researchers, professors, engineers, practitioners, engineering students and new comers in a variety of disciplines seeking to know more about the state of the art, challenging open problems and innovative solution proposals in vibration engineering and structural dynamics.

Description / Table of Contents: Understanding greenhouse gas sources, emissions, measurements, and management is essential for capture, utilization, reduction, and storage of greenhouse gas, which plays a crucial role in issues such as global warming and climate change. Taking advantage of the authors' experience in greenhouse gases, this book discusses an overview of recently developed techniques, methods, and strategies: - A comprehensive source investigation of greenhouse gases that are emitted from hydrocarbon reservoirs, vehicle transportation, agricultural landscapes, farms, non-cattle confined buildings, and so on. - Recently developed detection and measurement techniques and methods such as photoacoustic spectroscopy, landfill-based carbon dioxide and methane measurement, and miniaturized mass spectrometer.

Description / Table of Contents: The book Globalization - Approaches to Diversity takes the ambitious undertaking of presenting a series of global issues that range from historic to contemporary, from transnational to local, and from cultural to institutional. It consists of twelve chapters divided into three sections: Globalization Agendas, Globalization Policies, Globalization Experiences. Its authors embody a global research culture. One that is plural, growing and dynamic, as it is evidenced in their respective agendas and methodological approaches. The value of this book lies in its diversity, and its merit will be appreciated by a global community of scholars.

Description / Table of Contents: Coal is the largest source of power globally and, given its wide availability and relatively low cost, it is likely to remain so for the foreseeable future. The High-Efficiency, Low-Emissions Coal-Fired Power Generation Roadmap describes the steps necessary to adopt and further develop technologies to improve the efficiency of the global fleet of coal. To generate the same amount of electricity, a more efficient coal-fired unit will burn less fuel, emit less carbon, release less local air pollutants, consume less water and have a smaller footprint. High-efficiency, low emissions (HELE) technologies in operation already reach a thermal efficiency of 45%, and technologies in development promise even higher values. This compares with a global average efficiency for today’s fleet of coal-fired plants of 33%, where three-quarters of operating units use less efficient technologies and more than half is over 25 years old. A successful outcome to ongoing RD&D could see units with efficiencies approaching 50% or even higher demonstrated within the next decade. Generation from older, less efficient technology must gradually be phased out. Technologies exist to make coal-fired power generation much more effective and cleaner burning. Of course, while increased efficiency has a major role to play in reducing emissions, particularly over the next 10 years, carbon capture and storage (CCS) will be essential in the longer term to make the deep cuts in carbon emissions required for a low-carbon future. Combined with CCS, HELE technologies can cut CO2 emissions from coal-fired power generation plants by as much as 90%, to less than 100 grams per kilowatt-hour. HELE technologies will be an influential factor in the deployment of CCS. For the same power output, a higher efficiency coal plant will require less CO2 to be captured; this means a smaller, less costly capture plant; lower operating costs; and less CO2 to be transported and stored.

Description / Table of Contents: Hydropower could double its contribution by 2050, reaching 2,000 GW of global capacity and over 7,000 TWh. This achievement, driven primarily by the quest of clean electricity, could prevent annual emissions of up to 3 billion tonnes of CO2 from fossil-fuel plants. The bulk of this growth would come from large plants in emerging economies and developing countries. Hydroelectricity’s many advantages include reliability, proven technology, large storage capacity, and very low operating and maintenance costs. Hydropower is highly flexible, a precious asset for electricity network operators, especially given rapid expansion of variable generation from other renewable energy technologies such as wind power and photovoltaics. Many hydropower plants also provide flood control, irrigation, navigation and freshwater supply. The technology roadmap for Hydropower details action needed from policy makers to allow hydroelectric production to double, and addresses necessary conditions, including resolving environmental issues and gaining public acceptance.

Description / Table of Contents: In Coal in Our Veins, Erin Thomas employs historical research, autobiography, and journalism to intertwine the history of coal, her ancestors' lives mining coal, and the societal and environmental impacts of the United States' dependency on coal as an energy source. In the first part of her book, she visits Wales, native ground of British coal mining and of her emigrant ancestors. The Thomases' move to the coal region of Utah—where they witnessed the Winter Quarters and Castle Gate mine explosions, two of the worst mining disasters in American history—and the history of coal development in Utah form the second part. Then Thomas investigates coal mining and communities in West Virginia, near her East Coast home, looking at the Sago Mine collapse and more widespread impacts of mining, including population displacement, mountain top removal, coal dust dispersal, and stream pollution, flooding, and decimation. The book's final part moves from Washington D.C.—and an examination of coal, CO2, and national energy policy—back to Utah, for a tour of a coal mine, and a consideration of the Crandall Canyon mine cave-in, back to Wales and the closing of the oldest operating deep mine in the world and then to a look at energy alternatives, especially wind power, in West Virginia and Pennsylvania.

Description / Table of Contents: This book, written by a group of specialists in the different areas involved, summarises what we understand of the production and distribution of oxygen, the most abundant metal in the Universe. After presenting the methods of oxygen abundance determination in various media, it traces a panorama of oxygen in the Universe, describes the mechanisms and sites of oxygen production and finally discusses the chemical evolution of oxygen in different galactic and extra galactic contexts. An appendix thoroughly discusses the oxygen atomic data.

Description / Table of Contents: Mainstreaming Environmental Finance into Financial Markets - Relevance, Potential and Obstacles --- Mainstreaming Framework Conditions for Environmental Finance - The Role of the Public Sector --- Mainstreaming Environmental Finance Markets (I) - Small-Scale Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Finance --- The Roles of Wheather Insurance and the Carbon Market --- Mainstreaming Impact Over Time - Who Measures What for Whom? --- UNEP Perspectives --- Trading of Emission Certificates for Climate Protection: Using Markets and Private Capital for Development --- Microfinance and Climate Change: Threats and Opportunities --- Environmental Finance Through the Financial Sector - An Approach with Growing Potential - Experiences of KfW Entwicklungsbank

Description / Table of Contents: How do social networking services earn money? What is the "second hand of the market" and how does it operate? Why does society need so many different kinds of goods? What does happiness economics not reveal about happiness? What is the link between talent, success and "stardom"? What is the business development  model for the entertainment and media industry? What is emotional hysteresis? How can we measure cultural values? What is subjective time and how can it be made qualitative? What is club economics? You can find the answers to all these questions in the book. It describes the main trends in development of our digital society. It appeals to those who are curious about what will replace search engines, and how social networking services will evolve. It is about the profit from different forms of informational collaboration (crowdsourcing, collaborative filtering) and how it will affect the structure of the society and human pursuit for happiness

Description / Table of Contents: Data mining as a discipline is largely invisible; we rarely notice that it’s happening. But when we sign up for a credit card, make an online purchase, or use the internet, we are generating data stored in massive data warehouses. Inside this data lies indicators of our interests, our habits, and our behaviors. Data mining allows people to find and understand those patterns to make informed decisions and better serve their customers. But there are also worries about the practice of data mining. Privacy groups are vocal about companies who hoard vast quantities of data, some of which can be personal. The intent of this book is to introduce you to concepts and practices common in data mining.

Description / Table of Contents: Successful deployment of carbon capture and storage (CCS) is critically dependent on comprehensive policy support. While policy plays an important role in the deployment of many low-carbon technologies, it is especially crucial for CCS. This is because, in contrast to renewable energy or applications of energy efficiency, CCS generates no revenue, nor other market benefits, so long as there is no price on CO2 emissions. It is both costly to install and, once in place, has increased operating costs. Effective, well-designed policy support is essential in overcoming these barriers and the subsequent deployment of CCS technology. This guide for policy makers aims to assist those involved in designing national and international policies around CCS. It covers development of CCS from its early stages through to wide-scale deployment of the technology. The focus is both on incentives for conventional fossil-fuel CCS and for bioenergy with CCS (BECCS).

Description / Table of Contents: This book presents several recent advances that are related or fall under the umbrella of 'digital image processing', with the purpose of providing an insight into the possibilities offered by digital image processing algorithms in various fields. The presented mathematical algorithms are accompanied by graphical representations and illustrative examples for an enhanced readability. The chapters are written in a manner that allows even a reader with basic experience and knowledge in the digital image processing field to properly understand the presented algorithms. Concurrently, the structure of the information in this book is such that fellow scientists will be able to use it to push the development of the presented subjects even further.

Description / Table of Contents: Nowadays, it is generally accepted that in the natural and industrial environments, corrosion and pollution are interrelated harmful processes since many water, air and soil pollutants accelerate corrosion, and corrosion products such as rust, oxides and salts, also pollute water bodies at ports, rivers, dams, canals and shipyards. Both are pernicious processes that impair the durability of the infrastructure assets, the industry efficiency and profitability and the quality of the environment. Therefore, it is essential to develop and to apply corrosion engineering control methods and techniques, in particular those being environment-friendly. In this crucial time of worldwide energy crisis and economic turmoil, cost effective corrosion control will extend the life of the infrastructure saving large expenses in materials, equipment and structures. This book will contribute to achieve this important mission!

Description / Table of Contents: The year 2011 was the fourth year of a complex biological monitoring in the German exclusive economical zone of the North Sea, conducted by the Leibniz Institute of Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW) and commissioned and supported by the Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH). Phytoplankton (incl. chlorophyll a) and mesozooplankton were investigated at 12 stations, macrozoobenthos at 13 stations. The plankton was sampled on 5 cruises and the zoobenthos on 2 cruises. The phytoplankton comprised 140 taxa, most of them belonging to the diatoms. The lowest diversity was found in March (60 taxa) and the highest in August/September (95 taxa). The diversity was unusually high (63 taxa) in January 2011. We found 193 phytoplankton taxa in the whole investigation period from 2008 to 2011. The recorded species Cyclotella choctawhatcheeana was probably not reported before in the investigation area. Some hitherto relatively abundant species were not found in 2011, as Thalassiosira pacifica, Proboscia indica, Planktolyngbya limnetica, Coscinodiscus granii and Prorocentrum minimum. The spring bloom 2011 was met only at station DTEND. This became visible from the annual course of chlorophyll concentrations, which were derived from satellite data. The chlorophyll maximum was recorded in August at station ES1 with 7.77 mg/m3. Mesozooplankton analysis led to 139 taxa in 2011 with Arthropoda being the most common group. In January, the calanoids dominated, followed by the cyclopoids. In the summer, the total number of taxa grew in all regions compared to the January situation. The abundance of the "warm water" – cladoceran Penilia avirostris is temperature-dependent and declined currently. The abundance of turbellarian Alaurina composita was also declining. Three specimens of Pseudodiaptomus marinus were collected in November 2011 off Borkum, introduced by ballast water from the Indo-Pacific region. In the macrozoobenthos, 291 taxa were found in spring and autumn 2011 at 13 stations. The species number varied from 25 (AMRU2-spring) to 113 (ENTE3-autumn) in the samples. With 153 species (both campaigns added) the station in the central North Sea (ENTE3) was most diverse. The species richness was always higher in autumn than in spring. The ash free dry weight at stations ranged from 1.3 g/m² in spring to 111.5 g/m² in autumn, both values from station ENTE3. The very high value was cause by the occurrence of adults of the ocean quahog Arctica islandica. Two distinct groups of stations could be distinguished by cluster analysis based on different water depths, sediment characteristics and macrozoobenthic assemblages. 52 species from the Red List could be observed during this study, with Halcampa duodecimcirrata belonging to the category 1 (critically endangered) and two species belonging to the category 2 (endangered). | Das Jahr 2011 war das vierte Jahr, in dem das biologische Monitoring im deutschen offshore- Bereich (meistens AWZ) der Nordsee durch das IOW im Auftrage des BSH durchgeführt wurde. Es wurde das Phytoplankton (einschl. Chlorophyll a) und Mesozooplankton an 12 Stationen und das Makrozoobenthos an 13 Stationen untersucht. Das Plankton wurde auf 5 Fahrten, das Benthos lediglich auf der Frühjahrs- und Herbstfahrt beprobt. Im Phytoplankton wurden 140 Taxa gefunden, von denen die meisten zu den Kieselalgen gehörten. Bereits im Januar 2011 lag mit 63 Arten eine für den Winter ungewöhnlich hohe Diversität vor. Im gesamten Untersuchungszeitraum von 2008 bis 2011 fanden wir 193 Phytoplankton-Taxa. Die von uns nachgewiesene Art Cyclotella choctawhatcheeana wurde wahrscheinlich bisher für das Untersuchungsgebiet noch nicht berichtet. Einige zuvor recht abundante Arten wie Thalassiosira pacifica, Proboscia indica, Planktolyngbya limnetica, Coscinodiscus granii und Prorocentrum minimum wurde im Jahre 2011 nicht gefunden. Im Jahre 2011 wurde die Frühjahrsblüte mit unserer Probennahme nur an Station DTEND erfasst. Das wurde aus den Jahresgängen der Chlorophyll-Konzentration erkannt, die aus Satellitendaten abgeleitet wurden. Das Chlorophyll-Maximum registrierten wir in unseren Meßdaten erst im August an Station ES1 mit 7,77 mg/m3. Im Zooplankton wurden 139 Taxa im Jahre 2011 registriert, wobei die Arthropoden die häufigste Gruppe darstellten. Im Januar dominierten die calanoiden Copepoden, gefolgt von den Cyclopoiden. Im Sommer wuchs die Gesamtzahl der Taxa in allen Regionen gegenüber der Januar-Situation. Die Abundanz der „Warmwasser“-Cladocerenart Penilia avirostris ist temperaturabhängig und war rückläufig. Die bislang im Gebiet unbekannte Copepodenart Pseudodiaptumus marinus wurde mit drei Exemplaren in der Novemberprobe vor Borkum registriert; sie wurde mit Ballastwasser aus dem Indo-Pazifischen Raum eingetragen. Im Makrozoobenthos konnten im Frühjahr und im Herbst 2011 an 13 Stationen insgesamt 291 Taxa festgestellt werden. Die Artenzahlen schwankten zwischen den Stationen und Beprobungsterminen zwischen 25 (AMRU2-Frühjahr) und 113 (ENTE3-Herbst). Wenn beide Beprobungstermine zusammengefasst wurden, war die Station in der zentralen Nordsee (ENTE3) mit 153 Arten die artenreichste. Im Herbst waren Artenzahl und Besiedlungsdichten höher als im Frühjahr. Die aschefreie Trockenmasse an den Stationen reichte von 1.3 g/m² im Frühjahr bis 111,5 g/m² im Herbst, beises an Station ENTE3, wobei dieser hohe Wert durch das Vorkommen adulter Islandmuscheln (Arctica islandica) bedingt war. Mit Hilfe der Clusteranalyse konnten zwei Gruppen von Stationen unterschieden werden, die sich maßgeblich auf Grund der unterschiedlichen Wassertiefe und Sedimentbeschaffenheit und der einhergehenden unterschiedlichen benthischen Besiedlung voneinander trennten. 52 Arten aus der Roten Liste wurden gefunden. Davon gehörten Halcampa duodecimcirrata der Kategorie 1 (vom Aussterben bedroht), und zwei weitere Arten der Kategorie 2 (stark gefährdet) an.

Description / Table of Contents: This book consists of a selection of original papers of the leading scientists in the fields of Space and Planetary Physics, Solar and Space Plasma Physics with important contributions to the theory, modeling and experimental techniques of the solar wind exploration. Its purpose is to provide the means for interested readers to become familiar with the current knowledge of the solar wind formation and elemental composition, the interplanetary dynamical evolution and acceleration of the charged plasma particles, and the guiding magnetic field that connects to the magnetospheric field lines and adjusts the effects of the solar wind on Earth. I am convinced that most of the research scientists actively working in these fields will find in this book many new and interesting ideas.

Description / Table of Contents: This book provides readers with a clear progress to theoretical and observational astrophysics. It is not surprising that astrophysics is continually growing because very sophisticated telescopes are being developed and they bring the universe closer and make it accessible. Astrophysics Book presents a unique opportunity for readers to demonstrate processes do occur in Nature. The unique feature of this book is to cover different aspects in astrophysics covering the topics: Astronomy, Theoretical Astrophysics, Observational Astrophysics, Cosmology, The Solar System, Stars, Planets, Galaxies, Observation, Spectroscopy, Dark Matter, Neutron Stars, High Energy Astrophysics

Description / Table of Contents: Spatial planning is a significant part of geosciences that is developing very rapidly. Many new methods and modeling techniques like GIS (Geographical Information Systems), GPS (Global Positioning Systems) or remote sensing techniques have been developed and applied in various aspects of spatial planning. The chapters collected in this book present an excellent profile of the current state of theories, data, analysis methods and modeling techniques used in several case studies. The book is divided into three main parts (Theoretical aspects of spatial planning, Quantitative and computer spatial planning methods and Practical applications of spatial planning) that cover the latest advances in urban, city and spatial planning. The book also shows different aspects of spatial planning and different approaches to case studies in several countries.

Description / Table of Contents: New Achievements in Geoscience is a comprehensive, up-to-date resource for academic researchers in geophysics, environmental science, earth science, natural resource managements and their related support fields. This book attempts to highlight issues dealing with geophysical and earth sciences. It describes the research carried out by world-class scientists in the fields of geoscience. The content of the book includes selected chapters covering seismic interpretation, potential field data interpretation and also several chapters on earth science.

Description / Table of Contents: This study, the second volume of the series "Sources" of the "Max Planck Research Library for the History and Development of Knowledge," reviews a historical discussion about the question of whether a balance in equilibrium, after having been deflected, returns to its original position. This question captured the attention of philosophers and scientists for almost two millennia, from Greek antiquity to the sixteenth century when the "equilibrium controversy" became a central question among scholars. Two new sources related to this controversy are presented: an annotated copy of Jordanus de Nemore's "Liber de ponderibus" edited by Petrus Apianus in 1533 and an annotated copy of Giovanni Battista Benedetti's "Diversarum speculationum mathematicarum et physicarum liber" from 1585. Both works contain handwritten marginal notes by Guidobaldo del Monte, author of the most influential early modern text on mechanics. A detailed analysis of these sources, their prehistory, and their contexts shows that the "equilibrium controversy" only scratched the surface of a much deeper conceptual crisis of early modern mechanics that was triggered by the introduction of the medieval concept of "positional heaviness" into early modern discussions. This crisis helped to establish fundamental insights on which Galileo eventually built his theory of mechanics as well as his theory of motion.

Description / Table of Contents: The diverse materials comprising Impasses of the Post-Global take as their starting point an interrelated, if seemingly endless sequence of current ecological, demographic, socio-political, economic, and informational disasters. These have impacted on the stakes and tenor of cultural criticism as much as they have on tangible relations in the contemporary world. The contributors to the Impasses struggle as valiantly with a rapidly unfolding set of new discursive and communicative preconditions as they do with the open-ended chain of current insults and injuries to the ecological, socio-political, and cultural surrounds. These in turn demand increased attentiveness on the part of culturally and politically engaged readers. If the volume claims a global, if not post-global scope in the range of its perspectives and interventions, the diversity of approaches and interests advanced and updated by its contributors is correspondingly vast. These include the contemporary discourses of deconstruction, climate change, ecological imbalance and despoilment, sustainability, security, economic bailout, auto-immunity, and globalization itself. With contributions by James H. Bunn, Rey Chow, Bruce Clarke, Tom Cohen, Randy Martin, Yates McKee, Alberto Moreiras, Haun Saussy, Tian Song, Henry Sussman, Samuel Weber, Ewa P. Ziarek, and Kryzsztof Ziarek.

Description / Table of Contents: This book covers the areas of fundamentals in energy conservation and its applications in selected industries. There are nine chapters in this book which have been written by leading experts in energy from all over the world. The topics range from energy fundamentals from cosmic radiation, tidal waves and dams. The chapters examine the potential of utilizing energy from sustainable resources and how energy consumption may be conserved from various new technologies. The contents of this book include space energy, barotropic and baroclinic tidal energy, understanding energy conservation in biological context, Earth shelters, hydro power, biofuel from groundnut oil and low energy consumption in industrial production. This book is suitable as a reference for students, educators, researchers, scientists, engineers and energy practitioners. It will also be a useful for the understanding of energy fundamentals, design and applications.

Description / Table of Contents: The International Energy Agency (IEA) considers carbon capture and storage (CCS) a crucial part of worldwide efforts to limit global warming by reducing greenhouse-gas emissions. The IEA estimates that emissions can be reduced to a level consistent with a 2°C global temperature increase through the broad deployment of low-carbon energy technologies – and that CCS would contribute about one-fifth of emission reductions in this scenario. Achieving this level of deployment will require that regulatory frameworks – or rather a lack thereof – do not unnecessarily impede environmentally safe demonstration and deployment of CCS, so in October 2010 the IEA launched the IEA Carbon Capture and Storage Legal and Regulatory Review. The CCS Review is a regular review of CCS regulatory progress worldwide. Produced annually, it collates contributions by national and regional governments, as well as leading organisations engaged in CCS regulatory activities, to provide a knowledge-sharing forum to support CCS framework development. Each two page contribution provides a short summary of recent and anticipated CCS regulatory developments and highlights a particular, pre-nominated regulatory theme. To introduce each edition, the IEA provides a brief analysis of key advances and trends, based on the contributions submitted. The theme for this third edition is stakeholder engagement in the development of CO2 storage projects. Other issues addressed include: regulating CO2-EOR, CCS and CO2-EOR for storage; CCS incentive policy; key, substantive issues being addressed by jurisdictions taking steps to finalise CCS regulatory framework development; and CCS legal and regulatory developments in the context of the Clean Energy Ministerial Carbon Capture, Use and Storage Action Group.

Description / Table of Contents: Natural gas is poised to enter a golden age, but this future hinges critically on the successful development of the world’s vast unconventional gas resources. North American experience shows unconventional gas - notably shale gas - can be exploited economically. Many countries are lining up to emulate this success. But some governments are hesitant, or even actively opposed. They are responding to public concerns that production might involve unacceptable environmental and social damage. This report, in the World Energy Outlook series, treats these aspirations and anxieties with equal seriousness. It features two new cases: a Golden Rules Case, in which the highest practicable standards are adopted, gaining industry a "social licence to operate"; and its counterpart, in which the tide turns against unconventional gas as constraints prove too difficult to overcome.

Description / Table of Contents: Electricity security has been a priority of energy policy for decades due to the dependence of modern society on ongoing supply of electricity. Only a few years ago there was confidence that liberalised electricity markets in IEA member countries could deliver sufficient and timely generation investments needed to ensure security of supply. However, policies to decarbonise electricity systems have served to magnify investment risk and uncertainty. At the same time as renewable support schemes have proven effective in facilitating deployment of wind and solar photovoltaics, they also introduce new challenges to design a stable regulatory framework and well-functioning markets. “Securing Power during the Transition”, a report in the Electricity Security Action Plan series, assesses the threats and identifies options for competitive electricity markets embarking on the transition towards generating electricity from low-carbon sources . The analysis covers the impact of the global economic and financial situation, energy policy context and the implications for electricity market design. Its objective is to identify opportunities to improve regulatory and market designs to create a framework for timely and adequate investment, with a particular focus on conventional power plants.

Description / Table of Contents: „Annäherung an die historische Landschaftsanalyse“ – lautete das Thema eines Workshops, der am 16. und 17. Februar 2011 im Rahmen des „Graduiertenkollegs Interdisziplinäre Umweltgeschichte“ in Göttingen stattfand und dessen Beiträge nun in diesem Sammelband erscheinen. In acht Beiträgen wird die Vielschichtigkeit des Themenkomplexes und die Bedeutung für den Natur- und Landschaftsschutz deutlich.

Description / Table of Contents: The IEA Policy Pathway publications provide details on how to implement specific recommendations drawn from the IEA 25 Energy Efficiency Policy Recommendations. This Policy Pathway, jointly produced by the International Energy Agency and the Institute for Industrial Productivity, develops the critical steps for policy makers implementing energy management programmes for industry. Optimising energy use in industry is essential to improve industrial competitiveness and achieve wider societal goals such as energy security, economic recovery and development, climate change mitigation and environmental protection.While there is significant potential to decrease energy consumption in this sector, opportunities to improve energy efficiency are still under-exploited. Energy management programmes have shown to be instrumental in addressing many of the barriers that inhibit wide-scale uptake of energy management in industry. The Policy Pathway builds on lessons learned from country experiences and provides actionable guidance on how to plan and design, implement, evaluate and monitor energy management programmes for industry.

Description / Table of Contents: Electricity generation from coal is still growing rapidly and energy scenarios from the IEA expect a possible increase from today’s 1 600 GW of coal-fired power plants to over 2 600 GW until 2035. This trend will increase the lock-in of carbon intensive electricity sources, while IEA assessments show that two-thirds of total abatement from all sectors should come from the power sector alone to support a least-cost abatement strategy. Since coal-fired power plants have a fairly long lifetime, and in order to meet climate constraints, there is a need either to apply CCS retrofit to some of today’s installed coal-fired power plants once the technology becomes available. Another option would be to retire some plants before the end of their lifetime. This working paper discusses criteria relevant to differentiating between the technical, cost-effective and realistic potential for CCS retrofit. The paper then discusses today’s coal-fired power plant fleet from a statistical perspective, by looking at age, size and the expected performance of today’s plant across several countries. The working paper also highlights the growing demand for applying CCS retrofitting to the coal-fired power plant fleet of the future. In doing so this paper aims at emphasising the need for policy makers, innovators and power plant operators to quickly complete the development of the CCS technology and to identify key countries where retrofit applications will have the biggest extent and impact.

Description / Table of Contents: This book describes comprehensively carbon (C) cycle process in global ecosystems and the potential and co-benefits of recarbonization of the biosphere. An ever increasing human population is disposing increasing amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere by land use and land cover changes but most importantly by burning of fossil fuels. This process severely perturbs the natural global C cycles and Earth system processes. Recarbonization of the biosphere is a potential strategy to redistribute C among global pools, and to enhance ocean but most importantly land-based C sinks. Sustainably managed and protected must be, in particular, the large and sensitive C stocks in permafrost, wetlands, peatlands, tropical rainforests and savannas, grasslands, degraded/desertified lands, and croplands. Recarbonization requires long-term management because C stocks grow with a progressive improvement in ecosystem health. Protecting and enhancing land-based C sinks serves food security aside contributing to climate change mitigation and adaptation.

Description / Table of Contents: This impressive collection celebrates the work of Peter Kershaw, a key figure in the field of Australian palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. Over almost half a century his research helped reconceptualize ecology in Australia, creating a detailed understanding of environmental change in the Late Pleistocene and Holocene. Within a biogeographic framework one of his exceptional contributions was to explore the ways that Aboriginal people may have modified the landscape through the effects of anthropogenic burning. These ideas have had significant impacts on thinking within the fields of geomorphology, biogeography, archaeology, anthropology and history. Papers presented here continue to explore the dynamism of landscape change in Australia and the contribution of humans to those transformations. The volume is structured in two sections. The first examines evidence for human engagement with landscape, focusing on Australia and Papua New Guinea but also dealing with the human/environmental histories of Europe and Asia. The second section contains papers that examine palaeoecology and present some of the latest research into environmental change in Australia and New Zealand. Individually these papers, written by many of Australia’s prominent researchers in these fields, are significant contributions to our knowledge of Quaternary landscapes and human land use. But Peopled Landscapes also signifies the disciplinary entanglement that is archaeological and biogeographic research in this region, with archaeologists and environmental scientists contributing to both studies of human land use and palaeoecology. Peopled Landscapes reveals the interdisciplinary richness of Quaternary research in the Australasian region as well as the complexity and richness of the entangled environmental and human pasts of these lands.

Description / Table of Contents: This book deals with earthquake-resistant structures, such as, buildings, bridges and liquid storage tanks. It contains twenty chapters covering several interesting research topics written by researchers and experts in the field of earthquake engineering. The book covers seismic-resistance design of masonry and reinforced concrete structures to be constructed as well as safety assessment, strengthening and rehabilitation of existing structures against earthquake loads. It also includes three chapters on electromagnetic sensing techniques for health assessment of structures, post earthquake assessment of steel buildings in fire environment and response of underground pipes to blast loads. The book provides the state-of-the-art on recent progress in earthquake-resistant structures. It should be useful to graduate students, researchers and practicing structural engineers.

Description / Table of Contents: This book sheds lights on recent advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering with special emphasis on soil liquefaction, soil-structure interaction, seismic safety of dams and underground monuments, mitigation strategies against landslide and fire whirlwind resulting from earthquakes and vibration of a layered rotating plant and Bryan's effect. The book contains sixteen chapters covering several interesting research topics written by researchers and experts from several countries. The research reported in this book is useful to graduate students and researchers working in the fields of structural and earthquake engineering. The book will also be of considerable help to civil engineers working on construction and repair of engineering structures, such as buildings, roads, dams and monuments.

Description / Table of Contents: This book contains a wealth of useful information on current rheology research. By covering a broad variety of rheology-related topics, this e-book is addressed to a wide spectrum of academic and applied researchers and scientists but it could also prove useful to industry specialists. The subject areas include, polymer gels, food rheology, drilling fluids and liquid crystals among others.

Description / Table of Contents: Hydrology is the science that deals with the processes governing the depletion and replenishment of water resources of the earth's land areas. The purpose of this book is to put together recent developments on hydrology and water resources engineering. First section covers surface water modeling and second section deals with groundwater modeling. The aim of this book is to focus attention on the management of surface water and groundwater resources. Meeting the challenges and the impact of climate change on water resources is also discussed in the book. Most chapters give insights into the interpretation of field information, development of models, the use of computational models based on analytical and numerical techniques, assessment of model performance and the use of these models for predictive purposes. It is written for the practicing professionals and students, mathematical modelers, hydrogeologists and water resources specialists.

Description / Table of Contents: Generally, the term biomass is used for all materials originating from photosynthesis. However, biomass can equally apply to animals. Conservation and management of biomass is very important. There are various ways and methods for biomass evaluation. One of these methods is remote sensing. Remote sensing provides information about biomass, but also about biodiversity and environmental factors estimation over a wide area. The great potential of remote sensing has received considerable attention over the last few decades in many different areas in biological sciences including nutrient status assessment, weed abundance, deforestation, glacial features in Arctic and Antarctic regions, depth sounding of coastal and ocean depths, and density mapping. The salient features of the book include: - Several aspects of biomass study and survey - Use of remote sensing for evaluation of biomass - Evaluation of carbon storage in ecosystems - Evaluation of primary productivity through case studies

Description / Table of Contents: Natural gas is a vital component of the world's supply of energy and an important source of many bulk chemicals and speciality chemicals. It is one of the cleanest, safest, and most useful of all energy sources, and helps to meet the world's rising demand for cleaner energy into the future. However, exploring, producing and bringing gas to the user or converting gas into desired chemicals is a systematical engineering project, and every step requires thorough understanding of gas and the surrounding environment. Any advances in the process link could make a step change in gas industry. There have been increasing efforts in gas industry in recent years. With state-of-the-art contributions by leading experts in the field, this book addressed the technology advances in natural gas industry.

Description / Table of Contents: A large part of academic literature, business literature as well as practices in real life are resting on the assumption that uncertainty and risk does not exist. We all know that this is not true, yet, a whole variety of methods, tools and practices are not attuned to the fact that the future is uncertain and that risks are all around us. However, despite risk management entering the agenda some decades ago, it has introduced risks on its own as illustrated by the financial crisis. Here is a book that goes beyond risk management as it is today and tries to discuss what needs to be improved further. The book also offers some cases.

Description / Table of Contents: Provision of air navigation services entered a new era of performance scheme. The performance scheme provides binding targets on four key performance areas of safety, capacity, environment and cost-efficiency. It is imposed that targets are fully achieved, but it is not prescribed how, this being typical for the performance based and goal oriented regulation. Those key performance areas are interlaced by proportional and inversely proportional interdependencies. Namely, for example and simplified into one sentence; if one aims to increase sector capacity with existing human resources (constant staff costs) and not investing into the technology (constant support cost) to achieve improved cost-efficiency of service provision, the resulting overloaded system might unlock the Pandora box of latent safety issues. Since failure is not an option, we - the general, migrating and traveling public, airspace users, airport operators, air navigation services providers and the economy - will gain attaining the goals of performance scheme in the process. However, un-answered cardinal question is what is the winning strategy? This book provides do-not-forget-peculiarities insight into the elements of new business model of air navigation services provision as evolution of the latter became essential.

Description / Table of Contents: Crystallization is one of the most ancient and interdisciplinary topics of research known to mankind. Crystals can be organic or inorganic and may be produced from melts, liquid solutions, vapors or even in solid state. Notwithstanding its inherently high complexity, the crystallization process is part of our everyday lives, from ice making in our homes to the most state-of-the-art chemical and electronic industry. In this book, our purpose was to present new insights to the reader, as well as crucial and very useful information for researchers working in this field, while simultaneously creating a comprehensive text about crystallization processes which may serve as a starting point for people with different backgrounds.

Description / Table of Contents: With ample recoverable resources, natural gas seems destined for a bright future. It nevertheless faces many challenges to increase its share in the primary energy mix, including insufficient upstream development, inadequate pricing structure, competition from other fuels, and geopolitical issues. The new IEA Medium-Term Gas Market Report reviews how gas markets managed the challenges of 2011, from the consequences of the Fukushima incident to the unrest in the Middle East and North Africa to a further deteriorating economy. It gives detailed gas supply, demand and trade forecasts up to 2017, by region as well as for key countries, while investigating many of today’s crucial questions: - Will regional gas markets diverge further or will the shale gas revolution spread worldwide? - Will North America become a significant LNG exporter? - Can China meet its goal of doubling gas consumption in four years? - Will natural gas replace nuclear energy in key OECD member countries? - Can gas finally overtake coal in the US power sector? - Can a spot price emerge in Asia? Amid a fragile economy and widely diverging regional gas prices, the report provides an in-depth look at future changes in trade patterns as markets absorb a second wave of LNG supply. The Medium-Term Gas Market Report tests the upper limit of gas demand in the United States, analyses European gas consumption's struggle to recover, and assesses the potential of new suppliers.

Description / Table of Contents: Due to its clean burning properties, low investment costs and flexibility in production, natural gas is often put forward as the ideal partner fuel for wind power and other renewable sources of electricity generation with strongly variable output. This working paper examines three vital questions associated with this premise: 1) Is natural gas indeed the best partner fuel for wind power? 2) If so, to what extent will an increasing market share of wind power in European electricity generation affect demand for natural gas in the power sector? and 3) Considering the existing European natural gas markets, is natural gas capable of fulfilling this role of partner for renewable sources of electricity?

Description / Table of Contents: This roadmap explores the potential improvement of existing technologies to enhance the average fuel economy of motorised vehicles; the roadmap’s vision is to achieve a 30% to 50% reduction in fuel use per kilometre from new road vehicles including 2-wheelers, LDV s and HDV s) around the world in 2030, and from the stock of all vehicles on the road by 2050. This achievement would contribute to significant reductions in GHG emissions and oil use, compared to a baseline projection. Different motorised modes are treated separately, with a focus on LDV s, HDV s and powered two-wheelers. A section on in-use fuel economy also addresses technical and nontechnical parameters that could allow fuel economy to drastically improve over the next decades. Technology cost analysis and payback time show that significant progress can be made with low or negative cost for fuel-efficient vehicles over their lifetime use. Even though the latest data analysed by the IEA for fuel economy between 2005 and 2008 showed that a gap exists in achieving the roadmap’s vision, cutting the average fuel economy of road motorised vehicles by 30% to 50% by 2030 is achievable, and the policies and technologies that could help meet this challenge are already deployed in many places around the world. This report has been released in tandem with another report the Policy Pathways: Improving the Fuel Economy of Road Vehicles - A policy package, which describes the policies needed to deploy more fuel economic vehicles in more detail.

Description / Table of Contents: Thinking of Business Processes Systematically --- From Language Acquisition to Subject-oriented Modeling --- The Integrated S-BPM Process Model --- Subject-oriented Process Analysis --- Modeling Processes in a Subject-Oriented Way --- Subject-Oriented Modeling by Construction and Restriction --- Subject-oriented Validation of Processes and Process Models --- Subject-oriented Optimization of Processes --- Organization-specific Implementation of Subject-oriented Processes --- IT-Implementation of Subject-Oriented Business Processes --- Subject-oriented Monitoring of Processes --- A Precise Description of the S-BPM Modeling Method --- Tools for S-BPM --- S-BPM Method by Comparison --- Conclusion --- A Subject-Oriented Interpreter Model for S-BPM

Description / Table of Contents: Modern knowledge discovery methods enable users to discover complex patterns of various types in large information repositories. However, the underlying assumption has always been that the data to which the methods are applied originates from one domain.   The focus of this book, and the BISON project from which the contributions originate, is a network-based integration of various types of data repositories and the development of new ways to analyse and explore the resulting gigantic information networks. Instead of seeking well-defined global or local patterns, the aim was to find domain-bridging associations. These are particularly interesting if they are sparse and have not been encountered before.   The 32 contributions presented in this state-of-the-art survey, together with a detailed introduction to the book, are organized in topical sections on bisociation; representation and network creation; network analysis; exploration; and applications and evaluation.  

Description / Table of Contents: Zeitnah zu den Personalratswahlen 2010: Der Basiskommentar erläutert die Vorschriften des Personalvertretungsgesetzes für das Land Brandenburg in seiner aktuellen Fassung. Die Neuauflage berücksichtigt sämtliche seit der 3. Auflage im Jahr 2004 in Kraft getretenen Änderungen des Gesetzes. Die Rechtsprechung, insbesondere des Bundesverwaltungsgerichts und des Bundesarbeitsgerichts sowie des Oberverwaltungsgerichts Berlin-Brandenburg, ist umfassend eingearbeitet.In verständlicher Sprache geschrieben, ist der Kommentar ein praktischer Ratgeber vor allem für Personalratsmitglieder und Jugend- und Auszubildendenvertreter: Mit seiner Hilfe können sie ihre bestehenden Rechte erkennen und für eine erfolgreiche Interessenvertretung der Beschäftigten nutzen. Aber auch für die Leitungen und Personalabteilungen der Dienststellen des Landes und der Kommunen bietet der Basiskommentara eine informative Arbeitshilfe, die eine schnelle und zuverlässige Orientierung über das Personalvertretungsrecht in Brandenburg ermöglicht und über eine praktische Handreichung hinausgeht.Eine Einführung zur Wahlordnung, der Text der Wahlordnung sowie ein Fristenkalender schließen sich der Kommentierung an.

Description / Table of Contents: Human activities are significantly modifying the natural global carbon (C) cycles, and concomitantly influence climate, ecosystems, and state and function of the Earth system. Ever increasing amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) are added to the atmosphere by fossil fuel combustion but the biosphere is a potential C sink. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of C cycling in the biosphere is crucial for identifying and managing biospheric C sinks. Ecosystems with large C stocks which must be protected and sustainably managed are wetlands, peatlands, tropical rainforests, tropical savannas, grasslands, degraded/desertified lands, agricultural lands, and urban lands. However, land-based sinks require long-term management and a protection strategy because C stocks grow with a progressive improvement in ecosystem health.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1 Introduction ; 2 From Tax Theory to Policy: An Overview ; 3 Policy Lessons from Optimal Tax Theory ; 4 Relaxing the Second-Best Constraints ; 5 Challenges for Second-Best Analysis

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Introduction: Finance, Stewardship, and Our Goals ; Part One - Roles and Responsibilities ; 1. Chief Executive Officers ; 2. Investment Managers ; 3. Bankers ; 4. Investment Bankers ; 5. Mortgage Lenders and Securitizers ; 6. Traders and Market Makers ; 7. Insurers ; 8. Market Designers and Financial Engineers ; 9. Derivatives Providers ; 10. Lawyers and Financial Advisers ; 11. Lobbyists ; 12. Regulators ; 13. Accountants and Auditors ; 14. Educators ; 15. Public Goods Financiers ; 16. Policy Makers in Charge of Stabilizing the Economy ; 17. Trustees and Nonprofit Managers ; 18. Philanthropists ; Part Two - Finance and Its Discontents ; 19. Finance, Mathematics, and Beauty ; 20. Categorizing People: Financiers versus Artists and Other Idealists ; 21. An Impulse for Risk Taking ; 22. An Impulse for Conventionality and Familiarity ; 23. Debt and Leverage ; 24. Some Unfortunate Incentives to Sleaziness Inherent in Finance ; 25. The Significance of Financial Speculation ; 26. Speculative Bubbles and Their Costs to Society ; 27. Inequality and Injustice ; 28. Problems with Philanthropy ; 29. The Dispersal of Ownership of Capital ; 30. The Great Illusion, Then and Now ; Epilogue: Finance, Power, and Human Values

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Forewords ; Part I Introduction ; 1 Introduction ; Part II Climate Change, Human Security, Societal Stability, and Violent Conflict: Empirical and Theoretical Linkages ; 2 On Environmental Change and Armed Conflict ; 3 Climate Change, Societal Stability, and the SID Project ; 4 Climate Change, Conflict, and Fragility: Getting the Institutions Right ; 5 Theories and Models of Climate-Security Interaction: Framework and Application to a Climate Hot Spot in North Africa ; 6 Global Climate Policy Reinforces Local Social Path-Dependent Structures: More Conflict in the World? ; Part III Climate Change and the Securitization Discourse ; 7 Climate Change and the Environmental Conflict Discourse ; 8 Climate Change as a Driver of Security Policy ; 9 From "Securitization" of Climate Change to "Climatization" of the Security Field: Comparing Three Theoretical Perspectives ; 10 Critical Deconstruction of Environmental Security and Human Security Concepts in the Anthropocene ; 11 Political in Nature: The Conflict-fuelling Character of International Climate Policies ; 12 Security as a Weapon: How Cataclysm Discourses Frame International Climate Negotiations ; 13 Audience: A Weak Link in the Securitization of the Environment? ; 14 Words, Visuals, and the Vanished Enemy: Visual Securitization and the COP15 Opening Film ; Part IV Climate Change and Migration ; 15 Climate Change and Human Migration: Towards a Global Governance System to Protect Climate Refugees ; 16 "Climate Refugees" as Dawning Catastrophe? A Critique of the Dominant ; Quest for Numbers ; 17 Environmentally-Forced Migration in Rural Areas: Security Risks and Threats in Mexico ; 18 Policing Borders in a Time of Rapid Climate Change ; Part V Climate Change and Security in the Middle East ; 19 Climate Change on the Arabian Peninsula - Regional Security,Sustainability Strategies, and Research Needs ; 20 Environmental Degradation, Climate Uncertainties, and HumanVulnerabilities: Realm of Possible Actions toward a Shifting Security Paradigm in the Arab Gulf Monarchies ; 21 Altering Security Dynamics? Climate Change Impacts on Iraq ; 22 Nothing New in the Middle East - Reality and Discourses of Climate Change in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict ; Part VI Climate Change and Security in Africa ; 23 Locating Climate Insecurity: Where Are the Most Vulnerable Places in Africa? ; 24 Climate Change, Resource Competition, and Conflict amongst Pastoral Communities in Kenya ; 25 Climate Change and Violent Conflicts in Nigeria: Human Needs and Relative Deprivation Theories ; 26 Enhancing Security and Resilience of Low-Income Communities to Climate Change in Growing Cities: An Assessment of Flood Management and Planning Regimes in Kampala City, Uganda ; 27 Malnutrition and Conflict in Eastern Africa: Impacts of Resource Variability on Human Security ; Part VII Climate Change and Security in Asia and the Pacific ; 28 Climate Awareness and Adaptation Efficacy for Livelihood Security against Sea Level Rise in Coastal Bangladesh ; 29 Security Implications of Climate Refugees in Urban Slums: A Case Study from Dhaka, Bangladesh ; 30 A Psychological Perspective on Climate Stress in Coastal India ; 31 Routine Violence in Java, Indonesia: Neo-Malthusian and Social Justice Perspectives ; 32 Territorial Integrity and Sovereignty: Climate Change and Security in the Pacific and Beyond ; Part VIII Improving Climate Security: Cooperative Policies and Capacity-Building ; 33 Securitization of Climate Change in the United Nations 2007-2010 ; 34 Climate Change, Peacekeeping, and Perspectives for UN Reform ; 35 International Climate Change Policies: The Potential Relevance of REDD+ For Peace and Stability ; 36 The Role of Information Systems in Improving Resilience and Security through Innovation-Oriented Capacity Building ; 37 Policy Responses to Climate Change in the Mediterranean and MENA Region during the Anthropocene ; Part IX Conclusions and Outlook ; 38 Conclusions and Outlook: Research Results and Research Needs

Description / Table of Contents: Table of Contents: Preface. - Foreword. - INTRODUCTION. - Yukon's Arctic island. - The Herschel Family. - Place names. - LAND AND WATER. - Physical setting. - Geology. - Climate. - Ocean water and sea ice. - Ice Age. - Permafrost. - Coastal environment. - FLORA AND FAUNA. - Vegetation. - Insects and spiders. - Butterflies. - Birds. - Birds of prey. - Small mammals. - Caribou and Muskoxen. - Small Carnivores. - Grizzly Bears. - Polar Bears. - Marine mammals. - Fishes. - PEOPLE AND CULTURE. - Inuvialuit Archaeology. - Inuvialuit Ancestors. - Whaling. - Missionaries. - Fur traders. - Police. - Scientists and explorers. - CONSERVATION AND GOVERNANCE. - Buildings. - Park history. - Inuvialuit Final Agreement and Co-management. - IN CONCLUSION. - A final word. - About the authors. - Sources and further reading. - Index

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ; CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ; PART I - CONTEXT, CONCEPTS AND FRAMEWORK ; CHAPTER 2 MANAGING WATER, ENERGY AND LAND IN A CHANGING WORLD ; CHAPTER 3 A TRANSFORMATION TOWARDS INCLUSIVE AND SUSTAINABLE GROWTH ; CHAPTER 4FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTANDING THE ROLES OF THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTORS IN MANAGING NATURAL RESOURCES ; PART II - CASE STUDIES: WATER, ENERGY AND LAND ; CHAPTER 5 MANAGING WATER STRESS ; CHAPTER 6 RENEWABLE ENERGY: PROMOTING A TRIPLE WIN ; CHAPTER 7 MANAGING SCARCITY: INVESTMENT IN LAND ; CHAPTER 8 MANAGING THE WEL NEXUS: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES ; PART III - POLICY IMPLICATIONS ; CHAPTER 9 PUBLIC POLICY AND GOVERNANCE IMPLICATIONS ; CHAPTER 10 THE ROLE OF THE PRIVATE SECTOR IN SUSTAINABLE AND INCLUSIVE NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ; CHAPTER 11 THE ROLE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Description / Table of Contents: Der Förderatlas 2012 bietet Kennzahlen öffentlich geförderter Forschung in Deutschland. Er gibt eine Übersicht über Drittmittel-Förderungen der DFG, des Bundes und der EU sowie über Personenförderungen der AvH, des DAAD und des ERC und bilanziert diese Förderungen für Hochschulen und außeruniversitäre Forschungseinrichtungen. Dabei richtet sich ein besonderes Augenmerk auf fachliche Profilbildungen der einzelnen Fördermittelempfänger sowie auf Forschungs-Cluster und Vernetzungen zwischen diesen Einrichtungen.

Description / Table of Contents: The vast explosion of high-resolution molecular data in the past few years has provided an unprecedented glimpse into the microbial world. This book synthesises current viewpoints and knowledge on microbial ecological theory. The editors have assembled a collection of essays by a diverse group of well-respected scientists who merge the boundaries of ecology and microbiology to explore some of the central tenets of macro-ecological theory with a microbial perspective. The contributors explore the mainstays of macro-ecology asking questions such as 'do microbes have biogeography?' and 'does a microbial species concept exist?', as well as showing how high-resolution molecular data is informing and underpinning the evolution of microbial ecological theory. The authors demonstrate how the application of macro-ecological theory to the microbial world is not only enhancing our understanding of microbial ecology but also providing a reference point for the development of new theories.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. WIE KOMMT DER HUNGER IN DIE WELT? ; Zwischen Mangel und Überfluss. Die globale Ernährungssituation ; Nahrung aus dem Labor. Der Beitrag der Gentechnik zum Kampf gegen den Hunger ; Dringend reformbedürftig! Die Landwirtschaftspolitik der Europäischen Union ; Unter Plastik. Spaniens Wintergarten in der Krise ; 2. PROFIT AUF KOSTEN DER UMWELT ; Alles jederzeit verfügbar. Lebensmittel auf Weltreise ; Besser handeln. Südafrikanische Farmer gehen mit Fairtrade neue Wege ; Klimaschutz an der Fleischtheke. Die globale Erwärmung und die Rolle der Landwirtschaft ; Vertreibung aus dem Rinderparadies. Warum Argentiniens Rinder ins Feedlot abwandern ; Das Meer ist leer. Das Problem der Überfischung ; Sojarepublik Argentinien. Kleine Bohnen verändern ein großes Land ; "Es gibt keinen Weg zurück." Interview mit Parviz Koohafkan ; 3. MASSENHAFT BILLIG - MASSENHAFT KRANK? ; Industrial Food. Der Einfluss der Nahrungsmittelindustrie auf die globale Erzeugung von Lebensmitteln ; Gesund trotz westlicher Ernährung? Risikofaktoren aus Sicht der Evolutionsbiologie ; Von der Mode zur bewussten Haltung. Vegetarismus und andere alternative Ernährungskonzepte ; Die Ernährung von morgen. Die Zukunft unseres Essverhaltens und seine Auswirkungen auf die Globalkultur ; Nahrungsmittelskandale und Hungerkrisen. Globale und lokale Lösungsansätze.

Description / Table of Contents: Provides detailed advice about how to land a good scientist job, win funding, and shape the public debate. This title argues that marketing is a critical component of the modern scientific endeavour, not only advancing personal careers but also society's knowledge. It approaches marketing as a science in itself.It's a tough time to be a scientist: universities are shutting science departments, funding organisations are facing flat budgets, and many newspapers have dropped their science sections altogether. But according to Marc Kuchner, this anti-science climate doesn't have to equal a career death knell - it just means scientists have to be savvier about promoting their work and themselves. In "Marketing for Scientists", he provides clear, detailed advice about how to land a good job, win funding, and shape the public debate. As an astrophysicist at NASA, Kuchner knows that "marketing" can seem like a superficial distraction, whether your daily work is searching for new planets or seeking a cure for cancer. In fact, he argues, it's a critical component of the modern scientific endeavour, not only advancing personal careers but also society's knowledge. Kuchner approaches marketing as a science in itself. He translates theories about human interaction and sense of self into methods for building relationships - one of the most critical skills in any profession.And he explains how to brand yourself effectively - how to get articles published, give compelling presentations, use social media like Facebook and Twitter, and impress potential employers and funders.

Description / Table of Contents: Collected articles in this series are dedicated to the development and use of software for earth system modelling and aims at bridging the gap between IT solutions and climate science. The particular topic covered in this volume addresses the major coupling software developed and used in the climate modelling community. Table of contens: Coupling Software and Strategies.- TDT - A Library for Typed Data Transfer.- The Model Coupling Toolkit.- The OASIS Coupler.- The Flexible Modeling System.- The Earth System Modeling Framework.- The Bespoke Framework Generator.- Future Perspectives.

Description / Table of Contents: Der allgegenwärtige Landschafts- und Klimawandel hat vielfältige Auswirkungen auf unsere Umwelt. Wie beeinflussen wasserbezogene Anpassungsmaßnahmen in Regionen und Flusseinzugsgebieten Deutschlands diese Auswirkungen? Antworten und Lösungen werden in diesem Band präsentiert. Anhand praktischer Beispiele zeigen die Autoren, dass der Klimawandel real ist und wir auf Jahrzehnte hinaus mit diesem Problem konfrontiert sein werden. Weil die Klimaveränderung nicht beherrschbar ist, muss sich die Gesellschaft anpassen. Notwendige Anpassungsmaßnahmen zur Erhaltung der Ressource Wasser erweisen sich als regionale und lokale Herausforderung. Sie erfordern Handeln auf verschiedenen Ebenen: auf lokaler Ebene und im Bereich der Flüsse und Flusseinzugsgebiete; deshalb bedarf es der Abstimmung zwischen Bund, Land und Kommunen.

Description / Table of Contents: The Internet lets us share perfect copies of our work with a worldwide audience at virtually no cost. We take advantage of this revolutionary opportunity when we make our work "open access": digital, online, free of charge, and free of most copyright and licensing restrictions. Open access is made possible by the Internet and copyright-holder consent, and many authors, musicians, filmmakers, and other creators who depend on royalties are understandably unwilling to give their consent. But for 350 years, scholars have written peer-reviewed journal articles for impact, not for money, and are free to consent to open access without losing revenue. In this concise introduction, Peter Suber tells us what open access is and isn't, how it benefits authors and readers of research, how we pay for it, how it avoids copyright problems, how it has moved from the periphery to the mainstream, and what its future may hold. Distilling a decade of Suber's influential writing and thinking about open access, this is the indispensable book on the subject for researchers, librarians, administrators, funders, publishers, and policy makers.

Description / Table of Contents: Content:1. How the mobilism debate was structured; 2. Wegener and Taylor develop thei theories of continental drift; 3. Sub-controversies in the drift debate, 1920s-1950s; 4. The mechanism sub-controversy: 1921-1951; 5. Arthur Holmes and his Theory of Substratum Convection, 1915-1955; 6. Regionalism and the reception of mobilism: South Africa, India and South America from the 1920s through the early 1950s; 7. Regional reception of mobilism in North America: 1920s through the 1950s; 8. Reception and development of mobilism in Europe: 1920s through the 1950s; 9. Fixism's popularity in Australia: 1920s to middle 1960s; Index.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1 An economic and social hurricane ; 2 The scream - we are their children's children ; 3 A very big problem ; 4 Beyond the limits - the great disruption ; 5 Addicted to growth ; 6 Global foreshock - the year that growth stopped ; 7 The road ahead - our planetary sat nav ; 8 Are we finished? ; 9 When the dam of denial breaks ; 10 The one-degree war ; 11 How an Austrian economist could save the world ; 12 Creative destruction on steroids - out with the old, in with the new ; 13 Shifting sands - from middle eastern oil to chinese sun ; 14 The elephant in the room - growth doesn't work ; 15 The happiness economy ; 16 Yes, there is life after shopping ; 17 No, the poor will not always be with us ; 18 Ineffective inequality ; 19 The future is here, it's just not widely distributed yet ; 20 Guess who's in charge?

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Part I Introduction 1. An international environmental policy takes shape Part II Air Pollution 2.Long-range transport of air pollutants in Europe 3. International ozone politics 4. International climate cooperation Part III Ocean Management 5. Law of the sea 6. North Sea pollution control 7. International fisheries politics Part IV Nature Protection and Biodiversity 8. Convention on Biological Diversity 9. The plant treaty 10. International forest politics Part V Conclusions 11. Ideals and practice in international environmental politics

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Introduction and Overview: 1 Thinking through the Climate Change Challenge ; Part I: Getting Nations to Work Together ; 2 Norms, Conventions, and Institutions to Cope with Climate Change ; 3 Credible Commitments, Focal Points, and Tipping: The Strategy of Climate Treaty Design ; 4 Tipping Climate Negotiations ; 5 Bridging Reality and the Theory of International Environmental Agreements ; 6 The Cost of Ambiguity and Robustness in International Pollution Control ; Part II: Ethical and Distributional Concerns ; 7 Time and the Generations ; 8 Discounting While Treating Generations Equally ; 9 Emerging Markets and Climate Change: Mexican Standoff or Low-carbon Race? ; Part III: Approaches to Designing More Efficient Policies ; 10. Moving US Climate Policy Forward: Are Carbon Taxes the Only Good Alternative? ; 11 Carbon Taxes and the Green Paradox ; 12 Derivative Markets for Pollution Permits and Incentives to Innovate ; 13 Development and Climate Adaptation ; 14 Schelling's Conjecture on Climate and Development: A Test