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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2011-08-02
    Description: Challenges for Wireless Mesh Networks to provide reliable carrier-grade services Advances in Radio Science, 9, 377-382, 2011 Author(s): D. von Hugo and N. Bayer Provision of mobile and wireless services today within a competitive environment and driven by a huge amount of steadily emerging new services and applications is both challenge and chance for radio network operators. Deployment and operation of an infrastructure for mobile and wireless broadband connectivity generally requires planning effort and large investments. A promising approach to reduce expenses for radio access networking is offered by Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs). Here traditional dedicated backhaul connections to each access point are replaced by wireless multi-hop links between neighbouring access nodes and few gateways to the backbone employing standard radio technology. Such a solution provides at the same time high flexibility in both deployment and the amount of offered capacity and shall reduce overall expenses. On the other hand currently available mesh solutions do not provide carrier grade service quality and reliability and often fail to cope with high traffic load. EU project CARMEN (CARrier grade MEsh Networks) was initiated to incorporate different heterogeneous technologies and new protocols to allow for reliable transmission over "best effort" radio channels, to support a reliable mobility and network management, self-configuration and dynamic resource usage, and thus to offer a permanent or temporary broadband access at high cost efficiency. The contribution provides an overview on preliminary project results with focus on main technical challenges from a research and implementation point of view. Especially impact of mesh topology on the overall system performance in terms of throughput and connection reliability and aspects of a dedicated hybrid mobility management solution will be discussed.
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2011-08-02
    Description: Meteor radar measurements of mean winds and tides over Collm (51.3° N, 13° E) and comparison with LF drift measurements 2005–2007 Advances in Radio Science, 9, 335-341, 2011 Author(s): C. Jacobi An all-sky VHF meteor radar (MR) has been continuously operated at Collm (51.3° N, 13° E) since summer 2004. The radar measures meteor parameters, diffusion coefficients, and horizontal winds in the mesopause region. There exists a temporal overlap of the MR wind measurements with co-located low-frequency (LF) ionospheric drift measurements until 2007. Comparison of MR and LF semidiurnal tidal phases allows to empirically determine the virtual height overestimation of LF reflection heights due to the group retardation of LF waves. LF reference heights have to be reduced by up to 20 km to match real heights. Correction of LF heights for group retardation allows to determine the wind underestimation by the LF method compared with meteor radar measurements and opens the possibility to continue long-term trend analysis using mesosphere/lower thermosphere winds.
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2011-12-13
    Description: In applications with low-energy conversion efficiency, maximizing the output power improves the efficiency. The maximum output power of a solar panel depends on the environmental conditions and load profile. In this paper, a method based on simultaneous use of two fuzzy controllers is developed in order to maximize the generated output power of a solar panel in a photovoltaic system: fuzzy-based sun tracking and maximum power point tracking. The sun tracking is performed by changing the solar panel orientation in horizontal and vertical directions by two DC motors properly designed. A DC-DC converter is employed to track the solar panel maximum power point. In addition, the proposed system has the capability of the extraction of solar panel I-V curves. Experimental results present that the proposed fuzzy techniques result in increasing of power delivery from the solar panel, causing a reduction in size, weight, and cost of solar panels in photovoltaic systems.
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2011-12-13
    Description: The photocatalytic production of hydrogen from water using solar energy is potentially a clean and renewable source for hydrogen fuel. This study examines the production of hydrogen over In, P-TiO2s photocatalysts. 1 mol% In-TiO2 and P-TiO2 were produced using the solvothermal method and were treated at 500 and 800∘C to obtain anatase and rutile structure, respectively. The photocatalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, photoluminescence spectra, X-ray spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The production of H2 from methanol photodecomposition was greater over the rutile structure than over the anatase structure of TiO2. Moreover, the amount of hydrogen was enhanced over In-TiO2 and P-TiO2 compared to that over pure TiO2; the production increased by about 30%. The structural effect and the addition of In, P have significant influence on the H2 production from methanol/water decomposition.
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2011-12-13
    Description: This paper presents the simulation modeling and prototype development of an inverter controller for photovoltaic (PV) applications using the dSPACE DS1104 controller platform. The controller platform can link the simulation model developed in the MATLAB/SIMULINK environment to its prototype hardware. In the dSPACE controller, the voltage regulator controls the inverter by employing a proportional integral (PI) controller and the Park transformation method to generate sinusoidal pulse-width modulation (SPWM) signals. The SPWM signals switch the insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) to stabilize the 50-Hz sinusoidal AC output voltages of the inverter. The simulation was performed with a DC power supply that acts as the PV generator to supply the power to the inverter. The simulation model was then translated into the inverter prototype using the dSPACE platform and tested in the laboratory to prove the efficacy of the proposed controller. The experimental results for the inverter system demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed control strategy by maintaining the THD of the output voltage at 4.6%.
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2011-12-30
    Description: The metal complexes (RuII (phen)2(phendione))(PF6)2(1), [RuII (phen)(bpy)(phendione))(PF6)2 (2), and (RuII (bpy)2(phendione))(PF6)2 (3) (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine and phendione = 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione) have been synthesized as photo sensitizers for ZnO semiconductor in solar cells. FT-IR and absorption spectra showed the favorable interfacial binding between the dye-molecules and ZnO surface. The surface analysis and size of adsorbed dye on nanostructure ZnO were further examined with AFM and SEM. The AFM images clearly show both, the outgrowth of the complexes which are adsorbed on ZnO thin film and the depression of ZnO thin film. We have studied photovoltaic properties of dye-sensitized nanocrystalline semiconductor solar cells based on Ru phendione complexes, which gave power conversion efficiency of (η) of 1.54% under the standard AM 1.5 irradiation (100 mW cm−2) with a short-circuit photocurrent density (Jsc) of 3.42 mA cm−2, an open-circuit photovoltage (Voc) of 0.622 V, and a fill factor (ff) of 0.72. Monochromatic incident photon to current conversion efficiency was 38% at 485 nm.
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2011-12-13
    Description: Polycrystalline CdTe shows greater promises for the development of cost-effective, efficient, and reliable thin film solar cells. Results of numerical analysis using AMPS-1D simulator in exploring the possibility of ultrathin, high efficiency, and stable CdS/CdTe cells are presented. The conventional baseline case structure of CdS/CdTe cell has been explored with reduced CdTe absorber and CdS window layer thickness, where 1 μm thin CdTe and 50 nm CdS layers showed reasonable efficiencies over 15%. The viability of 1 μm CdTe absorber layer together with possible back surface field (BSF) layers to reduce minority carrier recombination loss at the back contact in ultra thin CdS/CdTe cells was investigated. Higher bandgap material like ZnTe and low bandgap materials like Sb2Te3 and As2Te3 as BSF were inserted to reduce the holes barrier height in the proposed ultra thin CdS/CdTe cells. The proposed structure of SnO2/Zn2SnO4/CdS/CdTe/As2Te3/Cu showed the highest conversion efficiency of 18.6% (Voc = 0.92 V, Jsc = 24.97 mA/cm2, and FF = 0.81). However, other proposed structures such as SnO2/Zn2SnO4/CdS/CdTe/Sb2Te3/Mo and SnO2/Zn2SnO4/CdS/CdTe/ZnTe/Al have also shown better stability at higher operating temperatures with acceptable efficiencies. Moreover, it was found that the cells normalized efficiency linearly decreased with the increased operating temperature with relatively lower gradient, which eventually indicates better stability of the proposed ultra thin CdS/CdTe cells.
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2011-12-23
    Description: Titania powder (P25) was dispersed by bead-milling breakdown method, and the dispersivity of TiO2 was controlled by adjusting the mean secondary TiO2 particle size to 45, 56, and 75 nm by changing the dispersion solvent blend ratio of ethanol and terpineol. The transparency of the coated layer increased when the particle size of TiO2 aggregates became smaller than 100 nm. Although the transparency was significantly different according to differences in the size of nanocrystallyne-TiO2 aggregates, the resulting photovoltaic (PV) effect of a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) was not significantly different between the different aggregate sizes. A double layer structure (transparent TiO2 layer/opaque TiO2 layer) was adopted to improve the PV effect, which resulted in an improvement of the photocurrent and conversion efficiency of 13.2% and 11.1%, respectively, from that for the DSSCs with single-layered TiO2 electrodes.
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2011-12-13
    Description: It was previously reported that CO2 could be reduced into CO, CH4, and so forth, which can be used as fuels, by TiO2 as the photocatalyst under UV radiation. To increase the concentration of fuel and improve CO2 reduction performance on TiO2 photocatalyst, a membrane reactor composed of TiO2 and gas separation membrane prepared by sol-gel and dip-coating method has been built. Factors such as rising speed (RS) in the dip-coating process and the timing and amount of water injected in the membrane reactor in CO2 reduction experiment have been investigated. As a result, the largest amount of TiO2 film is obtained for RS=0.66 mm/s among various RS conditions investigated in this study. According to CO2 reduction experiment by gas circulation type reactor, too much water which cannot be consumed in CO2 reduction process would not help improving the CO2 reduction performance.
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2011-12-13
    Description: An external lightguide (EL) for enhancing the light-harvesting efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) was designed and developed. The EL attached to the exterior of a DSSC photoelectrode directed light on a dye-covered nanoporous TiO2 film (D-NTF) of the photoelectrode. Experimental tests confirmed that the EL increased the light-harvesting efficiency of a DSSC with an active area of 0.25 cm2 by 30.69%. Photocurrent density and the power conversion efficiency were also increased by 38.12% and 25.09%, respectively.
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2011-12-13
    Description: Shifting the threshold zone of road tunnels with semitransparent tension structures has shown itself to be an effective way of saving energy in regards to electricity consumption, maintenance, and construction materials used in the electrical lighting, thus lessening negative environmental impacts. Even though the shape of the tension structure has a major influence on energy savings, the optimal type of structure for each tunnel is often difficult to determine, because experiments using real tunnels are extremely expensive. It is thus necessary to find methods of doing this that are both reliable as well as economical. In this research study, three candidate structures were set up at the portal of a scale model of a real tunnel. The energy savings in each case were analyzed and compared. As a result, it was possible to formulate a new equation that calculates the energy savings in the threshold zone.
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2011-12-13
    Description: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a noninvasive procedure involving a photosensitizing agent that is activated by light to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that selectively destroy tumor cells. In recent years, PDT has been used in the treatment of pancreatic cancer (PC). The antitumor effects of PDT include three main mechanisms: direct tumor cell death (necrosis, apoptosis, and autophagy), vascular destruction, and immune system activation. The present paper systematically summarizes the effects of PDT in the treatment of PC from the experimental studies to the clinical studies and discusses the mechanisms of PDT-induced PC destruction.
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2011-12-13
    Description: Titanium dioxide was surface-modified by grafting vanadyl species using vanadyl triisopropoxide as a precursor. The resulting material, (VOx)n/TiO2, was characterized by Raman spectroscopy and photoelectrochemical methods. Photocatalytic oxidation of benzyl alcohol and cyclohexene were used to test oxidation selectivity and 4-nitro-benzaldehyde to assess selective photoreduction. The surface-modified TiO2 exhibits an enhanced selectivity to benzaldehyde in the photocatalytic oxidation of benzyl alcohol in an aqueous medium and an increase of cyclohexenol formation in the case of cyclohexene in nonaqueous solvent. The salient result is the 100% selective reduction of the nitrogroup in 4-nitro-benzaldehyde achieved under mild experimental conditions.
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2011-12-13
    Description: Many researches showed that the cost of the energy produced by photovoltaic (PV) concentrators is strongly reduced with respect to flat panels, especially in those countries that have a high solar irradiation. The cost drop comes from the reduction of the expensive high-efficiency photovoltaic surface through the use of optical concentrators of the solar radiation. In this paper, an experimental innovative PV low-concentration system is analysed. Numerical simulations were performed to determine the possible reasons of energy losses in the prototype, primarily due to geometrical factors. In particular, the effect of the shadows produced from the mirrors on the prototype performances was analysed: shadows are often neglected in the design phase of such systems. The study demonstrates that shadows may affect the performances of a hypothetical optimized PV low-concentration system up to 15%. Finally, an economical evaluation was carried out comparing the proposed optimized system to a traditional flat PV panel.
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2011-12-13
    Description: Iodine-doped TiO2 was prepared by thermal hydrolysis of aqueous solutions of the titanium peroxo-complex, which includes no organic solvents or organometallic compounds. The synthesized samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy (RS), infrared spectroscopy (IR), specific surface area (BET), and porosity determination (BJH). The morphology and particle size was determined by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). All prepared samples have a red-shifted band-gap transition, well crystalline anatase structure, and porous particles with a 100–200 m2 g−1 specific surface area. The photocatalytic activity of iodine-doped titania samples was determined by decomposition of Orange II dye during irradiation at 365 nm and 400 nm. Iodine doping promotes the titania photocatalytic activity very efficiently under visible light irradiation. The titania sample with 0.32 wt.% I has the highest catalytic activity during the photocatalyzed degradation of Orange II dye in an aqueous suspension in the UV and visible regions.
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2011-12-13
    Description: Bismuth titanate (Bi4Ti3O12) particles were synthesized by hydrothermal treatment and nanoporous thin films were prepared on conducting glass substrates. The structures and morphologies of the samples were examined with X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Significant absorbance spectra emerged in visible region which indicated the efficient sensitization of Bi4Ti3O12 with N3 dye. Surface photovoltaic properties of the samples were investigated by surface photovoltage. The results further indicate that N3 can extend the photovoltaic response range of Bi4Ti3O12 nanoparticles to the visible region, which shows potential application in dye-sensitized solar cell. As a working electrode in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), the overall efficiency reached 0.48% after TiO2 modification.
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2011-12-13
    Description: 1,3-Diazabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-ene systems represent a very interesting class of organic materials, possessing unique photochromic properties in the solid state. It has been demonstrated that these compounds form deeply colored, fairly stable materials under UV radiation. Here, for the first time we report synthesis of several 1,3-diazabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-enes with premade substituted quinoline and benzo[h]quinoline rings.
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2011-12-13
    Description: A metal-based light scattering layer (MLSL) for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) is formed from Al@SiO2 core-shell microflakes prepared and coated on a thin porous TiO2 electrode (approximately 4 μm thick). The DSSC corresponding to a TiO2 electrode with an MLSL exhibits a low electron transport resistance in the TiO2/electrolyte interface. Electron collection efficiency is greatly improved. Photovoltaic performance measurements indicate that the power conversion efficiency of the DSSC with the MLSL doubled from 1.37% to 2.96% (for an active area of 0.25 cm2), which is better than the 2.1% achieved by a DSSC with a conventional TiO2-based light scattering layer (TLSL) obtained under identical experimental conditions.
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2011-12-13
    Description: TiO2/ZnS/CdS composites for photocatalytic hydrogen production from water were prepared by homogeneous hydrolysis of aqueous solutions mixture of TiOSO4, ZnSO4, and CdSO4 with thioacetamide. Hydrogen evolution was observed in the presence of palladium and platinum nanoparticles deposited on TiO2/ZnS/CdS composites. The morphology was obtained by scanning electron microscopy, the nitrogen adsorption-desorption was used for determination of surface area (BET) and porosity. The method of UV-VIS diffuse reflectance spectroscopy was employed to estimate band-gap energies of prepared TiO2/ZnS/CdS nano-composites. The photocatalytic activity of the prepared samples were assessed by photocatalytic decomposition of Orange II dye in an aqueous slurry under UV irradiation at 365 nm wavelength and visible light up to 400 nm wavelength. Doped titanium dioxide by the CdS increased band-gap energy and doping with ZnS increased photocatalytic activity. The best photocatalytic activity for H2 evolution shows sample named TiZnCd7 on surface deposited with palladium, which contains 20.21% TiO2, 78.5% ZnS, and 1.29% CdS.
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2011-12-13
    Description: Titanium dioxide/silver (TiO2/Ag) composite films were prepared by incorporating Ag in pores of mesoporous TiO2 films using a photoreduction method. The Ag nanoparticle sizes were in a range of 4.36–38.56 nm. The TiO2/Ag composite films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The TiO2 and TiO2/Ag composite films were then sensitized by immersing in a 0.3 mM N719 dye solution and fabricated for conventional dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). J-V characteristics of the TiO2/Ag DSCs showed that the Ag nanoparticle size of 19.16 nm resulted in the short circuit current density and efficiency of 8.12 mA/cm2 and 4.76%.
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2011-12-13
    Description: Every optical system for sunlight concentration requires following the sun in its movement. The sun tracking method is essentially chosen on the base of collection geometry and optical system configuration. A simple, useful, and original technique to realise sun tracking is proposed. It is based on a double guiding system using two complementary procedures. A passive tracking device performs a preliminary collector orientation. Then an active tracking system realises its fine positioning and adjustments exploiting an optical pointing sensor. The core of this active tracking device is the sun finder. Pointing sensors for fibre-coupled, CPV (Concentrating Photo voltaic), and linear collectors are presented, illustrating in detail the working principle and practical use. All sensors were optically characterised in laboratory, under controlled and reproducible conditions. Some field tests completed the experimentation evaluating the sensors performance in outdoor working conditions.
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2011-12-13
    Description: Three organic dyes designed as molecular dyads were prepared that feature a common naphthalimide acceptor and N-aryl donors. One of these incorporated an additional cyanoacrylic acid linker and conjugated thiophene bridge inserted between donor and acceptor groups. Electrochemical and photochemical characterizations have been carried out on nanocrystalline TiO2 dye-sensitized solar cells which were fabricated with these dyes as the sensitizing component. HOMO and LUMO energies were also calculated using TDDFT methods and validated by the cyclic voltammetry method. A key finding from this study indicates that computational methods can provide energy values in close agreement to experimental for the N-aryl-naphthalimide system. Relative to HOMO/LUMO energy levels of N719, the dyes based on naphthalimide chromophore are promising candidates for metal-free DSSCs.
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2011-12-13
    Description: Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is a non-invasive treatment for different pathologies, cancer included, using three key components: non-toxic light-activated drug (Photosensitizer, PS), visible light, and oxygen. Their interaction triggers photochemical reactions leading to Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation, that mediate cytotoxicity and cell death. In the present paper, the most important findings about the synthetic dye Rose Bengal Acetate (RBAc), an emerging photosensitizer for its efficient induction of cell death, will be reported with the aim to integrate RBAc phototoxicity to novel therapeutic PDT strategies against tumour cells. After its perinuclear intracellular localization, RBAc causes multiple subcellular organelles damage, that is, mitochondria, Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), lysosomes, and Golgi complex. Indeed, RBAc exerts long-term phototoxicity through activation of both caspase-independent and- dependent apoptotic pathways and autophagic cell death. In particular, this latter cell death type may promote cell demise when apoptotic machinery is defective. The deep knowledge of RBAc photocytotoxicity will allow to better understand its potential photomedicine application in cancer.
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2011-12-13
    Description: The potential of Fe(II)-orthophenatrolin, as doped with synthetic zeolite Y nanocluster (Na-Y) via complexation process, after wet impregnation of parent zeolite with FeSO4 aqueous solution, was studied as a photocatalyst in decolorization of Methyl Green (MG) under UV irradiation. The characterization of the synthesized zeolite nanocluster and the prepared catalyst was studied using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermal analysis, and SEM methods. The dye photodecolorization process was studied considering the influence of experimental parameters and it was observed that photoreactivity of the photocatalyst was varied with catalyst amount, initial dye concentration, pH of dye solution, temperature, and the presence of KBrO3. The optimal experimental parameters were obtained as follows: catalyst amount: 1 gL−1, dye concentration: 40 ppm, pH: 9, and active component value: 100 mg Fe(II)-orthophenatrolin per g catalyst. The reusability of the intended catalyst was also investigated. The degradation process obeyed first-order kinetics.
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2011-12-13
    Description: The photo-assisted deposition (PAD) and impregnation (img) synthesis of nano-sized Au metal on Ti-HMS are reported. The prepared catalysts were characterized by different techniques such as XRD, XAFS, TEM and nitrogen adsorption analysis. Photocatalytic reactivity using Au/Ti-HMS catalysts under visible-light condition on the oxidation of CO with O2 reaction was evaluated. The results have shown notable photocatalytic activity of PAD-Au/Ti-HMS which was 2.1 and 5.7 times higher than that of img-Au/Ti-HMS and Ti-HMS, respectively.
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2011-12-13
    Description: This paper demonstrated the applicability of electrospun P(3HB) film as a dye adsorbent agent. Malachite green (MG) was used as the model dye in this study. Interestingly, the electrospun P(3HB) film exhibited excellent dye adsorption capacity whereby 78% of dye was adsorbed from a 30 μM solution of MG. The film was further improvised by incorporating titanium dioxide photocatalysts to form a dual dye treatment system employing adsorption and photocatalytic degradation techniques. The resultant electrospun P(3HB)-50 wt%   TiO2 was capable of completely decolorizing MG in 45 min under solar irradiation, which corresponded to 58.7%  COD removal. The fully decolorized MG solution also proved to be nontoxic against A. aegypti mosquito larvae. The reapplicability of this film was possible as it induced a decolorization rate of 98% or more at every usage for ten consequent usages. EDX analysis suggested that there were no significant changes in the concentration of titanium (Ti) in the film before and after ten times of usage. The concentration of Ti in cast P(3HB)-50 wt%  TiO2 film was found to decrease significantly during the repeated usage. The electrospun P(3HB)-50 wt%  TiO2 film has high potency as an efficient and inexpensive yet simple method for the dye effluent decolorization, degradation, and detoxification.
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2011-12-13
    Description: The preparation, characterization, and performance of an electrophotocatalytic cell, made of low-cost, planar interdigitated electrodes is reported hereby. The operation of the cell under small positive bias was demonstrated by photocatalytically degrading the dye rhodamine 6G in solution as well as by monitoring the degradation of self-assembled monolayer chemisorbed on the TiO2 electrode. Results point out to the importance of activated oxygen species formed in the process and suggest that the short distance between the two electrodes provides a way to utilize the activated oxygen species formed at the negatively biased electrode.
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2011-12-13
    Description: N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediaminium iodides (HEEDAIs) and N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazinium iodides (HEPIs) were synthesized, and their thermal properties were analysed. The influence of HEEDAI and HEPI on I3-/I- redox behavior in binary ionic liquid was investigated. The result revealed that HEEDAI can suppress the recombination between I3- and the injected electrons in TiO2 conduction band and be used as the alternative of 4-tert-butylpyridine in the electrolyte of dye-sensitized solar cells. The electrolyte C, 0.15 mol⋅L−1 I2, HEEDAI and MPII with mass ratio of 1 : 4, gave the short-circuit photocurrent density of 9.36 mA⋅cm−2, open-circuit photovoltage of 0.67 V, fill factor of 0.52, and the corresponding photoelectric conversion efficiency of 3.24% at the illumination (air mass 1.5, 100 mW⋅cm−2, active area 0.25 cm2).
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2011-12-13
    Description: Pessimistic forecasts are growing in the Brazilian energy scenario demanding the use of renewable sources of energy such as the solar one. As metropolitan regions have become more populous, private and public companies have developed new technologies based on renewable energy sources. In order to supply such demand, new computer techniques have to be developed. This paper presents a framework to assist the developer to model new components and simulate solar energy applications. By applying the framework concepts, such as source code reuse, one can create a complete environment to evaluate solar energy data. The framework supports software development and tool implementation to be used in photovoltaic and thermosiphon processes.
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2011-12-13
    Description: Solar energy is an abundant source of renewable/sustainable energy, which has an enormous potential in reducing the foot print of the greenhouse gases. In this paper, we presented a modelling framework of estimating solar energy over a portion of a residential community of Sandstone in the northwest of Calgary, Canada. We calculated the actual daily incident solar radiation as a function of latitude, day of year, and possible day light hours; and also employed high-resolution remote sensing images to calculate the effective roof area for installing photovoltaic cells. Strong relationships (r2:0.91–0.98) were observed between the ground-based measurements and the modelled actual incident solar radiation at three test locations in Alberta. Over the portion of Sandstone, ~1706.49 m2 roof surface area was suitable for potential installation of the photovoltaic cells. With 15% efficient photovoltaic cells, our analysis revealed that we might be able to produce significant amount (i.e., in the range of ~67–100%) of electrical energy needs of the residents of Sandstone community during the period between April and September.
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2011-12-13
    Description: Photothermal deflection spectroscopy (PDS) is carried out in order to investigate thermal and optical properties of Al doped In2S3. The influence of thermal annealing on its gap energy as well as its thermal properties is revealed. In this way, we notice that thermal conductivity is increased and the gap energy is reduced. These features are probably due to the improvement of the crystalline structure of the sample.
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2011-12-13
    Description: Photocatalytic properties of nanotubular-shaped titanate powders, synthesized by hydrothermal treatment of TiO2, were studied after calcinations at various temperatures and times under O2, air, and H2 atmospheres. Their photocatalytic properties were measured with checking decomposition of 4-chlorophenol under UV-A irradiation, together with physical characterizations using SEM, TEM, XRD, BET, and Raman spectroscopy. With increasing calcination temperature and time, nanotubular-shaped titanate particles became short, rod-like, or irregular by oversintering, and their crystalline structure was changed into anatase phase. The photocatalytic ability in decomposition of 4-chlorophenol using the calcined powders showed the highest value due to obtainment of high specific area by maintaining nanotubular shape, together with transformation from titanate to anatase phase having perfect crystallinity in O2 or air atmosphere.
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2011-12-13
    Description: A synthetic NiIIL(H2O)2 complex (L = xylenol orange, 3,3′-bis [N,N-di(carboxymethyl)-aminomethyl]-o-cresol sulphonapthalein (H2O)2), which is a water-soluble dye, has been studied for its photosensitizing properties at n-ZnO semiconductor electrodes prepared by sol-gel techniques. The absorption spectrum of aqueous solution of this complex exhibits a strong peak at 563 nm and a shoulder at 526 nm wavelength of light. The sandwich-type dye-sensitized solar cell using ZnO semiconducting thin film with test dye anchored onto it showed the cell output as follows: VOC=0.506 V, Jsc=1.68 mA cm−2, and FF=0.41 under illumination with full spectrum of light (intensity 520 mW cm−2), while on illumination with visible light (λ>420 nm, intensity 480 mW cm−2), VOC=0.506 V, Jsc=1.4 mA cm−2, and FF=0.49 were achieved. Maximum incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency for the present system was found to be 8.7% at wavelength (λmax=563 nm).
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2011-12-13
    Description: Phase transition of anatase nanoparticles into the phases TiO2-II and rutile under grinding was studied. The addition of ammonium carbamate to the reaction mixture inhibits the phase conversion and the cold welding of particles. The UV-visible absorption spectrum showed narrowing the band gap width after grinding with an ammonium carbamate additive resulting in shift of the light absorption of the ground sample towards the visible region. By EPR, intensive formation of OH• radical at irradiation of the sample with both UV (λ > 300 nm) and visible (λ > 435 nm) light was observed. High photocatalytic activity of the ground sample in visible light region was demonstrated also by measurement of kinetics of the photocatalytic decomposition of 4-chlorophenol.
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2011-12-27
    Description: The effects of pH value, VUV intensity, initial dye concentration, initial H2O2 concentration, and TiO2 loading dose on the degradation of three azo dyes: acid Orange 8, acid Blue 29, and acid Blue 113 were studied to explore and compare the treatment efficiencies among the adopted AOPs. It was found that pH played an important role in the degradation of dyes using VUV irradiation. For VUV/H2O2, VUV/TiO2, and VUV/TiO2/H2O2 processes, the decoloration rates of the three azo dyes were more efficient under acidic conditions relative to alkaline conditions. The degradation rates of dyes increased with increasing concentrations of H2O2, but reaction rates were retarded at high concentrations of H2O2 because the H2O2 compound acted as a scavenger of the hydroxyl radical. In this paper, three azo dyes were decomposed efficiently by VUV irradiation only demonstrating the effectiveness of VUV direct photolysis.
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2011-12-09
    Description: 3-D transponder antennas for future SHF RFID applications Advances in Radio Science, 9, 401-405, 2011 Author(s): R. Zichner and R. R. Baumann The radio frequency identification (RFID) technology is omnipresent since a few years. Some of the most popular fields of application are the use for security tasks, for logistics and for the consumer segment. For example, chip card or key ring sized RFID transponders can allow wireless access to secured rooms. The number of applications for wireless data transmission for the identification and tracking of objects increases every year. There is a large development need for highly functional and inexpensive RFID transponders due to the ever-increasing demand on improved reliability, higher data rates and read and write ranges of the RFID systems. Therefore, research was performed on new 3-D transponder antennas for the Super High Frequency Band around 5.8 GHz. Additionally, wave propagation effects and the influence of different dielectric environments were considered. Parallel to the design of the novel antenna structures, the printing process for inexpensive manufacturing was investigated. The gained results are the basis for prospective RFID applications.
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2011-12-09
    Description: Traditional protection ratios in FM sound broadcasting – still appropriate for interference management? Advances in Radio Science, 9, 391-396, 2011 Author(s): J. Philipp A detailed analysis of the measurement procedures recommended by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) shows that – with proper definition of audio quality – the FM broadcasting system can provide an audio signal-to-noise ratio of no better than 40 dB, when the interference in the neighboring channels exhausts the limits established by the internationally agreed protection ratios. Thus any attempt to relax the protection, be it motivated by the desire to implement additional FM or new digital services in the FM band, would inevitably degrade reception quality of existing services to levels hardly acceptable by broadcast listeners.
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2011-12-09
    Description: Equitable access to spectrum in further development of the Geneva 2006 frequency plan Advances in Radio Science, 9, 397-400, 2011 Author(s): J. Philipp Since the frequency plan of the Regional Radiocommunication Conference Geneva 2006 has come into force, many attempts have been made towards its enhancement. The preliminary results, however, seem not to be compliant with elementary principles of distribution justice. Therefore, the planning principles which lead to the observed imbalance will be scrutinized. Furthermore it will be shown that the utilization of spectrum can be advanced in a balanced way when the same (necessary) condition for "equitable access", which has been used by a group of middle European countries for the construction of the original frequency plan, is applied to plan refinements as well. The necessary condition mentioned consists simply in the parity of the number of coverages (constituted of disjoint allotments) configured in the plan for each country. In order to be able to plan enhancements, the concept of coverage number has to be generalized to the case of incomplete coverages of potentially overlapping allotments. The computation of coverage numbers is straightforward and renders the concept of coverage number parity a useful tool to be applied as a necessary condition in testing a frequency plan variant for equitable access.
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2011-08-02
    Description: Some anomalies of mesosphere/lower thermosphere parameters during the recent solar minimum Advances in Radio Science, 9, 343-348, 2011 Author(s): Ch. Jacobi, P. Hoffmann, M. Placke, and G. Stober The recent solar minimum has been characterized by an anomalous strong decrease of thermospheric density since 2005. Here we analyze anomalies of mesosphere/lower thermosphere parameters possibly connected with this effect. In particular, nighttime mean LF reflection heights measured at Collm, Germany, show a very strong decrease after 2005, indicating a density decrease. This decrease is also visible in mean meteor heights measured with VHF meteor radar at Collm. This density decrease is accompanied by an increase of gravity wave (GW) amplitudes in the upper mesosphere and a decrease in the lower thermosphere. On the decadal scale, GWs are negatively correlated with the background zonal wind, but this correlation is modulated in the course of the solar cycle, indicating the combined effect of GW filtering and density decrease.
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2011-08-02
    Description: Reduction of heat sink common-mode currents in switching mode power supply circuits Advances in Radio Science, 9, 317-321, 2011 Author(s): J. Kulanayagam, J. H. Hagmann, K. F. Hoffmann, and S. Dickmann In this paper, a new filter design for a heat sink is presented. The parasitic couplings between electric power devices and the heat sink are responsible for common-mode currents. The main focus is on the reduction of these currents to reduce the heat sink radiation. For this purpose a new filter design is proposed. In addition, experimental results are shown to validate the proposed filter.
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2011-08-02
    Description: Betrachtungen zur Frequenzplanung für terrestrisches Fernsehen in den 50er Jahren in Mitteleuropa Advances in Radio Science, 9, 359-371, 2011 Author(s): U. Kühn Der Bericht beleuchtet die Entwicklung der Fernseh- und Rundfunknetze im Osten Deutschlands ab Anfang der 50er Jahre. Neben einer ausführlichen Darstellung der technischen Aspekte liegt ein weiterer Schwerpunkt auf der Darstellung der nötigen Zusammenarbeit mit den Arbeitsgruppen der angrenzenden Länder. Diese war, bedingt durch die politische Lage, gerade mit den Experten aus Westdeutschland oft schwierig. Die maßgeblich beteiligten Personen und ihre Arbeiten werden vorgestellt. Der Autor war in leitender Position an der Entwicklung in Ostdeutschland beteiligt und liefert mit diesem Bericht einen aus technischer und historischer Sicht wertvollen Beitrag zur Entwicklung des Rundfunks.
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  • 42
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-02
    Description: Proposal for scalable models in EMC simulation Advances in Radio Science, 9, 329-334, 2011 Author(s): Á Leibinger and Á Hajdu In this paper a method "Component Series Modeling" (CoSeMod) is presented. This allows fast and easy implementation of scalable model generations for passive component series based on measurement data or specification provided by manufacturer. These can be used in circuit models for fast EMC analysis and optimization, especially in frequency ranges where conducted emission and susceptibility dominate. EMC tasks require high precision equivalent circuit models of components. Models generated with CoSeMod provide in many cases as high a quality as original (static) models do. One feature of scalability is that new netlisting is not needed after component changes. The process of model creation is based on similarities of the components of the same model series (packaging, manufacturing process, material etcetera). Required equations of the relationship between nominal and parasitic values are calculated by nonlinear regression. Model generation for unknown components of a known series is possible with interpolation. Implementation is possible with relatively simple actions made in circuit simulator Saber. An EMC application example of the implemented model is also shown in this paper.
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2011-08-02
    Description: Advanced parametrical modelling of 24 GHz radar sensor IC packaging components Advances in Radio Science, 9, 383-389, 2011 Author(s): R. Kazemzadeh, W. John, J. Wellmann, U. B. Bala, and A. Thiede This paper deals with the development of an advanced parametrical modelling concept for packaging components of a 24 GHz radar sensor IC used in automotive driver assistance systems. For fast and efficient design of packages for system-in-package modules (SiP), a simplified model for the description of parasitic electromagnetic effects within the package is desirable, as 3-D field computation becomes inefficient due to the high density of conductive elements of the various signal paths in the package. By using lumped element models for the characterization of the conductive components, a fast indication of the design's signal-quality can be gained, but so far does not offer enough flexibility to cover the whole range of geometric arrangements of signal paths in a contemporary package. This work pursues to meet the challenge of developing a flexible and fast package modelling concept by defining parametric lumped-element models for all basic signal path components, e.g. bond wires, vias, strip lines, bumps and balls.
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  • 44
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-02
    Description: Classifying user states in next generation networks Advances in Radio Science, 9, 373-376, 2011 Author(s): Y. He and A. Bilgic In this paper we apply a classification method to learn geographic regions using Location Based Services (LBS) in IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS). We assume that the information in Local Network (cellular network) can be freely exchanged with Global IP Network (IMS) and the information can be gathered in a data base. LBS in the IMS also provide location information for the data sets. Statistic classification methods are applied to the data sets in the data base. Depending on the information provided by the users, they are divided into different user groups (event classes) using Type Filters (TF). Then discriminant analysis is applied to the position information offered by LBS in IMS to determine the geographic regions of the different classes. The learned geographic regions can be used to inform the users in this region or other regions over IMS. This kind of service can be used for any location-based events.
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2011-08-02
    Description: Multi beam observations of cosmic radio noise using a VHF radar with beam forming by a Butler matrix Advances in Radio Science, 9, 349-357, 2011 Author(s): T. Renkwitz, W. Singer, R. Latteck, and M. Rapp The Leibniz-Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP) in Kühlungsborn started to install a new MST radar on the North-Norwegian island Andøya (69.30° N, 16.04° E) in 2009. The new Middle Atmosphere Alomar Radar System (MAARSY) replaces the previous ALWIN radar which has been successfully operated for more than 10 years. The MAARSY radar provides increased temporal and spatial resolution combined with a flexible sequential point-to-point steering of the radar beam. To increase the spatiotemporal resolution of the observations a 16-port Butler matrix has been built and implemented to the radar. In conjunction with 64 Yagi antennas of the former ALWIN antenna array the Butler matrix simultaneously provides 16 individual beams. The beam forming capability of the Butler matrix arrangement has been verified observing the galactic cosmic radio noise of the supernova remnant Cassiopeia A. Furthermore, this multi beam configuration has been used in passive experiments to estimate the cosmic noise absorption at 53.5 MHz during events of enhanced solar and geomagnetic activity as indicators for enhanced ionization at altitudes below 90 km. These observations are well correlated with simultaneous observations of corresponding beams of the co-located imaging riometer AIRIS (69.14° N, 16.02° E) at 38.2 MHz. In addition, enhanced cosmic noise absorption goes along with enhanced electron densities at altitudes below about 90 km as observed with the co-located Saura MF radar using differential absorption and differential phase measurements.
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2011-08-02
    Description: Accelerating the numerical computation of indirect lightning effects by means of vector fitting Advances in Radio Science, 9, 323-328, 2011 Author(s): J. Anatzki and F. Gronwald In the context of numerical computation of indirect lightning effects it is customary to use volume-discretizing methods in time domain, such as the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method, the Finite Integration Technique (FIT), or the Transmission Line Matrix (TLM) method. If standard lightning electromagnetic pulses (LEMPs) of tenths of microseconds duration are used as excitations, these methods require long computation times, as implied by the Courant criterion. It is proposed to use shorter pulse forms and to compare the transfer functions obtained by different pulse durations by means of macromodels that are obtained from the vector fitting method. Numerical computation of lightning related transfer functions of a canonical structure indicate that the duration of the exciting pulse can typically be shortened by at least one order of magnitude if compared to a standard pulse.
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2011-07-22
    Description: Eine revidierte Vergletscherungsgeschichte des nördlichen Vorlandes der Schweizer Alpen wird vorgestellt, basierend auf Feldbefunden und chronologischen Daten von verschiedenen Schlüssellokalitäten und Regionen. Die ältesten quartären Sedimente der Schweiz sind mehrphasige Kiese, in die Till und Hochflutsedimente eingeschaltet sind (’Deckenschotter’). Bedeutende Unterschiede im Basisniveau der Schotterablagerungen erlauben die Unterscheidung zweier komplex augebauter Einheiten (’Höhere Deckenschotter’, ’Tiefere Deckenschotter’), die durch eine Phase bedeutender Einschneidung getrennt sind. Säugetierreste stellen die ältere Einheit (‘Höhere Deckenschotter’) in die Zone MN 17 (2.6–1.8 Ma). Jeder der Komplexe enthält Belege für zumindest zwei, möglicherweise sogar bis zu vier eigenständige Eiszeiten, woraus sich in Summe bis zu acht frühpleistozäne Vergletscherungen des Schweizer Alpenvorlands ergeben. Die frühpleistozänen Deckenschotter sind von mittelpleistozänen Ablagerungen durch eine Zeit bedeutender Erosion getrennt, die wahrscheinlich durch tektonische Bewegungen und/oder eine Umleitung des Alpenrheins verursacht wurde (Mittelpleistozäne Reorganisation – MPR). Das Mittel-/Spätpleistozän beinhaltet vier oder fünf Eiszeiten, die nach ihren Schlüsselregionen als Möhlin-, Habsburg-, Hagenholz- (unsicher, unzureichend belegt), Beringen- und Birrfeld-Eiszeit benannt sind. Die Möhlin-Eiszeit repräsentiert die grösste Vergletscherung des Schweizer Alpenvorlandes, während die Beringen-Eiszeit von nur wenig geringerer Ausdehnung war. Der letzte Glazialzyklus (Birrfeld-Eiszeit) umfasst wahrscheinlich drei eigenständige Gletschervorstösse, die auf ca. 105 ka, 65 ka und 25 ka datiert wurden. Für den letzten Eisvorstoss wird eine detaillierte Radiokohlenstoffchronologie für den Eisaufbau und das Abschmelzen präsentiert.
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2011-07-22
    Description: Das Quartär der Bodensee-Region besteht aus Schottern frühpleistozäner alpiner Flusssysteme (Deckenschotter) sowie aus glazialen und Schmelzwasser-Ablagerungen der mittel- und spätpleistozänen Eiszeiten. Sie belegen den landschaftlichen Wandel von einer Art Rampe aus Vorbergen hin zur heutigen Topographie mit ineinander greifenden, übertieften Becken, sodass sich eine Art Amphitheater ergibt. Die Deckenschotter als älteste Ablagerungen dokumentieren einerseits die Eintiefung der alpinen Flüsse in diversen Terrassenstufen im Sedimentationsgebiet, andererseits durch deutliche Unterschiede im Geröllspektrum die Vergrößerung des Liefergebiets des sich entwickelnden alpinen Rheins. Der älteste Till kommt vor in Kontakt mit Mindel-Deckenschottern, es gibt jedoch keine Hinweise auf eine glaziale Übertiefung in dieser Zeit. Die meisten glazialen und Schmelzwasser-Ablagerungen werden drei großen Vergletscherungen des Rheingletschers zugeordnet. Diese Vorlandvergletscherungen sind mit drei Generationen glazialer Becken verknüpft. Die ältesten Becken sind zur Donau orientiert, die aus der letzten Vereisung entwässern zum Rhein. Diese Reorientierung bewirkte die hervorragende räumliche Auflösung der Sedimente und Formen. Traditionell wurden die Sedimente in einem chronostratigraphischen System aus glazialen und interglazialen Stufen beschrieben. Unsere Ziele in dieser Arbeit sind, eine Aktualisierung des chronostratigraphischen Systems vorzustellen, das neue, beim geologischen Dienst von Baden-Württemberg angewandte, lithostratigraphische Schema zu erklären und die wichtigsten neuen Einheiten kurz zu beschreiben.
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2011-07-19
    Description: 10Be-Oberflächenaltersdatierungen von Moränenblöcken der Würm-Maximalvergletscherung und der Deglaziationzeit ergaben in zwei verschiedenen Regionen Süddeutschlands unterschiedliche Altersverteilungen trotz gleicher klimatischer Randbedingungen. Im Bayerischen Wald zeigen die Moränenalter eines kleinen Talgletschers eine präzise und konsistente spätwürmzeitliche Chronostratigraphie. Oberflächenexpositionsalter von Moränen des Isar-Loisach und Inngletschers in den Ostalpen weisen auf eine hochwürmzeitliche Moränenablagerung deutlich vor 18.0±1.9 ka und einer anschliessenden Moränenstabilisierung hin. Beide glaziale Systeme (Mittelgebirgs-Talgletscher und alpines Eisstromnetz) erreichten ihre maximale Ausdehnung im Spätwürm (MIS 2). Trotz der weitgehenden Übereinstimmung war ihre Reaktionszeit auf Klimafluktuationen sehr unterschiedlich: der kleine Talgletscher reagierte empfindlicher auf klimatische Änderungen als das alpine Eisstromnetz. Ein synchrones Verhalten zeigten die Gletscher im Bayerischen Wald sowie in den Ostalpen erst im Spätglazial um 16–15 ka (H 1), als in beiden Gebieten Talgletscher existierten. Die unterschiedlichen Altersverteilungen der spätwürmzeitlichen Chronologien in den beiden Würmgletscher-Endmoränengebieten werden mit Unterschieden der Eisdynamik und der geomorphologischen Prozesse bei der Moränenstabilisierung sowie mit Phasen intensiver Hangprozesse infolge periglazialer Aktivität und Toteis-Tauens erklärt. Die Ergebnisse sind für Probennahmestrategien und Dateninterpretation von Moränen-Oberflächenaltern von großer Bedeutung.
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2011-11-17
    Description: Die unterschiedlichen Esker-Formen Schleswig-Holsteins wurden für das Geotop-Kataster des Landes mittels Literatur- und Feldarbeiten neu bearbeitet: Esker i.e.S., Aufpressungs-Esker mit Kern aus Geschiebemergel oder Beckensedimenten, Perlenschnur-Esker, Till-bedeckte Esker, sich kreuzend überlagernde Esker, verwachsen- und getrennt-parallele Esker-Rücken sowie Esker mit und ohne begleitende Rinnenbildungen. Esker sind häufig räumlich vergesellschaftet bzw. genetisch verflochten mit Drumlins oder drumlinoiden Formen, angrenzenden Aufpressungsstrukturen aus Till, Eisrandlagen, Kames-Bildungen oder Toteis-Bereichen. Im Detail wird ein „Esker-Kames-System“ dargestellt, welches dem Scheitelbereich einer großen Eisrandlage mit örtlich +85 m NHN Höhe aufgesetzt ist. Die morphologisch als Kiessand-Rücken erkennbare Gesamtstruktur sattelt einem aufgewölbten, sandig-kiesigen Bereich auf. Die Struktur kann in drei Teile untergliedert werden: (A) einen flacheren, deutlich durch parallele Einzelstrukturen gegliederten westlichen Bereich (Esker), (B) einen zentralen, hohen Kiessand-Rücken (Esker oder Spaltenfüllung) sowie (C) kuppenförmige Bereiche am Südostende der Struktur (Kames). Die Esker-Struktur (A) zeigt neben einem zentralen, großen Kiessand-Rücken mit 70 m Breite, einer Höhe von ca. 8–10 m und einer Länge von ca. 220 m (mit Till bedeckter-Esker) zwei parallele kleinere Esker-Rücken, die südlich des großen verlaufen. Die Genese der Esker-Kames-Struktur in Randlagen-Top-Position wird diskutiert.
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2011-11-17
    Description: Strukturen, Architektur und Genese der Stauchmoräne Peski/ Belorussland werden beschrieben und mit der Stauchmoräne Jasmund/Rügen verglichen. In beiden Stauchmoränen sind Oberkreide- und Pleistozänfolgen, bei Peski zusätzlich tertiäre Sande, glazigen gefaltet und verschuppt worden. Die Falten und Schuppen gleichen sich in beiden Stauchzonen in den Formen und Ausmaßen weitgehend. In ihrer Architektur unterscheiden sich beide Großstrukturen jedoch prinzipiell voneinander: Bei Peski ist eine bogenförmige Stauchzone an der Stirn eines ausgedehnten Eislobus entstanden; auf Jasmund ist der Eisstrom, der der Ostseesenke gefolgt war, durch ein höher liegendes Areal zweigeteilt worden und hat dieses samt den ersten Stauchwällen zunächst umflossen. Hier ist die Stauchung von den Flanken zweier Eiszungen ausgegangen. Der Interpretation als einer spitzwinkligen Kerbstauchung wird die Vorstellung einer in der Anlage schlingenförmig gerafften Stauchung gegenübergestellt, die später vom Eis überprägt worden ist. Die Lagebeziehungen beider Stauchmoränen zu den Bruchstrukturen im präquartären Untergrund der Region und zu deren neotektonischen Mobilität werden diskutiert. Die glazigene Stauchung bei Peski wird dem Sosch-(Warthe-)eis zugeschrieben, die auf Jasmund der Weichselvereisung. Beide Stauchungen sind nach dem Höhepunkt einer Vereisung, nach der maximalen Eisausbreitung, erfolgt. Diese rückläufigen Kälteperioden boten besonders günstige Voraussetzungen für Einwirkungen des Inlandeises auf den Untergrund.
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2011-07-22
    Description: Es wird ein Überblick über die in Österreich verwendete Quartär-Stratigraphie gegeben. Die stratigraphische Gliederung der kartierbaren Sedimenteinheiten basiert teilweise auf Kriterien der Lithostratigraphie (lithologischer Eigenschaften) und jenen der Allostratigraphie (z.B. Diskonitinuitäten). Für das Altpleistozän (2.58–0.78 Ma) fehlen bis jetzt Spuren einer Vergletscherung. Die wenigen und isolierten Sedimentvorkommen belegen fluviatile Akkumulation und Lössablagerung in der Umgebung der Flüsse. Paläomagnetisch korrelierte Löss-Paläoboden – Sequenzen wie das Profil Stranzendorf mit der Gauss/Matuyama – Grenze bzw. Neogen/Quartär – Grenze dokumentieren in Übereinstimmung mit den globalen δ18O Werten etwas wärmere Bedingungen als im Mittelpleistozän (0.78–0.13 Ma). Vier Großvergletscherungen (Günz, Mindel, Riß und Würm) sind für Mittelpleistozän und Jungpleistozän belegt. Diese sind mit Sedimenten aus der Vorstoßphase überlagert von Grundmoräne, Endmoränen im Alpenvorland und damit verknüpfte Terrassenschüttungen sowie Lössakkumulation dokumentiert. Daraus ist die klimagesteuerte Sedimentation im Zusammenhang mit dem Vorstoß der Gletscher, der Ausbreitung des Permafrostes und der Frostschuttbildung bis ins Vorland erkennbar. Die jüngsten Großvergletscherungen Riß und Würm werden aufgrund geochronologischer Daten mit den Marinen Isotopenstufen (MIS) 6 und 2 korreliert. Für Günz und Mindel scheint eine Gleichzeitigkeit mit den Phasen massiver globaler Klimaverschlechterung während MIS 16 und MIS 12 plausibel. Dokumente für die schwächeren Glaziale wurden bisher nur in Lössprofilen (z.B. Krems Schießstätte) gefunden.
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2011-07-22
    Description: Eine Übersicht der aktuellen stratigraphischen Bezeichnungen für die quartäre Schichtenfolge Südbayerns wird gegeben, wie sie am Geologischen Dienst des Bayerischen Landesamts für Umwelt in Verwendung ist. Unterschiedliche stratigraphische Gliederungsansätze für kontinentale Quartärablagerungen werden vorgestellt und die klimatostratigraphische Einteilung sowie die Terrassenstratigraphie als in Bayern meistverwendete Varianten näher ausgeführt. Die Beschreibung der zugehörigen, bisher informellen Einheiten bezweckt eine Dokumentation des jeweiligen Stands der Verwendung und kann womöglich formelle Definitionen vorbereiten. Die klimatostratigraphischen Einheiten sollen den gesamten Zeitraum des Quartärs lückenlos abdecken und vertreten derzeit Überregionale, formelle Stufenbezeichnungen. In Bayern wird weiterhin die klassische Gliederung nach Penck & Brückner (1901–1909) mit ihren Erweiterungen verwendet. Neue Erkenntnisse über eine stärkere Gliederung des Eiszeitalters durch untergeordnete Kalt- und Warmphasen werden in dieses System integriert. Für diese Gliederung des Quartärs in Südbayern ausschlaggebend sind zum Einen die Terrassentreppen, deren zeitliche Interpretation eine Grundlage der sogenannten Morphostratigraphie bildet. Die zweite Grundlage bilden Endmoränengirlanden, die mit den davon ausgehenden Terrassen glazial-glazifluviale Sequenzen (‚Glaziale Serien’) bilden. Neben der ausführlichen Dokumentation der Terrassen-Einheiten, werden deshalb auch verschiedene Endmoränen-Gliederungen vorgestellt. Weitere Nomenklaturen, die auf anderen Kriterien beruhen oder zu anderen chronologischen Einstufungen gelangen, sind für Bayern oder in den angrenzenden Ländern in Gebrauch. Auch die beschriebenen stratigraphischen Gliederungen werden nicht von allen Bearbeitern in gleicher Weise verwendet. Die Dokumentation der derzeitigen Verwendung soll eine Abstimmung dieser Nomenklaturen im Interesse der Nutzer fördern.
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2011-07-19
    Description: Bisher basierte die Chronologie des Weichsel-Pleniglazials in Nord-Ost-Deutschland im Wesentlichen auf morphostratigraphischen Befunden und Radiokohlenstoffdatierungen organischer Sedimente aus dem Liegenden glazigener Ablagerungen. Im Laufe der letzen Jahre kamen im Rahmen verschiedener Studien Datierungsmethoden zum Einsatz, mit deren Hilfe es möglich war, die glazigenen Sedimente direkt zu datieren: Optisch Stimulierte Lumineszenz (OSL) von glazifluvialen Sedimenten und Oberflächen-Expositionsdatierungen (surface exposure dating, SED) von erratischen Blöcken. Wir fassen die Ergebnisse dieser Studien zusammen und bewerten sie auf der Grundlage eines prozessbasierten Interpretationsschemas neu, um somit eine neue Chronologie für die weichselzeitlichen Haupteisrandlagen in Nord-Ost-Deutschland vorstellen zu können. Auf der Grundlage der verfügbaren Daten lassen sich zwei Phasen während des letzten Glazials nachweisen, wobei die Brandenburger Phase einen Eisvorstoß im späten Marinen Isotopenstadium (MIS) 3 bis frühen MIS 2 repräsentiert, während die Pommersche Phase einen Eisvorstoß widerspiegelt, der seinen Maximalstand um ~20 ka erreichte. Hinsichtlich der endgültigen Stabilisierung der Geländeoberflächen nach der initialen Eisfreiwerdung zeigt sich eine hohe Abhängigkeit von Phasen aktiver Transformation unter periglazialen Bedingungen. Erste Ergebnisse numerischer Datierungen deuten auf eine solche Aktivitätsphase um ~15 ka hin.
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2011-07-19
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2011-06-06
    Description: Zahlreiche infrarot optisch stimulierte Lumineszenz (IRSL)- und Radiokohlenstoff (14C)-Datierungen wurden an mächtigen Löss-/Paläobodenabfolgen der Insel Susak in der nördlichen Adria von Kroatien durchgeführt. Die Datierungsergebnisse zeigen, dass eine sehr detaillierte spätpleistozäne Sedimentabfolge auf Susak erhalten geblieben ist, die mit den marinen Sauerstoffisotopenstadien (OIS) 5 bis 2 korreliert. Hervorzuheben ist ein besonders mächtiges und gut gegliedertes Mittelpleniglazial. Aufgrund der großen Mächtigkeit von bis zu 90 m bildet der Löss auf Susak ein einzigartiges außerordentlich hoch aufgelöstes Klimaarchiv in dieser Region. Die zahlreichen im Löss zwischen geschalteten Paläoböden weisen auf Klimavariationen, die auf Susak wärmer gewesen sind als beispielsweise im benachbarten Karpatenbecken. Die große Mächtigkeit der Abfolge korreliert mit den während des OIS 3 allgemein höheren Staubakkumulationen in Europa. Basierend auf den nummerischen Altern kann die Löss-/Paläobodenabfolge aus Susak mit denen aus Norditalien und dem Karpatenbecken verglichen werden und ermöglichen eine detailliertere zeit-basierte Rekonstruktion der Klima- und Umweltveränderungen im Arbeitsgebiet.
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2011-11-17
    Description: Gegenstand dieser Studie ist die würm-spätglaziale und holozäne Talentwicklung am Zusammenfluss von Lech und Donau im Nördlichen Alpenvorland. Die morphologischen Formen im Untersuchungsgebiet wurden mit Hilfe von Geländekartierungen und digitalen Geländemodellen aufgenommen. Die Ablagerungen beider Flüsse wurden in zahlreichen Aufschlüssen untersucht und deren Alter mit Radiokarbon- sowie Lumineszenzdatierungen bestimmt. Daneben wurden auch archäologische Daten und historische Karten genutzt, um die Altersstellung der einzelnen Terrassen einzugrenzen. Im Untersuchungsgebiet bildet eine spätglaziale Niederterrasse die älteste Flussterrasse innerhalb des Talbodens, die allerdings nur im Donautal unterhalb der Lechmündung erhalten ist. In beiden Tälern sind präboreale bis boreale Terrassenflächen nur kleinräumig verbreitet, während ein Sockelschotter gleichen Alters weiträumig unter jüngeren Ablagerungen anzutreffen ist. Atlantische Flussbettablagerungen sind im Untersuchungsgebiet nicht zu finden. Dagegen dominieren subboreale und subatlantische Terrassen das Lechmündungsgebiet. Die heutigen Flussläufe von Lech und Donau werden von bis zu sechs subatlantischen Terrassen begleitet. Deren Verbreitung und morphologisches Erscheinungsbild verweist im Donautal oberhalb der Lechmündung auf einen mäandrierenden Flusslauf, die der jüngsten Lechterrasse auf ein verzweigtes Gerinnebettmuster. Unterhalb der Lechmündung treten dagegen Übergangsformen beider Flussgrundrisstypen auf.
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2011-06-06
    Description: Auf der Grundlage von neu aufgenommenen Lössprofilen im sächsischen Lösshügelland wird ein Standardprofil für die Region vorgestellt. Den früheren Arbeiten von Lieberoth & Haase konnten neue stratigraphische Markerhorizonte und Paläoböden hinzugefügt werden. Besonders im bisher kaum differenzierten Hochweichsel konnten 3 Paläobodenhorizonte detektiert werden. Aus den neuen Befunden zu den Löss-Paläobodensequenzen Sachsens wird eine Klimarekonstruktion abgeleitet und zur Diskussion gestellt.
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2011-07-22
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2011-06-06
    Description: Eine räumliche Kompilation und Darstellung von Löss-Parametern wurde für die pleistozänen Lösse und löss-ähnlichen Sedimente im Weser-Aller-Einzugsgebiet (Süd-Niedersachsen und Nordhessen, NW-Deutschland), einer der Lössregionen in Mitteleuropa, durchgeführt. Erstmals wurden Daten, soweit verfügbar, über die wichtigsten Lösseigenschaften, wie Mächtigkeit, Granulometrie und Stratigraphie mit räumlichen Informationen von Karten kombiniert und ausgewertet. Die Datenerfassung und – analyse in einem Geographischen Informationssystem (GIS) ermöglichte die Ableitung großformatiger thematischer Lösskarten. Daten über Lössmächtigkeiten wurden analysiert und zu einer regionalen Mächtigkeitskarte kompiliert. Zusätzlich dazu wurden zahlreiche Lössvorkommen mit anormaler Mächtigkeit aufgrund spezieller geologischer und geomorphologischer Bedingungen abgegrenzt. Mehrere Lössregionen mit unterschiedlicher granulometrischer Fazies wurden ausgeschieden. Zudem konnten regionale Lössdecken unterschiedlichen Alters kartiert werden. Die Lössdecken im nördlichen Teil des Untersuchungsgebietes haben jungweichselzeitliches Alter, dagegen wurden im Bergland Regionen mit unvollständigen und gut gegliederten weichselzeitlichen Lössabfolgen nachgewiesen. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung zeigen, dass auf der Grundlage veröffentlichter, heterogener Daten neue Aspekte und regionale Muster abgeleitet werden können.
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2011-06-06
    Description: Mittels kontinuierlicher und hochauflösender μXRF-Geochemieanalysen wird die Variabilität äolischer Sedimente der letzten 60.000 Jahre rekonstruiert. Dazu werden zwei Sedimentbohrkerne jeweils aus einem Maarsee und einem Trockenenmaar (Eifel, Deutschland) untersucht. Beide Kerne umfassen das letzte Glazial, einschließlich des MIS-3, des LGM und MIS-2, Transition I als auch das Holozän. Die energiedispersive RFA-Messungen der Eagle III μXRF wird direkt an Harz imprägnierten Proben angewendet. Diese sogenannten Tränklinge bilden die Grundlage für die Herstellung von petrographischen Dünnschliffen und somit können die Messergebnisse direkt mit einer Mikrofaziesanalyse verglichen werden. Anhand eines Sedimentkerns wird gezeigt, dass eine Quantifizierung der μXRF-Ergebnisse mittels der undamentalparametermethode geeignete ist. Eine Überprüfung der Ergebnisse findet dabei mit wellenlängen-dispersiven RFA-Messungen an diskreten Proben statt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich jedes einzelne Maar in der lithologischen Zusammensetzung und damit auch geochemisch unterscheidet. Deshalb wird auf die grundlegenden Prozesse der Elementdeposition in die Seen eingegangen, die mit der Ablagerung von Sedimenten, der Variabilität der chemischen Verwitterung oder der Wasserzirkulation in Zusammenhang stehen. Mittels Hauptkomponentenanalysen standardisierter Variablen ist darüber hinaus die objektive Ableitung eines äolischen Sedimentsignals möglich. Es wird gezeigt, dass dieser Ansatz verlässliche Ergebnisse für alle untersuchten Zeitabschnitte liefert, solange für die Interpretation weitere Kenntnisse über die Lithologie und Paläoökologie zur Verfügung stehen. Das auffälligste Element zur Charakterisierung von Staub ist in beiden untersuchten Kernen Kalzium. Die höchsten Werte (〉5 Gew.-%) werden während vollglazialer Bedingungen erreicht. Kalzium hat einen wesentlichen Einfluss auf den Staubfaktor der Hauptkomponentenanalyse. Eine zusätzliche Kombination der Kalziumgehalte mit dem Staubfaktor der Hauptkomponentenanalyse sowie Grauwertmessungen verbessert den Nachweis äolischen Staubs in laminierten Seesedimenten zusätzlich. In beiden Kernen konnten Sedimente mit erhöhten Staubkonzentrationen geochemisch nachgewiesen werden: Während des MIS-3 sind das vor allem das größte Heinrich-Ereignis H4 sowie der Anstieg des atmosphärischen Staubgehalts während der Wiedervereisung der Inlandsgletscher. Weiterhin ist das gesamte MIS-2 einschließlich LGM und der Jüngeren Dryas von starker Staubdeposition charakterisiert. Eine erhöhte Staubkonzentration ist ebenfalls ab dem Subboreal nachgewiesen und wird als anthropogene Aktivität gedeutet.
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2011-06-06
    Description: Die Lössablagerungen im nördlichen Wienerwald sind im Vergleich mit anderen Mittelgebirgsregionen aufgrund ihrer Mächtigkeit sehr eindrucksvoll. Charakterista in der Korngrößenverteilung zeigen deutlich, dass die Lösse im Hagenbachtal sich von denen anderer Lösssgebiete unterscheiden. Ein Vergleich mit Lössprofilen in Krems und Stillfried hat ergeben, dass der Löss im Hagenbachtal einen erhöhten Sandanteil aufweist und damit den Einfluss der Flysch-Sandsteine widerspiegelt. Das spricht für einen lokalen Sedimenteintrag und kurze äolische Transportstrecken. Zudem wurde der Löss unter kühl-humiden Paläoklimabedingungen zum Teil als Schwemmlöss abgelagert. Die malakologischen Ergebnisse stimmen mit den geomorphodynamischen Bedingungen überein. Die Umlagerungsprozesse haben zu einer intensiven Fragmentierung der Schalenreste geführt. Die malakologischen Untersuchungen belegen insgesamt 28 unterschiedliche Arten von terrestrischen Gastropoden mit 3283 Individuen. Die paläoökologische Auswertung spricht für sehr humide, kühle Klimabedingungen mit einer schwach ausgeprägten, klimatisch etwas günstigeren Phase.
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2011-06-06
    Description: Löss-Paläoboden Sequenzen sind wichtige terrestrische Archive für die Rekonstruktion der quartären Landschafts- und Klimageschichte. Die Entwicklung neuer, quantitativerer Paläoklima-Proxies könnte in den kommenden Jahren eine neue Ära in der Lössforschung einleiten. Dieser Review-Artikel stellt die Prinzipien, die zugrunde liegende Analytik, und erste Anwendungsbeispiele für einige dieser Proxies vor, welche derzeit entwickelt werden. Wir diskutieren das Potential von (i) pflanzenwachsbürtigen n-Alkanen als Biomarker für die Rekonstruktion der Vegetationsgeschichte, (ii) Aminosäure Razemisierung und Glycerin-Dialkyl-Glycerin-Tetraether (GDGT) Indizes als Proxies für die Rekonstruktion der Paläotemperatur und (iii) substanzspezifischen δD and δ18O Analysen an pflanzenbürtigen n-Alkanen bzw. Zuckern für die Entwicklung von Proxies zur Rekonstruktion von Paläoklima/-aridität. Während wir versuchen, die Leserschaft für die methodischen und analytischen Neuentwicklungen und deren Potential für die Lössforschung zu begeistern, verweisen wir gleichzeitig auch auf die Limitierungen und Schwächen der jeweiligen Methoden. So müssen beispielsweise Degradationseffekte oder postsedimentäre ‚Kontamination’ bei der Interpretation von Biomarker-Rekords berücksichtigt und weiter untersucht werden. Des Weiteren könnte sich die Quantifizierung der unterschiedlichen Einflussfaktoren auf Deuterium- und 18O-Rekords als herausfordernd erweisen.
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2011-06-06
    Description: Eine erheblich verbesserte Rekonstruktion der spätpleistozänen/holozänen morphologischen und geologischen Geschichte des paraguayischen Chaco und der argentinischen Pampa Ebene wird vorgestellt. Wegen der großen Ausdehnung des Gebietes waren Satellitenbilder der Schlüssel, um frühere und neue interdisziplinäre geowissenschaftliche Ergebnisse zu einem verlässlicheren Bild zusammenzuführen. Für diesen synoptischen Überblick wurde die Interpretation von Fernerkundungsdaten durch Geländeuntersuchungen und physikalische Altersbestimmungen ergänzt. Viele Lumineszenzalter (75 IRSL und 12 TL) von Löß, lößähnlichen Sedimenten und Sanden wurden bestimmt, die bei der Rekonstruktion der Klimageschichte des Untersuchungsgebiets im Marinen Isotopen Stadium 3 bis 1 (MIS 3–1) beitragen. Lößablagerungen überwiegen in der Zeit vor MIS 2. Die numerische Alter von lakustrinen und alluvialen Sedimenten, im Löß zwischengelagert, belegen wechselnde feuchte und trockene Perioden in der Chaco/Pampa-Ebene im MIS 2 und MIS 1. Überwiegend trockene Bedingungen herrschten von 8.5 bis 3.5 ka BP (mittleres MIS 1), als Sande in Form von Dünen oder in Paläoflussbetten abgelagert wurden. Zeitlich begrenzte Phasen extrem verstärkter Paläoflussaktivität im Mittelholozän wurden auf sporadische Starkregenereignisse in den Anden zurückgeführt. Die Ursprungsgebiete des Löß, der lößartigen Sedimente und der sandigen Ablagerungen wurden in der südwestlichen Pampa, den benachbarten Andenabhängen und im Altiplano lokalisiert. Diese Sedimente wurden von dort nach Osten und später nach Nordosten transportiert, wie sich aus den morphologischen Mustern als Zeugnisse früherer äolischer Aktivität rekonstruieren ließ.
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2011-11-17
    Description: Im Rahmen einer geomorphologisch/quartärgeologischen Neuaufnahme der Lechterrassen zwischen Kinsau und Klosterlechfeld konnte die bisher bekannte jungpleistozäne Terrassentreppe neu aufgenommen und teilweise revidiert werden. Nach aktuellem Stand umfasst diese insgesamt 17 morphologisch voneinander abgesetzte Terrassenkörper. Die chronostratigraphische Einordnung der Lechterrassen stützt sich vor allem auf morphostratigraphische Befunde sowie einzelne absolute Altersdatierungen (14C) an Schneckenschalen und Holzfragmenten aus deren Flussbettsedimenten bzw. an Flusssanden (OSL). Die älteste bisher bekannte früh- bis mittelwürmzeitliche Lechterrasse wird als „Übergangsterrasse“ bezeichnet. Sie besitzt, im Gegensatz zu den jüngeren Lechterrassen, eine etwa einen Meter mächtige Deckschicht aus sandstreifigem Löss. Sie ist älter als die hochglaziale, über Schmelzwasserbahnen mit den würmhochglazialen Jungendmoränenständen im Raum Hohenfurch verknüpfte Hauptniederterrasse (HNT). Die Hauptniederterrasse und ihre Teilfelder nehmen flächenmäßig bis zu 65% des Talgrundes südlich von Landsberg ein und sind mit der würmhochglazialen äußeren Jungendmoräne verbunden. Dagegen ist eine direkte morphologische Verbindung der späthochglazialen Niederterrassen (Stufe von Altenstadt, Stufe von Schongau-Peiting) mit würmzeitlichen Abschmelzständen nicht mehr erhalten. Neben der Hauptniederterrasse und ihren Teilfeldern sowie den beiden späthochglazialen Niederterrassen (Stufen von Altenstadt, Stufe von Schongau-Peiting) existieren drei weitere spätglaziale Niederterrassen, die Stufe von Unterigling, die Zwischenstufe und die sogenannte Stufe von Friedheim. Nach der 14C-Datierung einer Schneckenschale dürfte die jüngste der drei Stufen, die Stufe von Friedheim, eine jüngerdryaszeitliche Bildung sein, die noch vor etwa 10 120 a BP in Ausbildung begriffen war. Die holozänen Terrassen bilden ebenfalls eine Terrassentreppe mit bis zu zehn einzelnen Stufen, die im Zeitraum vom frühen Präboreal bis in die jüngere Neuzeit entstanden sind.
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2011-11-17
    Description: In Petäjäselka (Nord-Finnland) wurde ein geschichtetes Sedimentpaket mit einer zwischengeschalteten Organiklage nachgewiesen, welches in Till der Grundmoräne eingebettet war. Die Grundmoräne hatte eine Mächtigkeit von 3 m und wurde von einem Moor überlagert. Durch Rammkernbohrungen war dann eine 1–15 cm mächtige Organiklage nachweisbar, die in Tiefen von 5.5–6.0 m jeweils in Sanden eingebettet war. Der organische Horizont ist durch eine Pinus-Betula-Gemeinschaft und ein absolutes Alter von 35,300 ± 600 BP (14C) gekennzeichnet. Die unterlagernden Sande wurden an zwei Lokalitäten per OSL auf Alter von 72.6 ± 21.3 ka und 58.1 ± 17.0 ka datiert. Für den überlagernden Sand wurde per OSL an einer der Lokalitäten ein Alter von 31.8 ± 5.6 ka bestimmt. Den Datierungsergebnissen zufolge repräsentieren die in den Till eingebetten Sande mit dem Organikhorizont ein Interstadial des Mittel-Weichsel. Desweiteren lässt sich daraus für Nord-Finnland eine eisfreie Phase während des Mittel-Weichsels im Zentrum des Skandinavischen Eisschildes ableiten.
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2011-11-17
    Description: Eine klassische weichselspätglaziale Lokalität ist die kleine Toteishohlform des Niedersees, welche direkt an der südöstlichen Küste der Halbinsel Jasmund (Rügen, Ostsee) aufgeschlossen ist. Neue Studien wurden durchgeführt, bei denen sich die sedimentäre Abfolge des Niedersees als ein hervorragendes Archiv für paläoökologische/-klimatische Rekonstruktionen erwies, wodurch detaillierte Aussagen zur regionalen Vegetationsgeschichte sowie zum regionalen Klima und Milieu während des Weichselspätglazials und auch teilweise für das Holozäns möglich sind. Mit Hilfe der Pollenstratigraphie, AMS 14C-Datierungen und dem Nachweis der Laacher See Tephra konnte die sedimentäre Abfolge in die bestehende Quartärstratigraphie eingehängt werden; als Besonderheit ist hier das quasi gesamte Weichselspätglazial vollständig aufgeschlossen. Die Sedimentation beginnt schon im ausgehenden Weichselhochglazial und dauert zunächst bis zum Präboreal an (~15.000–~10.000 Jahre v. H.) und ist vor allem durch Ablagerungen eines kleinen, flachen Sees charakterisiert. Änderungen im Wasserhaushalt führten letztendlich während des Präboreals zu einem Hiatus. Eine letztmalige Vernässung des Standorts führte im Atlantikum zur Entwicklung eines kalkigen Niedermoors. Die sich ergänzenden Analysen der verschiedenen und vielfältigen Organismenreste des Niedersees (z. B. Pollen, Ostracoden, Mollusken, Makroreste von Pflanzen etc.), erlaubten in sehr detaillierter Weise Änderungen im Klima und deren Auswirkungen auf das Habitat zu erfassen.
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2011-11-17
    Description: Geoarchäologische Untersuchungen im Bereich eines glazigenen Solls verweisen auf den holozänen menschlichen Einfluss auf einer Grundmoränenplatte in Vorpommern in prähistorischer und historischer Zeit sowie dessen geomorphologische Rückkopplung. Die basale sedimentäre Füllung der untersuchten Depression besteht aus Torf, Mudde und Verlandungstorf und spiegelt früh- bis mittelholozäne hydrologische Schwankungen wider. Die obere Sequenz von wechselnden Kolluvien und organogenen Schichten deutet auf einen variierenden menschlichen Einfluss im Laufe der Zeit hin. Absolute AMS 14C-Datierungen von begrabenen Torfen und Mineralbodenhorizonten mit zum Teil erhöhten Anteilen organischer Substanz, abgesichert durch palynologische und archäologische Daten, belegen zwischenzeitliche Phasen von Oberflächenstabilität. Hingegen reflektieren die kolluvialen Sande Phasen erhöhter prähistorischer und historischer Besiedlung und Landnutzung. Die Sande können zum einen relativ durch die organogenen Schichten datiert und zum anderen zu den benachbarten archäologischen Funden in Beziehung gebracht werden. Erhöhte Erosionsprozesse werden demnach in das späte Neolithikum, den Übergang späte Bronzezeit zur frühen Eisenzeit, das Mittelalter und letztendlich in die Moderne gestellt. Die Akkumulation des jüngsten Kolluviums führt im Randbereich des Solls zur völligen Verfüllung bis an die rezente Oberfläche.
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2011-07-19
    Description: Eisrandsysteme sind bedeutende paläogeographische Archive, die die Vereisungsgeschichte in marinen und kontinentalen Becken aufzeichnen. Im Fokus dieser Arbeit stehen saalezeitliche, glazilakustrine Eisrandablagerungen des Weser-und Leineberglandes, die in etwa die maximale Ausdehnung des saalezeitlichen Drenthe-Eisschildes markieren. Die Faziesarchitektur und die internen Deformationstrukturen dieser Eisrandablagerungen werden in Hinblick auf Gletscherdynamik, hochfrequente Seespiegelschwankungen und Basement-Tektonik diskutiert. In den letzen 10 Jahren haben wir im Weser- und Leinebergland 27 Kies- und Sandgruben neu bearbeitetet und mehr als 4000 Bohrungen ausgewertet, um die saalezeitliche Sedimentation im Bereich des Eisrandes und der vorgelagerten Seebecken zu rekonstruieren. Die Geländearbeiten wurden durch Scherwellenseismik-Profile ergänzt. Basierend auf diesen Daten wurden mit Hilfe von digitalen Höhenmodellen und geographischen Informationssystemen (GIS) saalezeitliche Eisstauseen im Weser- und Leinebergland rekonstruiert. Wir vermuten, dass die Bildung und das katastrophale Auslaufen dieser tiefen Eisstausseen die Stabilität des drenthezeitlichen Eisschildes stark beeinflusst und möglicherweise den Hondsrug Eisstrom initiiert haben. Unsere Studie zeigt darüber hinaus, dass der elsterzeitliche Eisschild vermutlich nicht weiter als der drenthezeitliche Eisschild nach Süden vorgedrungen ist, als bisher angenommen wurde.
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2011-11-17
    Description: Die 35. Hauptversammlung der Deutschen Quartärvereinigung DEUQUA fand in der Zeit vom 13.–17. September mit mehr als 180 Teilnehmern aus 16 Ländern in Greifswald statt.
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2011-06-06
    Description: Das Alter der meisten Lössablagerungen in Niederösterreich ist nicht bekannt. Das gilt insbesondere für mittelpleistozänen Löss, weil es keine allgemein anwendbare und akzeptierte Datierungsmethode für diesen Zeitraum gibt. Vor kurzem wurde gezeigt, dass infrarot-stimulierte Lumineszenz-(IRSL)-Signale, die bei erhöhten Temperaturen nach einer IR-Stimulation gemessen werden, wesentlich stabiler sind als standardmäßig bei 50°C gemessene IRSL-Signale. Diese Signale eröffnen die Möglichkeit, die datierbare Altersgrenze zu erweitern, indem der anomale Signalverlust (Fading) minimiert oder gar komplett umgangen wird. In dieser Arbeit wenden wir erstmalig zwei post-IR IRSL Single-Aliquot (SAR)-Datierungsprotokolle für polymineralische Feinkornextrakte von drei unterschiedlichen Löss-Paläoboden-Sequenzen aus Niederösterreich an. Die Lumineszenzcharakteristika und Alter der unterschiedlichen Protokolle werden mit denen von Messungen bei 50°C verglichen. Standardisierte Tests (recycling ratios, recuperation und dose recovery) zeigen, dass die Protokolle auf den untersuchten Löss anwendbar sind. Die Fading-Raten für die post-IR IRSL-Signale sind wesentlich geringer als für IRSL bei 50°C, während die Unterschiede in gemessenen Fading-Raten für post-IR IRSL bei 225°C und post-IR IRSL bei 290°C weniger offensichtlich sind. Signifikante Fading-Korrekturen für IRSL bei 50°C sind notwendig. Basierend auf unseren Daten schlussfolgern wir, dass die fading-korrigierten post-IR IRSL Alter bei 225°C und die nicht-korrigierten post-IR IRSL Alter bei 290°C die besten Altersabschätzungen für die untersuchten Sedimente liefern. Wir bevorzugen die letztgenannten Alter, weil keine Abhängigkeit zu Fading-Korrekturen besteht. Unsere Daten weisen darauf hin, dass die Paudorfer Bodenbildung sich während MIS 5 entwickelte, während die Göttweiger Verlehmungszone wesentlich älter ist (≥ 350 ka) als in den meisten vorangegangen Studien angenommen wurde.
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2011-07-22
    Description: Der vorliegende Artikel gibt einen Überblick über neu datierte Abschnitte in bekannten Löss/Paläoboden-Sequenzen Niederösterreichs. Die Ergebnisse der Datierungen im Profil Joching deuten darauf hin, dass es im letzten Hochglazial zur Lösssedimentation kam. Die meisten erfassten Alter sind jedoch älter als das letzte Hochglazial, was auf Erosionsprozesse hindeutet, die zur Abtragung der jüngeren Lösse geführt hat. In dem Abschnitt zwischen ~28 ka and ~35 ka wurden überwiegend Tundragleye gebildet. Eine intensivere interstadiale Bodenbildung ist nicht nachzuweisen. Dieses Ergebnis kann auch für die stratigraphische Einstufung von ‚Stillfried B‘ (sensu Fink) von Bedeutung sein. Der folgende chronologische Abschnitt liegt zwischen ~35 ka and ~57 ka in Lösssedimenten mit eingeschalteten Tundragleyen. Auch dieser Abschnitt ist durch Umlagerungsprozesse charakterisiert. Im Zeitraum von ~57 ka bis ~106 ka befindet sich eine markante Zeitlücke, die vermutlich auf langandauernde und intensive Erosionsprozesse im Untersuchungsgebiet zurückzuführen ist. Die älteste Datierung in den Sedimenten des letzten Glazials mit 106 ± 12 ka befindet sich in Paudorf direkt über dem ‚Stillfried A‘- Komplex (Paudorfer Bodenbildung). Direkt unter diesem Pedokomplex, bzw. vergleichbaren Pedokomplexen treten in Lössablagerungen Alter von 124 ± 2 5 ka (Göttweig-Aigen), 159 ± 20 ka (Paudorf 1), and 170 ± 16 ka (Joching) auf. Darüber hinausgehende Alter konnten in Stratzing, Paudorf 2, Göttweig-Furth und Langenlois nachgewiesen werden.
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2011-06-06
    Description: Eine mächtige Löss-Paläoboden-Sequenz des Mittel- und Spätpleistozäns ist in der Kiesgrube Gaul östlich von Weilbach im südlichen Taunusvorland aufgeschlossen. Lösse der letzten drei Glazialzyklen, mit zwischengeschalteten Paläoböden, sind aufgeschlossen. Sieben Proben wurden mit der Lumineszenz-Datierungsmethode, basierend auf einem post-IR IRSL Messprotokoll, untersucht, um einen verlässlicheren chronologischen Rahmen für diese Sedimente zu etablieren. Die „fading“ korrigierten IR50 und die pIRIR225 Alter sind für fast alle Proben in guter Übereinstimmung. Die IRSL Alter reichen von 23.7 ± 1.6 ka bis 〉350 ka und deuten an, dass der älteste Löss während des marinen Isotopenstadiums (MIS) 10 oder früher abgelagert wurde, und dass die Weilbacher Humuszonen sehr wahrscheinlich während einer späten Phase des MIS 7 gebildet wurden. Lösse über dem fCc Horizont wurden sehr wahrscheinlich während des MIS 6 abgelagert, was darauf hindeutet, dass die Reste des Paläobodens nicht mit dem letzten Interglazial korrelieren. Die beiden obersten Proben deuten darauf hin, dass der jüngste Löss während dem letzten Pleniglazial (Oberwürm, MIS 2) abgelagert wurde. Mit dem pIRIR225 Signal konnten Alter bis ~350 ka für die Proben der Löss-Paläoboden-Sequenz in der Kiesgrube Gaul gemessen werden.
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2011-06-06
    Description: Im Rahmen des Projektes „Prospektion Paläolithikum im Indetal“ der Stiftung Archäologie im Rheinischen Braunkohlenrevier wurden in den Jahren 2005 und 2006 im Tagebau Inden zwischen Jülich-Kirchberg und Lamersdorf die pleistozänen Deckschichten mittels 20 Baggertiefschnitten sondiert. Ziel war es, fossile Landoberflächen und mögliche paläolithische Siedlungsplätze zu finden und freizulegen. Im Dezember 2005 konnte in der Ortslage Inden-Altdorf eine mittelpaläolithische Fundschicht aus dem Eem-Interglazial entdeckt werden, die bis September 2006 auf einer Fläche von 3000 m² archäologisch untersucht werden konnte. Es fanden sich 700 Steinartefakte und herbeigebrachte Gerölle, aber auch evidente Grubenbefunde und Feuerstellen. Drei Baumwürfe lagen mitten in der Hauptartefaktkonzentration und waren wohl in das Siedlungsgeschehen eingebunden. Die Artefaktoberflächen waren kantenscharf und nicht patiniert, so dass die durchgeführten Gebrauchsspurenanalysen außergewöhnlich erfolgreich waren. Auf 120 der insgesamt 136 für die Gebrauchsspurenanalyse ausgewählten Artefakte fanden sich Mikrospuren verschiedenartiger Tätigkeiten sowie Residuen. Diese konnten mittels Rasterelektronenmikroskopie und energiedispersiver Röntgenmikroanalyse als Reste von Birkenrindenpech identifiziert werden. 82 Geräte mit Residuen erwiesen sich entweder als geschäftete Einsätze, die mit diesem Pech an den Schäften befestigt wurden oder als Werkzeuge für die Reparatur von gebrauchten und mit Pech verklebten Schäftungen, und dem Auswechseln verbrauchter Feuersteineinsätze dienten. Birkenrindenpech kann als ältester synthetisch hergestellter Werkstoff angesehen werden und wird in der Regel mit dem Jungpaläolithikum und modernen Menschen assoziiert. Die auf den Micoquien Artefakten aus Inden vorgefundenen Birkenpechreste zeigen, daß sowohl Schäftungstechnologien, Gebrauch und Herstellung von Klebstoff als auch die Anfertigung von komplexen, aus mehreren Komponenten bestehenden Geräten im Mittelpaläolithikum durchaus üblich waren. Deren Vorhandensein, noch dazu in einer vergleichsweise hohen Anzahl, kann als deutlicher Hinweis auf moderne menschliche Verhaltensweisen gewertet werden.
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2011-06-03
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2011-06-06
    Description: Der Vergleich von „multiple aliquot“ Protokoll basierten IRSL- und TL-Altern mit denen von „single aliquot regenerative“ Protokollen mittels des post-IR IRSL (225°C) und fading-korrigierten IR (50°C) zeigt, dass Signalverlust durch anomales Ausheilen für Lösse und Lössderivate des Schwalbenberg II Profils ein geringes Problem darstellt. Aus diesem Grund ist es sehr wahrscheinlich, dass auf „multiple aliquot“ Messprotokollen beruhende Lumineszenz-Datierungen, die in den 1990er Jahren im allgemeinen für Lösse aus dem Mittelrheingebiet angewendet wurden, bis zu einem Alter von 70–80 ka innerhalb der 1-sigma Fehlerabweichung verlässliche IRSL und TL-Alter ergeben haben. Die Löss-/Paläobodensedimente des Schwalbenberg II Lössprofils zeigen einen bemerkenswert detaillierte weichselzeitliche mittelpleniglaziale Abfolge, die mit dem marinen Sauerstoffisotopenstadium 3 korreliert wird. Ein verlässlicher chronologischer Rahmen wurde durch Lumineszenz-Datierungsmethoden bestimmt. Vier Löss-Hauptakkumulationsphasen konnten für die letztglaziale Abfolge vom Schwalbenberg nachgewiesen werden. Die chronologischen Ergebnisse unterstützen die litho-pedologische Korrelation der Hesbaye Formation mit MIS 2 und der Ahrgau Formation mit MIS 3. Aufgrund von litho-pedologischen Befunden wird die Keldach Formation mit MIS 4 korreliert. Die Lumineszenz-Alter von 55 bis 45 ka legen jedoch eine Korrelation mit MIS 3 nahe.
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2011-06-03
    Description: Während in den Lössgebieten Mitteleuropas die Lössstratigraphie und die menschliche Besiedlung der Lössgebiete sowohl eiszeitlich wie auch im Holozän gut bekannt sind, liegen zu den Sandlössgebieten der Altmoränengebiete keine neueren Erkenntnisse zur zeitlichen Stellung der Sedimente oder zur Siedlungsgeschichte und zum Einfluss auf die Bodenentwicklung vor. In der Arbeit werden aus einem Sandlössgebiet in der Lüneburger Heide zwei Bodenprofile vorgestellt deren Gliederung einen Einblick in die Genese der vergangenen 10 000 Jahre erlaubt. Die Profile wurden sedimentologisch, pedologisch und palynologisch untersucht und charakterisiert. Die Datierung der Profile erfolgte mittels optisch stimulierter Lumineszenz (OSL) und Radiokarbondatierung. Die Ergebnisse legen einen menschlichen Einfluss auf die Böden ab dem späten Neolithikum nahe. Darunter sind Erosions- und Akkumulationsprozesse und insbesondere eine Anreicherung mit organischem Material zu fassen. Erstmals können mit dieser Studie Datierungen von Sedimenten und Böden des Altmoränengebietes präsentiert werden.
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2011-06-06
    Description: Optisch stimulierte Lumineszenz (OSL) und infrarot stimulierte Lumineszenz (IRSL) wurden an sieben Feinkorn Proben von Kern JW3 aus dem Trockenmaar Jungfernweiher gemessen. Zwei verschiedene post-IR IRSL Messprotokolle (blaue Detektion) wurden an den polymineralischen Feinkörnern (4–11 μm) angewandt. Diese Protokolle beinhalten eine Stimulation mit IR bei 50°C für bis zu 200 s vor einer weiteren IR Stimulation bei erhöhten Temperaturen bei 225°C für 100 s oder 290°C für 200 s. Die OSL von Quarz sättigt bei Dosen von 260–300 Gy und die De-Werte, die mit IRSL bei 50°C (IR50) erhalten werden, nehmen mit der Tiefe nicht zu. Dies weist darauf hin, dass auch dieses Signal bei ~500 Gy in Sättigung geht. De-Werte des post-IR IRSL Signals bei 225°C (pIRIR225) und 290°C (pIRIR290) nehmen jedoch mit der Tiefe von ~800 Gy bis ~1400 Gy zu, und zeigen ein korrigiertes Minimalalter von ~200 ka für die jüngsten Sedimente an. Die durchschnittlichen im Labor gemessene Fadingraten liegen für IR50 bei 4.09 ± 0.02%/decade und für pIRIR225 bei 2.55 ± 0.14%/decade. Für Probe JWS1 wurde für pIRIR290 ein g-value von 0.52 ± 1.12%/decade gemessen. Sowohl fading korrigierte pIRIR225 als auch unkorrigierte pIRIR290 De-Werte der jüngsten Probe (~16 m unterhalb der heutigen Erdoberfläche) weisen auf ein Alter von ~250 ka für die oberste Probe hin. Für die ältesten Proben, die in ~94 m unterhalb der heutigen Erdoberfläche genommen wurden, wurden Alter von bis zu ~400 ka gemessen.
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2011-01-01
    Description: We propose a generalized Papoulis-Gerchberg algorithm for the recovery of gaps in general analytic functions. The continuous-time algorithm is based on signal expansions in terms of the Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind, and the discrete-time implementation is based on a suitable nonuniform sampling scheme and the discrete cosine transform.
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2011-01-01
    Description: The paper presents results of extensive simulations carried out in order to assess the precision and angular resolution of subspace methods in real radar system. It has been assumed that such a system uses the 32-element uniform linear array (ULA) and radiates only 3 bursts consisting of 8 pulses in given direction. In order to avoid blind Doppler frequencies, pulse repetition interval (PRI) is different in each burst. It has been shown that change of PRI is not only necessary to avoid blind Doppler frequencies but also allows to avoid false values of angular coordinates when two objects are visible in the same beam, in the same range gate, and their echoes attain maximal values in the same Doppler filter. It has also been shown that precision and angular resolution of both MUSIC and root-MUSIC method can be improved by appropriate preprocessing of signal samples used by these methods.
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2011-01-01
    Description: We propose an alternative approach to the Balanced Model Truncation method (standard method). This approach reduces substantially the order of minimum-phase inverse filters for equalizing room acoustics. This method is based on a property of the filter z transform function, which modifies the corresponding FIR coefficients before the application of the standard technique to the modified FIR coefficients filter version. In the standard technique, the Hankel singular values plot is the chief guide for a user for the selection of a reduced filter order. Results for minimum-phase inverse filter corresponding to partial equalization of measured acoustic impulse response show the superiority of the proposed method over the standard technique, in terms of reduced filters order selection.
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2011-01-01
    Description: Multiple built-in cameras and the small size of mobile phones are underexploited assets for creating novel applications that are ideal for pocket size devices, but may not make much sense with laptops. In this paper we present two vision-based methods for the control of mobile user interfaces based on motion tracking and recognition. In the first case the motion is extracted by estimating the movement of the device held in the user's hand. In the second it is produced from tracking the motion of the user's finger in front of the device. In both alternatives sequences of motion are classified using Hidden Markov Models. The results of the classification are filtered using a likelihood ratio and the velocity entropy to reject possibly incorrect sequences. Our hypothesis here is that incorrect measurements are characterised by a higher entropy value for their velocity histogram denoting more random movements by the user. We also show that using the same filtering criteria we can control unsupervised Maximum A Posteriori adaptation. Experiments conducted on a recognition task involving simple control gestures for mobile phones clearly demonstrate the potential usage of our approaches and may provide for ingredients for new user interface designs.
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2011-01-01
    Description: The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is one of the most significant measures of performance of the sigma-delta modulators. An approximate formula for calculation of signal-to-noise ratio of an arbitrary sigma-delta modulator (SDM) has been proposed. Our approach for signal-to-noise ratio computation does not require modulator modeling and simulation. The proposed formula is compared with SNR calculations based on output bitstream obtained by simulations, and the reasons for small discrepancies are explained. The proposed approach is suitable for fast and precise signal-to-noise ratio computation. It is very useful in the modulator design stage, where multiple performance estimates are required.
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  • 84
    Publication Date: 2011-01-01
    Description: This paper discusses the application of condition monitoring to a battery system used in a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). Battery condition management systems (BCMSs) are employed to ensure the safe, efficient, and reliable operation of a battery, ultimately to guarantee the availability of electric power. This is critical for the case of the HEV to ensure greater overall energy efficiency and the availability of reliable electrical supply. This paper considers the use of state and parameter estimation techniques for the condition monitoring of batteries. A comparative study is presented in which the Kalman and the extended Kalman filters (KF/EKF), the particle filter (PF), the quadrature Kalman filter (QKF), and the smooth variable structure filter (SVSF) are used for battery condition monitoring. These comparisons are made based on estimation error, robustness, sensitivity to noise, and computational time.
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2011-01-01
    Description: This paper introduces an original algorithm for the labeling of the regions of a partitioned image according to the stacking level of membranes in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images. Image analysis of membrane protein TEM images represents a particular challenging task because of the important noise and heterogeneity present in these images. The proposed algorithm adapts automatically to fluctuations and gray level ranges characterizing each membrane stacking level. Some information about the organization of the objects in the images is introduced as prior knowledge. Three types of qualitative and quantitative experiments have been specifically devised and implemented to assess the algorithm.
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2011-01-01
    Description: Detecting low observable targets within sea clutter at low grazing angle is one of the research hotspots in radar signal processing community. In this paper, we have proposed a novel method based on polarimetric decomposition theorem. The polar characteristics of sea clutter has been analyzed, with the parameters after the decomposition of target scattering matrix. The scattering entropy and the scattering angle are the key parameters to discriminate the target from the sea clutter. The technique is designed to suppress unwanted sea clutter at polarimetric domain. Datasets from real marine radar are used to illustrate the performance of the new approach.
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2011-01-01
    Description: A hierarchical Bayesian model is applied to off-line segmentation of the GPS signal discriminator. The purpose of this work is to estimate the code delay of the receiving GPS CDMA code in order to retime the local receiver code and to estimate the pseudorange satellite receiver. The goal of our approach is to obtain a high-rate accurate positioning in the dynamic navigation case. We show that the behaviour of the coherent discriminator of a GPS pilot channel can be modelized by a piecewise stationary process. In our approach the discriminator behaviour in each stationary segment is approximated by a constant acceleration model, and the code delay at each end of the segments is known. The interest of this approach is that we use the coherent values of the discriminator in each segment to estimate the change instants of the process and to get in this case an accurate estimation of the code delays. In this context, a simultaneous estimation of the change instants is considered. We define the a posteriori distribution which integrates in its expression the signal change instants and the parameters of its statistical model. The proposed model leads after marginalization to a penalized contrast function that we minimize to estimate the discriminator change instants. The interest of the proposed model is that we can integrate in our estimate prior information on the roughly known values of the signal-to-noise ratio and relative speed satellite receiver. The potential of the proposed method is shown on experimentations realized on synthetic and real data for millisecond receiver localization.
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2011-01-01
    Description: In current video coding standards, the encoder exploits temporal redundancies within the video sequence by performing block-based motion compensated prediction. However, the motion estimation is only performed at the encoder, and the motion vectors have to be coded explicitly into the bit stream. Recent research has shown that the compression efficiency can be improved by also estimating the motion at the decoder. This paper gives a detailed description of a decoder-side motion estimation architecture which assumes temporal constant motion and compares the proposed motion compensation algorithm with an alternative interpolation method. The overall rate reduction for this approach is almost 8% compared to H.264/MPEG-4 Part 10 (AVC). Furthermore, an extensive comparison with the assumption of spatial constant motion, as used in decoder-side motion vector derivation, is given. A new combined approach of both algorithms is proposed that leads to 13% bit rate reduction on average.
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2011-01-01
    Description: We investigate Residue Number System (RNS) to binary conversion, which is an important issue concerning the utilization of RNS numbers in Digital Signal Processing (DSP) applications. We propose two new reverse converters for the moduli set . First, we simplify the Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT) to obtain a reverse converter that uses mod- operations instead of mod- operations required by other state-of-the-art equivalent converters. Next, we further reduce the hardware complexity by making the resulting reverse converter architecture adder based. Two hybrid Cost-Efficient (CE) and Speed-Efficient (SE) reverse converters are proposed. These two hybrid converters are obtained by combining the best state-of-the-art converter with the newly introduced area-delay efficient scheme. The proposed hybrid CE converter outperforms the best state-of-the-art CE converter in terms of delay with similar area cost. Additionally, the proposed hybrid SE converter requires less area cost with smaller delay when compared to the best state-of-the-art equivalent SE converter.
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2011-01-01
    Description: Joint precoder and decoder optimization is considered for uplink multiuser multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) systems with limited channel state information (CSI) at both the transmitters and receivers. Instead of counting on complex iterative-based algorithms, an efficient and noniterative QR-based linear transceiver pair design is employed. In addition, an equal power distribution (EPD) scheme is applied to adjust transmit power allocation of each mobile station (MS) between its symbols under the total transmit-power constraint. Simulations are conducted to provide a comparative evaluation of the proposed QR-EPD algorithm with other transceiver designs on the sum mean-squared error (SMSE) and the averaged bit-error-rate (BER) performance.
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2011-01-01
    Description: Variable forgetting factor (VFF) least squares (LS) algorithm for polynomial channel paradigm is presented for improved tracking performance under nonstationary environment. The main focus is on updating VFF when each time-varying fading channel is considered to be a first-order Markov process. In addition to efficient tracking under frequency-selective fading channels, the incorporation of proposed numeric variable forgetting factor (NVFF) in LS algorithm reduces the computational complexity.
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2011-01-01
    Description: Natural image segmentation is an important topic in digital image processing, and it could be solved by clustering methods. We present in this paper an SOM-based k-means method (SOM-K) and a further saliency map-enhanced SOM-K method (SOM-KS). In SOM-K, pixel features of intensity and L∗u∗v∗ color space are trained with SOM and followed by a k-means method to cluster the prototype vectors, which are filtered with hits map. A variant of the proposed method, SOM-KS, adds a modified saliency map to improve the segmentation performance. Both SOM-K and SOM-KS segment the image with the guidance of an entropy evaluation index. Compared to SOM-K, SOM-KS makes a more precise segmentation in most cases by segmenting an image into a smaller number of regions. At the same time, the salient object of an image stands out, while other minor parts are restrained. The computational load of the proposed methods of SOM-K and SOM-KS are compared to J-image-based segmentation (JSEG) and k-means. Segmentation evaluations of SOM-K and SOM-KS with the entropy index are compared with JSEG and k-means. It is observed that SOM-K and SOM-KS, being an unsupervised method, can achieve better segmentation results with less computational load and no human intervention.
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2011-01-01
    Description: In recent years, automatic visual coral reef monitoring has been proposed to solve the demerits of manual monitoring techniques. This paper proposes a novel method to reduce the computational cost of the standard Active Appearance Model (AAM) for automatic fish species identification by using an original multiclass AAM. The main novelty is the normalization of species-specific AAMs using techniques tailored to meet with fish species identification. Shape models associated to species-specific AAMs are automatically normalized by means of linear interpolations and manual correspondences between shapes of different species. It leads to a Unified Active Appearance Model built from species that present characteristic texture patterns. Experiments are carried out on images of fish of four different families. The technique provides correct classification rates up to 92% on 5 species and 84.5% on 12 species and is more than 4 times faster than the standard AAM on 12 species.
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2011-01-01
    Description: TV stream structuring consists in detecting precisely the first and the last frames of all the programs and the breaks (commercials, trailers, station identification, bumpers) of a given stream and then in annotating all these segments with metadata. Usually, breaks are broadcasted several times during a stream. Thus, the detection of these repetitions can be considered as a key tool for stream structuring. After the detection stage, a classification method is applied to separate the repetitions in programs and breaks. In their turn, breaks repetitions are then used to classify the segments which appear only once in the stream. Finally, the stream is aligned with an electronic program guide (EPG), in order to annotate the programs. Our experiments have been applied on a 22-day long TV stream, and results show the efficiency of the proposed method in TV stream structuring.
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2011-01-01
    Description: The smooth variable structure filter (SVSF) is a recently proposed predictor-corrector filter for state and parameter estimation. The SVSF is based on the sliding mode control concept. It defines a hyperplane in terms of the state trajectory and then applies a discontinuous corrective action that forces the estimate to go back and forth across that hyperplane. The SVSF is robust and stable to modeling uncertainties making it suitable for fault detection application. The discontinuous action of the SVSF results in a chattering effect that can be used to correct modeling errors and uncertainties in conjunction with adaptive strategies. In this paper, the SVSF is complemented with a novel parameter estimation technique referred to as the iterative bi-section/shooting method (IBSS). This combined strategy is used for estimating model parameters and states for systems in which only the model structure is known. This combination improves the performance of the SVSF in terms of rate of convergence, robustness, and stability. The benefits of the proposed estimation method are demonstrated by its application to an electrohydrostatic actuator.
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2011-01-01
    Description: We present a study of semiblind (SB) estimation for a frequency-selective (FS) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless channel using a novel Fisher-information matrix (FIM) based approach. The frequency selective MIMO system is modeled as a matrix finite impulse response (FIR) channel, and the transmitted data symbols comprise of a sequence of pilot symbols followed by the unknown blind symbols. It is demonstrated that the FIM for this system can be expressed as the sum of the blind FIM Jb and pilot FIM Jp. We present a key result relating the rank of the FIM to the number of blindly identifiable parameters. We then present a novel maximum-likelihood (ML) scheme for the semiblind estimation of the MIMO FIR channel. We derive the Cramer-Rao Bound (CRB) for the semiblind scheme. It is observed that the semi-blind MSE of estimation of the MIMO FIR channel is potentially much lower compared to an exclusively pilot-based scheme. Finally, we derive a lower bound for the minimum number of pilot symbols necessary for the estimation of an FIR MIMO channel for any general semi-blind scheme. Simulation results are presented to augment the above analysis.
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2011-01-01
    Description: This paper presents an automated tool for floating-point to fixed-point conversion. The tool is based on previous work that was built in MATLAB/Simulink environment and Xilinx System Generator support. The tool is now extended to include Synplify DSP blocksets in a seamless way from the users' view point. In addition to FPGA area estimation, the tool now also includes ASIC area estimation for end-users who choose the ASIC flow. The tool minimizes hardware cost subject to mean-squared quantization error (MSE) constraints. To obtain more accurate ASIC area estimations with synthesized results, 3 performance levels are available to choose from, suitable for high-performance, typical, or low-power applications. The use of the tool is first illustrated on an FIR filter to achieve over 50% area savings for MSE specification of 10−6 as compared to all 16-bit realization. More complex optimization results for chip-level designs are also demonstrated.
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2011-01-01
    Description: We propose a novel fractal video coding method using fast block-matching motion estimation to overcome the drawback of the time-consuming character in the fractal coding. As fractal encoding essentially spends most time on the search for the best-matching block in a large domain pool, search patterns and the center-biased characteristics of motion vector distribution have large impact on both search speed and quality of block motion estimation. In this paper, firstly, we propose a new hexagon search algorithm (NHEXS), and, secondly, we ameliorate, by using this NHEXS, the traditional CPM/NCIM, which is based on Fisher's quadtree partition. This NHEXS uses two cross-shaped search patterns as the first two initial steps and large/small hexagon-shaped patterns as the subsequent steps for fast block motion estimation (BME). NHEXS employs halfway stop technique to achieve significant speedup on sequences with stationary and quasistationary blocks. To further reduce the computational complexity, NHEXS employs modified partial distortion criterion (MPDC). Experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm spends less encoding time and achieves higher compression ratio and compression quality compared with the traditional CPM/NCIM method.
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2011-01-01
    Description: Many desirable properties make fractals a powerful mathematic model applied in several image processing and pattern recognition tasks: image coding, segmentation, feature extraction, and indexing, just to cite some of them. Unfortunately, they are based on a strong asymmetric scheme, consequently suffering from very high coding times. On the other side, linear transforms are quite time balanced, allowing them to be usefully exploited in realtime applications, but they do not provide comparable performances with respect to the image quality for high bit rates. In this paper, we investigate different levels of embedding orthogonal linear transforms in the fractal coding scheme. Experimental results show a clear improved quality for compression ratios up to 15 : 1.
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2011-01-01
    Description: This work deals with the issue of channel estimation in the context of non-binary LDPC-coded OFDM systems over doubly selective multipath channels. In particular, we show how to derive an iterative Wiener-filter-based estimation method using both time and frequency channel correlation and considering the particular characteristics of the channel code. The proposed algorithm can use either soft information or hard decisions fed back by the decoder to refine the channel estimation, so as to improve the system performance at the expense of an increased receiver complexity. Simulation results under typical working conditions are presented to compare the performance of the proposed method with respect to classical techniques.
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