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  • Articles  (125)
  • Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)  (125)
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  • 2011  (125)
  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (125)
  • Technology
  • 1
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    DFIG Power Generation Capability and Feasibility Regions Under Unbalanced Grid Voltage Conditions (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: Several strategies have been proposed for operating doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind turbine under unbalanced grid voltage conditions. This study focuses on those strategies in which the rotor-side power converter aims at eliminating the oscillations affecting the electromagnetic torque and the stator reactive power. Given the limited size of the DFIG’s power converters, and hence their tolerable current and voltage boundaries, this study analyzes which DFIG power generation capability is under unbalanced grid voltage, and therefrom derives rotor current and stator power controllable ranges. Besides, the feasibility regions of the DFIG are also deduced for different types of imbalance. Furthermore, and based on the outcome of previous analysis, a modified rotor current limiter, as also its equivalent stator power limiter, is proposed. In contrast to the conventional ones, the limiters proposed here take into account that imbalances may arise in the grid voltage. As a consequence, system’s overall performance is considerably enhanced under unbalanced grid voltage conditions. Finally, simulation results establish the validity of the treated issues.
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  • 2
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    Nonlinear ${cal H}_{infty }$ Constrained Feedback Control for Grid-Interactive WECS Under High Stochasticity (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: Wind turbine technology has evolved into a unique technical identity with potential to contribute significantly to the global energy mix powered by renewables. Wind energy, being a fluctuating resource, requires tight control management that addresses stability issues for it to be integrable with the grid system. Difficulty in controller construction for wind energy conversion systems (WECSs) is reinforced by sensitivity to numerical complexity, fast parameter variations due to wind stochasticity, tight performance requirements, as well as the presence of flexible modes that limit the control bandwidth. Proposed herein is a pitch control scheme and a model-based ${cal H}_{infty }$ synthesis controller that yields a multivariable control law governing operation of the power electronic converter for a megawatt-class WECS over the entire nominal operating trajectory. The ${cal H}_{infty }$ control objectives are cast as optimization programs with a unique cost function subject to linear matrix inequality constraints. Simulational analysis confirms the efficacy of the adopted technique: issues regarding uncertainties with respect to system modeling and possible adverse control due to interactions with highly turbulent winds are handled with precision, while significantly improving the quality of voltage and output power.
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  • 3
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    A Novel Hysteresis Core Loss Model for Magnetic Laminations (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: A general dynamic hysteresis core loss model has been developed. Experimental data for different lamination thicknesses have been measured and analyzed at various frequencies. Based on the analysis, a dynamic hysteresis finite element core loss model is established and validated by experiments. The developed dynamic hysteresis model is simple and efficient, and has been shown to be very accurate compared with the experiments. Moreover, the model can calculate core losses based on the input parameters obtained from experimental measurements at only one single frequency in a thin lamination. The model, to our best knowledge, is the first one that is capable of calculating core losses for different thicknesses of materials and different operating frequencies, without a massive experimental database. In addition, only the eddy current and hysteresis models are necessary for this calculation but with the important addition of the variation of the flux density within the lamination.
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  • 4
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    Active Islanding Detection for Inverter-Based Distributed Generation Systems With Power Control Interface (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: Conventional active islanding detection methods (IDMs) are designed for the inverter-based distributed generation systems (DGSs) with current control interface. Such strategies can hardly be extended to the DGS with power control interface because the power control loop can affect the IDMs by enlarging the nondetection zones (NDZs). This paper presents an active IDM based on negative-sequence power injections for the DGS with power control interface. Combining with the IDM, the power control of the DGS is achieved with two control loops. One is the positive-sequence power loop that satisfies the conventional power control requirements. The other is the negative-sequence power/current variation loop for the islanding detection. The positive and negative sequences are separated by a simple strategy based on an all digital phase-locked loop. Due to the differences between the grid impedance and the local load impedance, the percentage of the voltage imbalance (VI) at the point of common coupling is utilized to indicate the islanding operation. For the grid-connected DGS, the VI is dominated by the grid voltage, which is a constant. If the DGS is disconnected from the grid, the VI is determined by the injected negative-sequence power/current. The NDZs of the presented scheme with different system configurations, such as grid impedances, load quality factors, etc., are also analyzed in this paper. By injecting the negative-sequence power/current periodically, the NDZs resulting from the imbalance of the grid voltages or the local loads are further mitigated. For multi-DGSs, the IDM is still effective if combined with the conventional under/overfrequency-protection strategy. The simulation and experimental results verify the effectiveness of the IDM.
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  • 5
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    Modeling of the Cost of EV Battery Wear Due to V2G Application in Power Systems (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: This paper presents an analysis of the cost of utilizing battery electric vehicle (BEV) batteries as energy storage in power grids [also known as vehicle-to-grid (V2G)] associated with lessening battery cycle life due to more frequent charging and discharging activities and utilization in elevated ambient temperature. Comparison is made between V2G in the U.K., where annual electricity peak demand is reached in winter, and in China, where peak demand is reached in summer due to the air conditioning load. This paper presents mathematical correlations between charging–discharging, ambient temperature, depth of discharge (DoD), and the degradation of electric vehicle batteries based on manufacturer's data. Simulation studies were carried out for V2G in both the U.K. and China. Numerical results show that ambient temperature and DoD of a BEV battery play a crucial role in the cost of battery wear. Lead-acid and NiMH battery powered BEVs are not cost effective in V2G use due to the present electricity tariff. Under the present electricity tariff structure, no vehicles would be cost effective for the peak power sources in China. However, lithium-ion battery powered BEVs are cost effective in the U.K. due to a much longer cycle life.
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  • 6
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    A New Approach for Solar Module Temperature Estimation Using the Simple Diode Model (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: In this paper, an effective new approach for estimating the operating temperature of a photovoltaic (PV) module by using the simple diode model is presented. The developed method is simple and does not need any additional hardware. The proposed approach uses an analytical formula to derive the temperature from the maximum power point voltage and current. Since the temperature estimation (TE) is based on the model of the PV module, at first the model is explained. In the model, effects of the temperature coefficients are considered. Moreover, a new approach to find all parameters of a PV module model is described. Unlike other methods, the parameters’ extraction method that is proposed here only needs manufacturer data from the datasheet and does not need any additional information. Effectiveness of the new TE procedure is investigated through some conducted simulations in MATLAB/Simulink environment and its validity is verified by experiment on a REC-AE220 solar module.
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  • 7
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    Online State Estimation of a Synchronous Generator Using Unscented Kalman Filter From Phasor Measurements Units (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: The most important reference quantities for monitoring and controlling transient stability in real time are the rotor angle and speed of the synchronous generators. If these quantities can be estimated with sufficient accuracy, they can be used in global and local control methods. In the classic state estimation methods, such as the extended Kalman filter (EKF) technique, the linear approximations of the system at a given moment in time may introduce errors in the states. In order to overcome the drawbacks of the EKF, the authors of this paper have applied the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) to estimating and predicting the states of a synchronous machine, including rotor angle and rotor speed, using phasor measurement unit (PMU) quantities. The UKF algorithm propagates the pdf of a random variable in a simple and effective way and is accurate up to the second order in estimating the mean and covariance. The overall impression is that the performance of the UKF is better than the EKF in terms of robustness, speed of convergence, and also different levels of noise. Simulation results including saturation effects and grid faults show the accuracy and efficiency of the UKF method in state estimation of the system, especially at higher noise ratios.
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  • 8
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    Quadrature Bandpass Sampling Rules for Single- and Multiband Communications and Satellite Navigation Receivers (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: In this paper, we examine how existing rules for bandpass sampling rates can be applied to quadrature bandpass sampling. We find that there are significantly more allowable sampling rates and that the minimum rate can be reduced.
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 9
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    X-Ray Pulsar-Based Relative Navigation using Epoch Folding (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: How the relative position between two spacecraft can be estimated utilizing signals emitted from X-ray pulsars is explained. The mathematical models of X-ray pulsar signals are developed, and the pulse delay estimation problem is formulated. The Cramér-Rao lower bound (CRLB) for any unbiased estimator of the pulse delay is presented. To retrieve the pulsar photon intensity function, the epoch folding procedure is characterized. Based on epoch folding, two different pulse delay estimators are introduced, and their performance against the CRLB is studied. One is obtained by solving a least squares problem, and the other uses the cross correlation function between the empirical rate function and the true one. The effect of absolute velocity errors on position estimation is also studied. Numerical simulations are performed to verify the theoretical results.
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  • 10
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    Optimizations of Multisite Radar System with MIMO Radars for Target Detection (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: This paper proposes a novel multisite radar system (MSRS) with multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) radars, i.e., MIMO-MSRS system, to improve the detection performance of fluctuating targets. The proposed MIMO-MSRS system increases the local signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by using digital beamforming (DBF) among all transmitting and receiving channels in a single site. Then it smoothes the target's fluctuation via spatial diversity among the DBF outputs of different sites. For the MIMO-MSRS system, we derive the likelihood ratio test (LRT) detector at first based on the proposed signal model and spatial diversity conditions. Furthermore, with the derived statistics of the LRT detector in the fixed noise background, three optimization problems are discussed on the MIMO-MSRS system configurations, i.e., the numbers of sites and collocated channels in different sites. The first problem is to detect the lowest SNR target with a given probability of false alarm ( PF ), probability of detection ( PD ) and total system degrees of freedom (DOF). The second is to detect a target with the highest PD for a given PF , target SNR, and system DOF. The third is on the minimal system DOF to detect a target with a given PF , PD , and target SNR. For the uniform MIMO-MSRS system, both the standard optimal site number, i.e., the diversity DOF, and its closed-form approximation of the above three problems are obtained. Finally, some numerical results are also provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed MIMO-MSRS systems.
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  • 11
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    Multitarget Tracking using Probability Hypothesis Density Smoothing (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: In general, for multitarget problems where the number of targets and their states are time varying, the optimal Bayesian multitarget tracking is computationally demanding. The Probability Hypothesis Density (PHD) filter, which is the first-order moment approximation of the optimal one, is a computationally tractable alternative. By evaluating the PHD, the number of targets as well as their individual states can be extracted. Recent sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) implementations of the PHD filter have paved the way to its application to realistic nonlinear non-Gaussian problems. It is observed that the particle implementation of the PHD filter is dependent on current measurements, especially in the case of low observable target problems (i.e., estimates are sensitive to missed detections and false alarms). In this paper a PHD smoothing algorithm is proposed to improve the capability of PHD-based tracking system. It involves forward multitarget filtering using the standard PHD filter recursion followed by backward smoothing recursion using a novel recursive formula. Smoothing, which produces delayed estimates, results in better estimates for target states and a better estimate for the number of targets. Multiple model PHD (MMPHD) smoothing, which is an extension of the proposed technique to maneuvering targets, is also provided. Simulations are performed with the proposed method on a multitarget scenario. Simulation results confirm improved performance of the proposed algorithm.
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  • 12
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    Joint Multitarget Tracking and Sensor Localization in Collaborative Sensor Networks (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: Multitarget tracking methods in a sensor network often assume the knowledge of the locations of the sensor nodes. However, in reality sensor nodes are randomly deployed with no prior knowledge about their positions. We propose a method to track an unknown and variable number of targets in the presence of false detections with the positions of sensor nodes estimated jointly to avoid the need of extra localization hardware. Moreover, as low-power consumption is a requirement in sensor networks, a collaborative estimation scheme is presented. For each target in the field under observation there is only a small set of sensor nodes that are active while the others remain in an idle state. The proposed technique is based on a Rao-Blackwellized sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) method that takes advantage of the fact that the state space of the unknown variables is separable. Therefore the problem is divided in two parts. The first one generates samples to estimate the number of targets and solves the association uncertainty between measurements and targets; while the second one is a multiple target tracking problem that can be solved with a modified unscented Kalman filter (MUKF) for each sample. It is shown through simulations that it is possible to track the multiple targets and also get accurate estimates of the unknown locations of the sensor nodes.
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  • 13
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    Persymmetric Adaptive Radar Detectors (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: In the general framework of radar detection, estimation of the Gaussian or non-Gaussian clutter covariance matrix is an important point. This matrix commonly exhibits a particular structure: for instance, this is the case for active systems using a symmetrically spaced linear array with constant pulse repetition interval. We propose using the particular persymmetric structure of the covariance matrix to improve the detection performance. In this context, this work provides two new adaptive detectors for Gaussian additive noise and non-Gaussian additive noise which is modeled by the spherically invariant random vector (SIRV). Their statistical properties are then derived and compared with simulations. The vast improvement in their detection performance is demonstrated by way of simulations or experimental ground clutter data. This allows for the analysis of the proposed detectors on both real Gaussian and non-Gaussian data.
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  • 14
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    Detection and Mitigation of Reference Receiver Faults in Differential Carrier Phase Navigation Systems (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: In this paper, a methodology is developed to evaluate differential carrier phase navigation architectures subject to reference receiver faults. Carrier phase measurements can be used to provide high accuracy estimates of a user's position. But in applications that involve safety-of-life, such as in precision approach for autonomous shipboard landing, integrity also plays a critical role. One source of integrity risk is the potential for GPS reference receiver failure. Integrity risk in these situations is typically mitigated by equipping the reference station with redundant receivers. However, various approaches to utilize redundant carrier phase measurements from multiple reference receivers are possible. In this paper, we describe two new methods: an averaging approach where different position solutions are averaged in the position domain, and a coupled estimation approach where the measurements from all reference receivers are coupled in the range domain and used to estimate a unified position solution. Furthermore, we investigate the impact of using these methods on accuracy and integrity from several perspectives, including availability performance, cycle resolution capabilities, implementation complexity, and computational efficiency.
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  • 15
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    Optimal Flow Models for Multiscan Data Association (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: Multiscan data association can significantly enhance tracking performance in critical radar surveillance scenarios involving multiple targets, low detection probability, high false alarm probability, evasive target maneuvers, and finite radar resolution. Unfortunately, however, this approach is affected by the curse of dimensionality which hinders its real-time application for tracking problems with short scan periods and/or a high number of scans of the association logics and/or many measurements per scan. It is shown here how the formulation of the multiscan association as a multi-commodity or single-commodity flow optimization problem allows a relaxation of the association problem which, on one hand, provides close-to-optimal association performance and, on the other hand, implies a significant reduction of the computational load.
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  • 16
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    A Robust Nonlinear Control Approach for Tip Position Tracking of Flexible Spacecraft (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: In this paper, the problem of attitude control of a 3D nonlinear flexible spacecraft is investigated. Two nonlinear controllers are presented. The first controller is based on dynamic inversion, while the second approach is composed of dynamic inversion and γ-synthesis schemes. The extension of dynamic inversion approach to flexible spacecraft is impeded by the nonminimum phase characteristics when the panel tip position is taken as the output of the system. To overcome this problem, the controllers are designed by utilizing the modified output redefinition approach. It is assumed that only three torques in three directions on the hub are used. Actuator saturation is also considered in the design of controllers. To evaluate the performance of the proposed controllers, an extensive number of simulations on a nonlinear model of the spacecraft are performed. The performances of the proposed controllers are compared in terms of nominal performance, robustness to uncertainties, vibration suppression of panel, sensitivity to measurement noise, environment disturbance, and nonlinearity in large maneuvers. Simulation results confirm the ability of the proposed controller in tracking the attitude trajectory while damping the panel vibration. It is also verified that the perturbations, environment disturbances, and measurement errors have only slight effects on the tracking and damping performances.
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  • 17
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    Hierarchical Fault Diagnosis and Fuzzy Rule-Based Reasoning for Satellites Formation Flight (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: Formation flying is an emerging area in the Earth and space science and technology domains that utilize multiple inexpensive spacecraft by distributing the functionalities of a single platform spacecraft among miniature inexpensive platforms. Traditional spacecraft fault diagnosis and health monitoring practices involve around-the-clock monitoring, threshold checking, and trend analysis of a large amount of telemetry data by human experts that do not scale well for multiple space platforms. A novel hierarchical fault diagnosis framework and methodology is presented here that enables a systematic utilization of fuzzy rule-based reasoning to enhance the level of autonomy achievable in fault diagnosis at ground stations. Fuzzy rule-based fault diagnosis schemes for satellite formation flight are developed and investigated at different levels in the hierarchy for a leader-follower architecture. Our formation level fault diagnosis is found to be useful as a supervisory diagnosis scheme that can prompt the operators to have a closer look at the potential faulty components to determine the sources of a fault. Effectiveness of our proposed fault diagnosis methodology is demonstrated by utilizing synthetic formation flying data of five satellites that are configured in the leader-follower architecture, and are subjected to nonabrupt intermittent faults in the attitude control subsystem (ACS) and the electrical power subsystem (EPS) of the follower satellites.
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  • 18
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    Optimal Maneuvers for Aircraft Conflict Resolution Based on Efficient Genetic Webs (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: The problem of designing optimal conflict-free maneuvers for planar multiple aircraft encounters is studied. The maneuvers propose suitable heading changes for aircraft in a cooperative manner. The new mathematical approach provides optimal aircraft trajectories to resolve a wide variety of conflicts, especially in the presence of high-altitude clear air turbulence (CAT), normally encountered during en-route flights. The proposed approach effectively uses Genetic Algorithms (GA), together with modified webs, to quickly find conflict-resolving maneuvers. Different case studies show the method is fast enough to be used for real-time applications when resolving conflicts involving two aircraft. It is also efficient enough to resolve conflicts involving as many as 26 aircraft, which would be helpful in designing acrobatic maneuvers or in congested airspaces where emergency plans are needed.
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  • 19
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    Radon-Fourier Transform for Radar Target Detection (II): Blind Speed Sidelobe Suppression (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: This paper gives a detailed performance analysis for the novel radar long-time coherent integration method, i.e., Radon-Fourier transforms (RFT). Some important properties of RFT, e.g., two-dimensional (2D) impulse response, 2D translational invariance, multitarget linear additivity, linear signal-to-noise ratio gain in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), as well as the 2D correlation function of transformed AWGN, are derived for continuous and discrete RFT, respectively. However, because of discrete pulse sampling, finite range resolution, and limited integration time, the "blind-speed sidelobes (BSSL)" of discrete RFT may inevitably appear in real applications. Although the BSSL are reduced with the increase of the blind-speed integer, they may still lead to false alarms or loss detections in a real multitarget scenario. Based on the analytic expression derived for BSSL, the causes of BSSL are analyzed and the effective BSSL suppression methods are proposed. Finally, numerical experiments are also provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
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  • 20
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    A Nonlinear-Phase Model-Based Human Detector for Radar (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: Radar offers unique advantages over other sensors for the detection of humans, such as remote operation during virtually all weather and lighting conditions, increased range, and better coverage. Many current radar-based human detection systems employ some type of Fourier analysis, such as Doppler processing. However, in many environments, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of human returns is quite low. Furthermore, Fourier-based techniques assume a linear variation in target phase over the aperture, whereas human targets have a highly nonlinear phase history. The resulting phase mismatch causes significant SNR loss in the detector itself. In this paper, human target modeling is used to derive a more accurate nonlinear approximation to the true target phase history. The likelihood ratio is optimized over unknown model parameters to enhance detection performance. Cramer-Rao bounds on parameter estimates and receiver operating characteristic curves are used to validate analytically the performance of the proposed method and to evaluate simulation results.
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  • 21
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    A Near-Optimal Iterative Algorithm via Alternately Optimizing Sensor and Fusion Rules in Distributed Decision Systems (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: For parallel distributed sensor systems with statistically independent sensor decision rules, Chair and Varshney in [2] has obtained the optimal fusion rule. On the other hand, under a given fusion rule, the optimal sensor compression rules have been proposed by Zhu et al. in [21], [23] for generally distributed and dependent sensor observations. An open problem is how to simultaneously obtain an optimal fusion rule and optimal sensor compression rules for general parallel distributed sensor decision systems. Obviously, the exhaustive method for searching for the optimal fusion rule is computationally intractable. For general parallel distributed sensor decision systems, we provide necessary conditions of an optimal fusion rule and optimal sensor compression rules and propose a computationally efficient iterative algorithm to simultaneously/alternately search for a fusion rule and sensor compression rules by combining both Zhu's and Chair and Varshney's methods. Moreover, the algorithm is extended to multiple bit compression and Network decision systems. Numerical examples show that the fusion rule obtained by the algorithm is in most cases the same as the optimal fusion rule obtained by the exhaustive method, therefore, it is effective and near optimal.
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    Near-Optimal Terrain Collision Avoidance Trajectories using Elevation Maps (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: The main attempt of this paper is to present a new methodology to model a generic low-level flight close to terrain, which guarantees terrain collision avoidance. Benefiting the advantages of high-speed computer technology, this method uses satellite elevation maps to generate so-called "quad-tree forms." The latter is then used to find the optimal trajectories for low-level flights. The novelty of this approach, entitled the "cost map," lies in the integration of aircraft dynamics into the segmented map. This procedure results in some near-optimal trajectories with respect to aircraft dynamics that could easily be used for minimization of flight path together with pilot effort. Different simulations show the method is applicable wherever there is no need for sharp changes in flight level. Nevertheless, the current method could be expanded to three-dimensional terrain avoidance/terrain following flights.
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    Maritime ATR using Classifier Combination and High Resolution Range Profiles (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: A maritime automatic target recognition system is developed that performs ship classification using one-dimensional high resolution range profiles. Five physically based features are defined and are extracted from both VV and HH polarizations resulting in a 10-dimensional feature vector. A nonlinear classifier combination approach involving a neural network combiner along with three individual classifiers (Bayes, nearest neighbor, and neural network) is proposed. A decision confidence measure based on the classifier discriminants is developed using a nonparametric estimation approach. The confidence measure enables the system to reject samples that have a low decision confidence. The performance of the proposed neural network based combination is compared with individual classifiers and a number of other combination rules. The results show that this combination can provide high recognition accuracy along with a high probability of declaration. The performance in the presence of samples from not-before-seen classes is also investigated. A new nearest neighbor confidence thresholding approach is developed to aid the neural network combiner in rejecting these samples.
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    Aircraft Power System Stability Study Including Effect of Voltage Control and Actuators Dynamic (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: This paper describes a stability analysis of aircraft ac frequency-wild power systems with constant power loads (CPL). In contrast to previous publications, the proposed analysis method employs the dq modeling approach instead of the state-space averaging (SSA) and average-value modeling (AVM) methods to derive power-electronic converter models for stability studies. This results in lower order models and allows the modeling of vector-controlled converter elements where the SSA and AVM methods are not easily applicable. The resulting model can be combined with models of other power system elements expressed in terms of synchronously rotating frames (generators, front-end converters, vector-controlled drives, etc.). The paper analyzes the stability of frequency-wild power systems for both load and parameter variations and takes into account controlled generator voltage dynamics and electromechanical actuator dynamics. The stability margins are assessed and compared with those for power systems with the ideal voltage source and the ideal CPLs. The study is supported by intensive time domain simulations that support the theory.
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    Throughput per Pass for Data Aggregation from a Wireless Sensor Network via a UAV (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: Data retrieval from a sensor field by means of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) has increasing interests for both commercial, military, and homeland security applications. In these situations, the design of energy-efficient communication links between sensor field and UAV is crucial, owing to battery powered sensor nodes. We propose an energy-efficient cooperative transmission scheme for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) where data gathered by sensor nodes need to be collected into a far receiver. In particular, we consider a network composed of sensor nodes that share a common message that has to be transmitted asynchronously toward a fusion center onboard a UAV. We consider that the communication channels between the nodes and the fusion center are subject to fading and noise. Due to the far communication distance and energy constraint at each node, the fusion center must be able to reliably receive the weak and noisy signals. In our approach the fusion center consists of a Rake receiver capable of collecting multiple replicas of the same information from the nodes in the WSN. The performance of the proposed cooperative diversity scheme is then studied in terms of throughput, bit error probability, and energy efficiency. The results obtained show that, as the number of nodes increases, the proposed approach increases network lifetime, communication reliability, and throughput.
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    Delayed PIC for Postcorrelation Mitigation of Continuous Wave and Multiple Access Interference in GPS Receivers (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: Several techniques are available to mitigate the problem of multiple access interference (MAI) caused by the limited dynamic range of the 1023-chip global positioning system (GPS) coarse acquisition Gold codes. MAI causes difficulties in several high-sensitivity applications, including indoor GPS and the use of pseudolites for GPS augmentation. This paper provides details on a variation on the existing techniques of successive interference cancellation (SIC) and parallel interference cancellation (PIC), but with the advantage of being more readily applied. This postcorrelation method is suitable for use in both hardware and software GPS receivers and is able to use commercially available GPS front-end chips employing 2-bit quantization of the received radio signal. The method can also be used to cancel some forms of continuous wave (CW) interference. Simulation results providing statistics on the effectiveness of the technique are provided, as well as results obtained when the technique was implemented in hardware on a GPS receiver based on a field programmable gate array correlator. The proposed method is also compared to some other MAI-mitigating techniques.
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    High Resolution ISAR Imaging of Targets with Rotating Parts (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: For a target with rotating parts, the ISAR image of its main body may be overshadowed by micro-Doppler signals, which are traditionally treated as interference and removed from radar echoes. However, it is potentially useful to perform imaging using micro-Doppler signals because they contain information on the geometrical structure of the rotating part. Inspired by the inverse Radon transform, well-known in the image processing community, this paper creates a data-recording model for two-dimensional (2D) ISAR imaging of rotating parts. Based on this model, the real-valued inverse Radon transform is applied to image formation in the range-slow time domain. Then we put forward a complex-valued inverse Radon transform for imaging of rotating parts, which utilizes both the sinusoidal modulus and the phase of the radar echoes. Additionally, we analyze possible problems when applying these algorithms in real world situations and provide corresponding solutions. Finally, the effectiveness of the algorithms is demonstrated using simulated and measured data.
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    Cooperative Search by UAV Teams: A Model Predictive Approach using Dynamic Graphs (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: A receding-horizon cooperative search algorithm is presented that jointly optimizes routes and sensor orientations for a team of autonomous agents searching for a mobile target in a closed and bounded region. By sampling this region at locations with high target probability at each time step, we reduce the continuous search problem to a sequence of optimizations on a finite, dynamically updated graph whose vertices represent waypoints for the searchers and whose edges indicate potential connections between the waypoints. Paths are computed on this graph using a receding-horizon approach, in which the horizon is a fixed number of graph vertices. To facilitate a fair comparison between paths of varying length on nonuniform graphs, the optimization criterion measures the probability of finding the target per unit travel time. Using this algorithm, we show that the team discovers the target in finite time with probability one. Simulations verify that this algorithm makes effective use of agents and outperforms previously proposed search algorithms. We have successfully hardware tested this algorithm in two small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with gimbaled video cameras.
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    Multipath Insensitive Delay Lock Loop in GNSS Receivers (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: The code measurement suffers from multiple error sources and especially multipath. The latter is unpredictable and changes in space and over time. Many interesting multipath mitigation techniques have been proposed. Most of them are not sufficiently effective for precise positioning using the code measurement. This paper presents a multipath insensitive delay lock loop that aims to improve the pseudorange measurement precision in the presence of multipath. This code loop is simple and does not require postprocessing of observables. Simulation and real implementation results showed that the proposed code loop dramatically improves the tracking error due to multipaths. Tracking error is limited to 1 m on pseudorange in typical multipath environments. This loop is more sensitive than the standard delay lock loop to thermal noise and applies predominantly to strong GNSS signals.
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    Joint DOA, Range, and Polarization Estimation in the Fresnel Region (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: A new algorithm of joint direction-of-arrival (DOA), range, and polarization estimation is proposed to localize multiple polarized sources in the Fresnel region. The algorithm is based on a sparse linear array composed of dual-polarization sensors with symmetric subarray partition. By the symmetric property of sparse linear array, the steering vector of the polarized array can be expressed as the product of a complex matrix with the signal's DOA and a complex matrix with the signal's range and a complex vector with the signal's polarization. A spectral rank reduction (RARE) algorithm is presented to estimate the DOA independent from the range and polarization. With each estimated DOA, the range of each source is accordingly estimated by defining the 1-D range RARE function. For each DOA and range of source, a MUSIC algorithm is finally adopted for the signal's polarization. The DOA and range identifiability of the proposed algorithm are discussed, and the range ambiguity issues caused by sparse linear array are analyzed. The proposed algorithm employs only second-order statistics and 1-D search so that its computational burden is reduced. The limitation of inter-element spacing ( d ≤ λ/4) is overcome. By numerical examples, it is shown that the proposed algorithm can enhance the angle resolution even with the limited number of sensors.
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    Analysis of the Robustness of Bistatic Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar in the Presence of Phase Synchronisation Errors (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: Bistatic inverse synthetic aperture radar (B-ISAR) has the potential to become the radar imaging tool for obtaining noncooperative target images in arbitrary bistatic configurations. A monostatic ISAR processor is used here to form B-ISAR images and its robustness is tested with respect to phase synchronisation errors and rapidly time-varying bistatic configurations. Specifically, the B-ISAR point spread function (PSF) is analytically derived and the problem of B-ISAR image autofocusing is reformulated in such conditions. It is shown that, in most bistatic scenarios, the range-Doppler (RD) based monostatic ISAR processor is able to form focussed B-ISAR images. Simulation results are used to support the theoretical results.
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    Highly-Dynamic Cross-Layered Aeronautical Network Architecture (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: Highly-dynamic wireless environments present unique challenges to end-to-end communication networks, caused by the time-varying connectivity of high-velocity nodes combined with the unreliability of the wireless communication channel. Such conditions are found in a variety of networks, including those used for tactical communications and aeronautical telemetry. Addressing these challenges requires the design of new protocols and mechanisms specific to this environment. We present a new domain-specific architecture and protocol suite, including cross-layer optimizations between the physical, MAC, network, and transport layers. This provides selectable reliability for multiple applications within highly mobile tactical airborne networks. Our contributions for this environment include the transmission control protocol (TCP)-friendly transport protocol, AeroTP; the IP-compatible network layer, AeroNP; and the geolocation aware routing protocol AeroRP. Through simulations we show significant performance improvement over the traditional TCP/IP/MANET protocol stack.
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    On Accumulated State Densities with Applications to Out-of-Sequence Measurement Processing (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: In target tracking applications, the full information on the kinematic target states accumulated over a certain time window up to the present time is contained in the joint probability density function of these state vectors, given the time series of all sensor data. This joint density may also be called an accumulated state density (ASD) and provides a unified treatment of filtering and retrodiction insofar as by marginalizing the ASD, the standard filtering and retrodiction densities are obtained. In addition, ASDs fully describe the posterior correlations between the states at different instants of time. The notion of ASDs and closed formulae for calculating them are discussed. The practical usefulness of considering ASDs is illustrated by applications, where out-of-sequence (OoS) measurements are to be processed within the framework of a centralized measurement fusion architecture, i.e., when the sensor data do not arrive in the temporal order, in which they were produced. The approach can be applied to Kalman, multiple hypothesis tracking (MHT), and interacting multiple model (IMM) filtering.
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    Probabilistic Validation of Simplified Models of Spacecraft Formations near Libration Points (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: This paper introduces a method to probabilistically evaluate the validity of dynamics model approximations, and applies this method to simplified models of satellite formation dynamics near the Sun-Earth/Moon L2 libration point. The method uses a Monte Carlo scheme similar to a sampling importance resampling (SIR) filter to evolve state probability densities through several satellite dynamics models of differing complexity. The evolved densities are fit with a Gaussian mixture model and compared probabilistically to evaluate the validity of the simplified dynamics models over time. With this method, analysis of a formation flying mission on a halo orbit near the Sun/Earth-Moon L2 point reveals a 2 hr window of validity in which the relative satellite dynamics are indistinguishable from a double integrator (DI) and initial relative velocities drive model uncertainty.
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    A Nonlinear Observer-Based Strategy for Aircraft Oscillatory Failure Detection: A380 Case Study (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: Robust and early detection of oscillatory failures in the electrical flight control system of an aircraft is a crucial issue. Oscillatory failures, if not detected and passivated in time, can lead to strong interactions with loads and aeroelasticity and may potentially lead to structural damages. A nonlinear observer-based solution to detect such failures with small amplitude at a very early stage is presented. The stability and convergence proofs are given and experimental results with real A380 flight data are presented.
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    Specific Length Trajectories Optimised for Maximum Acceleration using Conic Parameterised Clothoids (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: One current method of aircraft flightpath generation employs multi-segmented straight trajectories with each consecutive pair of segments filleted with arcs of constant radius. A difficulty of infeasibility immediately arises. In order for an aircraft to make the transition from a straight to a curved path segment (or vice versa) there is a physical requirement for a step acceleration, implying an infinite jerk. Clothoid curves provide a solution and have been investigated to fillet the consecutive segments. However, in this case, the mathematical definition of the clothoid is in terms of an integral that precludes closed-form solutions for critical guidance parameters. The attractiveness of the clothoid is to solve the physical infeasibility problem, however the mathematical intractability inherent in the approach has attracted limited attention despite being recognised as a major concern through early experiments. A method is presented here where double clothoid curves are used to fillet consecutive segments. This work goes beyond present practice to provide closed form solutions by using the hyperbola as a clothoid facsimile. Acceleration constraints have been enforced, both accumulative and maximum, and both the reference bank angle and bank angle rate have been expressed analytically in closed-form in terms of hyperbolic parameters. The solution can be optimised in terms of accumulative acceleration and path length, whilst simultaneously enforcing maximum acceleration constraints. This method of trajectory generation is attractive for implementation with air traffic management separation assurance, tunnel-in-the-sky, and other proposed cockpit display systems.
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    Effect of Estimation on the Performance of an Integrated Missile Guidance and Control System (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: Motivated by spectral separation, guidance and control systems of interceptors are traditionally designed separately. However, interception of highly maneuverable targets and increased interception accuracy requirements lead to intense maneuvering during the last phase of the engagement, thus violating the spectral separation assumption of the conventional two-loop design. This has boosted the interest in integrated guidance-control designs that demonstrate superior interception accuracies by accounting for the coupling between the kinematics and dynamics of the problem. One of the approaches used for the integrated design is the sliding mode control (SMC) methodology. The results presented so far assumed full state information. We examine the effect of estimation on the performance of the integrated sliding mode controller design. In particular, a sliding mode observer/differentiator (SMOD) is used to estimate the target states. Through an intensive numerical study it is shown that the integrated guidance-control approach has a clear advantage over a conventional separated two-loop design. This advantage is attributed to the robustness of the integrated sliding mode controller design that better deals with the estimation errors and measurements noises.
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    Automatic Understanding of ATC Speech: Study of Prospectives and Field Experiments for Several Controller Positions (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: Although there has been a lot of interest in recognizing and understanding air traffic control (ATC) speech, none of the published works have obtained detailed field data results. We have developed a system able to identify the language spoken and recognize and understand sentences in both Spanish and English. We also present field results for several in-tower controller positions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that field ATC speech (not simulated) is captured, processed, and analyzed. The use of stochastic grammars allows variations in the standard phraseology that appear in field data. The robust understanding algorithm developed has 95% concept accuracy from ATC text input. It also allows changes in the presentation order of the concepts and the correction of errors created by the speech recognition engine improving it by 17% and 25%, respectively, absolute in the percentage of fully correctly understood sentences for English and Spanish in relation to the percentages of fully correctly recognized sentences. The analysis of errors due to the spontaneity of the speech and its comparison to read speech is also carried out. A 96% word accuracy for read speech is reduced to 86% word accuracy for field ATC data for Spanish for the "clearances" task confirming that field data is needed to estimate the performance of a system. A literature review and a critical discussion on the possibilities of speech recognition and understanding technology applied to ATC speech are also given.
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    Novel Technique for Vision-Based UAV Navigation (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: We describe a novel technique for vision-based UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) navigation. In this technique, the navigation (position estimation) problem is formulated as a tracking problem and solved by a particle filter. The state and observation models of the particle filter are established based on a stereo analysis of the image sequence generated by the UAV's video camera in connection with a DEM (digital elevation map) of the area of the flight, which helps to control estimation error accumulation. The efficacy of this technique is demonstrated by simulation results.
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    The Modified Riccati Equation for Amplitude-Aided Target Tracking in Heavy-Tailed Clutter (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: The performance of tracking methods can most often only be assessed by means of Monte-Carlo simulations. An exception to this rule is the popular probabilistic data association filter (PDAF), whose root mean square error (RMSE) can be predicted by means of the modified Riccati equation (MRE). To the best of our knowledge, the first treatment along these lines for the PDAF with amplitude information (PDAFAI) is presented here. We evaluate the MRE with amplitude information (AI) for the case of a Swerling I target in heavy-tailed, or more precisely K -distributed, background noise. The MRE can be used to determine an optimal nominal false alarm rate. To the best of our knowledge, the first systematic approach to the determination of false alarm rates in heavy-tailed clutter is presented here. In particular, it is indicated that the PDAFAI can safely operate in the presence of very abundant clutter, while the PDAF only can cope with limited amounts of clutter.
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    Rapid Fine Strapdown INS Alignment Method under Marine Mooring Condition (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: In order to solve the strapdown inertial navigation system (INS) alignment problem under the marine mooring condition, the rapid strapdown INS fine alignment method is proposed. This method uses the gravity in the inertial frame to deal with the lineal and angular disturbances. Also the forward and backward processes for strapdown INS calculation and filter estimation are designed. Making use of the forward and backward processes to repeatedly process the saved inertial measurement unit (IMU) data sequence could quickly obtain the initial strapdown attitude matrix. Simulation and trial test validate the performance of the proposed rapid fine strapdown INS alignment.
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    Range Doppler and Image Autofocusing for FMCW Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: Inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) is a well-known technique for obtaining high-resolution radar images. ISAR techniques have been successfully applied in the recent past in combination with pulsed coherent radar. In order to be more appealing to both civilian and military fields, imaging sensors are required to be low cost, low powered, and compact. Coherent pulsed radars do not account for these requirements as much as frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radars. However, FMCW radars transmit a linear frequency modulated (LFM) sweep in a relatively long time interval when compared with the pulse length of a coherent pulse radar. During such an interval the assumption of stop&go is no longer valid, that is the target cannot be considered stationary during the acquisition of the entire sweep echo. Therefore, the target motion within the sweep must be taken into account. Such a problem is formulated and solved for ISAR systems, where the target is noncooperative and additional unknowns are added to the signal model. In the present work, the authors define a complete FMCW-ISAR received signal model, propose an ISAR image formation technique suitable for FMCW radar and derive the point spread function (PSF) of the imaging system. Finally, the proposed FMCW ISAR autofocusing algorithm is tested on simulated and real data.
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    An Autoregressive Formulation for SAR Backprojection Imaging (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: We present a recursive backprojection-based procedure for synthetic aperture imaging. In traditional synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging, radar measurements are processed in blocks of contiguous azimuth angle measurements. In continuous imaging applications, block processing generally entails significant computational overhead, in part due to overlapped processing of azimuth intervals. We consider a novel recursive update approach, in which the SAR image is updated using an autoregressive-based algorithm as new measurements are taken. In this approach, the SAR image is found as a linear combination of a small number of previous images and a term containing the current radar measurement. The computational and memory requirements of the recursive imaging approach are modest-on the order of M · N 2 , where M is the recursion order (typically ≤ 3) and N 2 is the image size. In addition, we investigate the crossrange sidelobes realized by the autoregressive (AR) imaging approach. We show that a first-order autoregression of the image gives crossrange sidelobes similar to a rectangular azimuth window, while a third-order autoregression gives sidelobes comparable to those obtained from widely-used windows in block-processing image formation. We compare images obtained from the recursive and block-processing techniques, both for a synthetic scene and for X-band SAR measurements from the Gotcha data set.
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    Interval-Based Localization using RSSI Comparison in MANETs (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: The knowledge of node positions is essential to many applications of wireless sensor networks. We propose an original model-free technique for localization in mobile ad hoc sensor networks (MANETs). Region constraints are set by a comparison of the received signal strength indicators (RSSIs) at both anchors and nonanchor nodes. The accuracy of this method remains in the way that it overcomes the use of the channel pathloss model. It is thus naturally adapted to nonstationary environments. The proposed approach uses interval analysis and constraints satisfaction techniques to compute accurate locations in a guaranteed way. Simulations are performed on group trajectories of sensors whose movements are generated using a reference point group mobility model. The simulation results confirm the efficiency of the proposed method and show that it outperforms the anchor-based methods in terms of accuracy and estimation errors.
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    Intent Inference and Syntactic Tracking with GMTI Measurements (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: In conventional target tracking systems, human operators use the estimated target tracks to make higher level inference of the target behaviour/intent. The work presented here develops syntactic filtering algorithms that assist human operators by extracting spatial patterns from target tracks to identify suspicious/anomalous spatial trajectories. The targets' spatial trajectories are modeled by a stochastic context free grammar (SCFG) and a switched mode state space model. Bayesian filtering algorithms for SCFGs are presented for extracting the syntactic structure and illustrated for a ground moving target indicator (GMTI) radar example. The performance of the algorithms is tested with the experimental data collected using DRDC Ottawa's X-band Wideband Experimental Airborne Radar (XWEAR).
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    Threshold Optimization for Tracking a Nonmaneuvering Target (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: A promising line of research attempts to bridge the gap between radar detector and radar tracker by means of considering jointly optimal parameter settings for both of these subsystems. We consider the problem of detection threshold optimization in a tracker-aware manner so that a feedback from the tracker to the detector is formed to maximize the overall system performance. We explore the research space for tracker-aware detector threshold optimization schemes and compare various approaches in a theoretical and experimental framework. In particular, we consider the optimization schemes which rely on two nonsimulation performance prediction (NSPP) algorithms for the probabilistic data association filter (PDAF), namely, the modified Riccati equation (MRE) and hybrid conditional averaging (HYCA). The study identifies a number of algorithmic and experimental evaluation gaps in this space and we propose to fill these gaps. Simulation results on relevant tracking scenarios demonstrate and discuss the behavior of the existing and proposed methods in terms of steady-state and transient tracking performance.
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    Overlap Area Assisted Call Admission Control Scheme for Communications System (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: In this paper we propose a novel call admission control scheme named overlap area assisted new call blocking scheme (NCBS-OA) for High Altitude Platform (HAP) based communications systems, which utilizes both the geographical information and the overlap area to intelligently decide when to block a new call to help avoid possible handover failure. An approximate analytical model is derived to estimate the new call blocking performance of the new scheme, which is verified by simulation results. Research results show that the NCBS-OA can improve the new call blocking probability significantly (by a minimum of 25% for the system model with the parameter values chosen) while maintaining a zero handover call dropping probability seen with the time-based channel reservation algorithm (TCRA), and that the greater the cell radius and the more the number of connections considered in the overlap area of a virtual cell, the better the new call blocking performance.
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    Cramer-Rao Bounds and Selection of Bistatic Channels for Multistatic Radar Systems (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: In this paper we deal with the problem of calculating the Cramer-Rao lower bounds (CRLBs) for bistatic radar channels. To this purpose we exploited the relation between the ambiguity function (AF) and the CRLB. The bistatic CRLBs are analyzed and compared with the monostatic counterparts as a function of the bistatic geometric parameters. In the bistatic case both geometry factors and transmitted waveforms play an important role in the shape of the AF, and therefore in the estimation accuracy of the target range and velocity. In particular, the CRLBs depend on the target direction of arrival (DOA), the bistatic baseline length (BBL), and the distance between the target and the receiver. The CRLBs are then used to select the "optimum" bistatic channel (or set of channels) for the tracking of a radar target moving along a trajectory in a multistatic scenario.
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    Efficient Real-Time Generation of Bit-Wise Parallel Representations of Oversampled Carrier Replicas (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: An algorithm has been developed that efficiently generates in-phase and quadrature carrier replicas over a range of Doppler shift frequencies and initial phase offsets. This algorithm provides a new method that aids in bit-wise parallel baseband mixing of signals in software radios, specifically targeted at GNSS radios. Bit-wise parallel correlation, of which one step is baseband mixing, provides a processing time speed-up when correlating signals that are digitized to a low number of bits, as opposed to the standard multiply-and-accumulate correlation. The new algorithm makes use of the small phase differences between a set of signals that have a large ratio of the IF to the Doppler shift frequency. It uses specially-designed look-up tables to generate carrier replicas on-the-fly. This new algorithm can efficiently generate bit-packed carrier replicas using a small look-up table (10-100 s of kBytes).
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    Coordinate Registration Method based on Sea/Land Transitions Identification for Over-the-Horizon Sky-Wave Radar: Numerical Model and Basic Performance Requirements (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: We propose an approach to the problem of range coordinate registration (CR) for HF band over-the-horizon sky-wave radar (OTHR-SW) signals on a single pulse basis. The approach is based on the a priori knowledge of the displacement of the sea/land transitions within the area illuminated by the radar antenna beam. It takes advantage of the geomorphological structure of the surveillance area, which is exploited to build a surface correlation mask that is in turn used as a geographic reference for the received radar echo. The method is based on the maximization of the cross-correlation between the received radar echo and the surface mask signatures. We describe first an extended numerical model of the whole HF OTHR-SW scenario for simulating the received signal, then we show the results of the application of the method under simplifying operative hypotheses that allow to point out the minimum requirements in terms of received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and differential sea/land backscattering coefficient for achieving given accuracies in the range estimates.
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    Update to the Hybrid Conditional Averaging Performance Prediction of the IMM Algorithm (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: Traditionally the performance evaluation of a target tracking algorithm is accomplished via Monte Carlo simulations for each specific scenario of interest. For some applications, the time and computational resource requirements of performing the necessary simulations for algorithm design is excessive; so the need for performance prediction becomes paramount. One method of performance prediction developed during the early 1990s is the hybrid conditional averaging (HYCA) technique, which can be used to predict the performance of the interacting multiple model (IMM) algorithm. Applying the HYCA technique to the IMM algorithm as originally developed leads to poor performance prediction in certain situations. A new extension used in these circumstances is shown to lead to superior performance prediction without an increase in computational complexity compared with the originally developed algorithm for such situations.
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    Optimization of Satellite Laser Communication Subject to Log-Square-Hoyt Fading (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: In the existing studies of satellite laser communications, the variances in the azimuth and elevation axes of a swaying transmitter are usually assumed to be identical. In this correspondence, the analysis is extended to the general case in which these two variances are not the same. It is shown that the transmitter radial pointing error angle follows the Hoyt distribution. Furthermore, we prove that the instantaneous signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) follows the log-square-Hoyt distribution. Based on these results, we establish an optimization model to minimize the outage probability, subject to a specified transmitter power, by adjusting some system parameters such as the transmitter gain. A closed form of the solution is obtained and a set of representative curves are presented.
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    Efficient Time-Domain Image Formation with Precise Topography Accommodation for General Bistatic SAR Configurations (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: Due to the lack of an appropriate symmetry in the acquisition geometry, general bistatic synthetic aperture radar (SAR) cannot benefit from the two main properties of low-to-moderate resolution monostatic SAR: azimuth-invariance and topography-insensitivity. The precise accommodation of azimuth-variance and topography is a real challenge for efficent image formation algorithms working in the Fourier domain, but can be quite naturally handled by time-domain approaches. We present an efficient and practical implementation of a generalised bistatic SAR image formation algorithm with an accurate accommodation of these two effects. The algorithm has a common structure with the monostatic fast-factorised backprojection (FFBP), and is therefore based on subaperture processing. The images computed over the different subapertures are displayed in an advantageous elliptical coordinate system capable of incorporating the topographic information of the imaged scene in an analogous manner as topography-dependent monostatic SAR algorithms do. Analytical expressions for the Nyquist requirements using this coordinate system are derived. The overall discussion includes practical implementation hints and a realistic computational burden estimation. The algorithm is tested with both simulated and actual bistatic SAR data. The actual data correspond to the spaceborne-airborne experiment between TerraSAR-X and F-SAR performed in 2007 and to the DLR-ONERA airborne experiment carried out in 2003. The presented approach proves its suitability for the precise SAR focussing of the data acquired in general bistatic configurations.
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    A Kullback-Leibler Methodology for Unconditional ML DOA Estimation in Unknown Nonuniform Noise (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: Maximum likelihood (ML) direction-of arrival (DOA) estimation of multiple narrowband sources in unknown nonuniform white noise is considered. A new iterative algorithm for stochastic ML DOA estimation is presented. The stepwise concentration of the log-likelihood (LL) function with respect to the signal and noise nuisance parameters is derived by alternating minimization of the Kullback-Leibler divergence between a model family of probability distributions defined on the unconditional model and a desired family of probability distributions constrained to be concentrated on the observed data. The new algorithm presents the advantage to provide closed-form expressions for the signal and noise nuisance parameter estimates which results in a substantial reduction of the parameter space required for numerical optimization. The proposed algorithm converges only after a few iterations and its effectiveness is confirmed in a simulation example.
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    Interacting Methods for Manoeuvre Handling in the GM-PHD Filter (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: Probability hypothesis density (PHD) filter implementations with jump Markov linear system (JMLS) manoeuvre handling are well known. A new derivation, following the method of the popular interacting multiple model (IMM) filter from single target tracking, is presented and is shown to be equivalent to existing implementations. The resulting filter is shown to reduce to the optimal Bayes solution for jointly estimating target state and motion mode in the single target, linear, and Gaussian case.
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    Examination of a Popular Out-of-Sequence Measurement Update Algorithm (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: We examine an out-of-sequence measurement (OoSM) update algorithm by Bar-Shalom. We demonstrate that "Algorithm C" is mathematically equivalent to initializing a track with the OoSM, predicting that track to the current time without process noise, then using the OoSM track as a pseudomeasurement to update the system track. We argue that a more reasonable approximation includes process noise in the OoSM prediction. Like Algorithm C, the proposed algorithm makes use only of current track information.
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    New Approach for SAR Doppler Ambiguity Resolution in Compressed Range Time and Scaled Azimuth Time Domain (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: A new approach is addressed for Doppler ambiguity resolution. This method exploits the fact that, in compressed range time and special scaled azimuth time domain, all the trajectories exhibit the same slope, which is proportional to the Doppler ambiguity number. The method can directly estimate the ambiguity number without a priori knowledge on the baseband Doppler centroid. It is confirmed that this approach is robust to the partially exposed strong targets in azimuth, ground slowly moving targets and the motion variation of platform in realistic scenarios. Results of real measured data processing show that this method works well in medium- to high-contrast scenes and can basically (not always) provide the right estimate in low-contrast scenes.
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    Performance Analysis of Noncoherent Pulse Compression Technique (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: Noncoherent pulse compression (NCPC) is a recently investigated variant of the classical (coherent) coded pulse compression technique [1-5]. The performance of NCPC under various signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions is investigated and compared with coherent pulse compression (CPC). Various performance measurement approaches are used to quantify NCPC performance. All of them indicate very similar performance trends. It was found that, as the SNR of received signal decreases, the advantage of pulse compression in terms of improved SNR, gets diminished. It is therefore argued that NCPC is not well suited for low input SNR conditions, and for applications requiring large pulse compression gain.
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    Aircraft Attenuation Measurements and Radio Interference Scenarios Between In-Cabin and Terrestrial Cellular Networks (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: This paper presents an outdoor-to-aircraft measurement campaign conducted inside a long range Airbus A340-300 aircraft. The attenuation induced by the hull of the aircraft for various operational frequencies is determined and these results are utilized to perform interference studies and assess whether the aircraft mobile terminal interferes to the ground base station and the opposite.
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    Parameter Selection in Sparsity-Driven SAR Imaging (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: We consider a recently developed sparsity-driven synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging approach which can produce superresolution, feature-enhanced images. However, this regularization-based approach requires the selection of a hyper-parameter in order to generate such high-quality images. In this paper we present a number of techniques for automatically selecting the hyper-parameter involved in this problem. We propose and develop numerical procedures for the use of Stein's unbiased risk estimation, generalized cross-validation, and L-curve techniques for automatic parameter choice. We demonstrate and compare the effectiveness of these procedures through experiments based on both simple synthetic scenes, as well as electromagnetically simulated realistic data. Our results suggest that sparsity-driven SAR imaging coupled with the proposed automatic parameter choice procedures offers significant improvements over conventional SAR imaging.
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    How Many Low-Precision Sensors are Enough for Reliable Detection? (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: This paper investigates the problem of achieving any given detection performance through combining multiple independent low-precision sensors with uncertain parameters. It shows that the achievability is robustly guaranteed when the number of sensors is above some level. An example is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the obtained results.
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    A Multi-Dimensional Hough Transform-Based Track-Before-Detect Technique for Detecting Weak Targets in Strong Clutter Backgrounds (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: The Hough transform (HT) algorithm detects straight-line features in two-dimensional data. This correspondence extends the HT to N -dimensional data to efficiently combine multiple first-threshold crossings from moving targets. The data dimensions can be the target position, its range and range-rate, and/or the first-threshold crossing times. This multi-dimensional HT (MHT) technique can be applied to enhance the detection of targets in random clutter backgrounds through the application of track-before-detect (TBD) processing.
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    Efficient Velocity Filter Implementations for Dim Target Detection (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: Efficient frequency domain and recursive spatiotemporal (RST) velocity filter implementations are presented. In the frequency domain, the sliding discrete Fourier transform (SDFT) is exploited to yield a track-before-detect (TBD) algorithm with a complexity that is independent of the filter integration time. The performance of the filters is examined using simulation and real sensor data. When processing the real data, the SDFT implementation is approximately 3 times faster than the equivalent fast Fourier transform (FFT) implementation and 16 times faster than the corresponding spatiotemporal (ST) implementation. The RST filter outperformed all other implementations when simulated data were used.
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    Finite Element Model of Electrical Machines Coupled to the Grid Simulation Software (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: Using a finite element (FE) model of the electrical machine in a grid solver enables us to take the machine nonlinearities into account with great precision in the simulation of a complete system. Three methods are usually used for linking the grid and FE solver: direct coupling, lumped components, and current or voltage output approach. In this article, the coupling is treated as the resolution of a nonlinear equation system that is solved with the Newton method. The proposed linking scheme has been used to simulate a two phase short circuit on a hydrogenerator. Its results have been validated by running the same simulation with commercially available software.
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    Effect of Control Strategies and Power Take-Off Efficiency on the Power Capture From Sea Waves (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: The choice of the most suitable control strategy for wave energy converters (WECs) is often evaluated with reference to the sinusoidal assumption for incident waves. Under this hypothesis, linear techniques for the control of the extracted power, as passive loading and optimum control, are well known and widely analyzed. It can be shown, however, how their performances are fundamentally different when irregular waves are considered and the theoretical superiority of optimum control is questionable under real wave conditions. Moreover, the global optimization of WECs implies a rational design of the power electronics equipment. This requires the analysis of the instantaneous extracted power in addition to the average one. In this paper, the impact of irregular waves on the power extraction when using different control techniques is analyzed in the case of a point absorber in heave. It is also shown how a convenient tradeoff between high average power extraction and limited power electronics overrating can be obtained by applying simple power saturation techniques. Moreover, the impact of power conversion efficiency on the control strategy is analyzed.
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    Design Optimization of Multistack Coreless Disk-Type Hysteresis Motor (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: Coreless dual disks hysteresis motors (CDDHM) have been recently introduced. The CDDHM presents some improvements in power factor and efficiency compared to general hysteresis machines. However, there is not much design or manufacturing experience available and an initial design methodology has not yet been proposed for the new machine. According to this and existing inherent complexity in the model of hysteresis motors, it is difficult to achieve an optimal design solution by applying a conventional optimization method. In this paper, an initial design approach is proposed. Then, a genetic algorithm-based method is developed to find the high-efficiency solution for an optimal CDDHM. The optimized motor has been manufactured and fitted in a test facility with a torque meter. Some experiments are carried out to prove the optimal design. Furthermore, start-up characteristics of the motor are predicted from the model and validated by a routine test.
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    Interturn Stator Faults Analysis of a 200-MVA Hydrogenerator During Transient Operation Using FEM (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: This paper presents an investigation of the behavior of a 200-MVA-synchronous hydrogenerator during interturn stator faults, focusing on the affection to the electromagnetic magnitudes, such as the currents and the electromagnetic torque. Two kinds of interturn fault are examined 1) a short circuit between two conductors belonging to the same phase; and 2) a short circuit between two conductors belonging to different phases. These faults have been investigated via simulation using the finite element method. The benefit of this method is that it gives the possibility to calculate, except from the classical electrical magnitudes (e.g., the stator and field currents, the load angle, and the electromagnetic torque), other magnitudes which in general are difficult to compute during transient operation (e.g., the damper currents and the electromagnetic field inside the machine air gap). The main aim of this paper is to highlight quantitative and qualitative the condition in the interior of the machine in the cases of typical faults, which usually can occur during the machine operation. So, it is possible to find out that faults exist in the machine through the measurement of the field and the stator currents.
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    Lead-Acid Battery Model Under Discharge With a Fast Splitting Method (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: A mathematical model of a valve-regulated lead-acid battery under discharge is presented as simplified from a standard electrodynamics model. This nonlinear reaction–diffusion model of a battery cell is solved using an operator splitting method to quickly and accurately simulate sulfuric acid concentration. This splitting method incorporates one-sided approximation schemes to preserve continuity over material interfaces encompassing discontinuous parameters. Numerical results are compared with measured data by calculating battery voltage from modeled acid concentration as derived from the Nernst equation.
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    Calculation of a Complex 3-D Model of a Turbogenerator With End Region Regarding Electrical Losses, Cooling, and Heating (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: A significant problem of turbogenerators on complex end structures is overheating of local parts caused by end losses and complex fluid flow in the end region. Therefore, it is important to investigate the 3-D flow and heat transfer process in the end. Using a 200-MW air-cooled turbogenerator as an example, the influences of end cores and the actual shapes and material of the end coils, press finger, press plate, and copper shield are considered for the end field calculation; then, the physical and mathematical models of the coil end with involute portions are created. The 3-D electromagnetic field was calculated and the losses of different parts in the end and its distribution were obtained. Based on this, the losses from magnetic field calculations will be applied to the end as heat sources in the temperature field. For symmetry of the ventilated structure, the fluid and thermal physical models of the generator within the half-axial section were determined. A set of equations of fluid flow and heat transfer were derived from the fluid–solid conjugated heat transfer and the fluid and temperature distributions were obtained after solving the equations. All of the aforementioned will provide a theoretical basis for the generator safe operation.
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    Determination of Hydro Generator Efficiency Using Infrared Thermal Imaging Techniques (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: The calorimetric method has for a long time been applied for energy conversion efficiency measurement in electrical machines. The number of temperature sensors necessary for its successful application in the field constitutes in one of the major drawbacks of the method. This paper shows how the usage of IR thermal imaging techniques can reduce costs and the necessary time for the calorimetric method application. In addition, contribution to the heat transfer coefficient determination and a new approach to consider conduction losses in the generator shaft are also presented.
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    DC-Bus Voltage Control Technique for Parallel-Integrated Permanent Magnet Wind Generation Systems (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: This paper presents a dc-bus voltage control technique for a new power conversion topology feasible for parallel-integrated permanent magnet (PM) wind generation systems. This technique is based on a master–slave hysteresis control scheme in order to solve discrepancy problems that could happen between the controllers. A three-phase semicontrolled rectifier topology is proposed here as an effective interface circuit between each wind generator and the dc-bus. The proposed system provides interconnection extension ability of multiwind converter units sharing the same dc-bus and more economic utilization of the wind generator; by ensuring unity power factor operation. More advantages include voltage disturbance compensation capability, robustness: since a short circuit through a leg is not possible and high efficiency: due to the reduced number of switching elements. The rectifier topology concept, the principle of operation, the control scheme, and test results are presented. The developed technique is also implemented on a 12 kW parallel-connected PM laboratory setup in order to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed system.
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    Design and Analysis of an Electromechanical Battery for Rural Electrification in Sub-Saharan Africa (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: This paper presents the design and analysis of an electromechanical flywheel energy storage system to enhance rural electrification in sub-Saharan Africa. The system consists of a flywheel rotor, an electrical machine, control system, bearings, and a containment structure. With the exception of the power electronics and magnets, local materials were used for the manufacture of the flywheel system. The flywheel rotor is made from glass fiber-epoxy composite, designed using novel shape profiles and utilizes a stress based solution by introducing a central hole for shaft inclusion. The system was accelerated to 6000 r/min storing up to 227 kJ. Numerical stress analyses were performed during the design stage to ensure that the maximum tensile strength is not exceeded. A lumped parameter thermal model is used to estimate the temperature distribution to ensure safe operating conditions of the flywheel system and environment. A life cycle cost analysis performed found that by integrating a flywheel system into a Solar Home System implies a cost savings of 35% per kilowatthour when compared with lead-acid batteries.
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    Experimental Research on the Influence of Wind Turbine Blade Rotation on the Characteristics of Atmospheric Discharges (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: The experimental research, whose most important segments are described in this paper, is one of the first attempts to determine the influence of wind turbine blade rotation on likelihood of getting struck by lightning. The tests were conducted in the high-voltage laboratory, applying the up-and-down method for determination of the 50% flashover standard switching voltage. The impulse voltage waves were applied between the specially designed arching electrode and the blades of a reduced-size wind turbine model, driven by a frequency controlled motor. Two types of lightning protection systems and the case of absent protection system were examined. According to the theory of similarity this paper discusses the characteristics of direct atmospheric discharges for the following typical rotational speeds of the wind turbine: w  =  0 r/min (when the wind turbine is idle), w  =  250 r/min (for the winds of moderate strength), and w   =  400 r/min (rated rotor speed).
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    Doubly Fed Induction Generator Subject to Symmetrical Voltage Sags (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: The aim of this paper is to analyze the dynamic behavior of the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) subject to symmetrical voltage sags caused by three-phase faults. A simple control algorithm is considered and assumed ideal: the rotor current $i_{rf}$ in the synchronous reference frame is kept constant. This hypothesis allows the electrical transient to be solved analytically, providing a comprehensive description of DFIG behavior under symmetrical sags. The fault-clearing physics of symmetrical sags is also analyzed. That is, the fault is cleared in the successive natural fault-current zeros, leading to a voltage recovery in one, two, or three steps. This clearing process, called discrete fault clearing in this paper, results in a more accurate sag modeling than the abrupt or instantaneous fault clearing (the usual modeling in the literature). The fault-clearing process has a strong influence on the rotor voltage required to control the rotor current after fault clearing. To compare the effects of both abrupt and discrete sags, different wind turbine (WT) operating points, which determine different generated powers, are considered. This study helps in the understanding of WT fault ride-through capability.
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    A Hybrid Battery Model Capable of Capturing Dynamic Circuit Characteristics and Nonlinear Capacity Effects (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: A high-fidelity battery model capable of accurately predicting battery performance is required for proper design and operation of battery-powered systems. However, the existing battery models have at least one of the following drawbacks: 1) requiring intensive computation due to high complexity; 2) not applicable for electrical circuit design and simulation; and 3) not capable of accurately capturing the state of charge (SOC) and predicting runtime of the battery due to neglecting the nonlinear capacity effects. This paper proposes a novel hybrid battery model, which takes the advantages of an electrical circuit battery model to accurately predicting the dynamic circuit characteristics of the battery and an analytical battery model to capturing the nonlinear capacity effects for the accurate SOC tracking and runtime prediction of the battery. The proposed battery model is validated by the simulation and experimental studies for the single-cell and multicell polymer lithium-ion batteries, as well as for a lead-acid battery. The proposed model is applicable to other types and sizes of electrochemical battery cells. The proposed battery model is computational effective for simulation, design, and real-time management of battery-powered systems.
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    Modeling and Ride-Through Control of Doubly Fed Induction Generators During Symmetrical Voltage Sags (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-06
    Description: Modern grid codes determine that wind generation plants must not be disconnected from the grid during some levels of voltage sags and contribute to network stabilization. Wind energy conversion systems equipped with the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) are one of the most frequently used topologies, but they are sensitive to grid disturbances due to the stator direct connection to the grid. Therefore, many efforts have been done in the last few years in order to improve their low-voltage ride-through capability. This paper analyzes the behavior of the DFIG during symmetrical voltage sags using models in the frequency domain. A new strategy, the machine magnetizing current control, is proposed in order to enhance the system response during balanced dips. The method is derived on a theoretical basis and numerically investigated by means of simulation. Experimental results are presented and validate the proposed strategy. Finally, the practical aspects of the use of this strategy are discussed.
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    A Blast of Activity (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-01
    Description: The growth of wind power activities within the IEEE power & energy Society (PES) has been nothing short of phenomenal. Those who thought electric power was a mature industry have learned that it is far from that. Wind power has changed the face of the industry and has instigated fundamental changes in the ways power systems are designed and operated. Wind power blurs the traditional distinction between generating resources, which produce power according to dispatch commands from operators, and system load, which is variable and uncertain but predictable by means of forecasts. A lot has been learned, but as wind power penetration continues to increase, the challenges do too. PES has responded with a greatly increased level of wind-related activities.
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    Models for Change (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-01
    Description: Not much more than a decade ago, the desired action for a wind generation facility was to shut down or disconnect electrically in the event of a disruption on the bulk electric system. This, of course, was a reflection of the novelty that was wind generation at the time, as well as prudent engineering judgment, as the loss of a small amount of generation-the wind plants that were in service at the time-posed little risk to system reliability.
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    Driving Forces Behind Wind (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-01
    Description: The regional transmission organizations (RTOS), independent system operators (ISOs), and utilities in the United States are coordinating interregional studies and planning their systems to facilitate wind plant deployment and to meet the ever-changing requirements of renewable energy standards. Individual states have passed renewable energy standards (RESs), set goals, and implemented other legislative and public utility commission regulations that require transmission to be built to deliver the renewable energy. Renewable energy grew significantly in the years 2006-2009, and changes, such as California's 33% renewable energy requirement and Indiana's renewable energy goal, continue to be made. RTO, ISO, and utility developments are reflected in modifications that have been made to the wholesale markets, operating practices, planning procedures, and transmission tariffs. Figure 1 shows the footprint of the ten North American RTOs and ISOs and includes the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) as well.
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    A Look Back & Forward [Leader's Corner] (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-01
    Description: It's hard to believe that two years have passed. It seems like my term just began. I thought I would use my final column as IEEE Power & Energy Society (PES) president to share highlights of these past two years and reflect on some of the challenges facing PES.
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    Currents of Change (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-01
    Description: The power systems in Denmark, Portugal, Spain, Ireland, and Germany have some of the highest wind penetrations in the world, as shown in the paper. In this article, the situations of five countries with high wind penetration are briefly presented, with special emphasis given to their future needs with respect to accommodating targeted wind power amounts. The final section provides an overview of offshore grid developments and plans in Europe.
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    Balancing Act (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-01
    Description: The paper presents the functions of the Integration of Variable Generation Task Force (IVGTF) created by the planning and operating committees of the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) in 2008. This is in anticipation of the substantial growth of renewable variable generation such as wind and solar resources.
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    Two for Review: Linear systems & Automatic generaion (review of "Intelligent Automatic Generation Control"; Bevrani, H. and Hiyama, T.; 2011) [Book Reviews] (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-01
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    Windy conditions [From the Editor] (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-01
    Description: I am pleased to offer this issue devoted to the integration of wind-generated power into the electric grid. This is our fourth look at this subject, each coming at two-year intervals. When we last looked, wind power constituted 1.5% of worldwide electricity usage (according to 2008 figures); that number has grown to 2.5% (per 2010 figures). Several countries have achieved relatively high levels of wind power generation, notably Denmark (21%), Portugal (18%), Spain (16%), Ireland (14%), and Germany (9%). During that same period (2008–2010) China has installed approximately 30 GW, a almost four-fold increase in wind generation.
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    Two for Review: Linear systems & Automatic generaion (review of "Linear Systems" ; Bourles, H.; 2010) [Book Reviews] (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-01
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    Atmospheric Pressure (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-01
    Description: This article focuses on the latest trends and enhancements emerging in system operations as wind penetrations grow. We discuss technical improvements, current and pending market changes for very high levels of variable generation, the value of forecasting improvements, and the collaborative work that may lead to improved forecasting. This is work at the cutting edge, gathering the latest examples that the authors believe to be of special interest, and we expect this area to remain vibrant and dynamic for many years to come.
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    Wind Energy in China (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-01
    Description: China is a land with abundant wind resources. According to the latest official release of the national wind energy resource assessment results, 50-m-high wind energy resource potential amounts to about 2,580 GW, of which 2,380 GW is onshore and 200 GW is offshore in the 5-25-m range of water depth. The areas suitable for developing large-scale wind power include Northeast, Northwest, and North China, as well as coastal areas in the provinces of Jiangsu and Shandong, where wind power potential accounts for about 80% of the wind energy resource potential of the whole country, as shown in Figure 1. (This article does not contain the data and information of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Macao Special Administrative Region, and Taiwan region; maps are for illustrative purposes only.).
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    Grid Integration [In My View] (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-01
    Description: As a research area, grid integration of variable renewable energy resources touches all areas of electrical power engineering. It stretches into areas as diverse as economics and social science, is both applied and fundamental, and has aspects that require technology development and others that require analysis. It is topical and fast moving, has longevity, and involves stakeholders as diverse as policy makers, equipment manufacturers, and system operators. Grid integration is, in my view, the most interesting and exciting area of research in the world today. In addition to experiencing increasing levels of renewable energy sources, electricity grids are undergoing other significant changes including the deployment of smart meters, more active demand-side participation, and increasing levels of energy efficiency. Electricity is also increasingly moving into the transport (electric vehicles) and heat (heat pumps) markets. Hence electricity grids are set to become even more central in energy systems, and the future is truly "electric".
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    Wind Integration [Guest Editorial] (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-01
    Description: Looking back two years to the last issue of IEEE Power and Energy Magazine devoted to utility wind integration issues, much has changed and much has stayed the same. In the middle of 2009, the United States was experiencing its best year ever in terms of wind plant installation, setting a new record of 10,000 MW installed. The installation rate took a nose dive in 2010, falling in half to 5,000 MW, in the midst of an economic recession, declining demand, and low natural gas prices. Projections for 2011 are somewhat better than 2010, but not as good as 2009.
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    2012 IEEE Power and Energy Society Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-01
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    Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Schedule Expands Worldwide (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-01
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    Asheville's Biltmore Estate [History] (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-23
    Description: BILTMORE, LOCATED IN ASHE-ville in western North Carolina, is considered to be the largest private residence in the United States. The house was built for George Washington Vanderbilt, a grandson of Cornelius (“Commodore”) Vanderbilt of New York Central Railroad fame. This French château-style mansion contains a total of 250 rooms that encompass a floor area of more than four acres (1.62 hectare). Officially opened by Vanderbilt on Christmas Eve 1895, the house is still family owned and is open to the public every day of the year as a museum (see Figure 1).
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    Intelligent Design" Real-Time Simulation for Smart Grid Control and Communications Design (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-23
    Description: IT IS GENERALLY RECOGNIZED THAT A HIGH-BANDWIDTH and highly available networked communication system should overlay the transmission system topology in order to enable the control and protection envisaged today to make the grid more efficient and more reliable. The specifications for such a communication system have been difficult to develop, however, because it needs to support a great variety of applications, many of which have not yet been developed. Organizations such as the North American SynchroPhasor Initiative (NASPI) are trying to build on this vision of a communication system that can utilize phasor measurement data to initiate fast controllers, including flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices.
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    IEEE and PES awards [Society News] (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-23
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    PES Meetings [Calendar] (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-23
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    Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Schedule Expands Worldwide (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-23
    Print ISSN: 1540-7977
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-4216
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Protecting the Grid [In My View] (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-23
    Description: THE BEST DEFENSE AGAINST any potential disaster is preparation. Taking the time to protect key assets before disaster strikes can help to minimize the damage and expedite the recovery process. The same holds true for protecting the nation's electrical grid against cyber and other intentional attacks.
    Print ISSN: 1540-7977
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-4216
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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  • 98
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    Cover 2 (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-23
    Print ISSN: 0018-9251
    Electronic ISSN: 1557-9603
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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  • 99
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    Editors (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-23
    Print ISSN: 0018-9251
    Electronic ISSN: 1557-9603
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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  • 100
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    Unknown
    Editors (2011)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-23
    Print ISSN: 0018-9251
    Electronic ISSN: 1557-9603
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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