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  • 1
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    QnAs with Leroy E. Hood [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-08
    Description: Molecular biologist Leroy Hood says a transformation in medicine is gingerly afoot. The change, which he calls P4 medicine (predictive, preventive, personalized, and participatory), could turn today’s reactive approach to medicine into a proactive one in the future. Hood, president of the Institute for Systems Biology in Seattle, Washington, is no stranger to scientific revolutions. In the 1980s Hood helped invent automated DNA and protein synthesizers and sequencers, which made the Human Genome Project possible. Those technological feats snagged Hood many laurels, including the Kyoto Prize and the Lemelson-MIT Prize for Invention and Innovation. Hood tells PNAS how systems biology—the...
    Keywords: QnAs
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 2
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    QnAs with May R. Berenbaum [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-03
    Description: Insects and plants often share a complicated relationship, and University of Illinois, Urbana–Champaign entomologist May Berenbaum has a fine understanding of its chemistry. Berenbaum, a member of the National Academy of Sciences, has long studied how insects and plants evolve chemical arsenals to survive together, pitting cunning defense against toxic offense. Author of a number of popular science books on coevolution, Berenbaum won the 2011 Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement for her contributions to entomology. Among her many pursuits is an exploration of the likely cause of honey bee die-offs across the United States, an affliction called colony collapse disorder....
    Keywords: QnAs
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 3
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    QnAs with Bruce M. Spiegelman [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-30
    Description: Like good and bad cholesterol, human body fat comes in two varieties: white fat cells, which store excess calories, and brown fat cells, which burn energy to generate body heat. Less well known outside the scientific community, brown fat cells have long been a fascination for National Academy of Sciences member Bruce Spiegelman, a professor of cell biology at Dana–Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School. Spiegelman’s work on fat metabolism is far-reaching: From finding ways to stimulate brown fat development in the body to unraveling the activity of drugs against diabetes, he has shown how understanding the genetics of...
    Keywords: QnAs
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 4
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    QnAs with John P. Grotzinger [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-09-21
    Description: In late November 2011, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) plans to launch its robotic explorer to scour Mars for signs of the planet’s ability to support life. The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) spacecraft is scheduled to lift off from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida, shuttling Curiosity, an SUV-sized rover with a hefty scientific payload, to the red planet’s surface. John Grotzinger, a member of the National Academy of Sciences and professor of geology at the California Institute of Technology, helps oversee the mission. He became involved in the quest after studying how changes in the Earth’s...
    Keywords: QnAs
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 5
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    QnAs with Vern L. Schramm [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-03-09
    Description: At Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University in New York City, Vern Schramm, a professor of biochemistry, devises ways to block cellular enzymes. Those enzymes, which catalyze a range of reactions at the heart of normal physiology, might hold keys to treating psoriasis, autoimmune disease, and some forms of cancer. Schramm’s studies on the mechanism of enzyme-catalyzed reactions have led to a handful of drugs now being tested in clinical trials. In 2009, he developed a test for ricin, a deadly toxin found in castor beans, which has the potential to be used by bioterrorists. Schramm tells PNAS...
    Keywords: QnAs
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 6
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    QnAs with Gary King [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-03-30
    Description: Gary King, a professor of social science at Harvard University and a member of the National Academy of Sciences, fashions tools that harness the power of statistics, machine learning, and informatics to make sense of the numbers that matter to society. From evaluating the efficacy of a Mexican health policy reform to predicting the fate of the US Social Security trust fund, King’s sophisticated number crunching has important practical implications for disciplines as diverse as social, political, and health sciences. King tells PNAS how quantitative social science research can extend from academic journals into real-world scenarios.PNAS:You designed a health policy...
    Keywords: QnAs
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 7
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    QnAs with Gilbert Strang [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-03-16
    Description: Of the world’s mathematicians, Gilbert Strang is possibly the most visible—or at least among the most frequently viewed. Millions of students from the Americas, Africa, China, Europe, India, and Singapore have watched Strang’s lectures on linear algebra courtesy of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)’s OpenCourseWare Web site (1), and many have e-mailed him to ask for one-on-one help. A former president of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM), author of several textbooks (2–9), and 2009 electee to the National Academy of Sciences, Strang wrote the book on linear algebra—and his text has changed how the material is taught....
    Keywords: QnAs
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
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  • 8
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    QnAs with James E. Haber [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-04-06
    Description: As the director of the Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center at Brandeis University in Waltham, MA, James Haber seeks to understand how cells repair damaged DNA—and what happens when the process goes awry, triggering the onset of cancer and other devastating diseases. Haber’s work on yeast genetics has earned him some of the highest honors in science, including the Thomas Hunt Morgan Medal for lifetime contributions in genetics and election to the National Academy of Sciences in 2010. Haber recently spoke with PNAS about the technologies his laboratory has used to explore a form of DNA damage known as...
    Keywords: QnAs
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 9
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    QnAs with Peter H. Gleick [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-07-06
    Description: National Academy of Sciences member Peter Gleick is cofounder and president of the Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security in Oakland, California, where he explores new ways of thinking about water issues. His creative insights have resulted in the biennial book series The World’s Water, a MacArthur Fellowship award in 2003, multiple appearances as an expert witness before Congress and the courts, and the 2010 book Bottled and Sold: The Story Behind Our Obsession with Bottled Water. Peak water, the concept introduced in his PNAS Inaugural Article (1), became one of the New York Times’ “Words of...
    Keywords: QnAs
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 10
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    QnAs with Eric S. Lander [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-07-13
    Description: This year marks the 10th anniversary of the sequencing of the human genome. More than two decades after the launch of the Human Genome Project, researchers have made remarkable inroads into unraveling human biology, evolution, and disease. As the tools of genome sequencing and analysis grow more sophisticated, insights into the human genome will slowly shift the terrain in the treatment of disease. To be sure, the shift has already begun. Eric Lander, founding director of the Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a member of the National Academy of Sciences, offers PNAS readers his perspectives...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 11
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    QnAs with Susan L. Lindquist [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-14
    Description: Prions defy molecular biology’s central dogma. Misfolded proteins that self-perpetuate, prions were first isolated in the early 1980s as the cause of a fatal sheep disease called scrapie. Since then, prions have been implicated in human neurodegenerative diseases, composing a rogue’s gallery of deadly disease agents. Susan Lindquist, a member of the National Academy of Sciences and a professor of biology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, has found that prions may have a little-appreciated positive side. Lindquist casts these seeming biochemical misfits in a surprising evolutionary role: Her studies have revealed that prions might...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 12
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    QnAs with David Baltimore [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-21
    Description: At the age of 37, David Baltimore accomplished what many researchers dream of but few achieve: reversing an entrenched dogma, eventually leading to a new view of life. In the early 1970s, Baltimore, a member of the National Academy of Sciences and a professor of biology at the California Institute of Technology, discovered reverse transcriptase—an enzyme found in some tumor viruses whose genetic code is written in the RNA alphabet. He found that reverse transcriptase can copy RNA into DNA, indicating that some viruses replicate via a DNA intermediate. The finding, which won Baltimore and others the 1975 Nobel Prize...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 13
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    QnAs with Inder M. Verma [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-21
    Description: On November 1, 2011, Inder Verma, a professor of molecular biology at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California and a member of the National Academy of Sciences since 1997, took the reins of PNAS as Editor-in-Chief. Verma succeeds University of California, Berkeley cell biologist Randy Schekman as leader of the journal. Verma received a PhD from the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel and performed postdoctoral research in the laboratory of Nobel Laureate David Baltimore. Long recognized in the scientific community for his work in cancer genetics and gene therapy, Verma was most recently honored with...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 14
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    QnAs with Cynthia Kenyon [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-10-12
    Description: For more than a decade, developmental biologist Cynthia Kenyon has sought the essence of youth in the soil-dwelling roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans. Through her studies on genes that control aging in the worm, Kenyon, a member of the National Academy of Sciences and a professor of biochemistry at the University of California, San Francisco, joined the quest for immortality that has tickled the imagination of thinkers since time immemorial. Kenyon’s work has uncovered aging-related genes that affect physiological processes like metabolism, respiration, and reproduction. Contradictory reports of experimental compounds purported to extend life or delay aging in animals have often roiled...
    Keywords: QnAs
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    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
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  • 15
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    QnAs with Robert C. Malenka [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-10-05
    Description: Experiences bridge brain circuitry with behavior, affecting our ability to learn and remember. By influencing the nature of neurotransmission across synapses—junctions between nerve cells—experiences can physically shape the mind. Those influences, collectively termed synaptic plasticity, have been a focus of study for neuroscientist Robert Malenka for more than two decades. Malenka, a member of the National Academy of Sciences, has uncovered molecular mechanisms underlying synaptic plasticity. Along the way, he has pinpointed changes in a raft of synaptic proteins that can alter the efficacy of neurotransmission across synapses. An offshoot of his studies on synaptic plasticity, Malenka’s work on how...
    Keywords: QnAs
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