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  • Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)  (12,738)
  • 2015-2019  (12,738)
  • 2010-2014
  • 2016  (12,738)
  • 2010
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  • 2015-2019  (12,738)
  • 2010-2014
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  • 101
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    Deterministic Cramér-Rao Bound for Strictly Non-Circular Sources and Analytical Analysis of the Achievable Gains (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: Recently, several high-resolution parameter estimation algorithms have been developed to exploit the structure of strictly second-order (SO) non-circular (NC) signals. They achieve a higher estimation accuracy and can resolve up to twice as many signal sources compared to the traditional methods for arbitrary signals. As a benchmark for these NC methods, we derive the closed-form deterministic $R$ -D NC Cramér-Rao bound (NC CRB) for the multi-dimensional parameter estimation of strictly non-circular (rectilinear) signal sources in this paper. Assuming a separable centro-symmetric $R$ -D array, we show that in some special cases, the deterministic $R$ -D NC CRB reduces to the existing deterministic $R$ -D CRB for arbitrary signals. This suggests that no gain from strictly non-circular sources (NC gain) can be achieved under the deterministic data assumption in these cases. For more general scenarios, finding an analytical expression of the NC gain for an arbitrary number of sources is very challenging. Thus, in this paper, we simplify the derived NC CRB and the existing CRB for the special case of two closely-spaced strictly non-circular sources captured by a uniform linear array (ULA). Subsequently, we use these simplified CRB expressions to analytically compute the maximum achievable asymptotic NC gain for the considered two source case. The resulting expression only depends on the various physical parameters and we find the conditions that provide the largest NC gain. Our analysis is supported by extensive simulation results.
    Print ISSN: 1053-587X
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-0476
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Signal Processing Society.
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  • 102
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    Near-Coherent QPSK Performance With Coarse Phase Quantization: A Feedback-Based Architecture for Joint Phase/Frequency Synchronization and Demodulation (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: As communication systems scale up in bandwidth, the limited resolution in high-speed analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) is a key challenge in realizing low-cost “mostly digital” transceiver architectures. This motivates a systematic effort to understand the limits of such architectures under the severe quantization constraints imposed by the use of low-precision ADCs. In particular, we investigate a canonical problem of blind carrier phase and frequency synchronization with coarse phase quantization in this paper. We develop a Bayesian approach to blind phase estimation, jointly modeling the unknown data, unknown phase and the quantization nonlinearity. We highlight the crucial role of dither, implemented via a mixed signal architecture with a digitally controlled phase shift prior to the ADC. We show the efficacy of random dither, and then improve upon its performance with a simple feedback control policy that is close to optimal in terms of rapidly reducing the mean squared error of phase estimation. This initial blind phase acquisition stage is followed by feedback-based phase/frequency tracking using an Extended Kalman Filter. Performance evaluations for a QPSK system show that excellent bit error rate (BER) performance, close to that of an unquantized system, is achieved by the use of 8 phase bins (implementable using 4 one-bit ADCs operating on linear combinations of in-phase and quadrature components).
    Print ISSN: 1053-587X
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-0476
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Signal Processing Society.
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  • 103
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    Explicit State-Estimation Error Calculations for Flag Hidden Markov Models (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: State estimation is studied for a special class of flag Hidden Markov Models (HMMs), which comprise 1) an arbitrary finite-state underlying Markov chain and 2) a structured observation process wherein a subset of states emit distinct flags with some probability while other states are unmeasured. For flag HMMs, an explicit computation of the probability of error for the maximum-likelihood filter and smoother is developed. Also, the form of the optimal filter is further characterized in terms of the time since the last flag, and this result is used to further simplify the error-probability computation. Some preliminary graph-theoretic insights into the error probability and its computation are discussed. Finally, these algebraic and structural results are leveraged to address sensor placement in two examples, including one on activity-monitoring in a home environment that is drawn from field data. These examples indicate that low error-probability filtering and smoothing can be achieved with relatively few sensors.
    Print ISSN: 1053-587X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Signal Processing Society.
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  • 104
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    Production Planning Using Evolving Demand Forecasts in the Automotive Industry (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: This paper considers an auto parts supplier who receives order release updates from its customers and revises its production plan for future periods on a weekly basis. The inaccuracy of the order releases causes significant costs in the form of premium expedited transportation, production overtime, and excess inventory. This setting provides a rich context for studying order release variance, because the supply chain has adopted a just-in-time (JIT) approach where ideal inventory levels are kept at zero. This leads to a high reliance on order release accuracy in order to manage production quantities. This paper presents an optimization model that extends previous approaches focused on optimizing production plans to the JIT setting. Furthermore, based on real order release information provided to the supplier, two simple adjustment heuristic methods are developed. The performances of these approaches are compared with relying solely on order releases received from the customers. The simple median-based adjustment heuristic performs the best of all the approaches. Implications of the analysis are also discussed.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9391
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-0040
    Topics: Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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  • 105
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    Can Contracts Replace Qualification in a Sourcing Process With Competitive Suppliers and Imperfect Information? (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: This paper considers a manufacturer who outsources the production of a product to multiple competing suppliers, who differ in their cost structures and in their capabilities for producing high-quality products. The manufacturer must design the sourcing process to ensure that the selected supplier has sufficient quality capability, while encouraging competition among the suppliers. We develop and analyze a mathematical model of performance-based contracting, a sourcing method that is appropriate when the manufacturer has imperfect information regarding the suppliers’ costs and capabilities. We compare the performance of performance-based contracting with that of a two-stage sourcing process, an alternative sourcing method that is more commonly used in practice. The theoretical results and managerial insights derived from this research can enable manufacturing firms to improve the management of their sourcing processes. In particular, we demonstrate that performance-based contracting with a symmetric linear penalty/reward function will always outperform the two-stage sourcing process from the perspective of the buyer and that the optimal penalty/reward rate is less than or equal to the unit warranty cost. In addition, performance-based contracting generally leads to a higher quality level provided by the winning supplier. However, the winning supplier is generally better off under the two-stage sourcing process.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9391
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-0040
    Topics: Technology
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  • 106
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    Trade-In Rebates for Price Discrimination and Product Recovery (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: We investigate when and how an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) should offer a trade-in rebate to recover used products in order to achieve better price discrimination and weaken competition from third-party remanufacturers (3PRs). This paper is motivated by a major IT equipment OEM, which negotiates with customers to offer them personalized trade-in rebates to induce them to return their old products and purchase new units. The company also faces increasing competition from 3PRs. We model such a trade-in program with negotiated rebates through a generalized Nash bargaining framework. Our main research question is whether the OEM should compete with a 3PR using only a trade-in program or by offering remanufactured products, or through both options. In the absence of 3PRs, the OEM always prefers to offer the trade-in program compared with not offering a trade-in program. As a trade-in program also helps to restrict the supply of used products to 3PRs, one would expect that offering a trade-in program would be more attractive in the presence of a 3PR. We show, however, that the OEM may find it detrimental to offer a trade-in program when faced with competition from a 3PR. We also show that despite the fact that cores are readily available via the trade-ins, the trade-in program makes it less attractive for the OEM to remanufacture. Finally, we show that offering a trade-in program may also lead to lower total environmental impact, but only in the presence of remanufactured products.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9391
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-0040
    Topics: Technology
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  • 107
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    A Decision Framework to Mitigate Supply Chain Risks: An Application in the Offshore-Wind Industry (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: Decision support systems (DSSs) for supply chain risk management benefit from a holistic approach for mitigating risks, which include identification and assessment of risks and evaluation and selection of measures to appease risks. However, previous studies in this area overlooked probability estimation, measure selection, and assessment of interdependence of risks and measures. We aim to fill these gaps in the literature by proposing a two-stage DSSs that will assist managers in not only select mitigation strategies for supply chain risks, but also mitigation tactics when risks occur. Our DSS employs a novel matrix formulation for decision-tree analysis, which integrates expert judgments. We applied our models to the supply chain of a fast-expanding offshore-wind industry, which faces high levels of exposure to risks because of the associated complexities in this domain. The results demonstrate how to select mitigation strategies and mitigation tactics for managing supply chain risks within the offshore-wind industry.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9391
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    Topics: Technology
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  • 108
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    Microcavity Laser Based on Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Doped With Reactive Mesogen (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-26
    Description: We demonstrate an omnidirectional laser from a 3-D Bragg microcavity, which is fabricated from a cholesteric liquid crystal that is doped with reactive mesogen. The wavelength of the laser is found to be determined by the position of the photonic bandgap that was formed within the 3-D Bragg microcavity. Compared with the laser from pure cholesteric liquid crystal microcavity, a rigid polymer network is formed within the microcavity due to the doped reactive mesogen. The polymer network successfully enhances the resistance ability of the 3-D Bragg microcavity to higher pump power by 1.5 times, thus leading to a more stable laser based on it. This laser may have potential use in optics, displays, and other photonic devices.
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-0655
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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  • 109
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    Saturable Absorption of Copper Nanowires in Visible Regions for Short-Pulse Generation (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-26
    Description: A copper-nanowire (CuNWs)-based saturable absorber (SA) is utilized as a new Q-switcher for pulsed operations in visible regions. The plasmon resonance effect of CuNWs contributes to inducing the saturable absorption property. By incorporating the CuNWs-based SA into a red praseodymium $Pr^{3+}$ - doped ZBLAN fiber laser cavity, the red light shifts from a continuous wave (CW) state to a stable pulsed operation state. When it changes the injected pump power, the pulse repetition rate can be varied from 239.8 to 312.4 kHz. The narrowest pulse duration of this laser is 394 ns. Moreover, the maximum output power under a $Q$ - switching operation is 9.6 mW. The results indicate that a CuNWs-based SA is an available Q-switcher for the red laser, revealing the potential of metal nanomaterials for short-pulse generation in visible regions.
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-0655
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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  • 110
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    Kaczmarz Method for Solving Quadratic Equations (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-26
    Description: Estimating low-rank positive-semidefinite (PSD) matrices from symmetric rank-one measurements is of great importance in many applications, such as high-dimensional data processing, quantum state tomography, and phase retrieval. When the rank is known a priori , this problem can be regarded as solving a system of quadratic equations of a low-dimensional subspace. The authors develop a fast iterative algorithm based on an adaptation of the Kaczmarz method, which is traditionally used for solving overdetermined linear systems. In particular, the authors characterize the dynamics of the algorithm when the measurement vectors are composed of standard Gaussian entries in the online setting. Numerical simulations demonstrate the compelling performance of the proposed algorithm.
    Print ISSN: 1070-9908
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-2361
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Signal Processing Society.
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  • 111
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    Multi-Parameter Estimation in Compound Gaussian Clutter by Variational Bayesian (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-26
    Description: In this paper, we consider the problem of multi-parameter estimation in the presence of compound Gaussian clutter for cognitive radar by the variational Bayesian method. The advantage of variational Bayesian is that the estimation of multi-variate parameters is decomposed to problems of estimation of univariate parameters by variational approximation, thus enabling analytically tractable approximate posterior densities in complex statistical models consisting of observed data, unknown parameters, and hidden variables. We derive the asymptotic Bayesian Cramer–Rao bounds and demonstrate by numerical simulations that the proposed approach leads to improved estimation accuracy than the expectation maximization method and the exact Bayesian method in the case of non-Gaussian nonlinear signal models and small data sample size.
    Print ISSN: 1053-587X
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-0476
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Signal Processing Society.
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  • 112
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    Inhomogeneous Poisson Sampling of Finite-Energy Signals With Uncertainties in ${mathbb{R}}^{d}$ (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-26
    Description: Spatiotemporal signal reconstruction from samples randomly gathered in a multidimensional space with uncertainty is a crucial problem for a variety of applications. Such a problem generalizes the reconstruction of a deterministic signal and that of a stationary random process in one dimension, which was first addressed by Whittaker, Kotelnikov, and Shannon. In this work we analyze multidimensional random sampling with uncertainties jointly accounting for signal properties (signal spectrum and spatial correlation) and for sampling properties (inhomogeneous sample spatial distribution, sample availability, and non-ideal knowledge of sample positions). The reconstructed signal spectrum and the signal reconstruction accuracy are derived as a function of signal and sampling properties. It is shown that some of these properties expand the signal spectrum while others modify the spectrum without expansion. The signal reconstruction accuracy is first determined in a general case and then specialized for cases of practical interests. The optimal interpolator function is derived and asymptotic results are obtained to show the impact of sampling non-idealities. The analysis is corroborated by verifying that previously known results can be obtained as special cases of the general one and by means of a case study accounting for various settings of signal and sample properties.
    Print ISSN: 1053-587X
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-0476
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Signal Processing Society.
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  • 113
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    Limited Rate Feedback in a MIMO Wiretap Channel With a Cooperative Jammer (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-26
    Description: We study strategies for enhanced secrecy using cooperative jamming in secure communication systems with limited rate feedback. A Gaussian multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wiretap channel with a jamming helper is considered. The transmitter and helper both require channel state information (CSI), which is quantized at the receiver and fed back through two sum-rate-limited feedback channels. The quantization errors result in reduced beamforming gain from the transmitter, as well as interference leakage from the helper. First, under the assumption that the eavesdropper's CSI is completely unknown, we derive a lower bound on the average main channel rate and find the feedback bit allocation that maximizes the jamming power under a constraint on the bound. For the case where statistical CSI for the eavesdropper's channel is available, we derive a lower bound on the average secrecy rate, and we optimize the bound to find a suitable bit allocation and the transmit powers allocated to the transmitter and helper. For the case where the transmitter and helper have the same number of antennas, we obtain a closed-form solution for the optimal bit allocation. Simulations verify the theoretical analysis and demonstrate the significant performance gain that results with intelligent feedback bit allocation and power control.
    Print ISSN: 1053-587X
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-0476
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Signal Processing Society.
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  • 114
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    Nonparametric Bayesian Attributed Scattering Center Extraction for Synthetic Aperture Radar Targets (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-26
    Description: As a good way to represent target backscatter measured by high-frequency synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems, the attributed scattering center (ASC) model is able to provide concise and physically relevant features of a complex target and has played an important role in model-based automatic target recognition (ATR). However, most existing ASC feature extraction methods suffer from imprecise image segmentation or high computational cost, which greatly encumber their practical applications. To tackle this problem, we present a novel ASC feature extraction algorithm for SAR targets based on Lévy random fields in a nonparametric Bayesian framework. Specifically, Lévy random fields, yielding a natural sparse representation of the unknown ASC model, are introduced to construct prior distributions, which lead to the specification of a joint prior distribution for the number of ASCs and the ASC associated parameters. Meanwhile, the problem may be formulated as a sparse representation problem, with regularization induced through the Lévy random field prior. We also develop a reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo (RJ-MCMC) method to enable relatively fast posterior inference. Experimental results confirm the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed algorithm.
    Print ISSN: 1053-587X
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-0476
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Signal Processing Society.
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  • 115
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    IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics information for authors (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-29
    Print ISSN: 0018-9197
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-1713
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Photonics Society.
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  • 116
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    Blank page (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-29
    Print ISSN: 0018-9197
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-1713
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Photonics Society.
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  • 117
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    A Review of Magneto-Optical Microstructure Devices at Terahertz Frequencies (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-29
    Description: Recent research work on magneto-optical micro- structure devices in terahertz (THz) regime has been reviewed. Some magneto-optical materials responding at THz frequency range were introduced. Based on these magneto-optical materials, MO microstructures devices were reviewed, including magnetic photonic crystals, magneto-plasmonics, and magneto-metasurface all in the submillimetre scale. These devices can realize several functions of isolating, modulation, sensing, and directional beam scanning. Moreover, the necessary conditions of forming THz nonreciprocal transmission in magneto-optical microstructure devices were concluded, and the tunability of these devices was also analysed, which strongly depends on the magneto-optical property of material and the symmetry of structure. The unique magneto-optical effects make it play an irreplaceable role in the high performance THz applications of communication, imaging, and sensing systems.
    Print ISSN: 1077-260X
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-4542
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Photonics Society.
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  • 118
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    Dynamic Hand Gesture Recognition With Leap Motion Controller (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-29
    Description: Dynamic hand gesture recognition is a crucial but challenging task in the pattern recognition and computer vision communities. In this paper, we propose a novel feature vector which is suitable for representing dynamic hand gestures, and presents a satisfactory solution to recognizing dynamic hand gestures with a Leap Motion controller (LMC) only. These have not been reported in other papers. The feature vector with depth information is computed and fed into the Hidden Conditional Neural Field (HCNF) classifier to recognize dynamic hand gestures. The systematic framework of the proposed method includes two main steps: feature extraction and classification with the HCNF classifier. The proposed method is evaluated on two dynamic hand gesture datasets with frames acquired with a LMC. The recognition accuracy is 89.5% for the LeapMotion-Gesture3D dataset and 95.0% for the Handicraft-Gesture dataset. Experimental results show that the proposed method is suitable for certain dynamic hand gesture recognition tasks.
    Print ISSN: 1070-9908
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-2361
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Signal Processing Society.
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  • 119
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    Linear Precoder Design for MIMO-ISI Broadcasting Channels Under Channel Shortening Detection (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-29
    Description: We consider optimal precoder design for multiuser multiple-input multiple-output broadcasting channels in single-carrier systems. Instead of linear detection, we assume that the advanced nonlinear channel shortening detectors are utilized at the receivers. Such a scenario is challenging for precoder design as the uplink–downlink duality is inapplicable. The target of our linear precoder design is to maximize the sum of the achievable information rate (sum-AIR), with AIR of each user being explicitly derived. We analyze such a precoder design in general, and provide an efficient per-user based optimization algorithm for the design of block-diagonalization precoder.
    Print ISSN: 1070-9908
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-2361
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Signal Processing Society.
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  • 120
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    An Efficient Time-Domain Integral Solution for a Loaded Rectangular Metallic Enclosure With Apertures (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-29
    Description: This paper proposes an efficient time-domain mixed potential integral equation (TD-MPIE) technique to analyze the penetrated transient electromagnetic field into a perforated rectangular metallic enclosure loaded with conducting objects. To this end, the surface equivalent principle is applied, and the fields in the interior and the exterior regions of the enclosure are formulated by using the time-domain cavity and free space Green's functions, respectively. Then, the governing TD-MPIE is derived by enforcing the continuity of the tangential magnetic and electric fields on the surface of the apertures and conducting loads inside the shield, respectively. The resultant time-domain equation is then solved by using the marching-on-in time scheme. Here, the spatial integrations and temporal convolutions are carried out analytically which eliminates the need to complicated numerical integration routines and remove the late time instability. In addition, an accelerated algorithm is proposed to scale down the computational complexity from $O(N_{rm mod } N_t^2 N_s^2)$ down to $O(N_{{rm mod}} N_t (log ^2 N_t + 2N_s))$ where $N_{{rm mod}}$ , $N_{t}$ and $N_{s}$ denote the total number of necessary modes inside the cavity, the number of time steps, and the spatial unknowns, respectively. The accuracy of the proposed technique is validated by comparing the simulated results with the well-known CST Microwave Studio time-domain solver, as well as the frequency-domain solution, and the measurements.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9375
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-187X
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Society.
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  • 121
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    Shielding Methods for Gigahertz-Frequency Wideband Analog-Integrated Circuits (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-29
    Description: Coupling between closely spaced wideband analog radio frequency integrated circuits can cause degradation in device performance. Methods for reducing the coupling between packages were tested, with a strong focus on maintaining manufacturability and minimizing any increase in coupling between structures within the package. Methods include the application of magnetic absorbing material or resistive sheets to the package surface and the inclusion of conductive vias in the package walls. Package modifications were tested from 5–40 GHz through both full-wave simulation and physical measurement. The best tradeoff in performance and manufacturability below 20 GHz was found using 250-Ω/sq. resistive sheets connected to the return plane with vias in the package corners, while above 20 GHz, the best tradeoff was found by covering the package with magnetic absorbing materials. The magnetic absorbing material can be embedded directly in the package polymer itself, allowing easy manufacture.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9375
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-187X
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Society.
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    Formula for the Shielding Effectiveness of a Rectangular Cavity With a Penetrating Cable (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-29
    Description: A formula is derived for the plane wave shielding effectiveness of a spacecraft Faraday cage with a penetrating cable. The potentially disastrous effects of space radiation, corrosion, and thermal cycling are described.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9375
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-187X
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Society.
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    Electromagnetic Field Due to Lightning Strike to a Tall Tower Sitting on a Mountainous Terrain (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-29
    Description: This paper presents the results of a radiated electromagnetic field due to lightning strike to a tall tower sitting on a mountainous terrain when considering both the first and subsequent return strokes. A cone-shaped ground with finite conductivity represents the mountainous terrain; and a cylindrical two-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) scheme is used to determine the lightning-generated electromagnetic fields. The return stroke channel is modeled using the antenna theory model with fixed inductive loading which is appropriately incorporated into the FDTD algorithm. Simulation results are presented for different values of the cone angle and height, and for different values of the tower height. It is shown that when the first and subsequent return strokes hit a tower on a cone-shaped ground, the radiated electric and magnetic fields experience an enhancement in their amplitudes as compared to the case where the tower sits on a flat ground. Also, the current reflections from the tower base, influencing the current distribution along the tower and radiated electromagnetic field waveforms, depend on the cone angle and height, as well as the tower height.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9375
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-187X
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Society.
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    The Study of Optical and Electrical Properties of Solar Cells With Oblique Incidence (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-02
    Description: The optical and electrical properties of organic solar cells with metallic Ag incorporating into the PEDOT:PSS layer in the case of oblique incidence are numerically investigated based on in house finite-difference frequency-domain code. It is found that the light absorption decreases with the increase of incident angle, and the absorption enhancement varies slightly due to the contribution of the broadband surface plasmon (SP)-mode. Since the absorption reduces at large incident angle, the short-circuit current undoubtedly decreases, thus fill factor and power conversion efficiency reduce accordingly. However, there is little variety of open-circuit voltage, which indicates that open-circuit voltage is independent of incident angle. Our results can be used as a reference for better understanding of the optical and electrical properties of organic solar cells with oblique incidence.
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    A 40-GBd QPSK/16-QAM Integrated Silicon Coherent Receiver (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-02
    Description: Through co-design of a dual SiGe transimpedance amplifier and an integrated silicon photonic circuit, we realized for the first time an ultra-compact and low-power silicon single-polarization coherent receiver operating at 40 GBd. A bit-error rate of $〈3.8times 10^{{{-3}}}$ was obtained for an optical signal-to-noise ratio of 14 dB for QPSK modulation (80 Gb/s), and 26.5 dB for 16-QAM (160 Gb/s). We also demonstrate robust performance of the receiver over temperature and wavelength.
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    Monolithic Integration on InP of a DML and a Ring Resonator for Future Access Networks (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-02
    Description: The future technology migration in access networks compels the development of key innovative transmitters operating at 10 Gb/s around 1550 nm and capable of transmitting data in extended reach passive optical networks (>60 km). A laser modulated directly appears to be a low cost and a simple solution to address these needs. However, the extinction ratio and the distance of transmission are limited by frequency chirping inherent to high bit rate modulation at 1550 nm. In this letter, we demonstrate the monolithic integration of a directly modulated lasers and a ring resonator (RR) and show the possibility to engineer the RR with specific frequency modulation efficiency. The ring is used as an optical eye reshaper, which enables the increase of the extinction ratio above 9 dB. Transmissions up to 65 km with 5.8 dBm of modulated optical power coupled into the fiber are demonstrated, proving the feasibility of our transmitter for the next generation passive optical network stage 2.
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    Wide-FOV and High-Gain Imaging Angle Diversity Receiver for Indoor SDM-VLC Systems (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-02
    Description: We propose an imaging receiver (ImR) using angle diversity detectors for indoor space division multiplexing-based visible light communication (SDM-VLC) systems. Compared with a conventional ImR which utilizes vertically oriented detectors, the proposed imaging angle diversity receiver (ImADR) enjoys two main advantages, including a wider field-of-view (FOV) and higher optical gain. Both theoretical analysis and Monte Carlo simulations are carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed ImADR in an indoor four-channel SDM-VLC system. Analytical results show that, for a target bit error rate of $10^{mathrm { {-3}}}$ , the proposed ImADR-based SDM-VLC system achieves 44% reduction in the transmit optical power and 130% coverage improvement than the system using a conventional ImR.
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    128-Gb/s Line Rate OFDM Signal Modulation Using an Integrated Silicon Microring Modulator (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-02
    Description: Compared with Mach–Zehnder modulators, silicon microring modulators have the important advantages of smaller footprint and significantly lower energy per bit but suffer the disadvantages of inherent wavelength dependence and a modulation bandwidth that is limited by the resonator bandwidth. Here, we address the latter disadvantage of using an integrated silicon microring modulator with spectrally efficient modulation with 16-quadrature amplitude modulation on direct detection orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). We demonstrate a line rate of 128-Gb/s and a net data rate of 107.6-Gb/s OFDM signal modulation using this tunable microring modulator. The 6.6- and 10-km single-mode fiber transmission of the modulated signal is presented. The measured bit error rates of back-to-back, 6.6-km, and 10-km fiber transmission are well below the forward error correction threshold.
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    Localized Plasmon-Based Optical Fiber Sensing Platform for Operation in Infrared (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-02
    Description: We report on the experimental fabrication and functioning of an optical fiber sensing probe operating on the principle of a localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) at near infrared (NIR) wavelengths, around the 2- $mu text{m}$ window. As indium–tin oxide exhibits an absorption peak at NIR wavelengths, we have synthesized and characterized ITO nanoparticles with a doping concentration of 9:1 of In:Sn and attached these onto the unclad core of the fiber. Corresponding to the absorption peak of the bare nanoparticles, the fiber probe displays an LSPR peak at 1950 nm, which falls in the signature band of many bacterial contaminants. The probe is further used for the sensing of analytes of refractive indices varying from 1.335 to 1.375. The results reveal that the average peak absorbance of the probe changes by 3.46 absorbance units for a unit change in refractive index.
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    1060-nm High Brightness Picosecond Pulse Generation in Photonic Band Crystal Lasers (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-02
    Description: Photonic band crystal semiconductor lasers generating gain-switched picosecond pulses in the 1060-nm spectral range are demonstrated. The unique ultra-broad laser waveguide allows the simultaneous delivery of high output power and high beam quality, enabling the generation of optical pulses with peak brightness up to 130 MWcm $^{-2}$ sr $^{-1}$ . The spectral dynamics are investigated by external filtering of the laser emission. The effects of the filter bandwidth and central wavelength on the resulting optical pulse characteristics are identified. By properly chosen filter parameters, it is found that the higher order relaxation oscillation part of the optical pulse is completely suppressed even at the highest injected pulse currents, also resulting in a pulse width reduction down to less than 21.5 ps.
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    Broadband, Fabrication-Tolerant Polarization Beam Splitters Based on a Tapered Directional Coupler (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-02
    Description: We propose and demonstrate a polarization beam splitter (PBS) based on a tapered directional coupler (DC). The tapered DC structure has the advantage of being insensitive to variations of the coupling length and the local coupling coefficient, and thus can significantly increase the bandwidth and polarization extinction ratio (ER). The fabricated PBS with one waveguide width tapered from 0.55 to 0.41 $mu text{m}$ and another tapered reversely in a length of 29 $mu text{m}$ shows a polarization ER above 16 dB and an insertion loss less than 0.4 dB over a wavelength range of 100 nm. The fabrication tolerance of the proposed PBS is also analyzed to be ±50 nm, ensuring the compatibility with the standard 180-nm complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor process.
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    Gain Enhancement of Single-Mode Cr-Doped Core Fibers by Online Growth System (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-02
    Description: Gain enhancement of single-mode Cr-doped crystalline core fiber (SMCDCCF) with longer fiber length fabricated by online laser-heated pedestal growth (LHPG) technique is demonstrated. In comparison with the SMCDCCF fabricated without online growth, the online technique enables real-time monitoring and controlling small molten zone in the LHPG to achieve longer length with better uniformity and smaller core diameter of the SMCDCCFs. The SMCDCCF exhibits a length of 10.6 cm, a core diameter of 25 $mu text{m}$ , and a $V$ -value of 2.40, which confirms the LP 01 single-mode operation by the far-field pattern measurement. A 3.9-dB gross gain and a 1.9-dB net gain of the SMCDCCF at the wavelength of 1400 nm were obtained. The gross and net gains are the highest yet reported of the SMCDCCFs. Further development on higher gain of the SMCDCCF may be functioned the SMCDCCF as a broadband fiber amplifier for use in the next-generation fiber transmission systems.
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    On the Performance of Spatial Modulation-Based Optical Wireless Communications (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-02
    Description: This letter focuses on a spatial modulation (SM)-based multiple input single output optical wireless communication system. In the system, both input-dependent noise and finite alphabet are employed. Based on information theory, the theoretical expressions of the mutual information and its lower bound are derived. By maximizing the minimum distance, an optimization problem for precoding design is formulated. Then, an interior point method-based iteration algorithm is proposed to solve the problem. Numerical results show that the performance of the proposed SM scheme outperforms that of the conventional, choosing the best-gain channel scheme. Moreover, the proposed precoding scheme can provide better system performance than the scheme without precoding.
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    Masking Strategies for Image Manifolds (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-02
    Description: We consider the problem of selecting an optimal mask for an image manifold, i.e., choosing a subset of the pixels of the image that preserves the manifold’s geometric structure present in the original data. Such masking implements a form of compressive sensing through emerging imaging sensor platforms for which the power expense grows with the number of pixels acquired. Our goal is for the manifold learned from masked images to resemble its full image counterpart as closely as possible. More precisely, we show that one can indeed accurately learn an image manifold without having to consider a large majority of the image pixels. In doing so, we consider two masking methods that preserve the local and global geometric structure of the manifold, respectively. In each case, the process of finding the optimal masking pattern can be cast as a binary integer program, which is computationally expensive but can be approximated by a fast greedy algorithm. Numerical experiments show that the relevant manifold structure is preserved through the data-dependent masking process, even for modest mask sizes.
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    Sparse Multi-Response Tensor Regression for Alzheimer's Disease Study With Multivariate Clinical Assessments (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-02
    Description: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder that has recently seen serious increase in the number of affected subjects. In the last decade, neuroimaging has been shown to be a useful tool to understand AD and its prodromal stage, amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The majority of AD/MCI studies have focused on disease diagnosis, by formulating the problem as classification with a binary outcome of AD/MCI or healthy controls. There have recently emerged studies that associate image scans with continuous clinical scores that are expected to contain richer information than a binary outcome. However, very few studies aim at modeling multiple clinical scores simultaneously, even though it is commonly conceived that multivariate outcomes provide correlated and complementary information about the disease pathology. In this article, we propose a sparse multi-response tensor regression method to model multiple outcomes jointly as well as to model multiple voxels of an image jointly. The proposed method is particularly useful to both infer clinical scores and thus disease diagnosis, and to identify brain subregions that are highly relevant to the disease outcomes. We conducted experiments on the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) dataset, and showed that the proposed method enhances the performance and clearly outperforms the competing solutions.
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    Detailed Evaluation of Five 3D Speckle Tracking Algorithms Using Synthetic Echocardiographic Recordings (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-02
    Description: A plethora of techniques for cardiac deformation imaging with 3D ultrasound, typically referred to as 3D speckle tracking techniques, are available from academia and industry. Although the benefits of single methods over alternative ones have been reported in separate publications, the intrinsic differences in the data and definitions used makes it hard to compare the relative performance of different solutions. To address this issue, we have recently proposed a framework to simulate realistic 3D echocardiographic recordings and used it to generate a common set of ground-truth data for 3D speckle tracking algorithms, which was made available online. The aim of this study was therefore to use the newly developed database to contrast non-commercial speckle tracking solutions from research groups with leading expertise in the field. The five techniques involved cover the most representative families of existing approaches, namely block-matching, radio-frequency tracking, optical flow and elastic image registration. The techniques were contrasted in terms of tracking and strain accuracy. The feasibility of the obtained strain measurements to diagnose pathology was also tested for ischemia and dyssynchrony.
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    Improvements in RF Shimming in High Field MRI Using High Permittivity Materials With Low Order Pre-Fractal Geometries (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-02
    Description: Ultra-high field MRI is an area of great interest for clinical research and basic science due to the increased signal-to-noise, spatial resolution and magnetic-susceptibility-based contrast. However, the fact that the electromagnetic wavelength in tissue is comparable to the relevant body dimensions means that the uniformity of the excitation field is much poorer than at lower field strengths. In addition to techniques such as transmit arrays, one simple but effective method to counteract this effect is to use high permittivity “pads”. Very high permittivities enable thinner, flexible pads to be used, but the limiting factor is wavelength effects within the pads themselves, which can lead to image artifacts. So far, all studies have used simple continuous rectangular/circular pad geometries. In this work we investigate how the wavelength effects can be partially mitigated utilizing shaped pad with holes. Several arrangements have been simulated, including low order pre-fractal geometries, which maintain the overall coverage of the pad, but can provide better image homogeneity in the region of interest or higher sensitivity depending on the setup. Experimental data in the form of in vivo human images at 7T were acquired to validate the simulation results.
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    Combined Tensor Fitting and TV Regularization in Diffusion Tensor Imaging Based on a Riemannian Manifold Approach (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-02
    Description: In this paper, we consider combined TV denoising and diffusion tensor fitting in DTI using the affine-invariant Riemannian metric on the space of diffusion tensors. Instead of first fitting the diffusion tensors, and then denoising them, we define a suitable TV type energy functional which incorporates the measured DWIs (using an inverse problem setup) and which measures the nearness of neighboring tensors in the manifold. To approach this functional, we propose generalized forward- backward splitting algorithms which combine an explicit and several implicit steps performed on a decomposition of the functional. We validate the performance of the derived algorithms on synthetic and real DTI data. In particular, we work on real 3D data. To our knowledge, the present paper describes the first approach to TV regularization in a combined manifold and inverse problem setup.
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    IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging information for authors (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-02
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    Abnormality Detection via Iterative Deformable Registration and Basis-Pursuit Decomposition (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-02
    Description: We present a generic method for automatic detection of abnormal regions in medical images as deviations from a normative data base. The algorithm decomposes an image, or more broadly a function defined on the image grid, into the superposition of a normal part and a residual term. A statistical model is constructed with regional sparse learning to represent normative anatomical variations among a reference population (e.g., healthy controls), in conjunction with a Markov random field regularization that ensures mutual consistency of the regional learning among partially overlapping image blocks. The decomposition is performed in a principled way so that the normal part fits well with the learned normative model, while the residual term absorbs pathological patterns, which may then be detected through a statistical significance test. The decomposition is applied to multiple image features from an individual scan, detecting abnormalities using both intensity and shape information. We form an iterative scheme that interleaves abnormality detection with deformable registration, gradually improving robustness of the spatial normalization and precision of the detection. The algorithm is evaluated with simulated images and clinical data of brain lesions, and is shown to achieve robust deformable registration and localize pathological regions simultaneously. The algorithm is also applied on images from Alzheimer’s disease patients to demonstrate the generality of the method.
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    Exploring Multimodal Data Fusion Through Joint Decompositions with Flexible Couplings (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-02
    Description: A Bayesian framework is proposed to define flexible coupling models for joint tensor decompositions of multiple datasets. Under this framework, a natural formulation of the data fusion problem is to cast it in terms of a joint maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimator. Data-driven scenarios of joint posterior distributions are provided, including general Gaussian priors and non Gaussian coupling priors. We present and discuss implementation issues of algorithms used to obtain the joint MAP estimator. We also show how this framework can be adapted to tackle the problem of joint decompositions of large datasets. In the case of a conditional Gaussian coupling with a linear transformation, we give theoretical bounds on the data fusion performance using the Bayesian Cramér–Rao bound. Simulations are reported for hybrid coupling models ranging from simple additive Gaussian models to Gamma-type models with positive variables and to the coupling of data sets which are inherently of different size due to different resolution of the measurement devices.
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    Special issue on low-dose computed tomography (2016)
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    Structure-Preserving Color Normalization and Sparse Stain Separation for Histological Images (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-02
    Description: Staining and scanning of tissue samples for microscopic examination is fraught with undesirable color variations arising from differences in raw materials and manufacturing techniques of stain vendors, staining protocols of labs, and color responses of digital scanners. When comparing tissue samples, color normalization and stain separation of the tissue images can be helpful for both pathologists and software. Techniques that are used for natural images fail to utilize structural properties of stained tissue samples and produce undesirable color distortions. The stain concentration cannot be negative. Tissue samples are stained with only a few stains and most tissue regions are characterized by at most one effective stain. We model these physical phenomena that define the tissue structure by first decomposing images in an unsupervised manner into stain density maps that are sparse and non-negative. For a given image, we combine its stain density maps with stain color basis of a pathologist-preferred target image, thus altering only its color while preserving its structure described by the maps. Stain density correlation with ground truth and preference by pathologists were higher for images normalized using our method when compared to other alternatives. We also propose a computationally faster extension of this technique for large whole-slide images that selects an appropriate patch sample instead of using the entire image to compute the stain color basis.
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    Generalized Sampling Expansions with Multiple Sampling Rates for Lowpass and Bandpass Signals in the Fractional Fourier Transform Domain (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-02
    Description: The objective of generalized sampling expansion (GSE) is the reconstruction of an unknown, continuously defined function $fleft(tright)$ from samples of the responses from $M$ linear time-invariant (LTI) systems that are each sampled using the $1/M$ th Nyquist rate. In this paper, we investigate the GSE for lowpass and bandpass signals with multiple sampling rates in the fractional Fourier transform (FRFT) domain. First, we propose an improvement of Papoulis’ GSE, which has multiple sampling rates in the FRFT domain. Based on the proposed GSE, we derive the periodic nonuniform sampling scheme and the derivative interpolation method by designing different fractional filters and selecting specific sampling rates. In addition, the Papoulis GSE and the previous GSE associated with FRFT are shown to be special instances of our results. Second, we address the problem of the GSE of fractional bandpass signals. A new GSE for fractional bandpass signals with equal sampling rates is derived. We show that the restriction of an even number of channels in the GSE for fractional bandpass signals is unnecessary, and perfect signal reconstruction is possible for any arbitrary number of channels. Further, we develop the GSE for a fractional bandpass signal with multiple sampling rates. Lastly, we discuss the application of the proposed method in the context of single-image super-resolution reconstruction based on GSE. Illustrations and simulations are presented to verify the validity and effectiveness of the proposed results.
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    Call for Papers for IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI 2017) (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-02
    Description: Prospective authors are requested to submit new, unpublished manuscripts for inclusion in the upcoming event described in this call for papers.
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    An Opportunistic Sensor Scheduling Solution to Remote State Estimation Over Multiple Channels (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-02
    Description: We consider a sensor scheduling problem where the sensors have multiple choices of communication channel to send their local measurements to a remote state estimator for state estimation. Specifically, the sensors can transmit high-precision data packets over an expensive channel or low-precision data packets, which are quantized in several bits, over some cheap channels. The expensive channel, though being able to deliver more accurate data which leads to good estimation quality at the remote estimator, can only be used scarcely due to its high cost (e.g., high energy consumption). On the other hand, the cheap channel, though having a small cost, delivers less accurate data which inevitably deteriorates the remote estimation quality. In this work we propose a new framework in which the sensors switch between the two channels to achieve a better tradeoff among the communication cost, the estimation performance and the computational complexity, where the two-channel case can be easily extended to a multiple-channel case. We propose an opportunistic sensor schedule which reduces the communication cost by randomly switching among the expensive and cheap channels, and in the meantime maintains low computational complexity while introducing data quantization into the estimation problem. We present a minimum mean square error (MMSE) estimator in a closed-form under the proposed opportunistic sensor schedule. We also formulate an optimization problem to search the best opportunistic schedule with a linear quantizer. Furthermore, we show that the MMSE estimator in the limiting case becomes the standard Kalman filter.
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    Geometrical Calibration of X-Ray Imaging With RGB Cameras for 3D Reconstruction (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-02
    Description: We present a methodology to recover the geometrical calibration of conventional X-ray settings with the help of an ordinary video camera and visible fiducials that are present in the scene. After calibration, equivalent points of interest can be easily identifiable with the help of the epipolar geometry. The same procedure also allows the measurement of real anatomic lengths and angles and obtains accurate 3D locations from image points. Our approach completely eliminates the need for X-ray-opaque reference marks (and necessary supporting frames) which can sometimes be invasive for the patient, occlude the radiographic picture, and end up projected outside the imaging sensor area in oblique protocols. Two possible frameworks are envisioned: a spatially shifting X-ray anode around the patient/object and a moving patient that moves/rotates while the imaging system remains fixed. As a proof of concept, experiences with a device under test (DUT), an anthropomorphic phantom and a real brachytherapy session have been carried out. The results show that it is possible to identify common points with a proper level of accuracy and retrieve three-dimensional locations, lengths and shapes with a millimetric level of precision. The presented approach is simple and compatible with both current and legacy widespread diagnostic X-ray imaging deployments and it can represent a good and inexpensive alternative to other radiological modalities like CT.
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    Special issue on simulation and synthesis in medical imaging (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-02
    Print ISSN: 0278-0062
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-254X
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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  • 149
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    A Stable Normalized Least Mean Fourth Algorithm With Improved Transient and Tracking Behaviors (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-02
    Description: The stability problems of the least mean fourth (LMF) algorithm put a limitation on its tracking capability. The paper investigates the possibility of solving this problem via stabilization of the algorithm. The analysis is done for a Markov plant. It is found that the available stable normalized LMF (NLMF) algorithm has a tracking limitation for high signal-to-noise ratio. The paper presents a new stable NLMF algorithm that is free of this limitation. Mean-square stability of the algorithm is proved. Expressions are derived for the minimum steady-state mean square deviation (MSD) and the corresponding convergence time. The new algorithm outperforms the available stable NLMF algorithm in both the transient and steady states. The new algorithm is also compared with the NLMS algorithm when the adaptation parameter of each algorithm is set to the value that minimizes its steady-state MSD. For large initial MSD, the algorithm outperforms the NLMS algorithm, even for Gaussian noise. For small initial MSD, the algorithm outperforms the NLMS algorithm for sub-Gaussian noise, while the situation is opposite for Gaussian noise. Analytical results are supported by simulations.
    Print ISSN: 1053-587X
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-0476
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Signal Processing Society.
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    An Introduction to Twisted Particle Filters and Parameter Estimation in Non-Linear State-Space Models (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-02
    Description: Twisted particle filters are a class of sequential Monte Carlo methods recently introduced by Whiteley and Lee to improve the efficiency of marginal likelihood estimation in state-space models. The purpose of this article is to extend the twisted particle filtering methodology, establish accessible theoretical results which convey its rationale, and provide a demonstration of its practical performance within particle Markov chain Monte Carlo for estimating static model parameters. We derive twisted particle filters that incorporate systematic or multinomial resampling and information from historical particle states, and a transparent proof which identifies the optimal algorithm for marginal likelihood estimation. We demonstrate how to approximate the optimal algorithm for nonlinear state-space models with Gaussian noise and we apply such approximations to two examples: a range and bearing tracking problem and an indoor positioning problem with Bluetooth signal strength measurements. We demonstrate improvements over standard algorithms in terms of variance of marginal likelihood estimates and Markov chain autocorrelation for given CPU time, and improved tracking performance using estimated parameters.
    Print ISSN: 1053-587X
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-0476
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 151
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    Joint Independent Subspace Analysis Using Second-Order Statistics (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-02
    Description: This paper deals with a novel generalization of classical blind source separation (BSS) in two directions. First, relaxing the constraint that the latent sources must be statistically independent. This generalization is well-known and sometimes termed independent subspace analysis (ISA). Second, jointly analyzing several ISA problems, where the link is due to statistical dependence among corresponding sources in different mixtures. When the data are one-dimensional, i.e., multiple classical BSS problems, this model, known as independent vector analysis (IVA), has already been studied. In this paper, we combine IVA with ISA and term this new model joint independent subspace analysis (JISA). We provide full performance analysis of JISA, including closed-form expressions for minimal mean square error (MSE), Fisher information and Cramér–Rao lower bound, in the separation of Gaussian data. The derived MSE applies also for non-Gaussian data, when only second-order statistics are used. We generalize previously known results on IVA, including its ability to uniquely resolve instantaneous mixtures of real Gaussian stationary data, and having the same arbitrary permutation at all mixtures. Numerical experiments validate our theoretical results and show the gain with respect to two competing approaches that either use a finer block partition or a different norm.
    Print ISSN: 1053-587X
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-0476
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 152
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    Optimal Design of Large Dimensional Adaptive Subspace Detectors (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-05
    Description: This paper addresses the design of adaptive subspace matched filter (ASMF) detectors in the presence of a mismatch in the steering vector. These detectors are coined as adaptive in reference to the step of utilizing an estimate of the clutter covariance matrix using training data of signal-free observations. To estimate the clutter covariance matrix, we employ regularized covariance estimators that, by construction, force the eigenvalues of the covariance estimates to be greater than a positive scalar $rho $ . While this feature is likely to increase the bias of the covariance estimate, it presents the advantage of improving its conditioning, thus making the regularization suitable for handling high-dimensional regimes. In this paper, we consider the setting of the regularization parameter and the threshold for ASMF detectors in both Gaussian and compound Gaussian clutters. In order to allow for a proper selection of these parameters, it is essential to analyze the false alarm and detection probabilities. For tractability, such a task is carried out under the asymptotic regime in which the number of observations and their dimensions grow simultaneously large, thereby allowing us to leverage existing results from random matrix theory. Simulation results are provided in order to illustrate the relevance of the proposed design strategy and to compare the performances of the proposed ASMF detectors versus adaptive normalized matched filter (ANMF) detectors under mismatch scenarios.
    Print ISSN: 1053-587X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 153
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    The Impact of Content Sharing on Cloud Storage Bandwidth Consumption (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-05
    Description: Cloud storage offers a popular environment for users to store and share content. Yet, content sharing leads to multiple downloads of the same content when users synchronize devices. These downloads contribute to bandwidth waste and increase server workloads. To what extent does this occur? Would network caches alleviate the problem? The authors address these questions by investigating the traffic generated by Dropbox, a popular cloud storage service. Using data collected from four networks, they show that a large fraction (57-70 percent) of downloads generated by Dropbox users is associated with content shared among multiple devices. Moreover, despite optimizations such as the LAN Sync protocol, up to 25 percent of Dropbox download traffic comes from content replicas. The authors then evaluate an alternative synchronization architecture that uses caches to offload storage servers from such downloads. Their experiments show that the approach cost-effectively avoids most repetitive downloads, benefiting service providers, the network, and end users.
    Print ISSN: 1089-7801
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-0131
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Computer Science
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Computer Society.
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  • 154
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    Natural Interaction for Bot Detection (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-05
    Description: Bot detection -- identifying a software program that's using a computer system -- is an increasingly necessary security task. Existing solutions balance proof of human identity with unobtrusiveness in users' workflows. Cognitive modeling and natural interaction might provide stronger security and less intrusiveness.
    Print ISSN: 1089-7801
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Computer Science
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  • 155
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    Empirical Study of Router IPv6 Interface Address Distributions (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-05
    Description: The IPv6 Internet is an important component of the Internet's continued growth and evolution. By several metrics, IPv6 has grown exponentially and now carries nontrivial amounts of production traffic. Less well-understood, however, is IPv6's topology and the way in which providers are using their IPv6 address allocations. Rather than relying on passive measurements or heuristics, which can bias inferences, here the authors use uniform active probing. They execute Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)-Paris traceroute probes to an address in each /48 in all /32's advertised in the global IPv6 routing table (approximately 400 million traces from 26 globally distributed vantage points). At this granularity, they characterize the distribution of IPv6 interface addresses in the wild, and find significant differences among providers and regions. By providing insight into the structure of the current IPv6 Internet router interface addressing method, their hope is to better inform efforts to design future intelligent, active IPv6 topology-mapping algorithms and systems.
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Computer Science
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  • 156
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    An Efficient 3-D Semivectorial Horizontally Wide-Angle Beam-Propagation Method (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-05
    Description: An efficient 3-D semivectorial horizontally wide-angle beam-propagation method (WA-BPM) based on the alternating direction implicit (ADI) scheme is proposed, where only the paraxial term in the vertical direction is considered. The present formulation reduces the splitting error to the second order and shows good compatibility with previously developed WA-BPMs. A block matrix decomposition process and a simulation window-cutting scheme are utilized to further improve the efficiency of the WA-BPM. Then, by applying Padé approximation to the resulting operator, an efficient ADI scheme that can be solved by the Thomas algorithm is constructed. Alternatively, the resulting operator can be approximated by the Denman–Beavers iterative scheme, leading to an ADI scheme with faster convergence rate and reasonable efficiency. Results from several numerical examples show the effectiveness of the present WA-BPM.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9197
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-1713
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Photonics Society.
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  • 157
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    2016 Fellows Elevation and Recognition (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-05
    Print ISSN: 1527-3342
    Electronic ISSN: 1557-9581
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 158
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    Two Plus Two Equals Four? Maybe Not: A Tutorial on the Graphical Analysis of Complex Signals (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-05
    Description: Most advanced wireless communication systems use spectrally efficient complex modulation to pack more users into the crowded frequency spectrum. Complex modulation simultaneous modulates a signal's amplitude and phase (polar coordinates) or, equivalently, the I and Q components (rectangular coordinates).
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  • 159
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    What Is It Like to Be Editor-in-Chief? [From the Editor's Desk] (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-05
    Print ISSN: 1527-3342
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  • 160
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    The MTT-S Budget Committee-Balancing Income and Expenses [MTT World] (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-05
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  • 161
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    The MTT-S Historian-Passing on the Legacy [MTT World] (2016)
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  • 162
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    Dynamics of Stokes Waves and Pulses Generated by Stimulated Brillouin Scattering in a Resonator Including Highly Nonlinear Fiber (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-05
    Description: We experimentally and theoretically investigate the generation of Stokes waves and the dynamics of pulses produced by cascaded stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in a resonator, including a highly nonlinear fiber (HNLF) and an in-cavity erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) forming a multi-wavelength Brillouin erbium-doped fiber laser system. Using coupled wave equations with the Brillouin pump, Stokes and acoustic waves, propagation in the presence of the SBS and optical Kerr effect, the modeled system simulates the evolution of participating pump and Stokes waves to verify the experimental results. The dependence of the number of generated Stokes waves on EDFA pump and Brillouin pump powers is studied showing that the proper simultaneous change (increase or decrease) of the two pump powers over few hundred of milliwatts (using the power design diagram) results in generating the same number of Stokes waves reaching steady state. Dynamics of the interference signal at the resonator output are also presented for a long HNLF (33 m) showing strong instability due to the existence of a few longitudinal modes within the SBS gain bandwidth with the possibility of random mode hopping. For a short HNLF (3 m), a single longitudinal mode operation is possible and the stability of generated pulses is expected but still depends on the phase relationships per round trip of the participating pump and Stokes waves. A good consistency between simulation and experiment is found.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9197
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 163
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    The MTT-S Nominations and Appointments Committee-Facilitating Governance [MTT World] (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-05
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    Spotlight on the MTT-S-Structure, Activities, Opportunities, and Goals [From the Guest Editors' Desk] (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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  • 165
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    The MTT-S Electronic Information Committee-Enhancing Communication [MTT World] (2016)
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  • 166
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    Staff List (2016)
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  • 167
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    The MTT-S Strategic Planning Committee-Addressing Future Needs [MTT World] (2016)
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  • 168
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    The MTT-S Microwaves 101 Committee-Fostering an Online Community [MTT World] (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-05
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  • 169
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    The MTT-S Inter-Society Committee-Embracing Opportunities Across the IEEE and Elsewhere [MTT World] (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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  • 170
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    The MTT-S Operations Committee-Working Behind the Scenes [MTT World] (2016)
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  • 171
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    The MTT-S Publications Committee-Advancing Research [MTT World] (2016)
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  • 172
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    The MTT-S Parliamentarian-Keeping Order [MTT World] (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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  • 173
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    [Conference Calendar] (2016)
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  • 174
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    Zeroth- and First-Order-Convertible Fiber Interleaving Filter (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-05
    Description: In this paper, we propose a zeroth- and first-order-convertible fiber interleaving filter that has a frequency-interleaving capability in the zeroth- or first-order multiwavelength transmission spectrum. The proposed interleaving filter is a kind of polarization-diversity-loop-based comb filter composed of a polarization beam splitter, three half-wave plates (HWPs), and two polarization-maintaining fiber (PMF) segments, each of which is located between two adjacent HWPs. The HWP inserted between two PMF segments enables the interleaving filter to operate in the zeroth- or first-order transmission mode by adjusting the relative angular difference between the principal axes of two PMF segments. With the orientation angles of the three HWPs set as specific angles, first-order flat-top and narrow-band transmission spectra with a channel spacing of ∼0.792 nm could be obtained and be interleaved by controlling only the HWP between the two PMF segments. In particular, at other specific angle sets of the three HWPs, the zeroth-order transmission spectrum with the same channel spacing could be obtained, and their multiwavelength channels could be interleaved by adjusting only the orientation angle of the intermediary HWP. That is, a first-order comb spectrum could be converted into a zeroth-order one with the same fringe period, and each one could be interleaved through the proper control of the three HWP angles.
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-0655
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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    The MTT-S Ombuds Officer-28 Years of Experiences [MTT-S Ombuds Officer] (2016)
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    IMS 2017 (2016)
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    ARFTG 88th Microwave Measurement Conference Power Amplifiers and Systems Design for Wireless Applications (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-05
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  • 178
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    Breather and Pulse-Package Dynamics in Multinonlinear Electrooptical Systems With Delayed Feedback (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-05
    Description: We investigate the temporal dynamics of a multinonlinear electrooptical system with delayed feedback. We show that when a self-sustained electronic oscillator is introduced in the electric path of the feedback loop, a wide variety of complex periodic and chaotic states can be excited. In particular, the chaotic breather and pulse-package oscillations with slow–fast temporal dynamics are experimentally observed in the system, and they are characterized by excitablelike trajectories and scroll patterns in the state space. We show that a notable specificity of these chaotic states is the presence of three distinct and well-separated timescales in the temporal time traces. We analyze the interaction between the main nonlinearities of the system and the delayed feedback loop, and finally, we discuss the main dynamical features displayed by this family of photonic systems.
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-0655
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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    Outdoor FSO Communications Under Fog: Attenuation Modeling and Performance Evaluation (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-05
    Description: Fog is considered to be a primary challenge for free space optics (FSO) systems. It may cause attenuation that is up to hundreds of decibels per kilometer. Hence, accurate modeling of fog attenuation will help telecommunication operators to engineer and appropriately manage their networks. In this paper, we examine fog measurement data coming from several locations in Europe and the United States and derive a unified channel attenuation model. Compared with existing attenuation models, our proposed model achieves a minimum of 9 dB, which is lower than the average root-mean-square error (RMSE). Moreover, we have investigated the statistical behavior of the channel and developed a probabilistic model under stochastic fog conditions. Furthermore, we studied the performance of the FSO system addressing various performance metrics, including signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), bit-error rate (BER), and channel capacity. Our results show that in communication environments with frequent fog, FSO is typically a short-range data transmission technology. Therefore, FSO will have its preferred market segment in future wireless fifth-generation/sixth-generation (5G/6G) networks having cell sizes that are lower than a 1-km diameter. Moreover, the results of our modeling and analysis can be applied in determining the switching/thresholding conditions in highly reliable hybrid FSO/radio-frequency (RF) networks.
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-0655
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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    Turbo Equalization Using Partial Gaussian Approximation (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-05
    Description: This letter deals with turbo equalization for coded data transmission over intersymbol interference (ISI) channels. We propose a message-passing algorithm that uses the expectation propagation rule to convert messages passed from the demodulator and decoder to the equalizer and computes messages returned by the equalizer by using a partial Gaussian approximation (PGA). We exploit the specific structure of the ISI channel model to compute the latter messages from the beliefs obtained using a Kalman smoother/equalizer. Doing so leads to a significant complexity reduction compared to the initial PGA implementation. Results from Monte Carlo simulations show that the proposed approach leads to a significant performance improvement compared to state-of-the-art turbo equalizers and allows for trading performance with complexity.
    Print ISSN: 1070-9908
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-2361
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Signal Processing Society.
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    Post-Segmentation Swallowing Accelerometry Signal Trimming and False Positive Reduction (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-05
    Description: Dual-axis swallowing accelerometry has been proposed as a method for quantifying swallowing function. Acceleration signals in anterior–posterior and superior–inferior anatomical directions are processed and automatically segmented. However, the latter is often too liberal, admitting pre- and post-swallowing activity while also giving rise to non-swallow segments. These segmentation shortcomings adversely affect feature extraction and ultimately classification of swallowing function. In this paper, we propose a kernel density estimation-based algorithm to adaptively trim the swallow segments, and energy and noise-floor algorithms to reduce the number of false positive swallow segments. The balance between false positive reduction and loss of true positives can be adjusted according to algorithmic thresholds. Dramatic reductions ( $-$ 85.4%) in false positives can be achieved with a moderate loss of true positives ( $-$ 15.1%).
    Print ISSN: 1070-9908
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-2361
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Signal Processing Society.
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    Improving Action Recognition Using Collaborative Representation of Local Depth Map Feature (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-05
    Description: Based on depth information, this letter introduces a new local depth map feature describing local spatiotemporal details of human motion and a collaborative representation for classification with regularized least squares. By extracting a multilayered depth motion feature and then applying a multiscale Histograms of Oriented Gradient (HOG) descriptor to it, the proposed feature characterizes the local temporal change of human motion and the local spatial structure (appearance) of an action. Instead of class-specific dictionary, the test action sample is represented collaboratively by the common shared dictionary. Moreover, we present an analytical solution of collaborative representation, which is independent of the query and can be precalculated as a projection matrix, leading to low computational cost in recognition. The evaluations on MSRAction3D and MSRGesture3D datasets demonstrate its effectiveness.
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    Moving Target's HRRP Synthesis With Sparse Frequency-Stepped Chirp Signal via Atomic Norm Minimization (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-05
    Description: Compressive sensing (CS) has been introduced into inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging with partial measurements. However, in the case of transmitting sparse frequency-stepped chirp signal (FSCS), the CS-based method will produce an irregular range cell migration (IRCM) problem in the recovered high-resolution range profiles (HRRPs). The IRCM is induced by the basis mismatch problem in CS, and it will degrade the ISAR image. To obviate the IRCM, an atomic norm minimization (ANM) method is proposed in this letter. By reformulating the ANM as a semidefinite program (SDP), the echo with full FSCS can be recovered using off-the-shelf SDP solvers. Thus, HRRPs without IRCM can be achieved via the conventional inverse fast Fourier transform. As a result, an improved ISAR image will be obtained. Real data results demonstrate the advantages of the proposed method over the CS-based and matrix completion-based methods.
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  • 184
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    Ambiguity Optimization for Frequency-Hopping Waveforms in MIMO Radars With Arbitrary Antenna Separations (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-05
    Description: Ambiguity functions are important design tools that characterize the response of radar detectors to mismatched targets. Recently, the authors proposed a new definition of the ambiguity function for radars that perform non-coherent processing. In this paper, this new ambiguity function definition is utilized to optimize frequency hopping waveforms for MIMO radars with arbitrary antenna separations. To this end, ambiguity function expressions for a general MIMO radar with arbitrary antenna separation are derived, and further simplified for frequency-hopping waveforms. Next, a scalar cost function is proposed that expresses the desirability of the ambiguity function associated with any frequency-hopping waveform. Simulation results demonstrate that this cost function can be optimized via heuristic optimization techniques to yield improvements in ambiguity performance.
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  • 185
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    A Tensor-Driven Temporal Correlation Model for Video Sequence Classification (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-05
    Description: The task of video sequence classification plays a critical role in the development of computer vision. Considering this fact, this letter proposes a novel tensor decomposition method called tensor-driven temporal correlation in which general tensors are used as input for video sequence classification. Because distortion and redundancy may exist in the tensor representations of video sequences, we project the original tensor into subspaces spanned by spatial basis matrices in the proposed formulation. Moreover, to better preserve the temporal smoothness between consecutive slices of the tensor, the basis matrices are jointly learned by introducing an autoregressive model. An experiment on the commonly used Cambridge hand-gesture database demonstrates that our proposed method reaches convergence within a small number of iterations during the training stage and achieves promising results compared with state-of-the-art methods.
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  • 186
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    A Novel Power Allocation Scheme Under Outage Constraints in NOMA Systems (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-05
    Description: In this letter, we study a downlink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) transmission system, where only the average channel state information (CSI) is available at the transmitter. Two criteria in terms of transmit power and user fairness for NOMA systems are used to formulate two optimization problems, subjected to outage probabilistic constraints and the optimal decoding order. We first investigate the optimal decoding order when the transmitter knows only the average CSI, and then, we develop the optimal power allocation schemes in closed form by employing the feature of the NOMA principle for the two problems. Furthermore, the power difference between NOMA systems and OMA systems under outage constraints is obtained.
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  • 187
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    Estimating the Power Capability of Li-ion Batteries Using Informationally Partitioned Estimators (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-05
    Description: Enforcing constraints on the maximum deliverable power is essential to protect lithium-ion batteries and to maximize resource utilization. This paper describes an algorithm to address the estimation of power capability of battery systems accounting for thermal and electrical constraints. The algorithm is based on model inversion to compute the limiting currents and, hence, power capability. The adequacy of model inversion significantly depends on the accuracy of model states and parameters. Herein, these are estimated by designing cascading estimators whose structure is determined by quantifying the relative estimability of states and parameters. The parameterized battery model and the estimation algorithms are integrated with a power management system in a model of a series hybrid electric vehicle to demonstrate their effectiveness.
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  • 188
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    Symbolic On-the-Fly Synthesis in Supervisory Control Theory (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-05
    Description: This paper presents an efficient synthesis algorithm and its proof of correctness for computing the controllable, nonblocking, and minimally restrictive supervisor in the supervisory control theory. Conventional synthesis algorithms are based on backward reachability computations, where blocking and uncontrollable states are iteratively found by searching the entire state space several times until a fixed point is reached. Many unnecessary states may be visited in this kind of searching. In this paper, we present an alternative synthesis algorithm based on forward reachability, where a number of synthesis steps are performed during the reachability computations. This approach is inspired from the search techniques in Artificial Intelligence (AI) planning. To handle large-scale problems, the algorithm performs the computations symbolically based on binary decision diagrams . The algorithm has been developed, implemented, and applied to several large-scale benchmarks. It is shown that, on average, the on-the-fly algorithm is more efficient than the conventional synthesis algorithms, in particular for problems with many uncontrollable states.
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  • 189
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    A Framework for Simplification of PDE-Based Lithium-Ion Battery Models (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-05
    Description: Simplified models are commonly used in battery management and control, despite their (often implicit) limitations in capturing the dynamic behavior of the battery across a wide range of operating conditions. This paper seeks to develop a framework for battery model simplification starting from an initial high-order physics-based model that will explicitly detail the assumptions underpinning the development of simplified battery models. Starting from the basis of a model capturing the electrochemical, thermal, electrical, and aging dynamics in a set of partial differential equations, a systematic approach based on singular perturbations and averaging is used to simplify the dynamics through identification of disparate timescales inherent in the problem. As a result, libraries of simplified models with interconnections based on the specified assumptions are obtained. A quantitative comparison of the simplified models relative to the original model is used to justify the model reductions. To demonstrate the utility of the framework, a set of battery charging strategies is evaluated at reduced computational effort on simplified models.
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  • 190
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    Time-Varying Gain Differentiator: A Mobile Hydraulic System Case Study (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-05
    Description: In mobile hydraulic systems, velocities are typically not measured. However, using their reliable estimates for feedback is known to allow designing better control laws. We are going to present a specialized technique to compute such estimates using measurements of positions and pressures in the chambers of hydraulic cylinders. With a rough estimate for an upper bound of the second derivative, computed online from pressures, the goal is to find the first derivative of the position signal in the presence of noise. We propose a differentiator with a continuous time-varying gain, constructed from pressure measurements, achieving chattering attenuation without compromising the performance of estimation. The gain is constructively tuned using analysis based on a time-varying Lyapunov function. In addition, the obtained ultimate bounds on differentiation errors provide a criterion for the enhancement of the precision of the proposed algorithm with a constructive design of its parameters. The experimental results over a forestry-standard mobile hydraulic crane confirm the advantages of the methodology.
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  • 191
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    Hydraulic Wind Power Plants: A Nonlinear Model of Low Wind Speed Operation (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-05
    Description: The structure of hydraulic wind power plants involves one or several high-pressure hydraulic pumps and a central power generation unit to combine the energy from wind turbines. As the wind speed drops, the energy generation may not be significant enough to run the main generator. Therefore, an auxiliary generator generates power for the storage devices. The system operation at low wind speed is highly nonlinear, as the power generation is not significant. This paper introduces a nonlinear model of hydraulic elements and offers the nonlinear dynamics of system operation at low speed. Nonlinear state-space representation of the hydraulic wind energy transfer is presented and validated by experimental implementations.
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  • 192
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    Bayesian Ascent: A Data-Driven Optimization Scheme for Real-Time Control With Application to Wind Farm Power Maximization (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-05
    Description: This paper describes a data-driven approach for real-time control of a physical system. Specifically, this paper focuses on the cooperative wind farm control where the objective is to maximize the total wind farm power production by using control actions as an input and measured power as an output. For real time, data-driven wind farm control, it is imperative that the optimization algorithm is able to improve a target wind farm power production by executing as small number of trial actions as possible using the wind farm power monitoring data. To achieve this goal, we develop a Bayesian ascent (BA) algorithm by incorporating into the Bayesian optimization framework a strategy that regulates the search domain, as used in the trust region method. The BA algorithm is composed of two iterative phases, namely, learning and optimization phases. In the learning phase, the BA algorithm approximates the target function using Gaussian process regression to fit the measured input and output of the target system. In the optimization phase, the BA algorithm determines the next sampling point to learn more about the target function (exploration) as well as to improve the target value (exploitation). Specifically, the sampling strategy is designed to ensure that the input is selected within a trust region to improve the target value monotonically by gradually changing the input for a target system. The results from simulation studies using an analytical wind farm power function and experimental studies using scaled wind turbines show that the BA algorithm can achieve an almost monotonic increase in the target value.
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    On Decoupling Control of the VGT-EGR System in Diesel Engines: A New Framework (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-05
    Description: In this brief, a novel decoupling solution is proposed for the variable-geometry turbine (VGT) and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system of diesel engines based on the principle of active disturbance rejection control. This complex, double-input, double-output, VGT-EGR system is treated as two ideal, decoupled integrators for the purpose of control design, while all other dynamics that deviate from the ideal model, including cross coupling and dynamic variations due to operating point changes, and all other uncertainties are treated as the total disturbance to be estimated and canceled. Since the estimation of the total disturbance is bandwidth limited in the VGT-EGR system, feedforward controllers, one static and one dynamic, are used to speed up the response. The proposed controller is simple to implement, easy to tune, and able to handle a wide range of uncertainties without retuning or gain-scheduling. Its effectiveness has been validated in simulation, experimental tests, as well as in mathematical analysis, proving the inverse relationship between the tracking error and the controller bandwidth.
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  • 194
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    Enhanced-Performance Control of an Electromagnetic Solenoid System Using a Digital Controller (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-05
    Description: Solenoids can be used as linear or incremental motion actuators, most often by coupling the solenoid armature to a linear spring. In this configuration, its limited open-loop stable range (less than one-third of the full range) affects performance and limits applications. The input–output linearization control method is an effective technique to extend the stable range. But in practice, however, the time-delay effect from both measurement and actuation can make the system less damped and therefore more sensitive to disturbances. This effect was analyzed and a digital proportional and integrator controller plus extended state observer (ESO) is proposed to enhance the performance of the electromagnetic actuator. Simulation and experimental tests show that this combined proportional and integral and ESO technique can extend the stable range of motion to 77.6% of full stroke with less sensitivity to external disturbances.
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    Deployment of Applications in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Gossip-Based Lifetime Maximization Approach (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-05
    Description: In this brief, a wireless sensor network in which the nodes are equipped with a programmable middleware that allows the quick deployment of different applications is considered. We propose a distributed method to extend the network lifetime by managing how tasks are assigned to different nodes. A detailed model of energy consumption of the wireless sensor nodes is provided and a gossip-based algorithm that only exploits iterative and asynchronous optimizations involving local information between neighboring nodes to maximize the global network lifetime is proposed. Experimental results and simulations performed on the embedded hardware show that our framework can provide a significant lifetime extension, particularly for networks with high node densities and nonuniform energy consumption or initial battery charge.
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  • 196
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    Estimation of the Most Critical Parameter for the Two-Movement Method to Compensate for Oscillations Caused by Control Valve Stiction (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-05
    Description: The two-movement method is one of the most effective compensation methods to remove oscillations caused by control valve stiction in feedback control loops. This method requires one critical parameter $m_{mathrm{ ss}}$ for implementation, namely, the value of controller output associated with the desired valve position. This brief proposes a novel approach to estimate this critical parameter solely based on the oscillatory data samples available in the control loop. This approach removes the requirement of extra experiments before the implementation of the two-movement method such as open-loop step responses in the existing studies and greatly reduces the time cost of two-movement method. Numerical and laboratory examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the two-movement method incorporating the estimation of $m_{mathrm{ ss}}$ .
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  • 197
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    Attitude Estimation Using Redundant Inertial Measurement Units for the Control of a Camera Stabilization Platform (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-05
    Description: In this brief, a three-axis gimbaled platform for the active stabilization of film and broadcast cameras is considered. To decouple the attitude of the camera from the motion of the operator, accurate estimation of the platform attitude is necessary. Attitude estimation strategies based on extended Kalman filter (EKF) and unscented Kalman filter (UKF) are developed, which fuse redundant measurements of inertial measurement units (IMUs) mounted at different positions of the platform. This brief extends the state of the art, where typically a single IMU or redundant IMUs placed at the same position are used. The performance of the EKF and UKF is analyzed and compared with an EKF using only a single IMU by measurement results of a prototype platform.
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  • 198
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    Delayed Feedback Control Laws for Rijke Tube Thermoacoustic Instability, Synthesis, and Experimental Validation (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-05
    Description: We approach the thermoacoustic instability problem in Rijke tubes from a mathematically novel perspective. In this benchmark experimental setting, the complex dynamic exchange between the unsteady heat release and the acoustic pressure variations creates the instability. When linearized, this behavior leads to a neutral class time-delayed dynamics with multiple independent delays, where our major contribution arrives. We aim to synthesize a series of stabilizing feedback control strategies for this dynamics. A recent mathematical paradigm, called the cluster treatment of characteristic roots (CTCR), is used to facilitate this objective. This paradigm, in essence, declares the necessary and sufficient stability conditions in the space of the system and controller parameters. The main contributions of this brief are in the first-time deployment of CTCR in the syntheses of various feedback control laws and validating experiments.
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  • 199
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    Fixed-Time Attitude Control for Rigid Spacecraft With Actuator Saturation and Faults (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-05
    Description: This brief investigates the finite-time control problem associated with attitude stabilization of a rigid spacecraft subject to external disturbance, actuator faults, and input saturation. More specifically, a novel fixed-time sliding mode surface is developed, and the settling time of the defined surface is shown to be independent of the initial conditions of the system. Then, a finite-time controller is derived to guarantee that the closed-loop system is stable in the sense of the fixed-time concept. The actuator-magnitude constraints are rigorously enforced and the attitude of the rigid spacecraft converges to the equilibrium in a finite time even in the presence of external disturbances and actuator faults. Numerical simulations illustrate the spacecraft performance obtained using the proposed controller.
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    Introducing IEEE Collabratec (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-05
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