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  • 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques  (9)
  • 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.08. Sediments: dating, processes, transport
  • Mt. Etna
  • AGU  (7)
  • American Geophysical Union  (3)
  • Springer  (3)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • Cabildo Insular de Tenerife Fundación Canaria ITER
  • Elsevier Science Limited
  • Essen : Verl. Glückauf
  • Krefeld : Geologischer Dienst Nordhein-Westfalen
  • 2010-2014
  • 2005-2009  (13)
  • 2007  (13)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 2010-2014
  • 2005-2009  (13)
Year
  • 1
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    Effects of a volcanic plume on thermal imaging data (2007)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Ground-based thermal imaging is becoming an increasingly important tool for volcano surveillance, however the impact of volcanic plumes on quantitative measurements of surface temperature has not been previously evaluated. Here we use a radiative transfer model to simulate gas (primarily H2O and SO2) and aerosol absorptions over the path between a thermal camera and a heat source on Stromboli volcano, Italy. A FTIR spectrometer was used to quantify path amounts of gases likely to be encountered when making thermal measurements of the active craters. We find that when using a camera sensitive from 7.5 to 13 mm, underestimates of 400 K may be produced when viewing a source with an actual temperature of 1200 K. Cameras that operate between 3 and 5 mm are somewhat less susceptible to these errors.
    Description: Published
    Description: L14311
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: NONE ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
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    Lava effusion rate definition and measurement: a review (2007)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Measurement of effusion rate is a primary objective for studies that model lava flow and magma system dynamics, as well as for monitoring efforts during on-going eruptions. However, its exact definition remains a source of confusion, and problems occur when comparing volume flux values that are averaged over different time periods or spatial scales, or measured using different approaches. Thus our aims are to: (1) define effusion rate terminology; and (2) assess the various measurement methods and their results. We first distinguish between instantaneous effusion rate, and time-averaged discharge rate. Eruption rate is next defined as the total volume of lava emplaced since the beginning of the eruption divided by the time since the eruption began. The ultimate extension of this is mean output rate, this being the final volume of erupted lava divided by total eruption duration. Whether these values are total values, i.e. the flux feeding all flow units across the entire flow field, or local, i.e. the flux feeding a single active unit within a flow field across which many units are active, also needs to be specified. No approach is without its problems, and all can have large error (up to ∼50%). However, good agreement between diverse approaches shows that reliable estimates can be made if each approach is applied carefully and takes into account the caveats we detail here. There are three important factors to consider and state when measuring, giving or using an effusion rate. First, the time-period over which the value was averaged; second, whether the measurement applies to the entire active flow field, or a single lava flow within that field; and third, the measurement technique and its accompanying assumptions.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-22
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Lava ; Instantaneous effusion rate ; Time-averaged discharge rate ; Eruption rate ; Monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 3
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    Contemporary total dissolved gas pressure and soil temperature anomalies recorded at Stromboli volcano (Italy) (2007)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Soil temperature and total dissolved gas pressure(TDGP) data were recorded by two continuous monitoring stations on the volcano of Stromboli (Italy) between March and October 2006. During this period several TDGP and soil temperature anomalies, unrelated to external causes and characterized by a similar shape and occurrence time, were recorded. These anomalies were interpreted as transients due to changes in the degassing regime of the volcano,which was in turn related to changes in the partition ratio of the volcanic fluidsbetweenthe conduitandthe soil. In thesame period Stromboli experienced an anomalous phase of volcanic and tectonic activity. The close correlation found between volcano-tectonic activity and variations in anomalousmonitored parameters suggests that their continuous monitoring may be a useful tool for the surveillance of volcanic activity on the island.
    Description: Published
    Description: L08301
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Dissolved gases ; Soil temperature ; Total dissolved gas pressure ; Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.01. Geochemical data
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
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    Continuous soil radon monitoring during the July 2006 Etna eruption (2007)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Continuous soil radon monitoring was carried out near the Southeast Crater (SEC) of Mt. Etna during the 10-day July 2006 Strombolian-effusive eruption. This signal was compared with simultaneously acquired volcanic tremor and thermal radiance data. The onset of explosive activity and a lava fountaining episode were preceded by some hours with increases in radon soil emission by 4–5 orders of magnitude, which we interpret as precursors. Minor changes in eruptive behavior did not produce significant variations in the monitored parameters. The remarkably high radon concentrations we observed are unprecedented in the literature. We interpret peaks in radon activity as due primarily to microfracturing of uranium-bearing rock. These observations suggest that radon measurements in the summit area of Etna are strongly controlled by the state of stress within the volcano and demonstrate the usefulness of radon data acquisition before and during eruptions.
    Description: Published
    Description: L24316
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: NONE ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 5
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    Review of Microgravity Observations at Mt. Etna: A Powerful Tool to Monitor and Study Active Volcanoes. (2007)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Microgravity observations at Mt. Etna have been routinely performed as both discrete (since 1986) and continuous (since 1998) measurements. In addition to describing the methodology for acquiring and reducing gravity data from Mt. Etna, this paper provides a collection of case studies aimed at demonstrating the potential of microgravity to investigate the plumbing system of an active volcano and detect forerunners to paroxysmal volcanic events. For discrete gravity measurements, results from 1994– 1996 and 2001 are reported. During the first period, the observed gravity changes are interpreted within the framework of the Strombolian activity which occurred from the summit craters. Gravity changes observed during the first nine months of 2001 are directly related to subsurface mass redistributions which preceded, accompanied and followed the July-August 2001 flank eruption of Mt. Etna. Two continuous gravity records are discussed: a 16-month (October 1998 to February 2000) sequence and a 48-hour (26–28 October, 2002) sequence, both from a station within a few kilometers of the volcano’s summit. The 16-month record may be the longest continuous gravity sequence ever acquired at a station very close to the summit zone of an active volcano. By cross analyzing it with contemporaneous discrete observations along a summit profile of stations, both the geometry of a buried source and its time evolution can be investigated. The shorter continuous sequence encompasses the onset of an eruption from a location only 1.5 km from the gravity station. This gravity record is useful for establishing constraints on the characteristics of the intrusive mechanism leading to the eruption. In particular, the observed gravity anomaly indicates that the magma intrusion occurred ‘‘passively’’ within a fracture system opened by external forces.
    Description: Published
    Description: 769-790
    Description: 2.6. TTC - Laboratorio di gravimetria, magnetismo ed elettromagnetismo in aree attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Mt. Etna ; microgravity ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.05. Gravity variations
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  • 6
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    The SO2 camera: A simple, fast and cheap method for ground-based imaging of SO2 in volcanic plumes (2007)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: SO2 flux is widely monitored on active volcanoes as it gives a window into the hidden, subsurface magma dynamics. We present here a new approach to SO2 flux monitoring using ultraviolet imaging of the volcanic plume through carefully chosen filters to produce images of SO2 column amount. The SO2 camera heralds a breakthrough in both our ability to measure SO2 flux at unprecedented frequencies (2 Hz) and at unprecedented accuracy, thanks to the application of correlation techniques to determine wind speed directly from the images and the ability to measure the whole profile simultaneously. In this paper we detail the commercially available pieces required to construct the SO2 camera, introduce a retrieval scheme to determine SO2 amounts from the images and present results from a field campaign in November 2005 on Sakurajima volcano, Japan.
    Description: Published
    Description: L24804
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: NONE ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 7
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    Holocene tsunamis from Mount Etna and the fate of Israeli Neolithic communities (2007)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Field evidence reveals that the Neolithic village of Atlit-Yam (Israeli coast) was destroyed in an event which also caused the sudden death of tens of inhabitants. Archaeological evidence and numerical simulations support the notion that the village was destroyed, ~8.3 ka B.P., by a tsunami triggered by a known Holocene flank collapse of Mt. Etna volcano (Italy). The filling of a water well within the village confirms inundation by a tsunami wave train and a sediment layer, composed of a clayed-sandy matrix and other detritus including reworked marine sediment, indicates tsunami inundation. This scenario shows that tsunamis generated by sector collapses from coastal volcanoes can seriously threaten near-shore settlements thousands of kilometres distant from the tsunami source.
    Description: Published
    Description: L16317
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: tsunami ; Mt. Etna ; Atlit-Yam ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
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    The morphology and evolution of the Stromboli 2002–2003 lava flow field: an example of a basaltic flow field emplaced on a steep slope (2007)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The use of a hand-held thermal camera during the 2002–2003 Stromboli effusive eruption proved essential in tracking the development of flow field structures and in measuring related eruption parameters, such as the number of active vents and flow lengths. The steep underlying slope on which the flow field was emplaced resulted in a characteristic flow field morphology. This comprised a proximal shield, where flow stacking and inflation caused piling up of lava on the relatively flat ground of the vent zone, that fed a medial–distal lava flow field. This zone was characterized by the formation of lava tubes and tumuli forming a complex network of tumuli and flows linked by tubes. Most of the flow field was emplaced on extremely steep slopes and this had two effects. It caused flows to slide, as well as flow, and flow fronts to fail frequently, persistent flow front crumbling resulted in the production of an extensive debris field. Channel-fed flows were also characterized by development of excavated debris levees in this zone (Calvari et al. 2005). Collapse of lava flow fronts and inflation of the upper proximal lava shield made volume calculation very difficult. Comparison of the final field volume with that expecta by integrating the lava effusion rates through time suggests a loss of ~70% erupted lava by flow front crumbling and accumulation as debris flows below sea level. Derived relationships between effusion rate, flow length, and number of active vents showed systematic and correlated variations with time where spreading of volume between numerous flows caused an otherwise good correlation between effusion rate, flow length to break down. Observations collected during this eruption are useful in helping to understand lava flow processes on steep slopes, as well as in interpreting old lava–debris sequences found in other steep-sided volcanoes subject to effusive activity.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Lava flow field ; Morphology ; Tumuli ; Lava tubes ; Effusion rate ; Rheology ; Stromboli volcano ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 9
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    Composite ground deformation pattern forerunning the 2004–2005 Mount Etna eruption (2007)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: After the end of the 2002–2003 eruption, Mount Etna activity was characterized only by gentle degassing at the summit craters and some earthquake swarms. Suddenly, an eruption started on 7 September 2004 in complete absence of summit crater volcanic activity, seismicity or seismic tremor, and ground deformation. This is the first time that magma poured out passively without preeruptive and coeruptive volcanic and/or geophysical phenomena. The primary key to understanding this event is represented by the ground deformation pattern recorded through GPS measurements during the year before the eruption. The ground deformation shows inflation superimposed by a predominant eastward movement of the eastern sector at a rate never observed before in a noneruptive period. The images from satellite radar interferometry confirmed this pattern. The deformation field clearly shows that the maximum tension in the eastern sector of the volcano caused the opening of the eruptive fracture which favored the silent pouring out of already resident magma.
    Description: Published
    Description: B12207
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: NONE ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 10
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    Magma uprising and flank dynamics on Mount Etna volcano, studied using GPS data (1994–1995) (2007)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Ground deformation occurring on Mount Etna from 1994 to 1995 is analyzed in this paper. This period was characterized by intense volcanic activity at the four summit craters, with frequent strombolian activity, fire fountains, and emplacement of several new lava flows. Four GPS surveys were carried out during this time, two as routinely planned each year and an additional two in 1995 to acquire more data to follow the activity at the NE Crater. The comparisons between GPS surveys are reported in terms of horizontal and vertical displacements of each station and in terms of areal dilatation and principal strain axes. During the period considered in this work, a trend of increasing areal dilatation of the volcano (at a rate of about 5 mstrain/yr) was recognized; it was briefly interrupted by a small contraction (about 2 mstrain), in the autumn of 1995, when volcanic activity at the summit craters began. In detail, the strain distribution of the network is analyzed; it allows the detection of areas showing anomalous behavior, such as the summit zone or the Pernicana fault. Inversions of the ground displacement vectors have been performed by appropriately combining numerical and analytical approaches. Results of the inversions suggest structures defining an eastward and southward sliding of the eastern and southeastern sectors of Mount Etna.
    Description: CNR-GNV "Empedocle" ESA-ESRIN project
    Description: Published
    Description: 2153
    Description: 1.3. TTC - Sorveglianza geodetica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: GPS ; Ground deformation ; modeling ; Flank instability ; Mt. Etna ; Volcano dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.06. Measurements and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.08. Theory and Models ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 11
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    Structural and seismological features of the 1989 syn-eruptive NNW-SSE fracture system at Mt. Etna (2007)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In the text
    Description: Published
    Description: 1545-1548
    Description: 1.4. TTC - Sorveglianza sismologica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: anisotropy ; eruptive fracture ; Mt. Etna ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology
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  • 12
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    Lava flow identification and aging by means of lidar intensity: Mount Etna case (2007)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: An application of light detection and ranging (lidar) intensity for the identification and mapping of different lava flows from the Mount Etna (Italy) active volcano is described. In September 2004 an airborne lidar survey was flown over summit sectors of Mount Etna. The information derived from lidar intensity values was used to compare the lava flows with respect to their age of emplacement. Analyzed lava flows vary in age between those dating prior to A.D. 1610 and those active during the survey (2004–2005 eruptions). The target-emitter distance, as well as surface roughness and texture at the lidar footprint scale, is the main parameter controlling the intensity response of lava flows. Variations in the roughness and texture of surfaces at a meter scale result from two main processes, initial lava cooling and subsequent surface weathering; both lead to variations in the original surface roughness of the flow. In summary: (1) initially, from the time of emplacement, the lidar intensity of lava flow surfaces decreases and (2) about 6 years after emplacement the lidar intensity of lava surfaces starts to increase with the age of flows. Lidar capability in terms of geometric (accuracy of ∼1 m in plan position and less than 1 m in elevation) and spectral (lidar intensity depends on surface reflection at λ = 1.064 μm) information can thus be effectively used to map lava flows and to define a relative chronology of lava emplacement.
    Description: Published
    Description: B02201
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei sistemi vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: lava flows ; mapping ; lidar ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 13
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    Reactive halogen chemistry in volcanic plumes (2007)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-19
    Description: Bromine monoxide (BrO) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) abundances as a function of the distance from the source were measured by ground-based scattered-light Multi AXis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) in the volcanic plumes of Mt. Etna on Sicily, Italy in August-October 2004 and May 2005 and Villarica in Chile in November 2004. BrO and SO2 spatial distributions in a cross section of Mt. Etna’s plume were also determined by Imaging DOAS. We observed an increase in the BrO/SO2 ratio in the plume from below the detection limit near the vent to about 4.5 x 10-4 at 19 km (Mt. Etna) and to about 1.3 x 10-4 at 3 km (Villarica) distance, respectively. Additional attempts were undertaken to evaluate the compositions of individual vents on Mt. Etna. Furthermore, we detected the halogen species ClO and OClO. This is the first time that OClO could be detected in a volcanic plume. Using calculated thermodynamic equilibrium compositions as input data for a one–dimensional photochemical model, we could reproduce the observed BrO and SO2 vertical columns in the plume and their ratio as function of distance from the volcano as well as vertical BrO and SO2 profiles across the plume with current knowledge of multiphase halogen chemistry, but only when we assumed the existence of an ”effective source region”, where volcanic volatiles and ambient air are mixed at about 600°C (in the proportions of 60% and 40%, respectively)
    Description: Published
    Description: D06311
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Volcanic Plumes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
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