ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Part I - The value of freedom ; Part II - Freedom and the law ; Part III - Freedom in the welfare state ; Postscript

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Introduction ; Part One: Threshold Effects ; Chapter 1: The Theory of Poverty Traps What Have We Learned? ; Part Two: Institutions ; Chapter 2: The Persistence of Poverty in the Americas The Role of Institutions ; Chapter 3: Parasites ; Chapter 4: The Kin System as a Poverty Trap? ; Chapter 5: Institutional Poverty Traps ; Part Three: Neighborhood Effects ; Chapter 6: Groups, Social Influences, and Inequality ; Chapter 7: Durable Inequality Spatial Dynamics, Social Processes, and the Persistence of Poverty in Chicago Neighborhoods ; Chapter 8: Spatial Concentration and Social Stratification Does the Clustering of Disadvantage "Beget " Bad Outcomes??

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Micromotives and Macrobehavior ; The Inescapable Mathematics of Musical chairs ; Thermostats, Lemons, and Other Families of Models ; Sorting and Mixing: Race and Sex ; Sorting and Mixing: Age and Income ; Choosing our Children's Genes ; Hockey Helmets, Daylight Saving, and Other Binary Choices ; An Astonishing Sixty Years: The Legacy of Hiroshima (The Nobel Lecture)

Description / Table of Contents: An illustrated guide to trapping, identifying, and quantifying airborne biological particles such as fungus and plant spores and pollen. This book is of use to those interested in aerobiology or studying applied aspects such as dispersal and effect of allergens, or human, animal and plant pathogens.This is an illustrated guide to trapping, identifying and quantifying airborne biological particles such as fungus, plant spores and pollen. Including a comprehensive review of what is in the air and detailing the historical development of theories leading to modern aerobiology, the book explains the fundamental processes behind airborne dispersal and techniques used to sample, identify and quantify biological particles. Includes photographs and 9 colour reproductions of paintings of airborne particles. Table of contens: Chapter 1 Introduction to Aerobiology 1. What is aerobiology 2. The Air Spora 3. What is in the air 4. Early history of aerobiology 5. Aerobiology as a discipline 6. Aerobiology in action Chapter 2 The Aerobiology Pathway 1. Introduction 2. Take-off (Release) 3. Dispersal 4. Deposition - sedimentation and impaction 5. Impact 6. Interpreting spore trap data 7. Dispersal by rain splash and aerosol Chapter 3 Air Sampling Techniques 1. Introduction 2. Passive traps 3. Cascade impactor 4. Andersen sampler 5. Whirling arm trap 6. Burkard trap 7. Cyclone and minature cyclone samplers 8. Virtual impactors and liquid impingers 9. Filters Chapter 4 Using a Burkard Trap 1. Introduction 2. Siting the trap 3. Running the trap Chapter 5 Using a microscope 1. Introduction 2. Microscope structures 3. Using a microscope 4. Measuring and calibration Chapter 6 Pollen and spore counts 1. Introduction 2. Counting pollens and spores from a Burkard trap 3. Counting pollen and spores from a whirling arm trap Chapter 7 Identification 1. Introduction 2. Particle types 3. Useful references 4. Paintings - x1000 Appendix Glossary References Index

Description / Table of Contents: The second edition of this internationally acclaimed text presents the latest developments in atmospheric science. It continues to be the premier text for both a rigorous and a complete treatment of the chemistry of the atmosphere, covering such pivotal topics as: chemistry of the stratosphere and troposphere; formation, growth, dynamics, and properties of aerosols; meteorology of air pollution; transport, diffusion, and removal of species in the atmosphere; formation and chemistry of clouds; interaction of atmospheric chemistry and climate; radiative and climatic effects of gases and particles; formulation of mathematical chemical/transport models of the atmosphere. All chapters develop results based on fundamental principles, enabling the reader to build a solid understanding of the science underlying atmospheric processes. Among the new material are three new chapters: Atmospheric radiation and photochemistry, gernal circulation of the atmosphere, and global cycles. In addition, the chapters Stratospheric chemistry, tropospheric chemistry, and organic atmospheric aerosols have been rewritten to reflect the latest findings. Readers familiar with the first edition will discover a text with new structures and new features that greatly aid learning. Many examples are set off in the text to help readers work through the application of concepts. Advanced material has been moved to appendices. Finally, many new problems, coded by degree of difficulty, have been added. A solutions manual is available. Throughly updated and restructured, the second edition of Atmospheric chemistry and physics is an ideal textbook for upper-level undergraduate and graduate students, as well as a reference for researchers in environmental engineering, meteorology, chemistry, and the atmospheric sciences.

Description / Table of Contents: In the middle of the 19th century, Alexander Theodor von Middendorff - a baltic-german scientist of Estonian descent - led an expedition to the nothernmost place of the Eurasian continent, the Taimyr Peninsula. According to the spirits of his time, being equally adept in etnology, botany and zoology, Middendorff made numerous scientific discoveries and first-time scientifc descriptions of local culture, flora, fauna and climate, establishing himself firmly among famous explorers of the North. 150 years later, Middendorff's journey was re-traced by a team of Estonian scientists, with a goal to record the changes occured in the region.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Vorwort ; 2. Das sozialmetabolische Regime der solarenergiebasierten Landwirtschaft ; 3. Fallstudien zur Landwirtschaft am Vorabend der Industrialisierung ; 4. Die industrielle Transformation ; 5. Die energetische Transformation im Vereinigten Königreich von Großbritannien und Irland ; 6. Landnutzung und Energie in Österreich 1800-2000 ; 7. Die energetische Transformation im Vereinigten Königreich und in Österreich ; 8. Die Transformation des sozialmetabolischen Regimes ; 9. Anhang

Description / Table of Contents: Dies ist die Geschichte von Einsteins unvollendeter Revolution, einer tiefgreifenden Veränderung unserer Begriffe von Raum, Zeit, Materie und Strahlung. Diese Revolution begann in Einsteins Wunderjahr 1905, wurde durch seine allgemeine Relativitätstheorie aus dem Jahre 1915 fortgesetzt und wirkt in den heutigen Versuchender Wissenschaft, die Entstehung und das Schicksal des Universums zu verstehen, weiter.Vor dem Hintergrund einer historischen Theorie des wissenschaftlichen Fortschritts wird Einsteins bis heute nicht abgeschlossene Revolution als das Ergebnis einer langfristigen Entwicklung des Wissens verständlich. Anhand der spannenden Geschichte von Einsteins Entdeckungen wird nachvollziehbar, warum große Denker wie Einstein weiter gesehen haben als ihre Vorgänger. Sie standen nicht nur auf den Schultern von Riesen, also den wissenschaftlichen Leistungen einzelner großer Vorgänger wie Newton, sondern auch auf den Schultern von "Zwergen", dem wissenschaftlichen Wissen, dem technischen Wissen, und dem Alltagswissen, das Generationen im Verlaufe der Menschheitsgeschichte angehäuft haben. Zu den "Zwergen" gehören nicht zuletzt Einsteins heute unbekannte Freunde und Helfer, deren Beitrag hier zum ersten Mal umfassend gewürdigt wird.

Description / Table of Contents: Wallace and Hobbs' original edition of Atmospheric Sciencehelped define the field nearly 30 years ago, and has served as the cornerstone for most university curriculums. Now students and professionals alike can use this updated classic to understand atmospheric phenomena in the context of the latest discoveries and technologies, and prepare themselves for more advanced study and real-life problem solving. Atmospheric Science, Second Edition,has been completely revamped in terms of content and appearance. It contains new chapters on atmospheric chemistry, the Earth system,climate, and the atmospheric boundary layer, as well as enhanced treatment of atmospheric dynamics, weather forecasting, radiative transfer, severe storms, and human impacts, such as global warming. The authors illustrate concepts with colorful state-of-the-art imagery and cover a vast amount of new information in the field. They have also developed several online materials for instructors who adopt the text. With its thorough coverage of the fundamentals, clear explanations, and extensive updates, Wallace Hobbs' Atmospheric Science, Second Edition,is the essential first step in educating today's atmospheric scientists. * Full-color satellite imagery and cloud photographs illustrate principles throughout * Extensive numerical and qualitative exercises emphasize the application of basic physical principles to problems in the atmospheric sciences * Biographical footnotes summarize the lives and work of scientists mentioned in the text, and provide students with a sense of the long history of meteorology * Companion website encourages more advanced exploration of text topics: supplementary information, images, and bonus exercises

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: General Introduction ; PART I: INDIVIDUAL vs COLLECTIVE CHOICE ; 1. Risks in a Public Project: The Millau Viaduct ; 2. Individual Valuations and Economic Rationality ; 3. Aggregation of Individual Choices ; 4. Individual and Collective Risk Management Instruments ; PART II: RISK vs UNCERTAINTY ; 5. Insurable and Uninsurable Risks ; 6. Risk Economics ; 7. Marketed Risks ; 8. Management Instruments for Risk and for Uncertainty ; PART III: STATIC vs DYNAMIC ; 9. Risk Businesses ; 10. Valuation without Flexibilities ; 11. Valuation with Options ; 12. Static and Dynamic Risk Instruments ; General Conclusion

Description / Table of Contents: This monograph is devoted to modern considerations on geochemistry of rare earth elements (REE) in the ocean. Chemical properties of REE which determine their migration ability in natural processes and REE sources are presented. The REE behavior in the river water-seawater mixing zone is analyzed, as well as fractionation of dissolved and particulate REE in the oceanic water in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. It is shown that the variability of REE composition in pelagic sediments reflects their fractionation in oceanic water, as a consequence of material differentiation in the ocean. REE distribution in terrigenous, authigenic, hydrothermal and biogenic constituents of sediments is considered, including clay minerals, bone debris, barite, phillipsite, iron and manganese oxyhydroxides (ferromanganese nodules and micronodules), iron-calcium hydroxophosphate, diatoms and foraminifers. For geologists, geochemists and oceanologists.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Introduction - Studying Hazard and Risk in Pastoral Societies ; 2. An Outline of Pokot and Himba Societies: Environment, Political Economy and Cultural Beliefs ; 3. Hazards and Damages ; 4. The Perception of Droughts and Disasters ; 5. Coping Strategies during a Drought and Disaster ; 6. Buffering Mechanisms: Minimising Vulnerability ; 7. Hazards, Risk and Risk Minimisation in African Pastoral Societies

Description / Table of Contents: Die ExpertInnen des Wandels leben und arbeiten in Wissenschaft und Kunst. Ihre Beiträge hätten wir bitter nötig in einer Zeit, in der sich die Umrisse der Wissensgesellschaft erst herauszuschälen beginnen, in der unser Land vor vielfältigen Problemen des Wandels, etwa auf dem Arbeitsmarkt, steht. Doch die Grenzen zwischen Politik und Kultur sind wie eingefroren. Adrienne Goehler fordert:Verflüssigen wir sie, damit mehr Bewegung in den Wandel kommt!

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Spectroscopic measurements of tropospheric composition from satellite measurements in the ultraviolet and visible: Steps toward continuous pollution monitoring from space. 2. ESA spectroscopy studies in support of spaceborne atmospheric composition sounding.- 3. The MIPAS experiment aboard ENVISAT: remote sensing of atmospheric composition.- 4. Performance of the operational retrieval code for MIPAS on ENVISAT and possible improvements of retrieval techniques for environment and climate.- 5. New measurements of trace species in the upper troposphere from infra-red spectra of the atmosphere.- 6. Remote sensing of the Non-LTE atmosphere.- 7. Quantitative spectroscopy and atmospheric measurements.- 8. Quantitative laboratory spectroscopy of atmospheric trace gases.- 9. Global modeling of high-resolution spectra of linear molecules CO2, N2O and C2H2.- 10. CDSD-296, the high-precision carbon dioxide spectroscopic databank: version for atmospheric applications.- 11. Theoretical quantitative spectroscopy: computer simulation of molecular spectra.- 12. Recent results on infrared molecular line broadening and shift parameters.- 13. Half-widths and line shifts of water vapor for atmospheric applications: measurement and theory.- 14. Quantitative rotational spectroscopy for atmospheric research.- 15. Pressure-broadening of the 22.2 GHz line of water: basic results for remote sensing of the atmosphere.- 16. Rotational spectroscopy at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.- 17. Correlation between precipitable water and rainfall using Global Positioning System (GPS) technique.- 18. Extreme variability of aerosol optical properties: the Cairo aerosol characterization experiment case study.- 19. Urban air pollution and its photochemistry studied by laser spectroscopic.

Description / Table of Contents: Earth is a water planet. Oceans of liquid water dominate the surface processes of the planet. On the surface, water controls weathering as well as transport and deposition of sediments. Liquid water is necessary for life. In the interior, water fluxes melting and controls the solid-state viscosity of the convecting mantle and so controls volcanism and tectonics. Oceans cover more than 70% of the surface but make up only about 0.025% of the planet's mass. Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the cosmos, but in the bulk Earth, it is one of the most poorly constrained chemical compositional variables. Almost all of the nominally anhydrous minerals that compose the Earth's crust and mantle can incorporate measurable amounts of hydrogen. Because these are minerals that contain oxygen as the principal anion, the major incorporation mechanism is as hydroxyl, OH-, and the chemical component is equivalent to water, H2O. Although the hydrogen proton can be considered a monovalent cation, it does not occupy same structural position as a typical cation in a mineral structure, but rather forms a hydrogen bond with the oxygens on the edge of the coordination polyhedron. The amount incorporated is thus quite sensitive to pressure and the amount of H that can be incorporated in these phases generally increases with pressure and sometimes with temperature. Hydrogen solubility in nominally anhydrous minerals is thus much more sensitive to temperature and pressure than that of other elements. Because the mass of rock in the mantle is so large relative to ocean mass, the amount that is incorporated the nominally anhydrous phases of the interior may constitute the largest reservoir of water in the planet. Understanding the behavior and chemistry of hydrogen in minerals at the atomic scale is thus central to understanding the geology of the planet. There have been significant recent advances in the detection, measurement, and location of H in the nominally anhydrous silicate and oxide minerals that compose the planet. There have also been advances in experimental methods for measurement of H diffusion and the effects of H on the phase boundaries and physical properties whereby the presence of H in the interior may be inferred from seismic or other geophysical studies. It is the objective of this volume to consolidate these advances with reviews of recent research in the geochemistry and mineral physics of hydrogen in the principal mineral phases of the Earth's crust and mantle. The Chapters We begin with a review of analytical methods for measuring and calibrating water contents in nominally anhydrous minerals by George Rossman. While infrared spectroscopy is still the most sensitive and most convenient method for detecting water in minerals, it is not intrinsically quantitative but requires calibration by some other, independent analytical method, such as nuclear reaction analysis, hydrogen manometry, or SIMS. A particular advantage of infrared spectroscopy, however, is the fact that it does not only probe the concentration, but also the structure of hydrous species in a mineral and in many cases the precise location of a proton in a mineral structure can be worked out based on infrared spectra alone. The methods and principles behind this are reviewed by Eugen Libowitzky and Anton Beran, with many illustrative examples. Compared to infrared spectroscopy, NMR is much less used in studying hydrogen in minerals, mostly due to its lower sensitivity, the requirement of samples free of paramagnetic ions such as Fe2+ and because of the more complicated instrumentation required for NMR measurements. However, NMR could be very useful under some circumstances. It could detect any hydrogen species in a sample, including such species as H2 that would be invisible with infrared. Potential applications of NMR to the study of hydrogen in minerals are reviewed by Simon Kohn. While structural models of "water" in minerals have already been deduced from infrared spectra several decades ago, in recent years atomistic modeling has become a powerful tool for predicting potential sites for hydrogen in minerals. The review by Kate Wright gives an overview over both quantum mechanical methods and classical methods based on interatomic potentials. Joseph Smyth then summarizes the crystal chemistry of hydrogen in high-pressure silicate and oxide minerals. As a general rule, the incorporation of hydrogen is not controlled by the size of potential sites in the crystal lattice; rather, the protons will preferentially attach to oxygen atoms that are electrostatically underbonded, such as the non-silicate oxygen atoms in some high-pressure phases. Moreover, heterovalent substitutions, e.g., the substitution of Al3+ for Si4+, can have a major effect on the incorporation of hydrogen. Data on water in natural minerals from crust and mantle are compiled and discussed in three reviews by Elisabeth Johnson, Henrik Skogby and by Anton Beran and Eugen Libowitzky. Among the major mantle minerals, clinopyroxenes usually retain the highest water contents, followed by orthopyroxenes and olivine, while the water contents in garnets are generally low. Most of these water contents need to be considered as minimum values, as many of the mantle xenoliths may have lost water during ascent. However, there are some cases where the correlation between the water contents and other geochemical parameters suggest that the measured water concentrations reflect the true original water content in the mantle. The basic thermodynamics as well as experimental data on water solubility and partitioning are reviewed by Hans Keppler and Nathalie Bolfan Casanova. Water solubility in minerals depends in a complicated way on pressure, temperature, water fugacity and bulk composition. For example, water solubility in the same mineral can increase or decrease with temperature, depending on the pressure of the experiments. Nevertheless, the pressure and temperature dependence of water solubility can be described by a rather simple thermodynamic formalism and for most minerals of the upper mantle, the relevant thermodynamic parameters are known. The highest water solubilities are reached in the minerals wadsleyite and ringwoodite stable in the transition zone, while the minerals of the lower mantle are probably mostly dry. The rather limited experimental data on water partitioning between silicate melts and minerals are reviewed by Simon Kohn and Kevin Grant. One important observation here is that comparing the compatibility of hydrogen with that of some rare earth element is misleading, as such correlations are always limited to a small range of pressure and temperature for a given mineral. The stabilities of hydrous phases in the peridotite mantle and in subducted slabs are reviewed by Daniel Frost and by Tatsuhiko Kawamoto. While most of the water in the mantle is certainly stored in the nominally anhydrous minerals, hydrous phases can be important storage sites of water in certain environments. Amphibole and phlogopite require a significant metasomatic enrichment of Na and K in order to be stabilized in the upper mantle, but serpentine may be an important carrier of water in cold subducted slabs. The diffusion of hydrogen in minerals is reviewed by Jannick Ingrin and Marc Blanchard. An important general observation here is that natural minerals usually do not loose hydrogen as water, but as H2 generated by redox reaction of OH with Fe2+. Moreover, diffusion coefficients of different mantle minerals can vary by orders of magnitude, often with significant anisotropy. While some minerals in a mantle xenolith may therefore have lost virtually all of their water during ascent, other minerals may still preserve the original water content and in general, the apparent partition coefficients of water between the minerals of the same xenolith can be totally out of equilibrium. Accordingly, it would be highly desirable to directly deduce the water content in the mantle from geophysical data. One strategy, based on seismic velocities and therefore ultimately on the effect of water on the equation of state of minerals, is outlined by Steve Jacobsen. The dissolution of water in minerals usually increases the number of cation vacancies, yielding reduced bulk and shear moduli and seismic velocities. Particularly, the effect on shear velocities is strong and probably larger than the effect expected from local temperature variations. Accordingly, the vs/vp ratio could be a sensitive indicator of mantle hydration. A more general approach towards remote sensing of hydrogen in the Earth's mantle, including effects of seismic anisotropy due to lattice preferred orientation and the use of electrical conductivity data is presented by Shun-ichiro Karato. Probably the most important effect of water on geodynamics is related to the fact that even traces of water dramatically reduce the mechanical strength of rocks during deformation. The physics behind this effect is discussed by David Kohlstedt. Interestingly, it appears that the main mechanism behind "hydrolytic weakening" is related to the effect of water on the concentration and mobility of Si vacancies, rather than to the protons themselves. Water may have major effects on the location of mantle discontinuities, as reviewed by Eiji Ohtani and Konstantin Litasov. Most of these effects can be rationalized as being due to the expansion of the stability fields of those phases (e.g., wadsleyite) that preferentially incorporate water. Together with other geophysical data, the changes in the depths of discontinuities are a promising tool for the remote sensing of water contents in the mantle. The global effects of water on the evolution of our planet are reviewed in the last two chapters by Bernard Marty, Reika Yokochi and Klaus Regenauer-Lieb. By combining hydrogen und nitrogen isotope data, Marty and Yokochi demonstrate convincingly that most of the Earth's water very likely originated from a chondritic source. Water may have had a profound effect on the early evolution of our planet, since a water-rich dense atmosphere could have favored melting by a thermal blanketing effect. However, Marty and Yokochi also show very clearly that it is pretty much impossible to derive reliable estimates of the Earth's present-day water content from cosmochemical arguments, since many factors affecting the loss of water during and after accretion are poorly constrained or not constrained at all. In the last chapter, Klaus Regenauer-Lieb investigates the effect of water on the style of global tectonics. He demonstrates that plate tectonics as we know it is only possible if the water content of the mantle is above a threshold value. The different tectonic style observed on Mars and Venus may therefore be directly related to differences in mantle water content. Earth is the water planet — not just because of it's oceans, but also because of its tectonic evolution.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Weather, Climate, and Topography. - Inferring Tectonics and Climate Change from Topography. - Transport Processes and Fluxes. - Coupled Models of Tectonics, Climate, and Erosion. - Geochemical Proxies of Topography and Erosion. - Field Studies of Tectonics, Climate, and Landscapes.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: The Earth's magnetic field.- Principles and elementary theory.- Magnetic Prospection.- Paleomagnetism.- Magnetic fabric of the tocks.- Magnetic signature of the Earth's crust.- Magneticdating.- Environmental magnetism.

Description / Table of Contents: Natur ist Gegenbegriff von Gesellschaft, von Kultur, vom Sozialen, kurz: sie ist alles, was der Mensch nicht erschaffen hat. Natur scheint damit auch all das zu sein, was nicht zum Untersuchungsbereich der Soziologie gehört. Dieses Buch interpretiert die Entwicklung der Soziologie als Auseinandersetzung mit ihrem vermeintlichen Gegenpol Natur. Hierzu gehören immer wieder aufflammende Debatten um die menschliche Natur, Konzepte von Gesellschaft als Naturprozess oder Diskussionen über die Rückwirkungen der äußeren Natur auf die Gesellschaft. Der auf den Einsatz in der Lehre zugeschnittene Einführungsband verweist damit auf die Zentralität des Gesellschafts-Natur-Verhältnisses für die soziologische Begriffs- und Theoriebildung.

Description / Table of Contents: Biographical note: Matthias Groß ist Professor für Umweltsoziologie am Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung in Leipzig sowie an der Universität Jena. Seine Forschungsschwerpunkte sind Energie, Technologie und Innovation. 2013 gewann er den Sage Prize for Innovation and Excellence in Cultural Sociology der British Sociological Association.

Description / Table of Contents: This book provides a sound introduction to the basic physical processes that dominate the workings of the Earth, its atmosphere and hydrosphere. It systematically introduces the physical processes involved in the Earth's systems without assuming an advanced physics or mathematical background.