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  • 1
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    A multidisciplinary approach to the evaluation of the mechanism that triggered the Cerda landslide (Sicily, Italy) (2005)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-03-02
    Description: The present paper describes a multidisciplinary approach to the evaluation of a seismically triggered landslide that occurred in the Cerda area (Italy) on September 6, 2002, about 1 h after an earthquake took place in the south Tyrrhenian Sea. The study was focused on an analysis of the role of the seismic input in triggering the landslide, in view of the evidence that no other mass movement was recorded in the adjacent areas despite geological and geomorphological spatial homogeneity. The studied area is located on a slope of the western flank of the Fiume Imera Settentrionale (Northern Sicily), which is made up of clayey–arenitic rocks. The slope inclines gently but is not uniform due to fluvial, gravitative, and rainwash processes. Field data dealing with global positioning system (GPS), geology, geomorphology, geophysics (vertical electrical sounding, or VES), and geochemistry (soil gas fluxes and composition) were acquired and analysed in order to investigate the cause–effect relationships between the earthquake and the mass movement. The GPS survey allowed us to map the ground failures that have also been classified on the basis of their kinematical meaning (i.e., compressive, distensive, or transcurrent structures). The geological analysis revealed outcropping rocks and tectonic structures. The geomorphologic survey highlighted the presence of preexisting landslide bodies. The geophysical survey detected a buried surface located at a depth of about 100 m . Finally, the geochemical survey showed that the gas released from the displaced mass came from a shallow depth and was not related to any active fault system. The abovementioned information allowed us to interpret the landslide event as a partial reactivation of a preexisting landslide body that was triggered by the earthquake.
    Description: Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Universita` e della Ricerca (MIUR), Cofinanziamento Progetti di Ricerca di Rilevante Interesse Nazionale (COFIN PRIN) 2002 Project "Valutazione dell’Erosione del Suolo in Ambiente Mediterraneo"
    Description: Published
    Description: 101–116
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Landslide ; Earthquake ; Geochemistry ; Geophysics ; GPS ; Triggering mechanism ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.03. Geomorphology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
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    The Case of Ozone Depletion (2005)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: While the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is widely perceived as a space agency, since its inception NASA has had a mission dedicated to the home planet. Initially, this mission involved using space to better observe and predict weather and to enable worldwide communication. Meteorological and communication satellites showed the value of space for earthly endeavors in the 1960s. In 1972, NASA launched Landsat, and the era of earth-resource monitoring began. At the same time, in the late 1960s and early 1970s, the environmental movement swept throughout the United States and most industrialized countries. The first Earth Day event took place in 1970, and the government generally began to pay much more attention to issues of environmental quality. Mitigating pollution became an overriding objective for many agencies. NASA's existing mission to observe planet Earth was augmented in these years and directed more toward environmental quality. In the 1980s, NASA sought to plan and establish a new environmental effort that eventuated in the 1990s with the Earth Observing System (EOS). The Agency was able to make its initial mark via atmospheric monitoring, specifically ozone depletion. An important policy stimulus in many respects, ozone depletion spawned the Montreal Protocol of 1987 (the most significant international environmental treaty then in existence). It also was an issue critical to NASA's history that served as a bridge linking NASA's weather and land-resource satellites to NASA s concern for the global changes affecting the home planet. Significantly, as a global environmental problem, ozone depletion underscored the importance of NASA's ability to observe Earth from space. Moreover, the NASA management team's ability to apply large-scale research efforts and mobilize the talents of other agencies and the private sector illuminated its role as a lead agency capable of crossing organizational boundaries as well as the science-policy divide.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: NASA/SP-2005-4538 , LC-2005001712
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  • 3
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    Space Studies Board Annual Report, 2005 (2005)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-24
    Description: The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) was chartered by Congress, under the leadership of President Abraham Lincoln, to provide scientific and technical advice to the government of the United States. Over the years, the advisory program of the institution has expanded, leading to the establishment of the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) and the Institute of Medicine, and of the National Research Council (NRC), the operational arm of the National Academies. The original charter of the Space Science Board was established in June 1958, three months before NASA opened its doors. The Space Science Board and its successor, the Space Studies Board (SSB), have provided expert external and independent scientific and programmatic advice to NASA on a continuous basis from NASA's inception until the present. The Board has also provided such advice to other agencies, including the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Geological Survey, and the Department of Defense, and responds to requests from Congress. Early in 2005, the leadership of NASA changed, and with it new emphases emerged. Some of the early interpretations of the 2004 Vision for Space Exploration, in which only certain aspects of space science were encouraged, disappeared and a broader mandate for science emerged. But what also emerged was fiscal reality, which precluded many of the exciting activities that were planned for NASA's science programs. In this environment of change, there has been a continuing need to evaluate NASA's plans against the strategies for science that have been laid down in the various NRC decadal surveys, and to assist NASA in determining how best to proceed given the reduced level of resources it will have. Coupled with this has been a continuing need to provide Congress with the assessments of NASA's plans that it requests.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
    Type: PB2011-101833
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  • 4
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    In Review (Geology): Alpine Landscape Evolution Dominated by Cirque Retreat (2005)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-17
    Description: Despite the abundance in alpine terrain of glacially dissected landscapes, the magnitude and geometry of glacial erosion can rarely be defined. In the eastern Kyrgyz Range, a widespread unconformity exhumed as a geomorphic surface provides a regional datum with which to calibrate erosion. As tectonically driven surface uplift has progressively pushed this surface into the zone of ice accumulation, glacial erosion has overprinted the landscape. With as little as 500 m of incision into rocks underlying the unconformity, distinctive glacial valleys display their deepest incision adjacent to cirque headwalls. The expansion of north-facing glacial cirques at the expense of south-facing valleys has driven the drainage divide southwards at rates up to 2 to 3 times the rate of valley incision. Existing ice-flux-based glacial erosion rules incompletely model expansion of glacial valleys via cirque retreat into the low-gradient unconformity remnants. Local processes that either directly sap cirque headwalls or inhibit erosion down-glacier appear to control, at least initially, alpine landscape evolution.
    Keywords: Geophysics
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  • 5
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    Mars Express HRSC View of Western Olympus Mons: Evidence for Ice-bearing Deposit and High-Altitude Glaciation (2005)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-17
    Description: This study is based on the geological analysis of the HRSC images taken on the orbit 0143 (12 m/px in nadir channel). The study area includes the western segment of Olympus Mons and the adjacent lowland plains (Fig. 1). Part of the volcano above the scarp is rather flat and is called "summit plateau" below. What is often called the volcano scarp is a slope classified into three morphologic types: Type 1 (S1 in Fig.1) is the steepest and dominated by ravines in its upper part and by talus beneath; Type 2 (S2) is intermediate in steepness and dominated by downslope trending linear depressions, part of which have channel-like morphology; and Type 3 (S3), is the most gentle and covered by lava flows, continuing from the summit plateau down to the lowland plains.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 2; LPI-Contrib-1234-Pt-2
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  • 6
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    Surface Soil Changes Following Selective Logging in an Eastern Amazon Forest (2005)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-17
    Description: In the Brazilian Amazon, selective logging is second only to forest conversion in its extent. Conversion to pasture or agriculture tends to reduce soil nutrients and site productivity over time unless fertilizers are added. Logging removes nutrients in bole wood, enough that repeated logging could deplete essential nutrients over time. After a single logging event, nutrient losses are likely to be too small to observe in the large soil nutrient pools, but disturbances associated with logging also alter soil properties. Selective logging, particularly reduced-impact logging, results in consistent patterns of disturbance that may be associated with particular changes in soil properties. Soil bulk density, pH, carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), iron (Fe), aluminum (Al), delta(sup 3)C, delta(sup 15)N, and P fractionations were measured on the soils of four different types of loggingrelated disturbances: roads, decks, skids, and treefall gaps. Litter biomass and percent bare ground were also determined in these areas. To evaluate the importance of fresh foliage inputs from downed tree crowns in treefall gaps, foliar nutrients for mature forest trees were also determined and compared to that of fresh litterfall. The immediate impacts of logging on soil properties and how these might link to the longer-term estimated nutrient losses and the observed changes in soils were studied.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Paper-9-004 , Earth Interactions; 9; 1-19; 2005
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  • 7
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    Evidence of Phyllosilicate in Wooly Patch+: An Altered Rock Encountered on the Spirit Rover Traverse (2005)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-17
    Description: In the course of examining rocks along the traverse of the Spirit rover toward the Columbia Hills [1, 9], we noticed that the chemistry of a rock named "Wooly Patch" was neither basaltic as the rocks near the landing site [8] nor slightly altered basalt inferred from regolith in plains trenches [10]. The major cation ratios appear to match those of phyllosilicates [11]. The presence of phyllosilicate minerals on Mars has been predicted [12]; reasons for the rarity or absence of phyllosilicates have also been discussed [13]. We have thus done as detailed an analysis of Wooly Patch as the data enable, which suggests phyllosilicates of kaolinite, serpentine, and chlorite types, plus some feldspar and pyroxene are prime candidates to constitute Wooly Patch.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 21; LPI-Contrib-1234-Pt-21
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  • 8
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    Visible-Near Infrared Imaging Spectrometer Data of Explosion Craters (2005)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-17
    Description: In a continuing study to capture a realistic terrain applicable to studies of cratering processes and landing hazards on Mars, we have obtained new high resolution visible-near infrared images of several explosion craters at the Nevada Test Site. We used the Airborne Visible-Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) to obtain images in 224 spectral bands from 0.4-2.5 microns [1]. The main craters that were imaged were Sedan, Scooter, Schooner, Buggy, and Danny Boy [2]. The 390 m diameter Sedan crater, located on Yucca Flat, is the largest and freshest explosion crater on Earth that was formed under conditions similar to hypervelocity impact cratering. As such, it is effectively pristine, having been formed in 1962 as a result of the detonation of a 104 kiloton thermonuclear device, buried at the appropriate equivalent depth of burst required to make a "simple" crater [2]. Sedan was formed in alluvium of mixed lithology [3] and subsequently studied using a variety of field-based methods. Nearby secondary craters were also formed at the time and were also imaged by AVIRIS. Adjacent to Sedan and also in alluvium is Scooter, about 90 m in diameter and formed by a high-explosive event. Schooner (240 m) and Danny Boy (80 m, Fig. 1) craters were also important targets for AVIRIS as they were excavated in hard welded tuff and basaltic andesite, respectively [3, 4]. This variation in targets will allow the study of ejecta patterns, compositional modifications due to the explosions, and the role of craters as subsurface probes.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 6; LPI-Contrib-1234-Pt-6
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  • 9
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    Seismic Shaking Removal of Craters 0.2-0.5 km in Diameter on Asteroid 433 Eros (2005)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-16
    Description: Impact cratering acts in a variety of ways to create a surprising range of scenery on small satellites and asteroids. The visible crater population is a self-modifying characteristic of these airless objects, and determining the various ways younger craters can add or subtract from the population is an important aspect of small body "geology." Asteroid 433 Eros, the most closely studied of any small body, has two aspects of its crater population that have attracted attention: a fall-off of crater densities below approx.100 m diameter relative to an expected equilibrium population [1] and regions of substantially lower large crater densities [2, 3, 4]. In this work we examine the global variation of the density of craters on Eros larger than 0.177 km, a size range above that involved in small crater depletion hypotheses [1, 5]. We counted all craters on Eros to a size range somewhat below 0.177 km diameter (and different from data used in [3]). The primary metric for this study is the number of craters between 0.177 and 1.0 km within a set radius of each grid point on the 2deg x 2deg shape model of Eros. This number can be expressed as an R-value [6], provided that it is remembered that the large bin size makes individual R values slightly different from those obtained in the usual root-2 bins.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 19; LPI-Contrib-1234-Pt-19
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  • 10
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    Modeling of the EUV and X-Ray Emission Spectra Induced by the Solar Winds Ions in the Heliosphere (2005)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-16
    Description: We have carried out investigation of the EUV and X-ray emission spectra induced in interaction between the Solar Wind (SW) and interstellar neutral gas. The spectra of most important SW ions have been computed for the charge-exchange mechanism of X-ray emission using new accurate spectroscopic data from recent laboratory measurements and theoretical calculations. Total spectra have been constructed as a sum of spectra induced in the charge-exchange collisions by individual O(exp q+), C(exp q+), N(exp q+), Ne(exp q+), Mg (exp q+) and Fe(exp q+) ions. Calculations have been performed for X-ray emission from the heliospheric hydrogen and helium gas. X-ray maps of the heliosphere have been computed. The power density of X-ray sources in the heliospheric ecliptic plane is shown for the H gas and for the He gas. Distances from the Sun (0,0) are given in AU. The helium cone is clear seen in the X-ray map of the charge-exchange emission induced by the solar wind. X-ray emission spectra detected by the Chandra X-ray telescope from the "dark" side of Moon has been identified as a X-ray background emission induced by the solar wind from the geocorona. Spectra and intensities of this charge-exchange X-rays have been compared with the heliospheric component of the X-ray background. Observations and modeling of the SW spectra induced from the geocorona indicate a strong presence of emission lines of highly charged oxygen ions. Anisotropy in distribution of heliospheric X-rays has been predicted and calculated for the regions of the fast and slow solar winds.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
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