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  • Articles  (66)
  • oxidation  (41)
  • nanoparticles  (25)
  • Springer  (66)
  • American Chemical Society
  • American Geophysical Union
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  • 2000-2004  (66)
  • 1995-1999
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  • 1930-1934
  • 2000  (66)
  • Chemistry and Pharmacology  (48)
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  • Articles  (66)
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  • Springer  (66)
  • American Chemical Society
  • American Geophysical Union
  • De Gruyter
  • EDP Sciences
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  • 2000-2004  (66)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1970-1974
  • 1930-1934
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrochemical Studies of Water-Soluble Palladium Nanoparticles (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of cluster science 11 (2000), S. 405-422 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Keywords: palladium ; nanoparticles ; viologen ; electrochemistry ; impedance ; electron-transfer kinetics ; self-assembled monolayer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Aqueous-soluble monolayer-protected palladium nanoparticles were synthesized by hydrogen reduction of Pd(II) in a water solution. The particles were then further functionalized by incorporating multiple copies of mercapto derivatives of viologen into the particle protecting monolayers. The electrochemistry of the viologen moieties with the particles dissolved in solution or immobilized onto electrode surfaces was carefully studied using various electrochemical techniques. The particle molecular capacitance was evaluated by rotating-disk-electrode voltammetry and the electron-transfer rate constant of the particle-bound viologen moieties was estimated by impedance measurements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009047432125
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biomass conversion: attempted electrooxidation of lignin for vanillin production (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 30 (2000), S. 727-731 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: electrosynthesis ; oxidation ; lignin ; vanillin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Electrochemical oxidative degradation of Kraft lignin was investigated in batch and flow cells on Pt, Au, Ni, Cu, DSA–O2 and PbO2 anodes. Production of vanillin was evaluated by means of formal kinetic analyses. Conversion and chemical yields were found to be dependent mainly on the applied current density, that is on the partial pressure of oxygen at the interface, while the nature of the electrode influenced the reaction rates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004003613883
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxidation and reduction effects of propane–oxygen on Pd–chlorine/alumina catalysts (2000)
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 64 (2000), S. 163-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: oxidation ; reduction of palladium catalysts ; chlorine effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Pd–chloride precursor salt was used to prepare Pd/Al2O3 catalysts. TPSR measurements showed three distinct reactions for the oxidation of propane on palladium surface under excess of hydrocarbon: complete oxidation, steam reforming and propane hydrogenolysis. Propane oxidation on palladium catalysts was related to the Pd2+ sites observed on Pd/Al2O3 through infrared of adsorbed carbon monoxide. In fresh catalysts reduced by H2, the IR spectra showed the linear and bridge adsorbed CO species on the Pd0 surface. After propane reaction, a new band at 2130 cm-1 related to CO adsorption on Pd2+ species was noted. Carbon monoxide species adsorbed on Pd0 were also observed in all samples after reaction. Our results suggest surface ratios of Pd0/PdO during the propane oxidation. On the other hand, time on stream conversions of the complete oxidation of propane were affected by either the water generated during the reaction or added as a reactant at 10 vol%. The water generated by the reaction helped to eliminate chlorine residues in the form of oxychloride species leading to an increasing of the activity. However, the presence of water into the reaction mixture caused a strong decreasing of the activity. The inhibition mechanism of propane oxidation in the presence of water consisted in the dissociative adsorption of water on palladium sites with the possible formation of palladium hydroxide (Pd–OH) at the surface, diminishing the number of active surface sites. Dynamic fluctuations into the reaction conditions supported the idea that a pseudo‐equilibrium adsorption–desorption of water was reached. After water removal or increasing in the reaction temperature the equilibrium was shifted to the direction of OH–Pd decomposition. This behavior suggests that the inhibitory effect of water is a reversible phenomenon, being a function of the amount of water and the reaction temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019034903453
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Detecting palladium nanoparticles in Pd/C catalysts using X‐ray Rietveld method (2000)
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 64 (2000), S. 119-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: Pd/C catalysts ; nanostructural features ; nanoparticles ; nanoclusters ; X‐ray diffraction ; Rietveld analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This study uses X‐ray diffraction (XRD) techniques to investigate the nanostructural features of a series of four Pd/C catalysts, which had the same load, 0.51 ± 0.02 wt%, as palladium, with significantly different dispersions, obtained by applying different temperature ageings up to 873 K. By means of a Rietveld refinement, performed using a special fitting procedure, which takes into account the various contributions to the background scattering, the palladium fraction due to nanoparticles or clusters smaller than about 20–25 Å could be determined. We have compared this Rietveld (absolute) quantitative method with a simpler, but less precise, single‐peak (relative) XRD analysis, interesting for fast industrial applications. The Pd fractions due to nanoparticles, as determined by the two methods, are close each other for all samples investigated, apart from one for which the disagreement is near 20%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019080213448
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Steady-state conversion of methane to C4+ aliphatic products in high yields using an integrated recycle reactor system (2000)
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 66 (2000), S. 1-4 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: methane ; oxidation ; aliphatic hydrocarbons ; zeolite ; recycle reactor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Conversion of methane in high yields to C4+ nonaromatic hydrocarbons was demonstrated in a recycle system. The principal components of the recycle system included an oxidative coupling reactor with a Mn/Na2WO4/SiO2 catalyst at 800°C for conversion of methane to ethylene, and a reactor with an H-ZSM-5 zeolite at 275°C for subsequent conversion of ethylene to higher hydrocarbons. Total yields of C4+ products were in the range of 60–80%, and yields of C4+ nonaromatic hydrocarbons were in the range of 50–60%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019039321142
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Benzylacetate synthesis by oxyacetoxylation of toluene on Pd–Bi binary catalyst (2000)
    Springer
    Topics in catalysis 13 (2000), S. 243-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9028
    Keywords: oxidation ; oxyacetoxylation ; alloy ; palladium ; bismuth ; benzylacetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Benzylacetate synthesis from toluene, acetic acid and oxygen on Pd–Bi binary catalyst was studied in the liquid phase. By incorporation of Bi with Pd, both the activity and selectivity were improved. Especially better stability was obtained with the catalyst having Pd/Bi = 3. Deactivation of the catalyst was investigated in detail by XRD, XPS, TEM, elemental analysis, EPMA and so on. Comparing the used catalyst with the fresh one, it was indicated that the main cause of deactivation was the dissolution of Pd into the reaction mixture from the most outer surface of the catalyst. By adopting proper reaction conditions to prevent the Pd dissolution, the catalyst having Pd/Bi = 3 was suggested to be used as an industrial catalyst.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009026131545
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adsorbate-induced restructuring and pressure-dependent adsorption on metal nanoparticles studied by electron microscopy and sum frequency generation spectroscopy (2000)
    Springer
    Topics in catalysis 14 (2000), S. 3-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9028
    Keywords: platinum ; palladium ; alumina ; silica ; nanoparticles ; electron microscopy ; sum frequency generation ; carbon monoxide ; adsorption ; vibrational spectroscopy ; high pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Several examples are presented that illustrate how the internal and surface structure of oxide supported Pt nanoparticles can change under reaction conditions. High temperatures and the presence of adsorbates may lead to different effects: (1) changes in the particle size distribution (sintering or redispersion) that may affect the crystallographic and electronic structure of the nanoparticles, (2) restructuring of the particle surface facets, and (3) crystallization of large polycrystalline aggregates. Three different model systems are described that are well-suited for high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and/or surface science techniques. To examine the influence of high gas pressure on the structure of adsorbates, infrared-visible sum frequency generation (SFG) surface vibrational spectroscopy is applied to monitor CO adsorption on supported Pd nanoparticles from 10-7 to 200 mbar. The adsorption site occupancy of CO, in particular the on-top population, strongly depends on pressure and temperature preventing a simple extrapolation of low pressure results to reaction conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009094613850
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The flexible surface or the rigid surface? (2000)
    Springer
    Topics in catalysis 14 (2000), S. 85-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9028
    Keywords: catalysis ; metal surfaces ; oxide surfaces ; nanoparticles ; spillover ; SMSI ; oxygen storage ; STM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we discuss aspects of the concept described by Somorjai as the “flexible surface”, and whether some surfaces can be considered to be inflexible, or rigid. We present STM results which appear to manifest both types of behaviour for surfaces, depending on their oxidation state. Copper metal surfaces can be classed as flexible, showing facile reconstruction in the presence of oxygen, whereas an oxidised Pd(110) surface shows no apparent diffusivity, even at 500 K. We go on to show data for a bulk oxide which indicates that sub-stoichiometry in the sample induces an element of flexibility in the surface, especially during reaction with oxygen. Finally, this is related to the direct observation of spillover on model catalysts of Pd nanoparticles supported on TiO2. It must be recognised that flexibility relates to surface diffusivity and hence length- and time-scales. Surfaces which appear inflexible at short times may be flexible at long times. In relation to catalysis then, surface flexibility depends on the relationship between the time-scale of diffusive events on the surface and the catalytic turnover number.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009011217485
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The chemisorption of nitric oxide and the oxidation of ammonia at Cu(110) surfaces: a X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) study (2000)
    Springer
    Topics in catalysis 14 (2000), S. 101-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9028
    Keywords: nitric oxide ; ammonia ; oxidation ; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ; scanning tunnelling microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The dissociative chemisorption of nitric oxide at Cu(110) has been shown to result in rapid ordering of oxygen adatoms as (2×1)O chains oriented along the 〈100〉 direction while the associated nitrogen adatoms are mainly disordered at 295 K. Surface diffusion of the N adatoms, following bond cleavage, is activated and ordering of the (2×3)N strings occurs on heating to 430 K. A number of distinct reaction pathways have been isolated during the oxidation of ammonia resulting in the formation of either chemisorbed imide or nitrogen adatoms. The latter depending on temperature, may exhibit a (2×3)N, a (3×3)N or both structures may exist simultaneously. The concentration of nitrogen in the complete (2×3)N structure has been determined to be 6.6×1014 cm-2, with only a 25% decrease in nitrogen concentration leading to the transformation to the (3×3)N structure. The oxygen atoms at a Cu(110)–O overlayer, and present at the ends of the (2×1) strings terminating in steps, show specific reactivity when exposed to ammonia at 375 K resulting in the “decoration” of the steps with imide species while the oxygens within the (2×1) strings remain unreactive.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009015318393
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Direct liquid‐phase side‐chain oxidation of alkylbenzenes over 2 catalyst (2000)
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 65 (2000), S. 181-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: alkylbenzene ; toluene ; ethylbenzene ; xylene ; mesitylene ; p‐ethyltoluene ; cumene ; p‐cymene ; oxidation ; palladium ; 1,10‐phenanthroline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Only the side‐chain oxidation of alkylbenzenes (R–C6H3–R′–R″ R=H, Me, Et, Pri R′=H, Me; and R″=H, Me) by oxygen (35–50 atm, 200)C° is promoted in the presence of [Pd(phen)(OAc)2].
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019094011147
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