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  • Articles  (16)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 23 (2000), S. 77-89 
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: chironomids ; climate reconstruction ; calibration ; Weighted Averaging Partial Least Squares ; late-glacial ; Kråenes ; Younger Dryas ; Allerød
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A chironomid data-set calibrated to July air temperatures, based on 44 lakes in western Norway, is used to reconstruct mean July air temperatures from late-glacial and early-Holocene fossil chironomid assemblages at Kråkenes Lake. The calibration function is based on Weighted Averaging Partial Least Squares regression and has a root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 1.13 °C, a r2 of 0.69, and a maximum bias of 2.66 °C. All these statistics are based on leave-one-out cross-validation. A calibration function based on summer surface-water temperatures has a poorer performance (RMSEP = 2.22 °C, r2 = 0.30, maximum bias = 5.29 °C). The reconstructed July air temperatures at Kråkenes rise to 10.5 °C soon after deglaciation, are about 11.5 °C in the Allerød, decrease to 9.5-10 °C in the Younger Dryas, and rise rapidly within 15 yrs to 11.5 °C at the onset of the Holocene. There is a two-step rise to 13 °C or more in the early-Holocene. The likely over-estimation of Younger Dryas temperatures and under-estimation of early-Holocene temperatures probably result from the limited temperature range represented by the existing calibration set. The data set is currently being expanded to include lakes with warmer air temperatures (〉 14 °C) and with colder air temperatures (〈 8 °C).
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: crater lake ; late Pleistocene ; pigments ; diatoms ; ostracods ; Cladocera ; chironomids ; climatic oscillation ; Italy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract We report the results of analyses of pigments (derived from algae and photosynthetic bacteria), diatoms and invertebrate fossil remains (ostracods, cladocerans, chironomids) in two late Pleistocene sediment cores from Lago Albano, a crater lake in Central Italy. The record contains evidence for oscillations in lake biota throughout the period ca. 28 to 17 k yr BP. The earliest of these are contained in the basal 3.5 m of light olive-gray and yellowish-gray spotted muds sampled in core PALB 94-1E from 70 m water depth. The later oscillations are best represented in the more extended sediment sequence recovered from a second core site, PALB 94-6B, in 30 m water depth. The sediments at site 1E, containing the earlier oscillations (ca. 28-24 k yr BP), predate any sedimentation at the shallower site, from which we infer an initially low lake level rising to permit sediment accumulation at site 6B from ca. 24 k yr onwards. At site 6B, massive silts rich in moss remains are interbedded with laminated silts and carbonates. These sediments span the period ca. 24 to 17 k yr and are interpreted as representing, respectively, times of shallow water alternating with higher lake stands, when the lake was stratified and bottom water was stagnant. A range of mutually independent chronological constraints on the frequency and duration of the oscillations recorded in the lake biota indicate that they were aperiodic and occurred on millennial to century timescales. We interpret them as responses to climate forcing through its impact on lake levels and changing aquatic productivity. The time span they occupy, their frequency and their duration suggest that at least some of these changes may parallel both the Dansgaard-Oeschger events recorded in Greenland Ice Cores and the contemporary oscillations in North Atlantic circulation documented in marine sediment cores.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 23 (2000), S. 207-212 
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: chironomids ; nutrient enrichment ; macrophytes ; paleolimnology ; shallow lakes ; Rideau Canal ; alternative lake equilibria ; Ontario
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Chironomid (Diptera: Chironomidae) head capsules were studied from a core of recent sediments from shallow, macrophyte-dominated Lake Opinicon, Ontario, Canada, to determine if assemblages have changed in response to lake-level changes and other watershed disturbances, including deforestation and agriculture. Our results indicate that the construction of the Rideau Canal in the early 1830s and subsequent flooding of Lake Opinicon has had the greatest impact on this system, but that even this disturbance did not greatly affect chironomid assemblages. Despite other significant cultural disturbances in the watershed, the lake sediments have recorded only minor changes in its recent history, providing support for the hypothesis of alternative lake equilibria. These results correspond well with diatom inferences of only minor changes in past lake trophic status.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: eutrophication ; chironomids ; diatoms ; anoxia ; oxygen levels ; nutrients ; Ontario
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Paleolimnological analyses were used to infer limnological changes during the past ~ 300 yrs in the west basin of Peninsula Lake, a small (853 ha) Precambrian Shield lake in Ontario, Canada, that has been subjected to moderate cultural disturbances (forest clearance, cottage and resort development). This study represents a pioneering attempt to use sedimentary chironomid assemblages and weighted-averaging models to quantify past hypolimnetic anoxia (expressed as the anoxic factor, AF). Impacts of forest clearance and human land-use on deepwater oxygen availability and surface water quality were assessed by comparing chironomid-inferred AF and diatom-inferred total phosphorus concentration ([TP]) to changes in terrestrial pollen and historical data. This study also discusses the ability of chironomids to quantitatively infer changes in AF.Pre-disturbance chironomid assemblages were stable and dominated by taxa indicative of oxygen-rich hypolimnetic conditions (e.g., Protanypus, Heterotrissocladius, Micropsectra type), while diatoms indicated oligotrophic lake status (diatom inferred [TP] = 5-7 μg·l-1). Chironomids characteristic of lower oxygen availability (e.g., Chironomus, Procladius) increased following land-clearance, road construction, establishment of a grist mill and lakeshore development beginning ca. 1870. Increased abundances of Tanytarsus s. lat., a multigeneric group of mainly littoral chironomids, since 1900, indicated that littoral chironomids may have comprised a greater proportion of fossil assemblages during periods of eutrophication and prolonged anoxia. Abundances of meso-eutrophic diatom taxa (e.g., Fragilaria crotonensis, Asterionella formosa, Aulacoseira ambigua, A. subarctica) increased concurrent with European settlement (ca. 1870) and diatom-inferred [TP] doubled (~ 6-12 μg·l-1), further indicating that naturally-oligotrophic Precambrian Shield lakes were extremely sensitive to initial land-clearance activities.Recent increases in oligotrophic diatom taxa (e.g., Cyclotella stelligera) indicate a shift to more oligotrophic conditions since ca. mid-1960s, with greatest changes since ca. 1980. The chironomids Heterotrissocladius and Micropsectra type also increased at this time suggesting greater deepwater oxygen availability. These recent water-quality improvements, possibly in response to enhanced nutrient removal from detergents and sewage, climate-related reductions in external phosphorus loads, and catchment (but not lake) acidification and reforestation, suggest that habitat for commercially-valuable cold-water fishes has improved in recent decades despite greater recreational lake-use.Paleolimnological assessment of trophic status changes in Peninsula Lake using fossil diatom and chironomid assemblages were in good agreement. Diatom inferences of [TP] and chironomid inferences of AF both suggest that Peninsula Lake was historically oligotrophic, became oligo-mesotrophic after European settlement, and returned to oligotrophy in recent yrs. Chironomid inferences of [TP] consistently underestimated the trophic status of Peninsula Lake, possibly due to its relatively large hypolimnion. These results suggest that AF represents a useful tool for quantitatively reconstructing the past trophic status of deeper, stratified lakes.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 24 (2000), S. 43-54 
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: cladocerans ; chironomids ; palaeohydrological proxies ; lake levels ; calibration models ; subarctic lakes ; northern Fennoscandia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between surface-sediment cladoceran and chironomid communities to lake depth was analysed in 53 lakes distributed across timberline in northern Fennoscandia using multivariate statistical approaches. The study sites are small and bathymerically simple, with water depth ranging from 0.85-27.0 m (mean 6.36 m). Maximum lake depth was the most important factor in explaining the cladoceran distributions and the second most important factor in explaining the chironomid distributions in these subarctic lakes, as assessed on the basis of a series of constrained RDAs, Monte Carlo permutation tests, and variance partitioning. Quantitative inference models for maximum lake depth were created for both groups of animals. Well-performing calibration functions for predicting lake depth were obtained in each case using linear partial least squares (PLS) regression and calibration, weighted averaging (WA) with an 'inverse' deshrinking regression, and weighted averaging partial least squares (WA-PLS). Quantitative reconstructions of lake level fluctuations should be possible from cladoceran and chironomid core data with a root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP), as estimated by jack-knifing, of about 1.6-3.0 m.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: Lake Saimaa ; paleolimnology ; diatoms ; chironomids ; Saimaa seals ; Finland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A short-core paleolimnological investigation was carried out to acquire knowledge of the recent history of Lake Pihlajavesi, Saimaa Lake complex, and define its natural state before cultural disturbances. In the natural state, with negligible human interference, the basin was oligotrophic and oxygen-rich. The bioproductivity in the littoral zone was low and the profundal benthic quality was good according to Wiederholm's Benthic Quality Index.Based on diatom analyses, no significant changes have taken place in the phytoplankton communities during the past decades. Sedimentary chironomid communities reveal, however, slight changes on profundal life in the Pihlajavedenselkä basin, near the main pollution sources, whereas there were no significant changes in the outer basin. Three stages could be distinguished in the pollution history of Pihlajavedenselkä: (1) 'The natural state' up until the 1960s, (2) 'the period of increasing loading' during the 1960s and 1970s, and (3) 'the recovery of the basin' during the past two decades.Untreated municipal waste water from the town of Savonlinna was partly responsible for the commencement of eutrophication in the Pihlajavedenselkä basin in the 1960s. The paper and pulp industry in Varkaus, some 40 kilometres upstream from Lake Pihlajanvesi, has also increased eutrophication, especially during the worst period of water quality in the 1960s and 1970s. More effective waste water purification has markedly reduced effluent loading and led to a general recovery of the area. Neverthless the effects of slight nutrient loading can still be seen, especially in littoral bioproductivity.Our paleolimnological data indicate that the present ecosystem will offer living conditions for the endemic Saimaa ringed seal population that are similar to those that existed prior to human disturbances.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 24 (2000), S. 243-250 
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: environmental reconstruction ; regression analysis ; Bayesian modeling ; chironomids ; Bum ; Bummer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract We present a Bayesian hierarchical multinomial regression model (Bummer) for organism-based quantitative paleoenvironmental reconstruction. The model is based on the classical (direct) approach to calibration and on careful statistical environmental modeling that takes account of statistical dependencies among species. We compare our Bayesian model Bummer to seven other methods, including the widely used weighted averaging (WA) techniques and our previous Bayesian model Bum. The methods are evaluated on a surface-sediment chironomid training set of 62 subarctic lakes in northern Fennoscandia by comparing the cross-validation prediction statistics of different models. Bummer outperformed other methods, yielding the smallest prediction error, the smallest bias, and the largest correlation coefficient. We conclude that the promising performance of our Bayesian multinomial Gaussian response model is due to the following reasons: (i) the uncertainty concerning site specific latent variables is taken into consideration; (ii) ecological background knowledge is embedded to the model description; (iii) the species compositions are considered as a whole; and (iv) reconstruction is based on the classical approach to calibration.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: jpalaeolimnology ; boreal lake ; diffuse loading ; eutrophication ; sediment ; trophic state ; diatoms ; chironomids ; Finland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The recent environmental history of Lake Lappajärvi in western Finland (63°00′ N, 23°30′ E, area 149 km2), a humic, brown water lake with an average phosphorus content of ca. 20 μg l–1, was studied from short core sediment samples taken from the two main basins of the lake. Based on the stratigraphy of diatoms and chironomids and the sediment quality it was possible to distinguish four developmental stages during the past century: (1) a pre-industrial stage covering the time up to about 1935; (2) a stage of increasing nutrient loading (ca. 1936–1960); (3) a stage of pronounced erosion from lake level regulation and extensive ditching of the catchment area (ca. 1960–1970); and (4) a meso-eutrophic stage from ca. 1970 onwards. Acidophilous Aulacoseira distans coll. and other species typical of dystrophic, nutrient-poor lakes characterized the diatom assemblages during the first stage, and the profundal zoobenthic assemblages, characterized by Heterotrissocladius subpilosus and Micropsectra, indicated good hypolimnetic oxygen conditions and a low sedimentation of organic matter (approx. less than 50 g m–2 a–1). The increased loading rapidly led to changes both in diatoms and chironomids (e.g., to an early extinction of H. subpilosus in the 1950s). The process finally led to eutrophication with a successive proliferation of diatom species such as Asterionella formosa followed by Aulacoseira ambigua, Fragilaria crotonensis, and finally Melosira varians. The relative proportion of alkaliphilous species reached a maximum in the final stage and the original profundal chironomid fauna was replaced by Chironomus anthracinus gr. and C. plumosus which are typical of profundal areas suffering from temporal oxygen deficit. It is notable that the considerable decrease in waste water loading from the point sources (80–86% ) during the past two decades has not led to a recovery in the lake. This highlights the importance of diffuse loading from agriculture, forestry and other human activities even to this comparatively large lake.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1435-0157
    Keywords: Key words salinization ; geophysics ; groundwater hydraulics ; hydrochemistry ; Mali
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé En périmètres irrigués sous climat semi aride (delta intérieur du fleuve Niger, Mali), la dégradation des sols par alcalinisation/salinisation est abordée par l'analyse hydrodynamique et hydrogéochimique des eaux souterraines sous-jacentes. A partir d'informations recueillies à différentes échelles, nous proposons un mode de mise en place actuelle des salants en surface sur la base de trois concepts: (1) l'existence de salants anciens résultant de la création d'une vaste zone de sebkhra à l'Ouest du cours ancien du Niger (Fala de Molodo). Cette mise en place se serait faite progressivement au cours du basculement vers l'Est du bloc tectonique supportant le fleuve; (2) au cours de la remise en eau récente du Fala (1950), les processus d'irrigation à partir d'eau de surface très peu minéralisée, réintroduisent dans la nappe alluviale globalement peu perméable des sels provenant des mises en solution des salants anciens; (3) par phénomène d'évapotranspiration intense lié au climat actuel, ces sels se redéposent en surface. Dans un tel contexte, seul un drainage artificiel efficace des eaux souterraines de sub-surface (nappe alluviale) permettrait de soustraire le maximum de flux très minéralisé et, en conséquence, de limiter les dépôts salins actuels.
    Abstract: Resumen En perimetros irigados bajo un clima arida (delta interior del rio Niger, Mali), la degradacion de los suelos (alcalinisacion/salinisacion) es analizada con respecto a las aguas subterraneas. A partir de recoleccion de dadas en hidrodinamica, geofisica y hidroquimica, proponemonos un modo de formacion actuale de los salinos segun tres episodios sucesivos: (1) salinos antiguos que se deducen de la formacion de una Sebkhra, situada al Oeste del curso antiguo del rio (Fala de Molodo). Esta zona resulta de un volteado a hacia el Este del bloque tectonico del rio Niger; (2) la alimentacion del Fala (desde1950) con aguas superficiales jovenes poco mineralizadas introduce, en la capa aluviale de pequena permeabilidad, salinidad por disolucion de los salinos antiguos; (3) a causa de la evaporacion mucho fuerte atada al clima arida, salinos jovenes se desponen sobre el suelo. Solo un drainaje artificial eficaz de la capa aluvial puede sustraer una parte grande del flujo muy mineralizado, y asi limitar la alcalinisacion/salinisacion de los suelos.
    Notes: Abstract  The problem of soil degradation through alkalinization/salinization in an irrigated area with a semi-arid climate was examined in the inner delta of the Niger River, Mali, by the study of groundwater hydraulics and hydrochemistry in an area recharged by irrigation water. On the basis of data analysis on various scales, it is concluded that the current extent of the surface saline soils is due to a combination of three factors: (1) the existence of ancient saline soils (solonchaks) resulting from the creation of a broad sabkha west of the former course of the Niger River, now called the Fala of Molodo. These saline crusts were gradually deposited during the eastward tilting of the tectonic block that supports the Niger River; (2) the irrigation processes during the recent reflooding of the Fala of Molodo (river diversion in 1950). These used very poorly mineralized surface water but reintroduced into the alluvial groundwater system – generally of a low permeability (K=10–6 m s–1) – salts derived from the ancient solonchaks; and (3) the redeposition of the dissolved salts on the surface due to the intense evapotranspiration linked to the present Sahelian climate. In this context, only efficient artificial draining of subsurface alluvial groundwater can eliminate most of the highly mineralized flow and thus reduce the current saline deposits.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1435-0157
    Keywords: hydrochemistry ; thermal conditions ; ¶stable isotopes ; Spain ; carbon dioxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les eaux thermales à teneurs élevées en CO2 des Cordillères Bétiques ont étéétudiées, spécialement en ce qui concerne les aspects géologiques et hydrogéologiques, leurs caractéristiques physiques et chimiques, et leurs teneurs en 13C. La zone d'étude est située à 60 km environ au nord-est de la ville d'Almería, au sud-est de l'Espagne. Les eaux thermominérales sont nombreuses et sont en relation avec les anomalies géothermales régionales. L'eau souterraine a une température comprise entre 20–41°C, une concentration élevée en bicarbonates (entre 183 et 1824 mg/L), et PCO2élevée (〈1.1 bars). Les variations spaciales de CO2 sont en rapport avec la proximité des systèmes de failles de Carboneras, Palomares et Guadalentin, et peuvent être la manifestation en surface d'une zone d'amincissement cortical. Les données de δ 13C indiquent un apport probable d'origine profonde de CO2, éventuellement du manteau et/ou des roches carbonatées présentes dans le substratum métamorphique. Les concentrations élevées en CO2 dans l'eau souterraine posent des problèmes dans les forages et dans l'utilisation de l'eau. Le caractère hydrothermal de cette région serait en rapport avec son activité néotectonique.
    Abstract: Resumen Las aguas termales con elevados contenidos en CO2 de las Cordilleras Béticas han sido estudiadas en relación con los aspectos geológicos e hidrogeológicos, sus características físicas y químicas, y sus contenidos en 13C. El área de estudio se encuentra aproximadamente a 60 km al noreste de la ciudad de Almería, en el sureste de España. Las aguas termominerales son numerosas y están relacionadas con anomalías geotermales regionales. El agua subterránea tiene una temperatura comprendida entre 20–41°C, alta concentración de bicarbonatos (entre 183–1824 mg/L) y elevada PCO2 (〈1.1 bares). Las variaciones espaciales de CO2 están relacionadas con la proximidad de los sistemas de fallas de Carboneras, Palomares y Guadalentín, y puede ser la manifestación en superficie de una zona de adelgazamiento cortical. Los datos de δ 13C indican un posible aporte de origen profundo de CO2, posiblemente del manto y/o de las rocas carbonatadas presentes en el sustrato metamórfico. Las elevadas concentraciones de CO2 en el agua subterránea origina problemas en los sondeos y en el uso del agua. El carácter hidrotermal de este área estaría relacionado con su actividad neotectónica.
    Notes: Abstract The CO2-rich thermal groundwater in the Betic Cordilleras in Spain has been studied with regard to the geological and hydrogeological setting, physical and chemical characteristics, and 13C-isotope content. The study area is about 60 km northeast of Almería city, in southeastern Spain. The thermomineral waters are plentiful and are related to regional geothermal anomalies. Temperatures of 20 −41°C, high bicarbonate concentrations (183–1824 mg/L), and high amounts of PCO2 (〈1.1 bar) characterize the groundwater. CO2 spatial variations are related to proximity to the Carboneras, Palomares, and Guadalentín fault systems, which may be the surface representation of the zone of crustal thinning and magmatism. δ 13C values probably indicate a deep source for the CO2, either the mantle or perhaps carbonate rocks in the metamorphic substratum. The high amount of CO2 in the groundwater causes problems in wells and severely restricts water usage. The hydrothermal features of this area are probably related to neotectonic activity.
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