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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of cluster science 11 (2000), S. 405-422 
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Keywords: palladium ; nanoparticles ; viologen ; electrochemistry ; impedance ; electron-transfer kinetics ; self-assembled monolayer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Aqueous-soluble monolayer-protected palladium nanoparticles were synthesized by hydrogen reduction of Pd(II) in a water solution. The particles were then further functionalized by incorporating multiple copies of mercapto derivatives of viologen into the particle protecting monolayers. The electrochemistry of the viologen moieties with the particles dissolved in solution or immobilized onto electrode surfaces was carefully studied using various electrochemical techniques. The particle molecular capacitance was evaluated by rotating-disk-electrode voltammetry and the electron-transfer rate constant of the particle-bound viologen moieties was estimated by impedance measurements.
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  • 2
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    Surveys in geophysics 21 (2000), S. 391-406 
    ISSN: 1573-0956
    Keywords: retrogressive landslide ; gravimetry ; density ; subsurface morphology ; Italy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Post-failure activity of the December 1993 Senerchia slump-earthflow was characterised by intermittent recession of the headscarp and earthflow movements. The retrogression showed considerable spatial variability, depending on the properties of the geological materials. The retrogressive failures were preceded by intense fissuring of the ground in the crown zone. Two microgravimetric surveys were carried out in order to detect possible spatial-temporal density variations in an area upslope of the headscarp. Although it was not possible to recognise any significant temporal density changes, this surveying revealed the presence of a negative anomaly which coincided with the area of maximum headscarp retreat. The gravity modelling was constrained by borehole information and new headscarp exposures produced by a series of retrogressive failures suggested that the origin of the anomaly might be associated with a hollow in an underlying clay-rich bedrock which had been subsequently filled by coarse colluvium. A possible concentration of groundwater in the hollow and its discharge towards the headscarp area controlled the local slope instability. The results of this study showed that microgravimetric surveys conducted upslope of retrogressive landslides can provide useful information on subsurface lithological heterogeneities that may control the amount and preferential direction of upslope landslide enlargement.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1572-896X
    Keywords: nanoparticles ; measurements ; instrumentation ; standards ; aerosols ; colloids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics , Technology
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1572-896X
    Keywords: nanoparticles ; pulse height analysis ; aerosol ; particle size ; condensation particle counter ; light scattering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Several of the most common methods for measuring nanoparticle size distributions employ the ultrafine condensation particle counter (UCPC) for detection purposes. Among these methods, the pulse height analysis (PHA) technique, in which the optical response of the UCPC detector is related to initial particle diameter in the 3–10 nm range, prevails in applications where fast sampling is required or for which concentrations of nanoparticles are frequently very low. With the PHA technique, white light is required for particle illumination in order to obtain a monotonic relationship between initial particle diameter and optical response (pulse height). However, the popular, commercially available TSI Model 3025A UCPC employs a laser for particle detection. Here, we report on a novel white-light detection system developed for the 3025A UCPC that involves minimal alteration to the instrument and preserves normal counting operation. Performance is illustrated with pulse height spectra produced by differential mobility analyzer (DMA) – generated calibration aerosols in the 3–50 nm range.
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  • 5
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    Journal of nanoparticle research 2 (2000), S. 199-204 
    ISSN: 1572-896X
    Keywords: nanoscale heat transfer ; nanoparticles ; nanowires ; phonons ; superlattices ; thermal conductivity ; thin films ; microscale effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Heat conduction in nanostructures differs significantly from that in macrostructures because the characteristic length scales associated with heat carriers, i.e., the mean free path and the wavelength, are comparable to the characteristic length of nanostructures. In this communication, particularities associated with phonon heat conduction in nanostructures, the applicability of the Fourier law, and the implications of nanoscale heat transfer effects on nanotechnology are discussed.
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  • 6
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    Journal of nanoparticle research 2 (2000), S. 183-190 
    ISSN: 1572-896X
    Keywords: superlattices ; colloidal particles ; Langmuir–Blodgett films ; electrostatic complexation ; air-water interface ; nanoparticles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The formation of nanoparticle multilayer films by electrostatic immobilization of surface-modified colloidal particles at the air–water interface has been recently demonstrated by us. In this paper, we extend our study to show that multilayer assemblies consisting of metal particles of different chemical nature (hetero-colloidal particle superlattices) and size can be deposited by the versatile Langmuir–Blodgett technique. Multilayer films consisting of a different number of bilayers of gold and silver colloidal particles have been deposited and characterized using quartz crystal microgravimetry and UV–visible spectroscopy measurements. It is observed that while layer-by-layer deposition of the different colloidal particle assemblies is possible by this technique without a detectable variation in the cluster density in the different layers, a degree of post-deposition reorganization of the clusters occurs in the film. In addition to this aging behavior, the effect of different organic solvents on the reorganization process has also been studied.
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  • 7
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    Journal of nanoparticle research 2 (2000), S. 147-155 
    ISSN: 1572-896X
    Keywords: benzene ; nanoclusters ; ion chemistry ; lasers ; mass spectrometry ; nanoparticles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Molecular clusters represent a nanoscale test tube where chemical reactions can be examined in a unique way for the effects of the local environment and the possibility of size-dependent reactions. Previous experiments have shown that the ionization/dissociation of iron pentacarbonyl clusters can lead to the formation of iron ions and iron cluster ions and that these species can further react with dopant molecules to yield chemically rearranged products. The present experiments characterize similar reactions with benzene molecules and clusters. Heteroclusters of the form [Fe(CO)5]m(C6H6)nArp are created in an expanding supersonic jet of the component molecules. Following ionization by a 30 ps, 266 nm laser pulse, extensive dissociation, aggregation, and chemical rearrangement occurs leading to ionic products which are characterized by mass spectrometry. Cluster ions of the type Fem(C6H6)n + are observed as products. The stability of the sandwich form of the ion, Fe(benzene)2 +, is inferred from the data. Evidence for a similar special stability for the double-decker, Fe2(benzene)3 +, is presented.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1572-896X
    Keywords: tuberculosis ; nanoparticles ; antituberculosis drugs ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; drug delivery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This is the first report evaluating the nanoparticle delivery system for three antituberculosis drugs: isoniazid, rifampin, and streptomycin. The typical particle size is 250 nm. We studied accumulation of these drugs in human monocytes as well as their antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis residing in human monocyte-derived macrophages. Nanoparticle encapsulation increased the intracellular accumulation (cell-association) of all three tested drugs, but it enhanced the antimicrobial activity of isoniazid and streptomycin only. On the other hand, the activity of encapsulated rifampin against intracellular bacteria was not higher than that of the free drug.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1572-896X
    Keywords: hydrothermal synthesis ; nanoparticles ; surface photovoltage ; spectroscopy ; surface state
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Two SnO2 nanoparticles were synthesized by hydrothermal method at 170 °C and 180 °C, respectively. Transmission electron microscope observations reveal that the diameters of both the nanoparticles are around 6 nm. At the same time, surface photovoltage spectroscopy measurements show that the nanoparticle synthesized at 180 °C has more surface electronic states at 0.3 eV below the conduction band than the one synthesized at 170 °C. This means that the temperatures chosen in hydrothermal synthesis have significant influence on the surface electronic characteristics of resultant SnO2 nanoparticles but the effect on their sizes is not obvious. However, after being calcined at 500 °C for 2 h, the diameter of the nanoparticle synthesized at 180 °C increased to 23 nm and that of the nanoparticle synthesized at 170 °C increased to 32 nm as calculated from X-ray diffraction pattern.
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  • 10
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    Journal of nanoparticle research 2 (2000), S. 363-373 
    ISSN: 1572-896X
    Keywords: nanoparticles ; ZnO ; Al2O3 ; ZnAl2O3 ; flame ; synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Zinc oxide (ZnO) and alumina (Al2O3) particles are synthesized by the combustion of their volatilized acetylacetonate precursors in a premixed air–methane flame reactor. The particles are characterized by XRD, transmission electron microscopy, scanning mobility particle sizing and by measurement of the BET specific surface area. Pure (γ-)alumina particles appear as dendritic aggregates with average mobile diameter 43–93 nm consisting of partly sintered, crystalline primary particles with diameter 7.1–8.8 nm and specific surface area 184–229 m2/g. Pure zinc oxide yields compact, crystalline particles with diameter 25–40 nm and specific surface area 27–43 m2/g. The crystallite size for both oxides, estimated from the XRD line broadening, is comparable to or slightly smaller than the primary particle diameter. The specific surface area increases and the primary particle size decreases with a decreasing flame temperature and a decreasing precursor vapour pressure. The combustion of precursor mixtures leads to composite particles consisting of zinc aluminate ZnAl2O4 intermixed with either ZnO or Al2O3 phases. The zinc aluminate particles are dendritic aggregates, resembling the alumina particles, and are evidently synthesized to the full extent allowed by the overall precursor composition. The addition of even small amounts of alumina to ZnO increases the specific surface area of the composites significantly, for example, zinc aluminate particles increases to approximately 150 m2/g. The gas-to-particle conversion is initiated by the fast nucleation of Al2O3 or ZnAl2O3, succeeded by a more gradual condensation of the excess ZnO with a rate probably controlled by the cooling rate for the flame.
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  • 11
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    Journal of nanoparticle research 2 (2000), S. 375-380 
    ISSN: 1572-896X
    Keywords: mechanochemical processing ; CaCO3 ; nanoparticles ; ball milling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The synthesis of calcite (CaCO3) nanoparticles by mechanochemical reaction and subsequent heat treatment was investigated. A solid-state displacement reaction CaCl2 + Na2CO3 → CaCO3+2NaCl was induced during mechanical milling of a CaCl2+ Na2CO3 powder mixture. Heat treatment of the as-milled powder at 350°C completed the reaction, forming crystalline CaCO3 nanoparticles separated from each other in a dry-salt matrix. A simple washing process to remove the matrix yielded calcite single phase ultrafine powder. The mean particle size was controlled by changing the volume fraction of CaCO3 in the matrix. 20% volume fraction yielded nanoparticles of ~ 140 nm in size, whereas 10% volume fraction led to ~ 80 nm size nanoparticles.
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  • 12
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    Journal of nanoparticle research 2 (2000), S. 205-208 
    ISSN: 1572-896X
    Keywords: ultrafine particles ; nanoparticles ; condensation nuclei ; condensation particle counter ; indoor air quality ; sick building syndrome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Poor indoor air quality (IAQ) can cause a variety of health problems for building occupants including headaches, respiratory problems, eye irritation and fatigue. Traditional IAQ measurements often fail to identify the root cause of the problems and solutions remain elusive. A new IAQ metric, ultrafine particles, is shown to have a high correlation with complaint areas. Researchers are studying the toxicology of these tiny pollutants on animals and humans. Ultrafine particles are defined as particles smaller than 100 nm diameter; ‘nanoparticles’, those smaller than 50 nm diameter, are a subset of ultrafine particles. A battery-powered, portable condensation particle counter (CPC) can be used to quickly identify the source and transport pathways of ultrafine particle contaminants so they can be eliminated or controlled. The CPC condenses isopropyl alcohol on the particles to grow them to an optically detectable size. The hand-held instrument is fast responding, has a wide concentration range, and can log data to detect trends and short-term excursions. Adding the metric of ultrafine particles may become very important to IAQ investigations in the future.
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  • 13
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    Journal of nanoparticle research 2 (2000), S. 305-308 
    ISSN: 1572-896X
    Keywords: magnetite ; mechanochemical activation ; nanoparticles ; Mössbauer spectroscopy ; particle size effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Using Mössbauer spectroscopy as a function of ball milling time, it was found that nanomagnetite behaves differently than magnetite during mechanochemical activation. The phase sequence is determined by the original particle size of the powder. Magnetite suffers a phase transformation to hematite, while nanomagnetite (d = 19 nm) gives rise to superparamagnetism as effect of prolonged milling.
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  • 14
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    Journal of nanoparticle research 2 (2000), S. 237-248 
    ISSN: 1572-896X
    Keywords: nanoparticles ; nanotubes ; manipulation ; AFM ; friction ; tribology ; mechanics ; nanometer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this overview, we will give an introduction to experiments in which manipulation is used a means of uncovering the intrinsic response and dynamical behavior of small objects. Experiments done on individual particles reveal new and rich behaviors that are inaccessible to averaging methods. Experiments exploring the stiffness and toughness of carbon nanotubes will be presented showing that nanometer scale engineered materials can far outperform current engineering materials. Through AFM manipulation, imaging and force measurements, the stiffness of this material was found to equal or exceed diamond. Their toughness is also extraordinary. Due to their near crystalline perfection, carbon nanotubes are able to undergo strains exceeding 15% during bending without damage. Through AFM manipulation experiments, these large deformations have been shown to be highly reversible. Experiments in which the lateral force of manipulation of small objects across surfaces is measured show that friction at the nanometer scale occurs without wear processes and is an intrinsic property of the particular interface. Results are also presented showing anisotropic behavior in friction and movement due to commensurate lattice effects. At the nanometer scale, the contacting surfaces can be nearly perfect so that commensurate effects are not partially averaged out by many differently oriented domains. It has been shown that friction can very over an order of magnitude depending on the relative orientation of the contacting surfaces. The relative orientation of object and substrate lattices also can determine the modes of motion. In some cases the particle is confined to move in one direction. In other cases the relative orientation determines whether the particle rolls, rotates in-plane or slides. These effects may have implications on the fundamental mechanisms of friction. They provide a laboratory for testing different geometrical configurations of atoms sliding on atoms. The results may also have implications in the design of nanometer scale electromechanical mechanisms.
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  • 15
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    Earth, moon and planets 88 (2000), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Keywords: Asteroid ; density ; mineralogy ; taxonomic class
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract High quality new data on the asteroid mass and volume were produced in the last years from both extra-atmospheric instruments and the groundbased high-performance telescopes. This paper presents a synthesis of these resultsin terms of the asteroid density, taking into account several techniques, and the possible correlation of the density through the taxonomic system. The important conclusion is that M-type asteroids seems to have an unexpected low density, which cannot be explained by the present mineralogy assumed by the comparative mineralogy.
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  • 16
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    Journal of superconductivity 13 (2000), S. 801-804 
    ISSN: 1572-9605
    Keywords: nanoparticles ; nanowires ; limits ; tunnel spectroscopy ; dissipative phase transition ; size effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Recent experimental results are consistent with the prediction that superconductivity is suppressed in aluminum nanoparticles which are so small (∼10 nm diameter) that the electronic energy level spacing exceeds the superconducting energy gap in bulk material. Very recent experiments on nanowires (diameter ∼5–10 nm, length ∼150 nm) of MoGe indicate that a dissipative phase transition between superconducting and normal behavior occurs when the normal resistance of the wire equals the superconducting quantum resistance h/4e2 ≈ 6.5 kΩ.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: density ; high pressure ; internal pressure ; isobaric thermal expansion coefficients ; isothermal compressibilities ; liquid ; polyethylene glycol dimethylethers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we present a new experimental apparatus designed to measure pressure–density–temperature (pρT ) properties with a high-pressure vibrating tube densimeter. Data reliability has been verified by comparing our experimental results for methanol, n-heptane, toluene, and HFC-134a with literature data. In this work we also report new experimental densities from 278.15 to 328.15 K, and up to 12 MPa, of triethylene glycol dimethylether (TrEGDME) and tetraethylene glycol dimethylether (TEGDME). The isobaric thermal expansion coefficients, isothermal compressibility, and internal pressure have been calculated. The dependence of these properties on the length of polyethylene glycol dimethylether, CH3O–((CH2)2O) n –CH3, is analyzed.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: density ; methyl methacrylate +alcohol binary liquid mixtures ; molecular interactions ; relative association ; solvation number ; sound speed ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The densities, viscosities, and sound speeds were measured for six binary mixtures of methyl methacrylate (MMA)+2-methoxyethanol (ME), +2-ethoxyethanol (EE), +2-butoxyethanol (BE), +1-butanol (1-BuOH), +1-pentanol (1-PeOH), and +1-heptanol (1-HtOH) at 298.15 and 308.15 K. The mixture viscosities were correlated by Grunberg–Nissan, McAllister, and Auslander equations. The sound speeds were predicted by using free length and collision factor theoretical formulations, and Junjie and Nomoto equations. The excess viscosities and excess isentropic compressibilities were also calculated. A qualitative analysis of both of these functions revealed that structure disruptions are more predominant in MMA+1-alcohol than in MMA+alkoxyethanols mixtures. The estimated relative associations are found to become less in MMA+alcohol mixtures than in pure alcohols. The solvation numbers derived from the isentropic compressibility of the mixtures, considering MMA as a solvent, showed that structure making interactions are also present in MMA + alkoxyethanols in addition to the structure disruptions.
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  • 19
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    International journal of thermophysics 21 (2000), S. 415-427 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: azeotropic mixture ; density ; dielectric constant ; Kirkwood equation ; pressure ; R410A ; relative permittivity ; Vedam equation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this paper is to present dielectric constant measurements of R410A, a chlorine-free refrigerant, which is a 50/50 (mass %) mixture of R32/125. The measurements on R410A were performed as a function of pressure and temperature ranging from 2 to 16 MPa and from 217 to 304 K, respectively, by using a direct capacitance method. The values of dielectric constant have an estimated repeatability of ±0.01% and an accuracy of ±0.1%. The data were correlated as a function of density and pressure. The theory developed by Vedam et al., and adapted by Diguet, and the Kirkwood modification of the Onsager equation for the variation of the modified molar polarization with temperature and density were applied to analyze the data and to obtain the dipole moment of R410A in the liquid state. This was found to be 3.31 Debye.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: calorimeter ; chlorotrifluoromethane ; density ; equation of state ; heat capacity ; isochoric ; liquid ; R13 ; vapor ; vapor pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of the molar heat capacity at constant volume C v for chlorotrifluoromethane (R13) were conducted using an adiabatic method. Temperatures ranged from 95 to 338 K, and pressures were as high as 35 MPa. Measurements of vapor pressure were made using a static technique from 250 to 302 K. Measurements of (p, ρ, T) properties were conducted using an isochoric method; comprehensive measurements were conducted at 15 densities which varied from dilute vapor to highly compressed liquid, at temperatures from 92 to 350 K. The R13 samples were obtained from the same sample bottle whose mole fraction purity was measured at 0.9995. A test equation of state including ancillary equations was derived using the new vapor pressures and (p, ρ, T) data in addition to similar published data. The equation of state is a modified Benedict–Webb–Rubin type with 32 adjustable coefficients. Acceptable agreement of C v predictions with measurements was found. Published C v(ρ, T) data suitable for direct comparison with this study do not exist. The uncertainty of the C v values is estimated to be less than 2.0% for vapor and 0.5% for liquid. The uncertainty of the vapor pressures is 1 kPa, and that of the density measurements is 0.1%.
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  • 21
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    International journal of thermophysics 21 (2000), S. 173-184 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: compressibility ; density ; nonadecane ; octadecane ; pressure ; speed of sound
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The speed of sound was mesured in liquid n-octadecane and n-nonadecane using a pulse technique operating at 3 MHz. The measurements were carried out at pressures up to 150 MPa in the temperature range from 313 to 383 K. The experimental results combined with atmospheric density measurements were then used to evaluate volumetric properties such as the density and the isentropic and isothermal compressibilities up to 150 MPa in the same range of temperature. The density data were fitted with a six-parameter modified Tait equation within the experimental uncertainty.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: density ; difluoromethane ; mixtures ; p–ρ–T data ; pentafluoroethane ; R32 ; R125 ; R134a ; R143a ; 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane ; 1,1,1-trifluoroethane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The p–ρ–T relationships were measured for binary refrigerant mixtures by an isochoric method with gravimetric determinations of the amount of substance. Temperatures ranged from 200 to 400 K, while pressures extended up to 35 MPa. Measurements were conducted on compressed gas and liquid samples with the following mole fraction compositions: 0.4997 R32+0.5003 R134a, 0.3288 R32+0.6712 R134a, 0.4996 R32+0.5004 R125, 0.5001 R125+0.4999 R134a, and 0.5000 R125+0.5000 R143a. Most published p–ρ–T data are in good agreement with this study. The uncertainty is 0.03 K for temperature and is 0.01% for pressure at p〉3 MPa and 0.05% at p〈3 MPa. The principal source of uncertainty is the cell volume (∼28.5 cm3), with a standard uncertainty of 0.003 cm3. When all components of experimental uncertainty are considered, the expanded relative uncertainty (with a coverage factor k=2 and, thus, a two-standard deviation estimate) of the density measurements is estimated to be 0.05%.
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  • 23
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    International journal of thermophysics 21 (2000), S. 1175-1184 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: absorption ; AMPD ; carbon dioxide ; density ; solubility ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Densities and viscosities of mixtures of 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol (AMPD)–water were measured at temperatures of 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70°C. The solubility of N2O in the aqueous AMPD solutions was measured at temperatures of 30, 40, and 50°C. The concentrations selected for study were 10, 20, and 30 mass% AMPD for all three temperatures. The experimental values for density and viscosity were correlated as functions of temperature. The maximum deviations were less than 0.005% for densities and 0.3% for viscosities.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: density ; difluoromethane ; heat capacity ; p–ρ–T data ; pentafluoroethane ; R32 ; R125 ; R134a ; ternary mixtures ; 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The p–ρ–T relationships and constant volume heat capacity C v were measured for ternary refrigerant mixtures by isochoric methods with gravimetric determinations of the amount of substance. Temperatures ranged from 200 to 400 K for p–ρ–T and from 203 to 345 K for C v, while for both data types pressures extended to 35 MPa. Measurements of p–ρ–T were carried out on compressed gas and liquid samples with the following mole fraction compositions: 0.3337 R32+0.3333 R125+0.3330 R134a and 0.3808 R32+0.1798 R125+0.4394 R134a. Measurements of C v were carried out on liquid samples for the same two compositions. Published p–ρ–T data are in good agreement with this study. For the p–ρ–T apparatus, the uncertainty is 0.03 K for temperature and is 0.01% for pressure at p〉3 MPa and 0.05% at p〈3 MPa. The principal source of uncertainty is the cell volume (∼28.5 cm3), with a standard uncertainty of 0.003 cm3. When all components of experimental uncertainty are considered, the expanded relative uncertainty (with a coverage factor k=2 and, thus, a two-standard deviation estimate) of the density measurements is estimated to be 0.05%. For the C v calorimeter, the uncertainty of the temperature rise is 0.002 K and for the change-of-volume work it is 0.2%; the latter is the principal source of uncertainty. When all components of experimental uncertainty are considered, the expanded relative uncertainty of the heat capacity measurements is estimated to be 0.7%.
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  • 25
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    International journal of thermophysics 21 (2000), S. 429-443 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: density ; electrical resistivity ; electrostatic levitator ; hemispherical total emissivity ; molten germanium ; specific heat ; surface tension ; thermal conductivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Thermophysical properties of molten germanium have been measured using the high-temperature electrostatic levitator at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Measured properties include the density, the thermal expansivity, the hemispherical total emissivity, the constant-pressure specific heat capacity, the surface tension, and the electrical resistivity. The measured density can be expressed by ρ liq=5.67×103−0.542 (T−T m ) kg·m−3 from 1150 to 1400 K with T m=1211.3 K, the volume expansion coefficient by α=0.9656×10−4 K−1, and the hemispherical total emissivity at the melting temperature by ε T, liq(T m)=0.17. Assuming constant ε T, liq(T)=0.17 in the liquid range that has been investigated, the constant-pressure specific heat was evaluated as a function of temperature. The surface tension over the same temperature range can be expressed by σ(T)=583−0.08(T−T m) mN·m−1 and the temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity, when r liq(T m)=60μμΩ·cm is used as a reference point, can be expressed by r e, liq(T)=60+1.18×10−2(T−1211.3)μΩ·cm. The thermal conductivity, which was determined from the resistivity data using the Wiedemann–Franz–Lorenz law, is given by κ liq(T )=49.43+2.90×10−2(T−T m) W·m−1·K−1.
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 21 (2000), S. 1139-1151 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: azeotrope ; corrosive ; density ; ethanol ; mixture ; salts ; vapor-liquid equilibria ; VLE ; vapor pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new apparatus has been designed and constructed to measure the vapor- liquid equilibria and phase densities of corrosive, complex aqueous solutions containing organic solvents and salts. The apparatus is designed for isothermal operation from ambient temperatures to 400 K. Phase equilibrium measurements at higher temperatures may be achieved without density measurements. This paper presents a detailed description and performance testing of the apparatus. Measurements of the vapor pressures and saturated liquid densities of ethanol and the vapor pressure of an ethanol-water mixture (xethanol=0.6743 mole fraction) from 308 to 385 K at pressures to 15 MPa are used as performance tests.
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 21 (2000), S. 1463-1471 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: density ; molten state ; pycnometer ; semiconductor ; silicon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The density of molten silicon was measured using a newly developed pycnometer made of boron nitride. The present method has many advantages for measuring the density of molten silicon, which has a high temperature and can be easily oxidized. The pycnometer was precisely machined, and its volume at high temperatures was acculately determined. The procedure to overflow the excess melt was carried out in a closed apparatus under a helium atmosphere. A special procedure was introduced to avoid the error generated by the volume expansion of silicon when it solidified. The total uncertainty of the measurement was estimated to be within 0.5%. The measured density showed a linear relationship with respect to temperature and agreed well with literature values. The expansion coefficient of molten silicon was similar to those of typical molten metals in spite of the low expansion coefficient of solid silicon. This suggested that the structural change of molten silicon was similar to those of typical metals.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: 1-chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane ; density ; 2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane ; p–ρ–T data ; R123 ; R124 ; saturated liquid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The p–ρ–T relationships were measured for 2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane (R123) and 1-chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (R124) by an isochoric method with gravimetric determinations of the amount of substance. Temperatures ranged from 176 to 380 K for R123 and from 104 to 400 K for R124, while pressures extended up to 35 MPa. Measurements were conducted on compressed liquid samples. Most published p–ρ–T data are in good agreement with this study. The uncertainty is 0.03 K for temperature and 0.01% for pressure at p〉3 MPa and 0.05% at p〈3 MPa. The principal source of uncertainty is the cell volume (∼28.5 cm3), with a standard uncertainty of 0.003 cm3. When all components of experimental uncertainty are considered, the expanded relative uncertainty (with a coverage factor k=2 and, thus, a 2-SD estimate) of the density measurements is estimated to be 0.05%.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1572-9540
    Keywords: size effects ; nanoparticles ; 197Au Mössbauer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We present a detailed Mössbauer study of a series of Au and Pt particles in the size range from 1 to 17 nm. All measured spectra can be explained consistently with a refined model, in which the Mössbauer isomer shift varies in the inner core of a small metallic particle due to size effects. The large surface/volume ratio makes surface effects, like screening of considerable importance and even the so-called quantum-size effect may have an influence. The size evolution of the electronic properties of the particles is also discussed.
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