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  • Articles  (10)
  • peat  (10)
  • Springer  (10)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science
  • American Meteorological Society
  • 1995-1999  (10)
  • 1990-1994
  • 1999  (10)
  • Geosciences  (10)
Collection
  • Articles  (10)
Source
Keywords
Publisher
  • Springer  (10)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science
  • American Meteorological Society
Years
  • 1995-1999  (10)
  • 1990-1994
Year
Topic
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Artificial Maturation of Organic Matter from Recent Venezuelan Sediments (1999)
    Springer
    Natural resources research 8 (1999), S. 123-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8981
    Keywords: Recent sediments ; hydrous pyrolysis ; biomarkers ; diagenesis ; catagenesis ; organic facies ; peat ; Venezuela
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory simulation of the catagenesis of organic matter in sedimentary rocks has been used to provide an understanding of the processes involved in petroleum generation. Several of these studies have focused on the thermal evolution of organic matter (OM) present in Recent sediments. This study examines the geochemical characteristics and experimental thermal evolution of primary organic matter from two organic facies that are thought to be major contributors to Venezuelan hydrocarbon source rocks. A third facies, generally considered unimportant for petroleum formation, is used to contrast the experimental results. Hydrous pyrolysis maturation experiments were performed for three intermediate temperatures. The products of the final 330°C stage are shown in this paper because they best illustrate the changes in the OM during catagenesis. Results from the hydrous pyrolysis experiments show that at 280°C and higher all three samples yield liquid hydrocarbons similar in composition to natural crudes and the transformed organic matter is similar to kerogen that occurs in natural source rocks. Chromatograms from the saturated fraction of extracts at 330°C are similar to natural crudes with respect to n-alkane distribution and abundance of αbeta; and beta;alpha; hopanes. The only difference seems to be the relative abundance of 22R over 22S isomers, which indicates immature oil. This is in contrast to indications from the R o and T max parameters measured on the accompanying kerogen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021890602821
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seasonal dynamics of N in twoSphagnum moss species and the underlying peat treated with15NH4 15NO3 (1999)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 45 (1999), S. 285-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: ammonium ; dissolved organic N ; 15N ; peat ; Sphagnum moss
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Uptake of15N labelled NH4NO3 by twoSphagnum mosses on a raised bog in north east Scotland was measured at different times of the year. In a field experiment, fortnightly additions of NH4NO3 at natural abundance, equivalent to 3 g N m−2 yr−1, were made over 14 months to cores ofSphagnum capillifolium occupying hummocks andS. recurvum colonizing hollows. Pre-harvested cores were treated with15NH4 15NO3 two weeks before harvesting and15N abundance determined for the total N in the moss, inorganic and dissolved organic N (DON) in the moss water and extractable inorganic, organic and microbial N in the underlying peat. The proportion of added15N taken up by the mosses two weeks after each addition averaged 72% and ranged between 11 and 100%, tending to be least during October when the rising water table reached the surface, particularly forS. recurvum. A small proportion of the15N was detected in the moss water as NH4 + (0.01%) and as DON (0.03%) and on occasions a large proportion remained unaccounted for. In waters fromS. capillifolium, DON was proportional to the amount of inorganic N added, but this was not the case forS. recurvum. Little or no15N was detected in the underlying peat partly because of the large size and variability of the NH4 +, DON and microbial N pools.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00993004
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determinants of spatial variability of methane emissions from wet grasslands on peat soil (1999)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 44 (1999), S. 221-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: grassland ; methane ; peat ; spatial variability ; wetland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Methane (CH4) emissions from soils, representing the consequence of CH4 production, CH4 consumption and CH4 transport, are poorly characterised and show a large spatial variability. This study aimed to assess the determinants of field-scale spatial variability of CH4 emissions from wet grasslands on peat soil. Mean CH4 emission rates of a three-year experiment at 18 plots distributed over three sites in the nature preserve “Nieuwkoopse Plassen” on peat soil in the Netherlands were related to CH4 production and CH4 consumption capacities of soil layers, and to soil and vegetation characteristics. Spatial variability of CH4 emissions and possible determining factors was high. Annual CH4 emissions ranged from 3 to 37 g CH4 m-2 yr-1. Coefficients of variation (CV) of CH4 emissions were on average 37% among sites and 83% within sites. Most important determinants of spatial variability were CH4 production capacity (average: 211 ng CH4 g-1 dry soil h-1; CV: 131%) and aboveground biomass of sedges (Carex spp.) (average: 0.45 g dm-2; CV: 127%) (P 〈 0.01). Sedges may affect CH4 emissions by stimulating CH4 transport from anaerobic layers to the surface via their vascular system and/or by serving as substrate for methanogens. For extrapolation of CH4 emissions to larger areas, best results will be obtained by using factors that are easy to determine, like vegetation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006009830660
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Methane emissions from wet grasslands on peat soil in a nature preserve (1999)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 44 (1999), S. 205-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: grassland ; ground water level ; methane ; peat ; temperature ; wetland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The area of wet grasslands on peat soil in the Netherlands is slowly increasing at the expense of drained, agriculturally used grasslands. This study aimed (i) to assess the contribution of wet grasslands on peat soil to methane (CH4) emissions, and (ii) to explain differences among sites and between years in order to improve our understanding of controlling factors. For these purposes, a field study was conducted in the period 1994–1996 in the nature preserve “Nieuwkoopse Plassen”, which is a former peat mining and agricultural area. Net CH4 emissions were measured weekly to monthly with vented closed flux chambers at three representative sites, and at ditches near these sites. Three-years average of CH4 emissions was 7.9 g CH4 m- 2 yr-1 for Drie Berken Zudde, 13.3 for Koole, and 20.4 for Brampjesgat. Ditches near the sites emitted 4.2–22.5 g CH4 m-2 yr-1. The time-course of CH4 emissions for all experimental sites and years was fit with a multiple linear regression model with ground water level and soil temperature as independent variables. Lowering or raising the ground water level by 5 cm could decrease or increase CH4 emissions by 30–50%. Therefore, ground water level management of these grasslands should be done with care.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006061814731
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seasonal dynamics of N in two Sphagnum moss species and the underlying peat treated with 15NH415NO3 (1999)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 45 (1999), S. 285-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: ammonium ; dissolved organic N ; 15N ; peat ; Sphagnum moss
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Uptake of 15N labelled NH4NO3 by two Sphagnum mosses on a raised bog in north east Scotland was measured at different times of the year. In a field experiment, fortnightly additions of NH4NO3 at natural abundance, equivalent to 3 g N m-2 yr-1, were made over 14 months to cores of Sphagnum capillifolium occupying hummocks and S. recurvum colonizing hollows. Pre-harvested cores were treated with 15NH415NO3 two weeks before harvesting and 15N abundance determined for the total N in the moss, inorganic and dissolved organic N (DON) in the moss water and extractable inorganic, organic and microbial N in the underlying peat. The proportion of added 15N taken up by the mosses two weeks after each addition averaged 72% and ranged between 11 and 100%, tending to be least during October when the rising water table reached the surface, particularly for S. recurvum. A small proportion of the 15N was detected in the moss water as NH4+ (0.01%) and as DON (0.03%) and on occasions a large proportion remained unaccounted for. In waters from S. capillifolium, DON was proportional to the amount of inorganic N added, but this was not the case for S. recurvum. Little or no 15N was detected in the underlying peat partly because of the large size and variability of the NH4+, DON and microbial N pools.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006134515648
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spectroscopic properties of dissolved humic substances - a reflection of land use history in a fen area (1999)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 47 (1999), S. 219-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: dissolved humic substances ; FTIR spectroscopy ; land use history ; peat ; synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy ; UV/VIS spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The elemental composition and spectroscopic properties of dissolved fulvic acids isolated from different sampling media (topsoil, ground and surface water) of a natural fen area (high portion of organic soils) were examined to reveal the effects of land use history. These effects need to be known if dissolved humic substances are to be a major factor in identifying the impact of present and future changes in land use. Dissolved fulvic acids (topsoil, groundwater) from highly degraded peatlands (due to a long-term agricultural use) exhibit lower C/N ratios, higher absorption in the UV spectra, and higher absorption at 1,620 cm−1 in the FTIR spectra compared with fulvic acids from relatively intact peatlands. These properties illustrate that long-term agricultural use with high inputs results in increased aromatic structures and a further humification of dissolved fulvic acids due to very strong peat decomposition compared with relatively intact peatlands. Synchronous fluorescence spectra also indicate the higher level of aromatic structures within fulvic acids isolated from sites with long-term agricultural use (high peat decomposition) compared with a land use history resulting in a lower peat decomposition. The different sources of fulvic acids in surface water (precipitation, runoff, interflow, groundwater) are the main reason for these effects not being detected in fulvic acids isolated from surface water. Short-term changes in land use characterized by a transition from crop farming to an unimproved grassland were found not to affect the spectroscopic properties of dissolved fulvic acids. A humification index deduced from the synchronous fluorescence spectra is proposed. We have strong evidence that dissolved humic substances indicate changes in the environmental conditions (both anthropogenic and natural) of wetlands with a high proportion of organic soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006134214244
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spectroscopic properties of dissolved humic substances — a reflection of land use history in a fen area (1999)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 47 (1999), S. 219-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: dissolved humic substances ; FTIR spectroscopy ; land use history ; peat ; synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy ; UV/VIS spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The elemental composition and spectroscopic properties of dissolved fulvic acids isolated from different sampling media (topsoil, ground and surface water) of a natural fen area (high portion of organic soils) were examined to reveal the effects of land use history. These effects need to be known if dissolved humic substances are to be a major factor in identifying the impact of present and future changes in land use. Dissolved fulvic acids (topsoil, groundwater) from highly degraded peatlands (due to a long-term agricultural use) exhibit lower C/N ratios, higher absorption in the UV spectra, and higher absorption at 1,620 cm−1 in the FTIR spectra compared with fulvic acids from relatively intact peatlands. These properties illustrate that long-term agricultural use with high inputs results in increased aromatic structures and a further humification of dissolved fulvic acids due to very strong peat decomposition compared with relatively intact peatlands. Synchronous fluorescence spectra also indicate the higher level of aromatic structures within fulvic acids isolated from sites with long-term agricultural use (high peat decomposition) compared with a land use history resulting in a lower peat decomposition. The different sources of fulvic acids in surface water (precipitation, runoff, interflow, groundwater) are the main reason for these effects not being detected in fulvic acids isolated from surface water. Short-term changes in land use characterized by a transition from crop farming to an unimproved grassland were found not to affect the spectroscopic properties of dissolved fulvic acids. A humification index deduced from the synchronous fluorescence spectra is proposed. We have strong evidence that dissolved humic substances indicate changes in the environmental conditions (both anthropogenic and natural) of wetlands with a high proportion of organic soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00994924
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Methane emissions from wet grasslands on peat soil in a nature preserve (1999)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 44 (1999), S. 205-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: grassland ; ground water level ; methane ; peat ; temperature ; wetland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The area of wet grasslands on peat soil in the Netherlands is slowly increasing at the expense of drained, agriculturally used grasslands. This study aimed (i) to assess the contribution of wet grasslands on peat soil to methane (CH4) emissions, and (ii) to explain differences among sites and between years in order to improve our understanding of controlling factors. For these purposes, a field study was conducted in the period 1994–1996 in the nature preserve “Nieuwkoopse Plassen”, which is a former peat mining and agricultural area. Net CH4 emissions were measured weekly to monthly with vented closed flux chambers at three representative sites, and at ditches near these sites. Three-years average of CH4 emissions was 7.9 g CH4 m−2 yr−1 for Drie Berken Zudde, 13.3 for Koole, and 20.4 for Brampjesgat. Ditches near the sites emitted 4.2–22.5 g CH4 m−2 yr−1. The time-course of CH4 emissions for all experimental sites and years was fit with a multiple linear regression model with ground water level and soil temperature as independent variables. Lowering or raising the ground water level by 5 cm could decrease or increase CH4 emissions by 30–50%. Therefore, ground water level management of these grasslands should be done with care.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00992979
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determinants of spatial variability of methane emissions from wet grasslands on peat soil (1999)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 44 (1999), S. 221-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: grassland ; methane ; peat ; spatial variability ; wetland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Methane (CH4) emissions from soils, representing the consequence of CH4 production, CH4 consumption and CH4 transport, are poorly characterised and show a large spatial variability. This study aimed to assess the determinants of field-scale spatial variability of CH4 emissions from wet grasslands on peat soil. Mean CH4 emission rates of a three-year experiment at 18 plots distributed over three sites in the nature preserve “Nieuwkoopse Plassen” on peat soil in the Netherlands were related to CH4 production and CH4 consumption capacities of soil layers, and to soil and vegetation characteristics. Spatial variability of CH4 emissions and possible determining factors was high. Annual CH4 emissions ranged from 3 to 37 g CH4 m−2 yr−1. Coefficients of variation (CV) of CH4 emissions were on average 37% among sites and 83% within sites. Most important determinants of spatial variability were CH4 production capacity (average: 211 ng CH4 g−1 dry soil h−1; CV: 131%) and aboveground biomass of sedges (Carex spp.) (average: 0.45 g dm−2; CV: 127%) (P〈0.01). Sedges may affect CH4 emissions by stimulating CH4 transport from anaerobic layers to the surface via their vascular system and/or by serving as substrate for methanogens. For extrapolation of CH4 emissions to larger areas, best results will be obtained by using factors that are easy to determine, like vegetation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00992980
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interaction between peat, humic acid and aqueous metal ions (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental geochemistry and health 21 (1999), S. 13-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2983
    Keywords: Cu2+ ; Zn2+ and Pb2+ ions ; humic acid ; peat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of peat samples from four regions of the British Isles indicates that the concentrations of Al, Pb and common transition metals tend, as expected, to be higher in regions subject to industrial pollution, but that the concentrations of the non‐transition metals Na, K, Mg, Ca and Zn tend to be higher in regions remote from industrial pollution. Humic acids were extracted from the most polluted and least polluted of the peat samples and some characteristics of these acids were compared with those of two commercial acids. Values for stability constants of complexes formed between humic acids extracted from peat and Cu2+, Zn2+ or Pb2+ have been obtained by an ion‐exchange equilibrium method. Of the three metal ions examined, Pb2+ was found to form the most stable humic acid complexes, followed by Cu2+: this order agrees with the findings of Irving and Williams and of Bunzl. Implications to the binding of actinide and other heavy metal ions in aqueous humic acid are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006592627852
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